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The conception of Eurasianist legal philosophy (1920–1930) represents an interesting but little studied phenomenon. Most researchers consider either the general features of Eurasianism or the indiv...

This paper refers to the accurate usage of the word “Eurasian”, which is tightlyconnected with Russian Eurasianism, an intellectual movement that existed in the Interwar period,in the years 1921–1939.Nowadays, the concept of “Legal Culture” is rendered banal by comparative legal thinkers,who reduce it to legal tradition or even the legal system as a social system. In contrast to thesetheories, the Eurasianist jural project was mostly culture-oriented. For instance, the Eurasianist ideaof Language Union, provided by Nikolai Trubetzkoy and the famous linguist Roman Jakobson,could be useful for developing a new concept of Legal Union instead of the idea of legal family. PiotrSavitzky’s notion of “Mestorazvitie”, Jakobson’s “method of linking”, and Nickolai Alekseev’s ideaof “Right-Duty” could be very fruitful concepts for establishing cultural jurisprudence.

Introduction The term cheilitis indicates inflammation of the lip and includes many types, i.e. angular, contact, exfoliative, actinic, glandular, granulomatous, plasma cell cheilitis, simplex, etc. In practice, it is difficult to define readily the precise type of cheilitis, thus proper diagnostic procedures are necessary to determine the exact disease based on its characteristics. Methods According to our recently published article and clinical practice, we suggest classification based on primary differences in the duration and etiology of individual groups of cheilitis. We found that the most crucial step for a diagnosis is getting a detailed medical history of the patient with all possible information about potential mitigating factors. Results Mostly reversible- Cheilitis simplex, Angular/infective cheilitis, Contact/eczematous cheilitis, Exfoliative cheilitis, Drug related cheilitis. Mostly persistent- Actinic cheilitis, Granulomatous cheilitis, Glandular cheilitis, Plasma cell cheilitis In association with dermatoses and systemic diseases (common diseases)- Lupus erythematosus, Lichen planus, Angioedema, Pemphigoid/pemphigus, Xerostomia, Erythema multiforme, Crohn’s disease, Sarcoidosis, etc… Disscusion/Conclusion Since clear classification has not yet been established, there are no definitive recommendations for diagnosing all different types of cheilitis. Apart from that, cheilitis is also a disease that requires a multidisciplinary approach, which additionally complicates adoption of a classification system.

A 64-year-old male patient presented with widespread comedones, cysts, eczematous and indurated lesions, particularly affecting the face and posterior neck, as well as the thighs and upper trunk. According to patient history, these lesions had an acute onset, appeared 6 months prior to our examination and were accompanied by severe pruritus. At the same time, the patient noticed absence of sweating while playing tennis, apart from the palms of hands and soles of feet. He was seen by several dermatologists and prescribed local corticosteroid treatment with no effect. He also visited a beautician for comedone extraction. The lesions persistently worsened. Physical examination demonstrated erythematous and indurated skin, leonine facies, widespread comedones and white papules 5 mm in size. The scalp and beard showed alopecic lesions. Initially, a punch biopsy was preformed which revealed a cutaneous keratocyst. As laboratory tests showed increased LDH, tumor markers, ultrasound of the abdomen, inguinal and axillary regions were subsequently performed, however no abnormalities were found. Two excisional biopsies were then performed which showed nonspecific findings and were sent for further immunohistochemistry analysis. PET- CT scan revealed metabolically active diffuse thickening of the skin and subcutaneous tissues of the head, body and extremities of uncertain etiology ; hypermetabolic lymph nodes in the bilateral inguinal region, a nonspecific finding. Further follow up ultrasound and/or ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy was recommended. Based on clinical and laboratory findings, the diagnosis of folliculotropic mycosis fungicides (MF) was made. Folliculotropic MF is found in approximately 10% of MF patients. As the clinical manifestations are variable and include follicle-based patches, plaques, infiltrated plaques, tumors, and prurigo nodularis-like lesions, as well as keratosis pilaris-like lesions and acneiform lesions such as comedones and cysts, the diagnosis may be difficult. One study reported a mean time of 2.8 (range 0.3 to 10) years between the onset of the eruption and the biopsy proven diagnosis of folliculotropic MF. It was previously considered an aggressive variant of MF, however newer studies suggested this may not always be the case.

Three-dimensional (3D) computer models of T-x-y diagrams had been designed for systems Mo-Zr-V and Ti-Ir-Ru. The first diagram consists of 23 surfaces and 14 phase regions; the second one includes 75 surfaces and 32 phase regions. Temperature and concentration borders of discovered experimentally effects of three-phase transformations types changing in both systems had been determined with a help of 3D models. Such kind effects had been found also in other three-phase regions of the system Ti-Ir-Ru: in two regions with liquid and in all three regions in sub-solidus.

Hair shedding in female patients is a frequent complaint in dermatological, endocrinological, and gynecological consults. Previously, the Sinclair Hair Shedding Scale was developed to assess normal versus excessive hair shedding in female pattern hair loss (FPHL) subjects. However, the prevalence of hair shedding in females not suffering from FPHL is unknown. To gain better understanding of hair shedding in the general population, we recruited 300 subjects visiting a public hospital for conditions other than alopecia. Of the 300 subjects recruited, 263 did not suffer from FPHL. Among those subjects, approximately 40% reported experiencing excessive hair shedding (as defined by the Sinclair Hair Shedding Scale) on hair washing days. In comparison, in our subject population, approximately 60% of subjects with FPHL reported excessive hair shedding on hair washing days. To best of our knowledge, this is the first study to quantify the prevalence of hair shedding in women. While, no treatment currently exists for this condition, we hope that this study would encourage physicians and researchers to address this frequent concern.

Vitiligo is an acquired, chronic, multifactorial disorder which involves complex interactions between genetic risk fac-tors and environmental triggers. It is characterized by scattered circumscribed depigmented macules and patches any-where on the skin that result from loss of functional melanocytes. According to our statistical data, 1.6% of the general population in Croatia suffers from vitiligo, but varies based on region. It affects all age groups equally, with female patients being more affected (53.95%) than male patients, and no difference in severity of vitiligo. We present a case of a sudden onset of vitiligo vulgaris from a female patient in her twenties, treated at the Department of Dermatology and Venereol-ogy. Her 12-year-old brother simultaneously developed acrofacial vitiligo, six months after their mother died in a car accident. She has been previously diagnosed with type I diabetes and autoimmune endocrinopathies. The depigmented patches covered approximately 60% of her body, with Koebner response on trauma. Although no characteristic UV fl uo-rescence was detected on the affected area, histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed a complete loss of melanocytes, while Langerhans` and dermal dendritic cells replaced the DOPA-positive melanocytes. TSH levels were elevated, and the ultrasound showed thyroid enlargement, which substantiated for a hypothyroidism therapy. Treatment by systemic corticosteroids for a 6 month period was successful in stabilizing the disease.

Scalp hair folliculitis is a relatively common condition in dermatological practice and a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge due to the lack of exact guidelines. Generally, inflammatory diseases of the pilosebaceous follicle of the scalp most often manifest as folliculitis. There are numerous infective agents that may cause folliculitis, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, as well as many noninfective causes. Several noninfectious diseases may present as scalp hair folliculitis, such as folliculitis decalvans capillitii, perifolliculitis capitis abscendens et suffodiens, erosive pustular dermatitis, lichen planopilaris, eosinophilic pustular folliculitis, etc. The classification of folliculitis is both confusing and controversial. There are many different forms of folliculitis and several classifications. According to the considerable variability of histologic findings, there are three groups of folliculitis: infectious folliculitis, noninfectious folliculitis and perifolliculitis. The diagnosis of folliculitis occasionally requires histologic confirmation and cannot be based solely on clinical appearance of scalp lesions. This article summarizes prominent variants of inflammatory diseases of the scalp hair follicle with differential diagnosis and appertaining histological features.

Malignant melanoma genesis is a very complex process that involves a sequence of pathogenetic cellular events. Mutation of various genes and numerous other cellular mechanisms play an important role in the course of malignant melanocyte alteration and their malignant transformation from naevi into melanoma. Apoptosis is an active, genetically controlled process of programmed cell death, which leads to cell destruction and cell death without involvement of surrounding cells or inflammatory response. In this process, disrupted mechanisms of cell regulation and apoptosis take place in malignant melanoma cells, thus leading to their uncontrolled proliferation and melanocyte growth. Apoptosis is a process that involves two major pathways, the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathway, which interlace at certain points and ultimately result in apoptosis. It can be said that molecular events regulating cell survival, normal growth arrest, apoptosis and cell differentiation, contribute to the overall pathogenesis of malignant cell growth. It is presumed that in the future, understanding of molecular aberrations and cellular processes, such as cell signaling, cell cycle regulation and cell apoptosis, will be essential for better patient monitoring and rational design of effective treatment.

Just like every other part of the organism, the skin ages as a result of the passage of time. That process is called chronologic or intrinsic aging. However, skin is also exposed to external insults, such as UV radiation, which is the most influential extrinsic factor in skin aging, causing so called photoaging or extrinsic skin aging. Photoaging is a cumulative process which depends on the degree of UV exposure and the skin type. It is much more visible in individuals with skin types I and II and, less prominent in dark-skinned population. Chronic sun exposure can result in numerous changes in human skin, particularly on the face, nape, and arms. Keratinocytes, melanocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells are altered by UV radiation. Therefore, changes in photoaging include wrinkling, elastosis, actinic keratoses, irregular pigmentation, telangiectases, and the development of malignant skin tumours. In the last decades, important progress has been made in understanding molecular mechanisms of photoaging. It is a complex process in which UV radiation has effects on numerous molecular processes that damage the skin, especially connective tissue of the skin. These processes include cell surface receptors, certain signal transduction pathways, transcription factors and, various enzymes involved in the synthesis and degradation of the dermal elements. Initial process in the activation of this process is UV-induced generation of the reactive oxygen species, which can also directly damage cell’s DNA, membrane and proteins. Most of alterations found on the photoaged skin had formerly been considered to be caused by UVB wavelengths. However, a number of recent studies have demonstrated that UVA can also cause burning, elastosis, and skin cancer.

Angiokeratomas of the vulva are relatively rare finding and a limited number of cases have been reported in the literature. Clinically, angiokeratomas of the vulva are benign vascular lesions usually occurring in middle-aged or older women. Microscopically these lesions are characterized by epidermal hyperkeratosis, papillomatosis, acanthosis, and marked dilatation of the papillary dermal vessels. In most patients, genital lesions are asymptomatic ; however, bleeding, dyspareunia and other symptoms have been described. We report a case of a 45-year-old woman with numerous blue-to-red, scaly papules that spread over the entire area of both labia majora. The patient reported occasional pruritus and burning sensations, discomfort during the intercourse, and significant psychological burden. Histopathologic analysis of the lesion confirmed the diagnosis of angiokeratoma, and all lesions were electrocauterized under local anesthesia. The results of the treatment were very satisfactory, with no side effects or complications. During one- year follow-up, no relapses were noted and the patient remained asymptomatic. Therefore, dermatovenereologists should be aware of angiokeratomas and respective therapeutic options when examining a patient with pruritic, painful, or bleeding lesions in the genital region.

Basal cell carcinoma (basalioma, BCC) is undoubtedly the most common malignant skin cancer and the most common human malignancy in general, with the continuous increase in its incidence. BCC is generally a disorder of white individuals, especially those with fair skin. UV radiation is the most important risk factor in the development of BCC. Short-wavelength UVB radiation (290-320 nm, sunburn rays) is believed to play a greater role in BCC formation than long-wavelength UVA radiation (320-400 nm, tanning rays). A latency period of 20- 50 years is typical between the time of UV damage and the clinical onset of BCC. Therefore, in most cases BCC develops on chronically sun-exposed skin in elderly people, most commonly in the area of head and neck. UVB radiation damages DNA and its repair system and alters the immune system resulting in a progressive genetic alterations and formation of neoplasm. UV-induced mutations in the TP53 tumor- suppressor gene have been found in about 50% of BCC cases. The mutations that activate the Hedgehog intercellular signaling pathway genes, including PTCH, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Smoothened (Smo) play a significant role in cutaneous carcinogenesis. Epidemiologic studies demonstrate the higher incidence of the BCC in more equatorial latitudes than in polar latitudes. Other risk factors for the development of BCC include sun bed use, family history of skin cancers, skin type 1 and 2, immunosuppression, previous radiotherapy, and chronic exposure to toxic substances such as inorganic arsenic. Although rarely metastatic, its malignant nature is sometimes emphasized by the local tissue destruction, disfigurement, and even death if left untreated. Due to extremely high incidence of BCC medical professionals should be aware of the importance of the public education on the etiology of this tumor and the importance of the UV protection.

Erythema multiforme (EM) is a skin disease caused by numerous potential triggering agents. It is characterized by symmetrically distributed, round, erythematous iris lesions, with remarkable tendency of recurrence. The purpose of this randomized retrospective study was to summarize our experience concerning the etiology, clinical variants and management of EM. We present 12 EM patients, along with laboratory, clinical and histopathologic analysis, and an overview of the treatment used. According to clinical presentation and histopathologic analysis, there were six cases of EM major, five cases of EM minor and one case of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. In five patients, EM was associated with the use of certain drugs (terbinafine, azithromycin, diclofenac, piroxicam). In three patients, the disease was triggered by the herpes simplex virus infection. In four cases, the etiologic factor (involved in the occurrence) of EM remained unknown. We also present an unusual case of an HIV-positive patient with multiple acral target lesions without mucosal involvement, which developed upon antiretroviral therapy discontinuation. To our knowledge, no case of such EM occurrence has yet been reported. There are various etiologic factors and numerous clinical presentations of EM, including acral target lesions and atypical widely distributed cutaneous and mucosal lesions.

Photoallergic dermatoses are skin lesions following sun exposure, characterized by activation of immunological mechanisms, involving photosensitizers and photoallergens that can cause photosensibilization in some individuals. In this group of disorders, photoallergic contact dermatitis should be accentuated. It manifests as contact allergic dermatitis on sun-exposed skin areas, following direct contact with photoallergens during UV exposure (predominantly UVA). Under influence of light, photosensitizers get activated, followed by fusion with cutaneous proteins which renders them to complete antigens, and consequential initiation of immunological mechanisms with resulting pathological skin lesions. The most common photoallergens are: sulfonamide antibiotics, phenothiazines, and halogenated salicylanilides. Photoallergic dermatoses are comprised of several disorders, although the causative photoallergen remains unknown (e.g. solar urticaria, polymorphous light eruption and hydroa vacciniforme). Solar urticaria is a rare, acute urticarial reaction on both sun- exposed and covered skin areas, which appears soon after exposure to sun or artificial lighting. Polymorphous light eruption is a relatively common polymorphous skin eruption, which usually appears in spring. Its pathogenesis is unknown, presumably photoallergic reaction. Hydroa vacciniforme is a rare photodermatosis of unknown etiology, which usually presents in summer-time. It is characterized by vesicobullous eruptions, with residual nonesthetic varioliform scarring.

Cicatricial pemphigoid is an autoimmune bullous disease characterized by mucous membrane fibrosis with resulting scarring, predominantly in the conjunctival and oral mucosa, which rarely involves skin changes. The majority of patients present with painful erosions or desquamative scarring gingivitis, resulting in eating and drinking disorders. Typical ocular lesions include chronic scarring conjunctivitis with progressive subconjunctival fibrosis, fornix foreshortening and synechia formation between the bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva, occasionally resulting in blindness. A 69-year-old woman was admitted to our Department for intense pain and severe burning sensation in the oral cavity, induced by several erosions and solitary blisters, lasting for 3 years. She was also diagnosed with the right eye symblepharon, lid entropion, trichiasis, leukoma and blindness of the right eye. The diagnosis of cicatricial pemphigoid was based on clinical picture and histopathology combined with immunofluorescence methods, with therapy initiated thereupon. Systemic corticosteroid (methylprednisolone) therapy in combination with azathioprine proved successful in the treatment of oral lesions as well as for stabilization of ocular lesions. Unfortunately, the patient was diagnosed in the advanced stage when scarring had already occurred. Prompt recognition of cicatricial pemphigoid and close patient monitoring are an imperative for the future prognosis of the disease.