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Background The present study aimed to evaluate nutritional intake among a group of male patients in the dental clinic with and without periodontal disease to search for associations between nutritional profile and periodontal health. Methods To this purpose, nutritional intake of macronutrients, fiber, vitamins, and minerals were compared evaluating both clinical parameters and periodontal status. Non periodontitis patients were compared with stage III and IV periodontitis and its extension according to the 2017 classification. Results After multivariate analysis, statistically significant associations were found between the dietary intake of energy, total fat, cholesterol, calcium, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat and folic acid and iodine and periodontitis status. This study reports an inverse association between cholesterol and iodine and periodontitis and a direct association with saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, and folic acid. Conclusions Maintaining an adequate intake of fat, iodine, calcium, and cholesterol and avoiding an excessive intake of energy, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, and folic acid could be important to controlling periodontitis

Objective: The prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was estimated to increase with age and can reach 3.5%. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes and prediabetes in the elderly patients who attended a dental clinic and to find common risk factors. Methods: Male patients, older than 50 years, attended their first dental visit to the School of Dentistry for a period of two years, and it was proposed to evaluate undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Periodontal, biochemical, microbiological examinations, nutritional profile, and physical activity were performed. Results: A total of 106 patients were examined, 6 (5.6%) had diabetes, and 37 (34.9%) had prediabetes without prior diagnosis. The severity of periodontitis was greater in patients with diabetes. Most of the patients were overweight and had increased systolic blood pressure. Patients with prediabetes and periodontitis had a low adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Tannerella forsythia was present in more patients with periodontitis, and the prevalence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is practically absent in groups with periodontitis, except for the group with diabetes. Conclusions: In the population studied, the prevalence of patients without a diagnosis of diabetes and prediabetes was very high and underestimated. The increased severity of periodontitis in patients with diabetes and in conjunction with the high level of cortisol seen in patients with periodontitis, especially those with diabetes, emphasize the dysregulation of the immunoinflammatory system. Clinical significance: It is essential to add all this data to our dental practice to cover patient health with a broader landscape.

La diabetes mellitus y la periodontitis son parte de las seis enfermedades no transmisibles más importantes. La diabetes es uno de los principales factores de riesgo que influyen en la prevalencia, severidad y progresión de la periodontitis, así como la periodontitis afecta la resistencia a la insulina y agrava el control glucémico junto con otras complicaciones sistémicas. El punto principal de este estudio es enfatizar la necesidad de una evaluación detallada de todos los pacientes que buscan atención dental, especialmente aquellos con edad avanzada. 106 pacientes varones, mayores de 50 años, fueron seleccionados en su primer atendimiento odontológico en la facultad de odontología con el objetivo de evaluar la prevalencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 no diagnosticada. Se realizaron exámenes periodontales, bioquímicos y microbiológicos y análisis del perfil nutricional y práctica de ejercicio físico. Nuestros resultados revelaron que, en los 106 pacientes, 6 (5,6%) tenían diabetes y 37 (34,9%) prediabetes sin diagnóstico previo. La severidad de la periodontitis es mayor en los pacientes con diabetes. La gran parte de los pacientes están con sobrepeso y tensión sistólica aumentada. Los pacientes con prediabetes y periodontitis tienen baja adecuación a la dieta mediterránea y los pacientes con alteraciones glucémicas y periodontitis tienen la menor media de horas de ejercicio semanal. Otro aspecto alterado fue el cortisol, que está significativamente alterado, especialmente en pacientes con periodontitis. Considerando todo lo expuesto, observamos que la prevalencia de pacientes sin un diagnóstico de diabetes y prediabetes es muy alta y subestimada, sobre todo considerando la condición de prediabetes. La edad avanzada y el uso de polimedicación son obstáculos cada vez más frecuentes en la rutina clínica, y tal vez solo el uso de hipoglucemiantes en pacientes de edad avanzada para el control glucémico no sea suficiente para prevenir la hiperglucemia. La severidad de la, Diabetes mellitus and periodontitis are part of the six most important non-communicable diseases. Diabetes is one of the main risk factors influencing the prevalence, severity, and progression of periodontitis, as periodontitis affects insulin resistance and worsens glycemic control along with other systemic complications. The main point of this study is to emphasize the need for a detailed evaluation of all patients seeking dental care, especially those with advanced age. Material and method: 106 male patients, older than 50 years, selected in their first dental visit at the School of Dentistry with the aim of evaluating the prevalence of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Periodontal, biochemical, and microbiological examinations and analysis of the nutritional profile and practice of physical exercise were performed. Results: Of the 106 patients, 6 (5.6%) had diabetes and 37 (34.9%) prediabetes without previous diagnosis. The severity of periodontitis is greater in patients with diabetes. Most of the patients are overweight and have increased systolic pressure. Patients with prediabetes and periodontitis have low adherence to the Mediterranean diet and patients with glycemic disorders and periodontitis have the lowest mean hours of weekly exercise. Cortisol is significantly altered, especially in patients with periodontitis. Conclusion: The prevalence of patients without a diagnosis of diabetes and prediabetes is very high and underestimated, especially considering the condition of prediabetes. Advanced age and the use of polypharmacy are increasingly frequent obstacles in clinical routine, and perhaps the use of hypoglycemic agents alone in elderly patients for glycemic control is not enough to prevent hyperglycemia. The severity of periodontitis in patients with diabetes and the high levels of cortisol observed in patients with periodontitis and diabetes emphasize the dysregulation of the immune-inflammatory system in these patients. Tannerella forsythia had

La miel, como producto natural, ha sido utilizada y estudiada debido a sus propiedades nutricionales, antioxidantes y antimicrobianas. La miel de melipónidos o abejas sin aguijón es considerada exótica, y ha sido estudiada por tener un gran potencial nutricional y terapéutico especialmente por sus propiedades antioxidantes y antimicrobianas superiores a la miel de abeja común Apis mellifera. En este estudio se identificaron las diferentes especies de abejas sin aguijón y se caracterizaron las mieles que producen La calidad de las mieles se analizó por medio de parámetros físico-químicos y microbiológicos. La composición química de la miel fue determinada cuantificando azúcares, vitamina C, ácidos orgánicos, polifenoles, flavonoides, proteínas, aminoácidos y minerales. La actividad antioxidante fue analizada por medio de los métodos DPPH y FRAP. La actividad antimicrobiana se determinó sobre bacterias Gram positivas y Gram negativas en estado planctonico y en biopeliculas preformadas. Se identificaron 7 géneros y 12 especies de abejas sin aguijón en un total de 39 mieles recolectadas en tres regiones geográficas del Ecuador. El análisis físico-químico determinó que las mieles de abejas sin aguijón poseen un contenido de cenizas de 0,51 gr 100 gr-1, conductividad eléctrica de 0,17 mS cm-1, humedad de 27,35 gr 100 gr-1, color ámbar extra claro, pH 3,49, acidez libre de 105,12 meq Kg-1, acidez total de 420,20 meq Kg-1, actividad diastasa de 15,26 °Gothe, HMF de 31,17 mg Kg-1 y azúcares reductores de 72,72 gr 100 gr-1. La calidad microbiológica demostró la presencia de microorganismos aerobios mesófilos, hongos y levaduras en valores tolerables para el consumo. No se presentaron microrganismos de la familia Enterobacteriaceae y Salmonella spp., y los microorganismos Clostridia sulfito reductores se presentaron en 6 mieles. La composición química de las mieles fue de azúcares totales (75,30 gr 100 gr-1), con mayor presencia de fructosa (40,79 gr 100 gr-1), seguido por glu, Honey, as a natural product, has been used and studied due to its nutritional, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Honey from meliponids or stingless bees is considered exotic, and has been studied for having great nutritional and therapeutic potential, especially for its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties which are superior to honey from the common bee Apis mellifera. In this study, the different species of stingless bees were identified and the honey they produce was characterized. The quality of the honey was analyzed by means of physical-chemical and microbiological parameters. The chemical composition of honey was determined by quantifying sugars, vitamin C, organic acids, polyphenols, flavonoids, proteins, amino acids and minerals. The antioxidant activity was analyzed by means of the DPPH and FRAP methods. The antimicrobial activity was determined on Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria in the planktonic state and on preformed biofilms. Seven genera and 12 species of stingless bees were identified in a total of 39 honeys collected in three geographical regions of Ecuador. The physical-chemical analysis determined that honey from stingless bees has an ash content of 0.51 g 100 g-1, electrical conductivity of 0.17 mS cm-1, humidity of 27.35 g 100 g-1, extra light amber color, pH 3.49, free acidity of 105.12 meq Kg-1, total acidity of 420.20 meq Kg-1, diastase activity of 15.26 °Gothe, HMF of 31.17 mg Kg-1 and reducing sugars of 72.72 g 100 g-1. The microbiological quality showed the presence of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms, fungi and yeasts in tolerable values for consumption. There were no microorganisms of the Enterobacteriaceae family and Salmonella spp., and the sulfite-reducing Clostridia microorganisms were present in 6 honeys. The chemical composition of the honeys was total sugars (75.30 g 100 g-1), with a greater presence of fructose (40.79 g 100 g-1), followed by glucose (24.94 g 100 g-1) and sucrose (3.90 g 100 g-1). Vitamin C in

Articles on the prevalence of peri-implant diseases showed that 90% of peri-implant tissues had some form of inflammatory response and a prevalence of peri-implantitis from 28% to 51% according to various publications. Objective: To provide an overview of how risk factors can be related with peri-implantitis. Methods: A retrospective longitudinal study including 555 implants placed in 132 patients was evaluated based on the presence of peri-implantitis following the criteria of Renvert et al. 2018. Results: In total, 21 patients (15.9%) suffered peri-implantitis (PPG) and 111 patients (84.1%) did not suffer peri-implantitis (NPG). The results reveal that smokers have a high incidence of peri-implantitis (72.7%) compared to non-smokers (27.3%) (p < 0.0005). Another variable with significant results (p < 0.01) was periodontitis: 50% PPG and 23.9% NPG suffered advanced periodontitis. Systemic diseases such as arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular diseases do not show a statistically significant influence on the incidence of peri-implantitis. Patients who did not attend their maintenance therapy appointment had an incidence of peri-implantitis of 61.4%, compared to 27.3% in those who attend (p < 0.0001). From the results obtained, we can conclude that relevant factors affect peri-implantitis, such as tobacco habits, moderate and severe periodontitis, and attendance in maintenance therapy.

The main issue in the prevention of myocardial infarction (MI) is to reduce risk factors. Periodontal disease is related to cardiovascular disease and both share risk factors. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether periodontitis can be considered a risk factor for MI and common risk factors in a case–control study and in a prospective follow-up study in patients with MI. The test group (MIG) was made up of 144 males who had MI in the previous 48 h. The control group (CG) was composed of 138 males without MI. Both groups were subdivided according to the presence or absence of stage III and IV of periodontitis. General data; Mediterranean diet and physical activity screening; periodontal data; and biochemical, microbiological and cardiological parameters were recorded. ANOVA, Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis statistical tests and binary logistic regression analysis were applied. No differences in anthropometric variables were observed between the four groups. The average weekly exercise hours have a higher value in CG without periodontitis. The number of leukocytes was higher in MIG, the number of monocytes was higher in CG and the number of teeth was lower in MIG with periodontitis. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was higher in CG. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia were higher in CG with periodontitis and in MIG with and without periodontitis. At follow-up, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) data were better in the non-periodontitis group: 15 patients had Mayor Cardiovascular Adverse Events (MACE), 13 of them had periodontitis and 2 did not show periodontitis. Periodontitis, exercise, diet and smoking are risk factors related to MI. MACE presented in the ‘MI follow-up’ shows periodontitis, weight, exercise hours and dyslipidemia as risk factors. LVEF follow-up values are preserved in patients without periodontitis. Our data suggest that periodontitis can be considered a risk factor for MI and MACE in the studied population

Purpose: The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the influence of removing or not removing a prosthesis after regenerative surgery on peri-implant defects. Methods: Two different groups were compared (Group 1: removing the prosthesis; Group 2: maintaining the prosthesis), analyzing radiographic bone filling (n = 32 implants) after regenerative treatment in periapical radiographs. The peri-implant defects were measured before and after regenerative treatment using Bio-Oss® (Geistlich Pharma, Wohhusen, Switzerland) and a reabsorbable collagen membrane (Jason®, Botis, Berlin, Germany), the healing period was two years after peri-implant regenerative surgery. Statistical analysis was performed, and a Chi square test was carried out. To determine the groups that made the difference, corrected standardized Haberman residuals were used, and previously a normality test had been applied; therefore, an ANOVA or Mann–Whitney U test was used for the crossover with the non-normal variables in Group 1 and Group 2. Results: The results obtained suggest that a regenerative procedure with xenograft, resorbable membrane, and detoxifying the implant surface with hydrogen peroxide form a reliable technique to achieve medium-term results, obtaining an average bone gain at a radiographic level of 2.84 mm (±1.78 mm) in patients whose prosthesis was not removed after peri-implant bone regenerative therapy and 2.18 mm (±1.41 mm) in patients whose prosthesis was removed during the healing period. Conclusions: There are no statistically significant differences in the response to treatment when removing or keeping the prosthesis after regenerative surgery in peri-implant defects.

According to classic Hirschfeld studies, the first teeth to be lost are the first and second maxillary molars. After the teeth are extracted and the alveolar process is developed, the maxillary sinus is reabsorbed and pneumatized with a decrease in bone availability in the posterior sector of the maxilla. This process often creates the need to perform regeneration techniques for the placement of implants in this area due to the low availability of bone. The most frequently used and documented technique for the elevation of the sinus maxillary floor is elevation by the side window, as proposed by Tatum. In 1994, Summers proposed a technique that allowed the elevation of the sinus floor from a crestal access using an instrument called an osteotome, as well as the placement of the implant in the same surgical act. The aimed of the study was to evaluate the survival of 32 implants placed in posterior maxilla with bone availability less than 5 mm performing a sinus lift augmentation technique with osteotome without biomaterials. The results of this study show a survival rate of 100% for 32 implants placed in situations with an initial bone availability of 2 to 5 mm without the use of graft material. The infra-drilling technique used offers an increase in the primary stability of implants that allows adequate osteointegration Implants placed were charged at 12 weeks. In all cases, spontaneous bone formation was observed, even in cases where a positive Valsalva maneuver was observed. This proposed technique reduces treatment time and the need for more invasive maxillary sinus augmentation techniques.

The Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome (PLS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the Cathepsin C (CTSC) gene, characterized by periodontitis and palmoplantar hyperk eratosis. The main inflammatory deficiencies include oxidative stress and autophagic dysfunction. Mitochondria are the main source of reactive oxygen species; their impaired function is related to skin diseases and periodontitis. The mitochondrial function has been evaluated in PLS and mitochondria have been targeted as a possible treatment for PLS. We show for the first time an important mito chondrial dysfunction associated with increased oxidative damage of mtDNA, reduced CoQ10 and mitochondrial mass and aberrant morphologies of the mitochondria in PLS patients. Mitochondrial dysfunction, determined by oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in PLS fibroblasts, was treated with CoQ10 supplementation, which determined an improvement in OCR and a remission of skin damage in a patient receiving a topical administration of a cream enriched with CoQ10 0.1%. We provide the first evidence of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction and CoQ10 deficiency in the pathophysiology of PLS and a future therapeutic option for PLS.

Purpose: The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the influence of removing or not removing a prosthesis after regenerative surgery on peri-implant defects. Methods: Two different groups were compared (Group 1: removing the prosthesis; Group 2: maintaining the prosthesis), analyzing radiographic bone filling (n = 32 implants) after regenerative treatment in periapical radiographs. The peri-implant defects were measured before and after regenerative treatment using Bio-Oss® (Geistlich Pharma, Wohhusen, Switzerland) and a reabsorbable collagen membrane (Jason®, Botis, Berlin, Germany), the healing period was two years after peri-implant regenerative surgery. Statistical analysis was performed, and a Chi square test was carried out. To determine the groups that made the difference, corrected standardized Haberman residuals were used, and previously a normality test had been applied; therefore, an ANOVA or Mann–Whitney U test was used for the crossover with the non-normal variables in Group 1 and Group 2. Results: The results obtained suggest that a regenerative procedure with xenograft, resorbable membrane, and detoxifying the implant surface with hydrogen peroxide form a reliable technique to achieve medium-term results, obtaining an average bone gain at a radiographic level of 2.84 mm (±1.78 mm) in patients whose prosthesis was not removed after peri-implant bone regenerative therapy and 2.18 mm (±1.41 mm) in patients whose prosthesis was removed during the healing period. Conclusions: There are no statistically significant differences in the response to treatment when removing or keeping the prosthesis after regenerative surgery in peri-implant defects.

Diabetes and periodontitis are two of the most prevalent diseases worldwide that negatively impact the quality of life of the individual suffering from them. They are part of the chronic inflammatory disease group or, as recently mentioned, non-communicable diseases, with inflammation being the meeting point among them. Inflammation hitherto includes vascular and tissue changes, but new technologies provide data at the intracellular level that could explain how the cells respond to the aggression more clearly. This review aims to emphasize the molecular pathophysiological mechanisms in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and periodontitis, which are marked by different impaired central regulators including mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired immune system and autophagy pathways, oxidative stress, and the crosstalk between adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). All of them are the shared background behind both diseases that could explain its relationship. These should be taken in consideration if we would like to improve the treatment outcomes. Currently, the main treatment strategies in diabetes try to reduce glycemia index as the most important aspect, and in periodontitis try to reduce the presence of oral bacteria. We propose to add to the therapeutic guidelines the handling of all the intracellular disorders to try to obtain better treatment success.

Introducción: La enfermedad periodontal es una de las enfermedades dentales más comunes, que afectan principalmente a la población adulta, y en los últimos años, se ha convertido en una preocupación a nivel mundial debido a la presencia de una población más envejecida. La enfermedad de Alzheimer es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa que constituye el 70% de todas las demencias. El fin de esta revisión bibliográfica es estudiar la posible relación entre la Enfermedad del Alzheimer (EA) y la Enfermedad periodontal (EP). Metodología: Se realizó una primera búsqueda en Pubmed con artículos desde 2010. Obtuvimos 134 artículos, 27 de los cuales se ajustaron a los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. También se realizó una búsqueda más específica en Mesh y utilizamos 9 artículos. Resultados y conclusiones: En esta revisión bibliográfica, se han expuesto varios artículos basados en estudios observacionales y experimentales. Estos estudios muestran a la enfermedad periodontal como un factor de riesgo para la Enfermedad de Alzheimer debido a un incremento de los parámetros periodontales en pacientes con Alzheimer en comparación con los cognitivamente sanos. El proceso inflamatorio y la respuesta inmune cobra un papel clave como nexo de unión entre ambas enfermedades. La evidencia científica confirma esta relación a través de los microorganismos periodontopatógenos por diferentes mecanismos. Actualmente, se estudia el control de la enfermedad periodontal como actitud preventiva de la EA.

Background and Objective. Our aims were to improve the understanding of the pathogenic relationship between cardiovascular diseases and periodontitis and to generate new perspectives in the prevention and treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and periodontitis. The present study evaluates possible differences in inflammation, oxidative stress and autophagy markers among subject suffering AMI, periodontitis or both, to explore possible common pathogenic mechanisms. Material and Methods. A total of 260 subjects were enrolled in the study, 106 subjects that survived to a first AMI (AMI group) and 154 subjects had no cardiac events in their clinical record (control group). A questionnaire was used to assess age, height, weight, blood pressure and heart rate. The clinical probing depth, clinical attachment loss, number of remaining teeth and average number of sites with bleeding on probing were assessed. Lipid peroxidation and protein levels of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) and microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B-light chain 3-II (LC3-II) were determined in isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay and western-blot, respectively. Plasma levels of interleukin-1β were determined using a commercial ELISA kit. All the obtained variables were compared between subjects suffering an AMI with or without periodontitis and control subject periodontal healthy or with periodontitis. Results. A higher proportion of subjects suffering AMI+periodontitis than only AMI (without periodontitis) was found. Higher levels of TBARS were found in subjects with periodontitis than in subjects without periodontitis in both AMI and control subjects. Positive correlations between IL-1β levels and TBARS and between IL-1β levels and LC3-II were found only in control subjects. Conclusions. Results from the present study are consistent with the suggestion of periodontitis as a potential risk factor for AMI. Peri

Autophagy is an essential intracellular process involved in survival, differentiation, development and cellular homeostasis. This catabolic mechanism supplies to the cell nutrients and energy to do its vital functions and gets rid of non-needed cellular components such as lipids, misfolded proteins and damage organelles. It consists on a multistep process highly regulated, conducted by autophagy-related proteins (ATGs), which starts by the formation of a vesicle which engulfs the material to be degraded to form an autophagosome following by the fusion to the lysosome. It contains the hydrolytic enzymes which are involve in the degradation of the cargo in the presence of an acidic environment (Levine & Kroemer, 2008). Dysfunction in the autophagy flux has been implicated in the progression of several diseases such as neurodegeneration, cancer and immune diseases, even in the normal ageing process. It is known that cell inability to degrade the cargo may lead to a defective autophagosome-lysosome fusion and thus, accumulation of autophagosome with non-degraded material inside the cells. This is the molecular base of a set of pathological conditions, known as lysosome storage disorder (LSD). Lysosomal dysfunction in most of these diseases is associated with impaired autophagic flux and autophagosome-lysosome fusion and a secondary accumulation of autophagy substrates such as SQSTM1/p62 and damage mitochondria. The key regulator of autophagy is mTOR which is involved in protein, lipid and nucleotide synthesis, lysosomal biogenesis, transcription, cytoskeletal rearrangements, energy metabolism, cell proliferation and survival. The presence of nutrients, growth factors and hypoxia induce mTOR promoting protein synthesis and cell growth and repressing autophagy. (Villanueva-Paz et al., 2016), (Munson & Ganley, 2015). Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff are two rare inherit LSDs which affect the nervous system and are characterized by early neuronal cell death and progressive neurodegen, La autofagia es un proceso intracelular esencial para la supervivencia, diferenciación, desarrollo y homeostasis celular. Este mecanismo catabólico provee a las células de energía y nutrientes necesarios para la realización de sus funciones vitales y la eliminación de componentes innecesarios para la célula como son lípidos, proteínas mal plegadas o agregadas y organelas dañadas. La autofagia es un proceso guiado por una serie de proteínas asociadas a la autofagia (ATGs), el cual comienza con la formación de una vesícula que engloba el material a degradar formando el autofagosoma. A continuación, tienen lugar la fusión entre el autofagosoma y el lisosoma el cual contiene las enzimas (hidrolasas) y el pH acido para la eliminación del cargo (Levine & Kroemer, 2008). La disfunción en la autofagia está implicada en la progresión de muchas enfermedades como neurodegeneración, cáncer, enfermedades inmunes e incluso en el envejecimiento. Una de las causas de la incapacidad de la degradación del cargo es consecuencia del fallo en la fusión del autofagosoma con el lisosoma que conlleva a la acumulación intracelular de material no degradado. Esto constituye la base de una serie de condiciones patológicas llamadas enfermedades de acumulación lisosomal (LSDs). La disfunción en el lisosoma en la mayoría de estas enfermedades está asociada a un defecto en la autofagia, así como en la fusión del autofagosoma y lisosoma, daño mitocondrial y acumulación de sustratos de la autofagia como SQSTM1/p62. El regulador clave de este proceso es la ruta mTOR la cual está implicada en la síntesis de proteínas, lípidos y nucleótidos, biogénesis lisosomal, trascripción, reordenamiento del citoesqueleto, metabolismo energético, proliferación celular y supervivencia. La presencia de nutrientes, factores de crecimiento o hipoxia inducen mTOR dando lugar al aumento en la síntesis proteica y crecimiento celular, así como con la inhibición de la autofagia (Villanueva-Paz et al., 2016), (Munson & Ganle

Objetivo: el principal objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una revisión de la literatura disponible sobre la eficacia de las principales técnicas y materiales de regeneración periodontal, los factores que influyen en el éxito y su beneficio a largo plazo. Metodología: búsqueda electrónica en las bases de datos PubMed y Cochrane Library de artículos con alta evidencia científica como meta-análisis y revisiones sistemáticas escritas desde el año 2010 hasta la actualidad. Resultados: una vez aplicados los criterios de inclusión y exclusión se encontraron 182 artículos y, tras hacer la lectura de los mismos, se escogieron 14 artículos, 1 revisión, 6 revisiones sistemáticas y 7 meta-análisis, para realizar este trabajo. Conclusiones: 1) Identificar y controlar los factores de riesgo es fundamental para el éxito de la terapia; 2) La elección del material y técnica regenerativa es multifactorial; 3) Los resultados conseguidos tras la terapia periodontal son capaces de mantenerse hasta 10 años; 4) Es necesario un mayor número de estudios para poder establecer un protocolo claro de actuación., Aim: the purpose of the present paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of the main periodontal regeneration techniques and materials, the factors that influence the success of the treatment and their long-term benefit. Methods: electronic search in PubMed and Cochrane Library databases of articles with high scientific evidence as meta-analysis and systematic reviews written from 2010 to present. Results: once the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, 182 articles were found and, after reading them, 14 articles, 1 review, 6 systematic reviews and 7 meta-analysis were included in this article. Conclusion: 1) Identifying and controlling risk factors is the key of the success of the therapy; 2) The choice of the material and regenerative technique is multifactorial; 3) The improvements after periodontal therapy are maintainable up to 10 years; 4) Further investigation is necessary to be able to establish a protocol.

Increasing evidence connects periodontitis with a variety of systemic diseases, including metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The proposal of this study was to evaluate the role of diets rich in saturated fat and cholesterol in some aspects of periodontal diseases in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced model of periodontal disease in rabbits and to assess the influence of a periodontal intervention on hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, and NAFLD progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Male rabbits were maintained on a commercial standard diet or a diet rich in saturated fat (3% lard w/w) and cholesterol (1.3% w/w) (HFD) for 40 days. Half of the rabbits on each diet were treated 2 days per week with intragingival injections of LPS from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Morphometric analyses revealed that LPS induced higher alveolar bone loss (ABL) around the first premolar in animals receiving standard diets, which was exacerbated by the HFD diet. A higher score of acinar inflammation in the liver and higher blood levels of triglycerides and phospholipids were found in HFD-fed rabbits receiving LPS. These results suggest that certain dietary habits can exacerbate some aspects of periodontitis and that bad periodontal health can contribute to dyslipidemia and promote NAFLD progression, but only under certain conditions.

Introducción: Cada vez son más los estudios que relacionan a la enfermedad periodontal (EP) con diferentes enfermedades sistémicas como la diabetes mellitus, la artritis reumatoides y los eventos cardiovasculares. Aunque bien se sabe su relación con las dos primeras entidades, su relación con los eventos cardiovasculares (ECV) es aún objeto de estudio actualmente en la literatura. Ambas enfermedades son de origen multifactorial y mientras los eventos ECV representan el 30% de defunciones a nivel mundial, la EP es una de las dos grandes patologías orales que se presenta con una alta prevalencia. El objetivo de este estudio es realizar una revisión bibliográfica de la literatura sobre la posible relación entre la periodontitis y los eventos cardiovasculares. Ø Material y métodos: Se ha llevado a cabo mediante una búsqueda bibilográfica basada en la máxima evidencia científica en las bases de datos como Pubmed, Scopus y Cochrane desde 2010 hasta la actualidad. Tras la aplicación de criterios de inclusión y exclusión y la aplicación de diferentes estrategias de búsqueda, obtuvimos un total de 47 artículos, de los cuales solo 12 fueron seleccionados para desarrollar determinada revisión bibliográfica. Ø Conclusión: Aunque existe evidencia científica que asocie ambas patologías, el gran dilema erradica en el origen de su relación causal ya que llega a verse comprometida al tratarse de entidades multifactoriales y poligenéticas. A pesar de ello, parece ser que la difusión de patógenos orales en el torrente sanguíneo podría ser el principal mecanismo de patogénesis. La existencia de factores de riesgo comunes nos implanta la necesidad de conocer como la terapia periodontal podría influir en la prevención, manejo y reducción de eventos cardiovasculares en pacientes con patologías periodontales. Finalmente, el avance a determinado la existencia de biomarcadores que asocian ambas patologías en aquellos pacientes que no presenten dichos factores de riesgos. Se es necesario más, Ø Introduction: More and more studies are linking periodontal disease (PD) with different systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular events. Although its relationship with the first two entities is well known, its relationship with cardiovascular events (CVD) is still under study in the literature. Both diseases are multifactorial in origin and while CVD events represent 30% of deaths worldwide, PD is one of the two major oral pathologies that present with a high prevalence. The objective of this study is to perform a bibliographic review of the literature on the possible relationship between periodontitis and cardiovascular events. Ø Material and Methods: It has been carried out using a bibliographic search based on the maximum scientific evidence in databases such as Pubmed, Scopus and Cochrane from 2010 to the present. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria and applying different search strategies, we obtained a total of 47 articles, of which only 12 were selected to carry out a certain bibliographic review. Ø Conclusion: Although there is scientific evidence that associates both pathologies, the great dilemma eradicates at the origin of their causal relationship since it becomes compromised because they are multifactorial and polygenetic entities. Despite this, it seems that the diffusion of oral pathogens in the bloodstream could be the main mechanism of pathogenesis. The existence of common risk factors implants the need to know how periodontal therapy could influence the prevention, management and reduction of cardiovascular events in patients with periodontal pathologies. Finally, the advance to determined the existence of biomarkers that associate both pathologies in those patients who do not present said risk factors. More long-term study is needed to strengthen all this knowledge and endorse it with proven and reliable scientific evidence.

Objetivo: Revisar la literatura de los últimos años para evaluar las opciones disponibles en el tratamiento regenerador de la periimplantitis, comparando los resultados de los distintos materiales y técnicas utilizadas, así como otros factores que pueden estar relacionados. Estableciendo, de esta forma, la predictibilidad del tratamiento y sus limitaciones. Material y método: Se realiza una búsqueda bibliográfica desde 2014 a 2020 en las bases de datos MEDLINE/PubMed y Dialnet, utilizando los descriptores para Ciencias de la Salud y los operadores booleanos. Se seleccionan los artículos en base a unos criterios de inclusión. Además del uso de bibliografía en papel. Resultados: En la primera búsqueda aparecen 381 resultados, que tras aplicar los filtros y los distintos criterios de inclusión y exclusión se nos reducen a 27 artículos; de los cuales, debido a su contenido más específico, seleccionamos 12 para su análisis. El tipo de sustituto óseo empleado, así como el empleo o no de membranas de barrera en el tratamiento, parece no tener relevancia en los resultados clínicos y radiográficos en los artículos revisados. Además, cuando se compara con la cirugía resectiva, solo presenta superioridad sobre los parámetros clínicos en los defectos de tres y cuatro paredes. Conclusión: El éxito del tratamiento regenerador está más relacionado con la morfología del defecto y con el empleo de técnicas que consigan una descontaminación adecuada de la superficie del implante sin alterar su morfología. Sin embargo, la evidencia disponible es aún limitada, necesitándose más estudios para disponer un protocolo estable para el tratamiento de la periimplantitis., Objectives: Review the literature of the last years to evaluate the options available in the regenerative treatment of peri-implantitis, comparing the results of the different materials and techniques used, as well as other factors that may be related. Thus, establishing the predictability and limitations of the treatment. Material and methods: A bibliographic search was carried out in the MEDLINE/PubMed and Dialnet databases from 2014 to 2020, using Health Science Descriptors and Boolean operators. Articles are selected based on inclusion criteria. In addition, we used some books. Results: The first one search obtained 381 results, but after applying the filters and the different criteria of inclusion and exclusion were reduced to 27 articles; of which, due to its more specific content, we selected 12 of these to analyze them. The type of bone substitute used or the presence of a barrier membrane in the regenerative procedures not seem to be fundamental in order to obtain clinical and radiographic outcomes in the revised articles. In addition, when compared to non-regenerative surgery, it only has superiority over clinical parameters in threeand four-wall defects. Conclusion: The success of the regenerative treatment is more related to the morphology of the defect and the use of procedures that achieve adequate decontamination of the implant surface without altering its morphology. However, the available evidence is still limited, more studies are necessary to provide for a guideline to the treatment of periimplantitis.

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la principal causa de muerte en el mundo, con una alta prevalencia en los países industrializados. Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular están influenciados principalmente por la dieta, que al igual que otros factores del estilo de vida, pueden modificarse para reducir o aumentar este riesgo. La inflamación ha demostrado ser un factor clave en el progreso biológico de estas enfermedades. El complejo proteico NLRP3-inflamosoma está involucrado en diversas complicaciones cardio-metabólicas que se caracterizan por un estado inflamatorio sistémico de bajo grado en respuesta a dietas altas en calorías. En la presente investigamos los mecanismos moleculares por los que la inhibición de NLRP3 puede atenuar las lesiones cardíacas inducidas por la dieta.

Hereditary gingival fibromatosis is a disorder for which the etiology remains unknown. We aimed to evaluate the fibroblasts and histological alterations to give new clues. A father and a daughter of a family showing gingival hereditary fibromatosis were treated, and gingival biopsies were obtained. A histological study revealed dense fibrous tissue, basal lamina disruption, and epithelial cell migration into the connective tissue. Fibroblasts were cultured from the father and daughter and compared with those from a healthy control patient. The results of the biochemical analysis showed increased collagen synthesis, reduced antioxidant CoQ10 content, and high levels of lipid peroxidation. Additionally, fibroblasts culture incubation with the oxidant H2O2 increased collagen levels that have been reduced by the addition of the antioxidant CoQ10. We conclude that some fibroblasts metabolic alterations play a significant role in initiating and maintaining persistent fibrotic tissue. Oxidative stress influences the fibroblasts collagen production and could play a particular role in the pathogenesis of hereditary gingival fibromatosis.

While NLRP3‐inflammasome has been implicated in cardiovascular diseases, its role in physiological cardiac aging is largely unknown. During aging, many alterations occur in the organism, which are associated with progressive impairment of metabolic pathways related to insulin resistance, autophagy dysfunction, and inflammation. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms through which NLRP3 inhibition may attenuate cardiac aging. Ablation of NLRP3‐inflammasome protected mice from age‐related increased insulin sensitivity, reduced IGF‐1 and leptin/adiponectin ratio levels, and reduced cardiac damage with protection of the prolongation of the age‐ dependent PR interval, which is associated with atrial fibrillation by cardiovascular aging and reduced telomere shortening. Furthermore, old NLRP3 KO mice showed an inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and autophagy improvement, compared with old wild mice and preserved Nampt‐mediated NAD + levels with increased SIRT1 protein expression. These findings suggest that suppression of NLRP3 prevented many age‐associated changes in the heart, preserved cardiac function of aged mice and increased lifespan.

The effects and consequences of periodontal diseases might not be confined to the oral cavity. A great body of evidence has arisen supporting the claim demonstrating an association with several systemic conditions and diseases. With different levels of evidence, an association between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease, diabetes, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, pregnancy outcomes and respiratory diseases has been established. However, the true nature of this association, if it is causal, still remains elusive. For a better understanding of the complex relationships linking different conditions, interventional studies now begin to focus on the possible outcomes of periodontal treatment in relation to the events, symptoms and biomarkers of several systemic disorders, assessing if periodontal treatment has any impact on them, hopefully reducing their severity or prevalence. Therefore, we proceeded to review the recent literature on the subject, attempting to present a brief explanation of the systemic condition or disease, what proposed mechanisms might give biological plausibility to its association with periodontal disease, and finally and more importantly, what data are currently available pertaining to the effects periodontal treatment may have. Raising awareness and discussing the possible benefits of periodontal treatment on overall systemic health is important, in order to change the perception that periodontal diseases are only limited to the oral cavity, and ultimately providing better and comprehensive care to patients.

Introducción: el éxito del implante dental depende en gran medida de las características químicas, físicas, mecánicas y topográficas de su superficie; ya que determinan la actividad de las células que se adhieren a la superficie del implante. Por tanto, la composición química, humectabilidad, geometría, topografía, rugosidad, energía superficial, nanoestructuras y el recubrimiento con materiales bioactivos tienen un impacto sustancial en la tasa y calidad del proceso de oseointegración. Metodología: Se realizan 2 búsquedas mediante la base de datos de MedLine con el motor de búsqueda Pubmed. Se obtuvieron 87 y 25 resultados una vez aplicados los límites de inclusión y exclusión; finalmente seleccionamos seleccionamos 29 artículos. Resultados y conclusiones: la humectabilidad, la química, la topografía y la combinación de estas propiedades determinan la calidad y grado de osteointegración. Valores moderados de hidrofilia (30◦-60◦) y rugosidad (Sa=1-2μm) favorecen la oseointegración pero aún desconocemos los mecanismos biológicos subyacentes. La investigación actual sigue los enfoques biomiméticos: imitar la configuración 3D de la superficie ósea.