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Recently, because of serious global challenges including the consumption of energy and climate change, there has been an increase in interest in the environmental effect of port operations and expansion. More interestingly, a strategic tendency in seaport advancement has been to manage the seaport system using a model which balances environmental volatility and economic development demands. An energy efficient management system is regarded as being vital for meeting the strict rules aimed at reducing the environmental pollution caused by port facility activities. Moreover, the enhanced supervision of port system operating methods and technical resolutions for energy utilisation also raise significant issues. In addition, low-carbon ports, as well as green port models, are becoming increasingly popular in seafaring nations. This study comprises a comprehensive assessment of operational methods, cutting-edge technologies for sustainable generation, storage, and transformation of energy, as well as systems of smart grid management, to develop a green seaport system, obtaining optimum operational efficiency and environmental protection. It is thought that using a holistic method and adaptive management, based on a framework of sustainable and green energy, could stimulate creative thinking, consensus building, and cooperation, as well as streamline the regulatory demands associated with port energy management. Although several aspects of sustainability and green energy could increase initial expenditure, they might result in significant life cycle savings due to decreased consumption of energy and output of emissions, as well as reduced operational and maintenance expenses.

Periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) are a common reason for orthopedic revision surgeries. It has been shown that the silver surface modification of a titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) by PMEDM (powder mixed electrical discharge machining) exhibits an antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus spp. adhesion. Whether the thickness of the silver-modified surface influences the adhesion and proliferation of bacteria as well as the ossification processes and in-vivo antibacterial capacity has not been investigated before. Therefore, the aim of this work is to investigate the antibacterial effect as well as the in vitro ossification process depending on the thickness of PMEDM silver modified surfaces. The attachment of S. aureus on the PMEDM modified surfaces was significantly lower than on comparative control samples, independently of the tested surface properties. Bacterial proliferation, however, was not affected by the silver content in the surface layer. We observed a long-term effect of antibacterial capacity in vitro , as well as in vivo . An induction of ROS, as indicator for oxidative stress, was observed in the bacteria, but not in osteoblast-like cells. No influence on the in vitro osteoblast function was observed, whereas osteoclast formation was drastically reduced on the silver surface. No changes in cell death, the metabolic activity and oxidative stress was measured in osteoblasts. We show that already small amounts of silver exhibit a significant antibacterial capacity while not influencing the osteoblast function. Therefore, PMEDM using silver nano-powder admixed to the dielectric represents a promising technology to shape and concurrently modify implant surfaces to reduce infections while at the same time optimizing bone ingrowth of endoprosthesis., Competing Interests: The authors have no financial or personal interest or belief that could affect their objectivity with regard to the present manuscript., (© 2023 The Authors.)