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Global biodiversity gradients are generally expected to reflect greater species replacement closer to the equator. However, empirical validation of global biodiversity gradients largely relies on vertebrates, plants, and other less diverse taxa. Here we assess the temporal and spatial dynamics of global arthropod biodiversity dynamics using a beta-diversity framework. Sampling includes 129 sampling sites whereby malaise traps are deployed to monitor temporal changes in arthropod communities. Overall, we encountered more than 150,000 unique barcode index numbers (BINs) (i.e. species proxies). We assess between site differences in community diversity using beta-diversity and the partitioned components of species replacement and richness difference. Global total beta-diversity (dissimilarity) increases with decreasing latitude, greater spatial distance and greater temporal distance. Species replacement and richness difference patterns vary across biogeographic regions. Our findings support long-standing, general expectations of global biodiversity patterns. However, we also show that the underlying processes driving patterns may be regionally linked.

The neurotransmitter serotonin plays a pivotal role in mood and depression. It also acts as a vasoconstrictor within blood vessels and is the main neurotransmitter in the gastrointestinal system. In neurotransmission, released serotonin is taken up by serotonin transporters, which are principal targets of antidepressants and the psychostimulant, ecstasy. The investigation of serotonin transporters have relied almost exclusively on the use of radiolabeled serotonin in heterogenous end-point assays. Here we adapt the genetically encoded fluorescent biosensor, iSeroSnFR, to establish and validate the Serotonin (5-HT) Fluorescence Assay for Transport and Release (5-HT_FAsTR) for functional and pharmacological studies of serotonin transport and release. We demonstrate the applicability of the method for the study of a neuronal, high-affinity, low-capacity serotonin transporter (SERT) as well as an extraneuronal low-affinity, high-capacity organic cation transporter and mutants thereof. 5HT_FAsTR offers an accessible, versatile and reliable semi-homogenous assay format that only relies on a fluorescence plate reader for repeated, real-time measurements of serotonin influx and efflux. 5HT_FAsTR accelerates and democratizes functional characterization and pharmacological studies of serotonin transporters and genetic variants thereof in disease states such as depression, anxiety and ADHD.

Niniejszy artykuł to przedstawienie krótkiej, zaledwie dwustuletniej historii rozwoju sztucznej inteligencji (AI), które jest prologiem do rozważań na temat bóstwa AI. Autorzy pomijają greckie mity Hefajstosa i Pigmaliona, które już w starożytności prezentowały ideę inteligentnych automatów, takich jak Talos czy sztucznych istot Galatea oraz Pandorę. Pominięto także myśli Yan Shi czy Arystotelesa, którzy przed naszą erą prezentowali mechaniczne rozwiązania dzisiejszych osiągnięć. Osiemnaście wieków naszej ery to okres rozwoju rozwiązań mechanicznych, które doprowadziły na początku XIX w. do powstania pierwszych maszyn programowalnych. Zatem skupiono się na latach 1800-2024 i dokonano przeglądu rozwoju tej dziedzin nauki, odnosząc się oczywiście do istotnych kamieni milowych. Cały ten okres od czasów przed naszą erą do dzisiaj to rozwój różnego rodzaju religii i bóstw. Dlatego w ostatniej części przedstawiono rozwój religii i dyskusję na temat, czy AI zostanie w najbliższym czasie kolejnym bóstwem. Dokonująca się ewolucja nie pozostaje bez wpływu na edukację, a także aspekt relacyjny między ludźmi.

In this article I reflect on the concept of fidelity, which I believe is of fundamental importance in any discourse on translation. According to Roman Ingarden in his essay “On Translation,” this concept may appear in a variety of different contexts – ethical, epistemological and aesthetic – allowing us to better understand the essential components of a faithful translation. When attempting to reconstruct Ingarden’s own concept of what constitutes a faithful literary translation, I refer not only to the above text, but also to his research within the fields of ethics, epistemology and the philosophy of literature. I also consider his role as an author and editor of translations of Immanuel Kant’s works, published in the series Library of Philosophical Classics. To conclude, I try to place the results of this reconstruction within the context of the various theories to be found in contemporary translation studies.

W niniejszym artykule prezentuję genezę i intelektualne zaplecze projektu „Roman Ingarden w przestrzeni słowa”, który zaowocował konferencją z okazji 130. rocznicy urodzin filozofa oraz inicjatywą wydania monograficznego numeru czasopisma Studia Litteraria Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis. Konstatuję, że Ingarden przez całą swą drogę naukową eksplorował przestrzeń słowa, poruszając się na różnych jej płaszczyznach. Był on przekonany, iż słowa mogą być narzędziami poznania i jako takie są otwarte na rozumienie. Pisał o różnicy między słowem żywym, użytym w konkretnej sytuacji, a wieloznacznym „słowem języka”. Przypominam również, że Ingarden tworzył literaturę i poddawał ją opisowi, przekładał literaturę i opisywał istotę przekładu literackiego. W tak zarysowanej przestrzeni sytuuję analizy uczestników projektu, którzy zdecydowali się zmierzyć z wieloaspektową problematyką słowa w myśli Romana Ingardena.

Geotechnical design includes construction works in the course of which the soil is subjected to vertical repetitive stress in the process of compacting, for example in the case of embankments or landfills. When the stress exceeds the pre-consolidation threshold there emerges accumulation of permanent deformation, usually horizontal, which causes additional lateral stress. A rule verified by long-term practical use was presented for to determine the horizontal stress resulting from mechanical pre-consolidation. Independent mathematical analysis has confirmed that the boundary ranges of the cyclic lateral stress factor correspond to the active or reactive states of strain. In geotechnical practice it is the reactive states, in which additional accumulation of lateral strain occurs in soil, that are important.

Sweet corn is frequently consumed in the US and contains carbohydrates as major macronutrients. This study examined the effects of blanching, freezing, and canning on carbohydrates in sweet corn. Fresh bi-color sweet corn was picked in the field and processed immediately into frozen and canned samples. Simple sugars, starch, and dietary fiber (DF) (including total DF (TDF), insoluble DF (IDF) and two fractions of soluble DF (SDF)) were measured according to the AOAC methods. Additional glycomic analysis including oligosaccharides, monosaccharide composition of total polysaccharides (MCTP) and glycosidic linkage of total polysaccharides (GLTP) were analyzed using UHPLC-MS. Sucrose is the major simple sugar, and IDF is the main contributor to TDF. Sucrose and total simple sugar concentrations were not altered after blanching or freezing but were significantly reduced in canned samples. Kestose was the only oligosaccharide identified in sweet corn and decreased in all heat-treated or frozen samples. Starch content decreased in frozen samples but increased in canned samples. While two SDF fractions did not differ across all samples, blanching, freezing and canning resulted in increases in TDF and IDF. Six monosaccharides were identified as major building blocks of the total polysaccharides from MCTP analysis. Glucose and total monosaccharide concentrations increased in two canned samples. GLTP was also profoundly altered by different food processing methods. This study provided insights into the changes in the content and quality of carbohydrates in sweet corn after food processing. The data are important for accurate assessment of the carbohydrate intake from different sweet corn products.

OBJECTIVES:. Understanding sources of variation in acute care delivery may inform targeted strategies to promote evidence-uptake. We sought to characterize physician-level and ICU-level variation in corticosteroid prescribing for patients with septic shock. DESIGN:. We performed a retrospective cohort study using the electronic health record of a multihospital health system. We identified ICU patients with septic shock admitted between 2018 and 2020. Using medication administration data, we determined which patients received corticosteroids within 2 days of vasopressor initiation. We linked each patient to their attending physician of record using digital signatures from clinical documentation. We then fit a hierarchical mixed-effects logistic regression model to identify factors associated with corticosteroid use and quantify variation in corticosteroid administration across physicians and ICUs. SETTING:. Twenty-six ICUs across nine hospitals in the United States. PATIENTS:. ICU patients with septic shock. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:. Of 5322 patients with vasopressor dependent septic shock, 1294 (24.3%) were treated with corticosteroids within 2 days of vasopressor initiation. We linked these patients to 174 unique attending physicians across 26 ICUs. At the ICU-level, median corticosteroid use was 21.8% (interquartile range [IQR], 18.5–25.7%). At the physician-level, median corticosteroid use was 22.0% (IQR, 11.9–32.7%). In the mixed-effects regression controlling for patient and physician characteristics, 16.5% of the variation in corticosteroid administration was attributable to the ICUs and 10.1% was attributable to the physicians. CONCLUSIONS:. Both ICUs and physicians contribute to observed variation in the use of corticosteroids for vasopressor dependent septic shock. These findings underscore the need for multilevel interventions to standardize evidence-based practices in critical care.

This paper presents measurements gathered with the Gravity Field and Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) satellite, TEC values collected in the American sector, and Poynting Flux (PF) derived using the electric and magnetic fields from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites aiming to elucidate the mechanisms controlling the initiation of large-scale traveling atmospheric disturbances (LSTAD) and the transit and asymmetry of concurrent large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTID). LSTADs and LSTIDs measured during twelve intense magnetic storms that occurred between 2011 and 2013 are thoroughly analyzed. The LSTAD/LSTID appearance and characteristics are correlated against the PF values and the auroral oval’s location, measured by the DMSP satellites. GOCE data and TEC values are used to assess the perturbation of the vertical wind and TEC (∂TEC), inter-hemispheric asymmetry of the appearance of LSTIDs, and the role of the different phases of storms and the structures within interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICME). Emphasis is devoted to examining LSTADs and LSTIDs during the storms of 5–6 August 2011, 15 July 2012, and 17 March 2013, the supporting material reports on the dynamics of LSTADs and LSTIDs for nine additional storms. During most storms, LSTIDs initiate from both auroral ovals and propagate toward the opposite hemisphere. However, on 5 August 2011 and 15 July 2012, LSTIDs moved only from one hemisphere toward the opposite. Close inspection of the TEC perturbation associated with these events indicates that LSTIDS onsets at opposite hemispheres occur at different times and intensities. This timing delay is produced by the difference in the amount of PF deposited in each hemisphere. It is also indicated that LSTAD’s initiation occurs when the PF is above 1 mW/m2 and when the lower latitude edge of the auroral oval moves equatorward at 65°. In addition, LSTIDs are observed during the passage of ICME sheath (in 6 storms), magnetic clouds (11), and Sunward Loops (1), although they occur when the IMF Bz is predominantly directed southward. The observations suggest that the interhemispheric asymmetries in the LSTIDs initiation, extension, and amplitude occur when the ICME sheath passes, containing rapidly varying IMF Bz sign fluctuations. TEC perturbations associated with the LSTID can be up to 4% of the background TEC value, and the LSTAD neutral density variability measured by GOCE can be up to 8%. LSTIDs are observed during all phases of magnetic storms.

Abstract Convective cloud processes are sensitive to environmental conditions that vary on scales smaller than reanalysis data sets (sub‐reanalysis scales). Convective environment variability within areas representative of reanalysis data sets is quantified using large‐domain, high‐resolution (∆x = 100 m) simulations of convective cloud systems throughout the tropics and subtropics. Even after removing locations of resolved clouds and precipitation, convective environment parameters vary significantly on these scales. For example, for half of the simulated data, 500 hPa relative humidity varies by ∼30% within a typical reanalysis area. Surface winds, convective available potential energy, and middle‐tropospheric moisture are the most variable convective environment parameters for both continental and maritime regimes, while above‐surface temperature and winds are the least variable. While high‐resolution, sub‐reanalysis‐scale extrema are well‐correlated with the reanalysis‐area mean values, some of the most extreme convective environments can occur within regions with moderate reanalysis‐area mean values, particularly for continental regions.

Autorzy artykułu podjęli się zbadania trzech polskich przekładów dramatu Fröken Julie (Panna Julia/Julie) Augusta Strindberga pod kątem sposobów realizacji wypowiedzeń rozkaźnikowych pojawiających się w kwestiach, jakie Julie kieruje do służącego Jeana. Wypowiedzenia takie zostały uznane za ważny aspekt teatralnego potencjału dramatu na poziomie illokucyjnym. Łącznie badaniu poddano 66 szwedzkich wypowiedzeń imperatywnych i ich realizacji w translacjach autorstwa Ignacego Suessera, Zygmunta Łanowskiego oraz Mariusza Kalinowskiego. Analiza, przeprowadzona na płaszczyźnie jakościowej i ilościowej, wykazała, że w przekładzie Suessera dyskurs Julie sugeruje jej władczość, ale i koncyliacyjność, podczas gdy u Łanowskiego bohaterka manifestuje przede wszystkim uprzejmość w relacji do Jeana. Wybory Kalinowskiego natomiast kreują wiele różnych pozycji dyskursywnych postaci. W tekście tym metamorfozy illokucyjnego profilu Julie sugerują wyraźnie, że podlega ona przemianom w miarę rozwoju akcji dramatu. Tłumaczenie Kalinowskiego stwarza więc podstawy do bardziej zniuansowanych ujęć dyskursu tytułowej postaci dramatu, sugerując interesujące ścieżki interpretacji scenicznej.

High-throughput quantification techniques provide considerable amounts of data. Making sense of such data requires not only thorough statistical analysis but a logical approach to data visualisation. DGE-ontology is software that has been primarily designed for transcriptomics, however it may be utilised for any data that express fold change of relative or absolute quantity measures of multiple entities, such as transcripts, proteins or metabolites. The software integrates results of differential and functional analyses in order to produce a single circular, highly informative and visually appealing chart. The chart simultaneously depicts numbers of quantified entities, their assignment to functional categories, singles out statistically over-represented categories, and visualises quantity fold change values. The presented approach to data visualisation considerably facilitates communication of experimental results as well as inference from large omic data sets.

Climate change presents significant challenges to human health and health systems, and there is a critical need for health systems to adapt and become more resilient in order to effectively mediate the impacts of climate change on population health. This paper analyzes existing academic literature to identify key themes, trends, and research gaps at the intersection of climate change and health systems. Utilizing a scoping review of 179 studies, we explore how health systems can enhance their resilience through effective governance, sustainable financing, resource generation, and adaptive service delivery. Our findings emphasize the importance of integrating climate considerations into health system governance, mobilizing innovative financial resources, and adapting infrastructure and workforce capacities to address climate-related health challenges. The study highlights the need for continued interdisciplinary research and targeted interventions to ensure health systems are equipped to promote equity and protect vulnerable populations in the face of climate change. These insights contribute to the development of climate-resilient health systems and identify crucial areas for future research.

The self–other distinction (SOD) is a process by which humans disentangle self from other-related mental representations. This online study investigated two unresolved questions: (i) whether partially the same processes underpin SOD for motor, cognitive and affective representations, and (ii) whether SOD overlaps with domain-general cognitive control processes. Participants (N = 243) performed three SOD tasks (motor: automatic imitation inhibition (AIT); cognitive: visual perspective-taking (VPT); affective: emotional egocentricity bias (av-EEB) tasks) and two cognitive control tasks (Stroop and stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) tasks). Correlation analyses showed no associations among the motor, cognitive and affective SOD indexes. Similarly, distinct SOD clusters emerged in the hierarchical clustering dendrogram, indicating clear separations among SODs. However, the results of multidimensional scaling suggested a tendency towards two clusters, as evidenced by the proximity of AIT and VPT indexes in relation to EEB indexes. AIT spatial laterality and Stroop domain-general cognitive control confounded AIT and VPT indexes, albeit slightly differently depending on the analysis method used. SSRT showed neither associations with SODs nor with other domain-general indexes. These findings underscore the complexity of SOD processes and have notable implications for basic and applied research, e.g. in the domain of clinical disorders affected by deficiencies in SOD.

Abstract Rationale Controlled trials have demonstrated successful weight loss associated with certain weight management medications (WMMs). However, there are limited real‐world data on prescribing patterns and efficacy and safety profiles of WMMs in Veterans Affairs (VA) patients. Objective To evaluate: utilization patterns of WMMs liraglutide, naltrexone/bupropion, orlistat, phentermine, phentermine/topiramate, and semaglutide; weight loss at three, six, twelve, and more than 12 months; safety; and treatment barriers. Methods A retrospective, cross‐sectional medication use evaluation (MUE) was conducted using electronic health records of outpatient Veterans newly initiated on WMMs at 37 VA Medical Centers between 1 March 2020 and 31 March 2022. Chart review was used to identify WMM utilization and capture rates of clinical response, defined as 5% and 10% or greater weight loss at the final weight, adverse drug events (ADEs), non‐adherence, and discontinuations. Site‐specific surveys evaluated local practices and barriers. Results Among 1959 eligible Veterans, semaglutide, phentermine/topiramate, and orlistat were most frequently prescribed. The clinical response was highest among phentermine/topiramate, liraglutide, and semaglutide. Naltrexone/bupropion and phentermine demonstrated the highest and lowest ADE rates, respectively. Potential barriers to WMM utilization and successful treatment by site reports were drug shortages, patient perceptions of therapeutic course, personal preferences, and VA WMM use criteria. Conclusions Smaller weight loss and higher discontinuation rates were observed relative to clinical trials. The MUE data allow for better assessment of benefits and risks for Veterans prescribed WMMs.

The production of nitrogen fertilizers results in multiple negative environmental impacts. A particularly important aspect is its energy consumption. Analyses covering the product’s life cycle indicate that the greatest environmental harm is generated at the stage of production due to the resulting nitrogen dioxide emissions. The aim of this study was to assess the economic value of the environmental harm caused by the production of the nitrogen fertilizers used in EU farming. The assessment of the environmental damage resulting from the production of mineral nitrogen fertilizers was conducted through a life cycle assessment (LCA). A ‘gate-to-gate’ approach was applied using Sima Pro 7.1.0.2 software, with the ecoinvent 3 and agri-footprint 5 databases. The value of the external costs for the production of nitrogen fertilizers was determined by applying the environmental prices method. The analysis conducted covered the years 2012–2021. The results indicated a decrease in the environmental damage caused by the production of mineral nitrogen fertilizers used in EU agriculture. There was considerable disparity between individual EU member countries, both in terms of trends concerning the amounts of applied nitrogen fertilizer and the efficacy of their use. In the years 2012–2021 in 18 EU countries, the amount of mineral nitrogen fertilizers used in farming grew, with the greatest increases in Romania, Spain, and Hungary, whereas in 9 countries, their use dropped, with the greatest decreases recorded in Germany, France, and Poland. Marked differences were also found in the efficacy of the use of mineral nitrogen fertilizers, as measured based on the value of the environmental harm caused by the production of the applied fertilizers in relation to the value of the field crop produced.

This paper measures social mobility rates in Hungary during the period 1949 to 2017, using surnames to measure social status. In those years, there were two very different social regimes. The first was the Hungarian People's Republic (1949-1989), which was a communist regime with an avowed aim of favouring the working class. The second is the modern liberal democracy (1989-2017), which is a free-market economy. We find five surprising things. First, social mobility rates were low for both upper- and lower-class families during 1949-2017, with an underlying intergenerational status correlation of 0.6-0.8. Second, social mobility rates under communism were the same as in the subsequent capitalist regime. Third, the Romani minority throughout both periods showed even lower social mobility rates. Fourth, the descendants of the eighteenth-century noble class in Hungary were still significantly privileged in 1949 and later. And fifth, although social mobility rates did not change measurably during the transition, the composition of the political elite changed rapidly and sharply.

This study examined variations in the development of classroom aggression popularity norms, as well as the role of homeroom teachers' aggression beliefs and students' perceptions of teachers' support as predictors of such variations. To achieve this goal, a sample of 63 classrooms were assessed at four time points during a school year, in nine Colombian schools. Results indicated that, overall, classroom aggression popularity norms have a nonlinear trajectory with an increase that peaks at the end of the school year. Also, we found that teachers' aggression beliefs were concurrently associated with aggression popularity norms across time, and that teachers' support prevented the increase in these norms. These findings are discussed considering their practical implications for preventing aggression in the school context.

The world faces an alarming plastic waste problem. The volume of plastic waste is rapidly and continuously increasing, mainly due to the single-use plastics overconsumption, whereas its recycling and utilization leave much to be desired. Despite the negative effects of plastic on the environment and public health, the COVID-19 outbreak shifted the public attention away from the environmental issues, potentially giving space for extended lobbyism by interest groups and industry to delay or even prevent legislation to combat plastic pollution.Our study aims to understand how the media discourse on single-use plastic (SUP) in particular, evolves in the course of the pandemic. How it vary across EU Member States? For this purpose, we specifically analyse plastic-related articles in major prestigious daily newspapers published between June 2019 and June 2021 in four EU Member States: Germany, France, Italy, and Poland, as countries with different levels of sustainable transition to form a representative model of an European context. Additionally, between November 2022 and January 2023, we conducted a series of interviews via Google Meet, with journalists who agreed to be asked on the plastic issues they upraised.Our analysis initially covered 1076 articles, out of which 198 articles were rejected due to non-compliance with the subject or repetition, leaving 878 articles forming the database for eventual analysis. Specifically, we outline a key impact of the COVID-19 pandemic followed by a clear evolution on the number of plastic-related articles, on related stakeholder engagement, and the focus on specific SUP items. Moreover, we address a research gap - presenting a media portrait of different types of SUP in more details and highlighting the significance based on several culturally and linguistically very different countries within a single supranational state (EU).A clear trend reversal towards an informed knowledge circulation across the circular economy model of single-use plastics is ultimately essential to develop sustainable solutions to reject the disposable culture, stop the waste of natural resources, and reduce the consumption of oil or gas for plastic production and thus protect the climate.

Adolescents' perceptions of their sibling relationship are important to their wellbeing, yet there is little work on the role of trust as a predictor of their adjustment. The present study investigated the effects of domain-specific facets of sibling trust on adolescent internalized adjustment. Participants included 169 early adolescents (51% girls) 10-13 years old with an older or younger sibling, who rated their perceptions of trust in that sibling and their depressed affect and intolerance of uncertainty across a 2-month period. Findings showed a positive association between reliability trust and honesty trust at T1. Results also indicated that reliability trust and honesty trust differentially moderated the stability of depressed affect. Specifically, higher levels of reliability trust attenuated the stability of depressed affect, whereas higher honesty trust appeared to strengthen it. Results emphasize the influence that sibling relationships, and trust between siblings, has on adolescent well-being. Findings are discussed in relation to theory and application to future interventions.

The frequency and length of games, conflicts, and contingency sequences that took place between toddlers as they got to know one another were studied using archival data. The sample consisted of 28 unfamiliar 20- and 30-month-old toddlers (predominantly White, 16 males) who met separately with each of two other toddlers for 18 play dates. The frequency of games increased over time, while the frequency of conflict and contingency sequences decreased. The length of games increased over time while the length of conflicts and contingency sequences were stable. Age and language ability predicted changes in frequency and length of the different types of sequences. Thus, toddlers engage in less structured interactions when they first meet; their interactions become increasingly more organized and positive as the relationship evolves.

The modified suspension polymerization technique has been used for the preparation of composite microparticles from the mixture of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), styrene (S), and divinylbenzene (DVB) in the presence of hydrophobized Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The obtained polymer microspheres were characterized using different instrumental and physicochemical techniques, modified with a zero-order PAMAM dendrimer, and impregnated with palladium(II) acetate solutions to immobilize palladium(II) ions. The resulting materials were preliminarily examined as catalysts in the Suzuki reaction between 4-bromotoluene and phenylboronic acid. It was found that the addition of magnetite particles to the composition of monomers provided polymer microparticles with embedded magnetic nanoparticles. The composite microparticles obtained showed a complex, multi-hollow, or raspberry-like morphology. After their modification, they could serve as recyclable catalysts for reactions that include both 4-bromotoluene and several other aryl bromides.

The purpose of this paper is to formulate recommendations for the disclosure of biological traces in the laboratory and the handling of forensic evidence submitted for identification tests, recommended by the Polish Speaking Working Group of the International Society for Forensic Genetics. The paper organizes the knowledge of the most relevant stages of preliminary analysis of biological traces based on both literature sources and those resulting from years of research practice. Recommendations formulated in the course of multi-stage expert consultations contained in this study should be used in the development of laboratory procedures applied during the execution.