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In the last decades, the innovation process experienced a significant evolution. From the early atomist models, the economy is moving towards systemic approaches based on interactive processes, strongly attached to the territories. Innovation networks are proliferating as the most suited framework for destinations to achieve a high innovation performance. However, there has been little research on the structure and dynamics of tourism innovation networks and how they can foster regional innovation. This paper applies Social Network Analysis to measure and identify the dynamics of cooperation within institutional tourism innovation networks and the role they play on tourism innovation. The study was applied to two Portuguese regions, Douro and Aveiro, where the top managers of institutions responsible for developing or supporting tourism innovation were surveyed. Results demonstrate that different social structures and patterns of cooperation create distinct impacts on regional innovation. It is concluded that tourism destinations characterised by diversified networks, i.e. networks comprising actors from different geographical locations and with distinct typologies, are in a better position to achieve a higher innovation performance. The paper advances strategic recommendations for tourism organisations to increase destinations’ competitiveness, by further developing the necessary conditions for innovation to occur.

Tourism is stated to provide a process of transition. Tourists are claimed to enter a liminal space\ud when traveling. Along with the development of the internet, the liminal sense of tourism has\ud been greatly haunted by the advanced communication technology. The current study, adopting\ud a qualitative approach, explored tourists' online and on-site social contact when traveling with\ud different groups. A six-fold tourist typology was established to portrait their behavioural\ud patterns with robust theoretical evidence supported. A contact-liminality nexus was also\ud developed to indicate different tourist types' tendency between their original zone and the\ud liminal zone. Both theoretical contributions and practical implications were discussed.

© 2018 Proceedings of the European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship, ECIE. All rights reserved. Innovation in tourism has been receiving increased attention in the last decades, especially in what concerns networked innovation processes. This has gained increased relevance in tourism, an industry made of SMEs that resort to networks to obtain competitive advantages when developing new products and services. Thus, it is fundamental to analyse the networks' structure and how it can improve innovation performance. While social capital theories mainly address how it can be used to improve the whole network, other theories focus on how individuals can use social capital to obtain better competitive positions, or how the absence of ties between nodes defines the network structure and the opportunity to build social capital. Structural holes theory analyses the absence of ties between nodes in a network and how they can be connected by a broker, who will gain control over resources and highly increase his social capital. This paper aims at identifying and comparing the different types of brokers in two tourism destinations' innovation networks (Douro and Aveiro, Portugal). In addition, it relates both the network structure and the individual position of tourism organisations, to the innovation performance of those destinations. This is accomplished by applying sociometric analysis to the innovation networks. Results demonstrate that different social structures and patterns of cooperation bring diverse impact on the innovative performance of tourism destinations. Conclusions advance recommendations for tourism organisations to increasingly contribute to tourism regions' innovative performance.

This book provides an overview of state-of-the-art research in tourism management, by including 12 chapters from a diverse group of international academics. More specifically, the volume displays three key distinctive features. First, it recognizes the relevance of tourism as a major economic driver, especially during periods of economic crisis. Second, it contributes to the advancement of managerial knowledge and practice in the fast-growing tourism sector, by addressing a wide range of research questions with a specific focus on the role of performance and strategies at the destination and company level, and sustainability. Third and last, the volume is the outcome of the collective intellectual efforts of a number of international scholars, with dissimilar geographical roots and backgrounds. They cultivate original research on tourism management from a variety of theoretical perspectives, by adopting different epistemological paradigms and research methodologies or techniques, and multiple methods (theory building, experimental, and inductive case-based inquiries)

Tourism has experienced continued expansion and diversification over the last six decades, becoming one of the largest and fastest-growing sectors in the global economy, according to the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO, 2012). In spite of sporadic shocks, international tourist arrivals have recorded a virtually uninterrupted increase: from 277 million in 1980 to 1,138 million in 2014. The UNWTO estimates that international arrivals worldwide are expected to reach nearly 1.8 billion by the year 2030 (Tourism Towards 2030), resulting from an increase of 3.3 percent a year on average from 2010 to 2030. This shows how crucial the potential impact of tourism on individual destinations and companies is expected to be in the forthcoming years. Many factors, such as (1) development of mass transportation and motorization; (2) introduction and implementation of information and communication technologies (ICTs) applications in the tourism sector; (3) of world’s gross domestic product (GDP) increase coupled with the growth of disposable income to be allocated to travel; (4) improvement of security and rights for tourists; and (5) the process of globalization, have significantly contributed to expand the market for tourism activities (Mariani and Baggio, 2012; Mariani et al., 2014a, 2014b). The abovementioned and other factors vastly contribute to shaping a different institutional landscape and economic environment for a number of commercial players, such as hotels, airlines, destination management companies (DMCs), and travel intermediaries, such as travel agents and tour operators, conference venues, congress, convention and exhibition centers, convention bureaus, professional conference organizers (PCOs), and event planners. Moreover, firms in the tourism sector are confronted with increasing managerial challenges and have to deal with a competitive, turbulent, and fast-changing environment (Baggio et al., 2013; Mariani et al., 2013; Mariani et al., 2014b), wherein the adoption of new ICTs has contributed to modify the value chains of the supply side and generated a paradigm shift on the demand side (Buhalis and Law, 2008; Mariani et al., 2014b).

The growing importance of tourism as a socioeconomic phenomenon, together with the understanding that even apparently profitable tourism companies and destinations endowed originally with the best assets (natural and cultural) could not survive the escalating international competition without good managerial practices (Crouch, 2011) has provided significant momentum for the development of the disciplinary field of tourism management in the last three decades.

This book provides an overview of state-of-the-art research in today’s tourism management, by including 12 chapters from a diverse international group of academics. More specifically the volume displays three key distinctive features: 1. recognizes the relevance of tourism and tourism activities as major economic drivers; 2. contributes to the advancement of managerial knowledge and practice in the fast growing tourism sector, trying to answer a wide range of research questions with a specific focus on the role of physical and digital networks and ICTs; 3. is the outcome of the collective intellectual efforts of a number of international scholars, with dissimilar geographical roots and back- grounds. They cultivate original research on tourism management from a variety of theoretical perspectives (economic, managerial), by adopting different epistemological paradigms and research methodologies or techniques, and multiple methods (theory building, experimental and inductive case-based inquiries).

By recognizing the importance of tourism as a socioeconomic phenomenon, this book has contributed to the advancement of the knowledge in the fields of tourism management, marketing, and development, with a specific focus on the role of physical and digital networks and Information and Communcation Technologies (ICTs). The first theme that can be identified is the importance of cooperative networks and collaborative ventures between the diverse and multifaceted stakeholders of a tourism destination. The second common theme that clearly emerges from the volume is the ever-increasing importance of digital networks and ICTs. ICTs not only are generating a major shift in the performance of individuals and companies involved in the tourism sector (e.g., by increasing efficiency and effectiveness in the reservation and booking processes), but also have a significant impact on the way individuals consume services and enjoy experiences in space and time. The third common topic is related to the importance and the role of network structures, be them digital (see Part I of the book) or physical (see Part II of the book). Their evolution inf luences a number of aspects crucial for the development of a tourism destination such as cooperation ( Chapters 8 and 9 ), performance ( Chapters 2 and 7 ), information ( Chapters 1 , 2 , 3 , and 6 ), and knowledge f lows ( Chapters 2 , 3 , and 6 ).

International audience; Avec de vastes surfaces et une grande diversité géographique et culturelle, la France est devenue un acteur du tourisme essentiel en Europe. Le présent chapitre présente les principales caractéristiques du tourisme en France, pour ensuite aborder les différentes politiques touristiques, et ce à différentes échelles territoriales. En particulier, dans ce contexte, est discuté le devenir du tourisme national.

The fact that there is no widely accepted definition of ‘youth’ tourism highlights the shifting perception of the concept of youth in society as a whole. As Maoz (2004) shows, young people are increasingly taking a moratorium from adulthood, delaying major life decisions in order to extend the freedom of ‘youth’.As a result, people in their thirties or even forties may be regarded as ‘young’ in spirit as well as in the activities they undertake. This is not reflected in most studies of youth tourism, which generally define youth as extending to 26 or 29 years of age.