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Eight insecticidal treatments (including biopesticides, IGR, IGR and insecticides ready combi products) were evaluated against aphids (Aphis gossypii Glover) in okra. The results revealed that buprofezin 15% + acephate 35% WP proved effective in minimizing the A. gossypii. However, it was found at par with pyriproxyfen 5% + fenpropathrin 15% EC. Among biopesticides, azadirachtin 1% EC (10000 ppm) and Lecanicillium lecanii 1.15 % WP were effective at reducing aphid population and better option for managing pest in organic farming. No deleterious effect of these tested treatments was observed on the natural enemies. Maximum okra pod yield was obtained with buprofezin 15% + acephate 35% WP (77.58 q/ha) and it proved to be the economically viable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Buprofezin, a widely employed insecticide in agricultural practices, has elicited significant apprehension due to its prospective deleterious effects on non-target organisms and ecological systems. Its enduring presence in terrestrial and aquatic environments presents potential hazards to human health and biodiversity, thereby necessitating the investigation of safer alternatives or strategies for mitigation. The research focuses on five principal receptors: CAT (Catalase), IL-1B (Interleukin-1 Beta), IL-6 (Interleukin-6), TNF-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha), and SOD (Superoxide Dismutase). These receptors are integral to the processes of inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune responses, rendering them critical for comprehending the biochemical pathways affected by toxic substances and the potential for protective interventions. The investigation employed WADDAICA (Webserver-Aided Drug Design by Artificial Intelligence) to formulate AI-driven pharmaceuticals, complemented by ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion) evaluations, Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, as well as MMGBSA and MMPBSA methodologies to examine the stability and interactions of the compounds with the designated receptors. Docking experiments disclosed that the interaction of CAT with the ascorbic acid AI-derived drug demonstrated a binding energy of -7.1 kcal/mol, signifying a robust interaction, while the complex of IL-1B with the curcumin AI-derived drug exhibited a binding energy of -7.3 kcal/mol. The ADME analysis revealed favorable gastrointestinal absorption and aqueous solubility for both compounds. Furthermore, the drug-likeness metrics were deemed satisfactory, with no breaches of Lipinski’s rule of five, suggesting promising potential for subsequent advancement as therapeutic agents.

The synthesis of a hapten and antigen for the preparation of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) for buprofezin is described. The recognition mechanism of hapten and buprofezin by monoclonal antibodies (mAb-19F2) is described. The effectiveness of the mAb-19F2 immunoassay technique was assessed, and the effective detection of buprofezin in tea samples was achieved through the establishment of indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) and colloidal gold immunochromatography assay (GICA). The mAb-19F2 subtype was IgG1, with an IC50 of 1.8 ng/mL and a linear range (IC20-IC80) of 0.6-5.4 μg/L, and had a cross-reaction rate of less than 0.18% with 29 other pesticides (neonicotinoids and insect growth regulators). The study identified π-π stacking interactions between hapten and TYR-61 at the mAb-19F2 site and alkyl/phosphate interactions with TRP-105 and ARG-103. The ic-ELISA had an IC50 of 12.9 ng/mL in green tea and 5.65 ng/mL in black tea, with a recovery rate of 92.4%-101.0% and RSD of 2.1%-4.8%. The GICA had a limit of detection (LOD) was 500 ng/mL, with the complete disappearance of the test lines visible to the naked eye. The limit of quantitation (LOQ, IC20) was determined to be 16.8 ng/mL. Additionally, the developed GICA showed no cross-reactivity with neonicotinoid pesticides. The recovery rate of tea spiked recovered samples was 83.6%-92.2%, with an RSD of 5.3%-12.6%, and the results were consistent with the LC/MS method. This study is important for the real-time detection of buprofezin residues to ensure food safety and human health.

Insect pests are exposed to repeated applications of pesticides to effectively manage the pest species. This induces insecticide resistance and resurgence of target insect pest, along with an accelerated growth rate of the targeted individual. The present experiment was put into execution to examine transgenerational hormesis against different biological parameters of Phenacoccus solenopsis when exposed to sublethal concentrations of Pyriproxyfen (Pyriproxyfen® 10 EC) and Buprofezin (Buprofezin® 25 WP). Insects exhibited concentration-dependent mortality diminishing in succeeding generations. P. solenopsis receiving the sublethal concentration of LC10 (0.03%) of Pyriproxyfen® exhibited hormesis in natality in generation G-4 (1282.4 nymphs/20 females) and G-5 (1296.2 nymphs/20 females). The adult female exposed to LC10 (0.02%) of Buprofezin® also expressed hormesis in natality in G-4 (1261.5 nymphs/20 females) and G-5 (1282.8 nymphs/20 females). Hormesis in female longevity was also found when treated with a sublethal concentration of LC10 for Pyriproxyfen® (0.03%) in G-4 (46.41 days) and G-5(46.35 days). Similarly, adults in G-4 and G-5 at a sublethal concentration of LC10 (0.02%) for Buprofezin® induced hormesis 45.53 days and 46.69 days, respectively, whereas in G-4 (4.79 days) and G-5 (4.92 days) at stimulatory concentrations of LC10 (0.03%) for pyriproxyfen®. The research findings indicate that the consistent application of sublethal concentrations can elicit stimulatory effects on various biological traits. This highlights insects’ remarkable ability to adapt to stressors. It is imperative to consider this aspect when incorporating pest management programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous pest that has gained importance in soybean cultivation in recent years, due to the damage it causes to leaves and pods. The objective of this work was to evaluate the non-target effect of insecticides recommended and used to control Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B on S. frugiperda. The experimental design was entirely randomized with five treatments and fifty replications. The treatments were: 1. negative control (distilled water), 2. positive control (lufenuron), 3. buprofezin, 4. pyriproxyfen, and 5. diafenthiuron. In each replicate, one caterpillar was placed in a plastic cup, where sprayed soybean leaves with the maximum dosage of insecticides recommended for B. tabaci were placed.The treatments were evaluated daily during all stages: larval, pupal, and adult emergence and fecundity. The results obtained for larval mortality showed that diafenthiuron aimed 100% control, followed by pyriproxyfen with 28% and buprofezin with 12%. The duration of the larval period of the insects exposed to pyriproxyfen and buprofezin were longer compared to the control. While the biological parameters of pupae were found that pyriproxyfen caused lower pupal formation rate and higher pupal mortality, followed by buprofezin. In adult emergence, pyriproxyfen showed the lowest rate with 13.8% and the highest percentage of deformed adults with 60%. Thus, it was possible to conclude that the insecticides under study cause S. frugiperda mortality or effects on its biological patterns.

Among the various insecticides evaluated for their field efficacy against sucking pests of Indian bean, the treatments of thiamethoxam 25WG at 0.025%, acetamiprid 20SP at 0.004% and buprofezin 25SC at 0.05% were found to be the most effective against Aphis craccivora Koch, Empoasca kerri Pruthi and Bemisia tabaci Gennadius. While, thiacloprid 21.7SC at 0.012% emerged as the moderately effective. Emamectin benzoate 5SG at 0.002%, indoxacarb 14.5SC at 0.007%, lambda-cyhalothrin 5SC at 0.005% and novaluron 10EC at 0.01% were found to be less effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional control of sucking pests infesting various vegetables has several drawbacks. Biorational insecticides are increasingly used for pest management due to their limited side effects. A study involving several biorational compounds, viz. spinosad, buprofezin, Beauveria bassiana, Lecanicillium muscarium and a chemical insecticide, fenitrothion was performed by leaf-dip bioassay to measure their efficacy against the bean aphid, A. craccivora Koch. as a representative of sucking pests. Mortality of aphids against treatment with biorational insecticides was recorded in three replicates under laboratory conditions. The lethal concentration (LC50 and LC90) of the treatments were calculated by probit analysis. Efficacy was concentration and time dependent. Spinosad has been found to be more effective than buprofezin. The spinosad (LC50 = 2582.04 ppm) and buprofezin (LC50 = 543.03 ppm) were found to be approximately 88 and 52 times less toxic than fenitrothion. At 48 h post-treatment (HPT), the highest mortality for spinosad and buprofezin was 66.67 and 60.00%, respectively, and reached 93.33% at 72 HPT. Among the two fungal biopesticides, L. muscarium was more effective than B. bassiana. For both, mortality (80–100%) at the higher concentrations was statistically different than others at 144 and 168 HPT. Thus, biorational compounds, particularly spinosad and L. muscarium, are useful for controlling bean aphids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to clarify the resistance status and resistance mechanism of the field population of the small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus, to commonly used insecticides, we monitored the resistance level of SBPH collected from Yizheng and Yancheng in Jiangsu Province, Changxing in Zhejiang Province and Lujiang in Anhui Province, to eight insecticides during 2021 to 2022 using rice seedling dipping method. The synergistic effects of three detoxification enzyme inhibitors, piperonyl butoxide (PBO), diethylmaleate (DEM), and triphenyl phosphate (TPP), to buprofezin on the control of SBPH were measured. The results showed that four regions populations of SBPH have developed medium to high level resistance to buprofezin (RR = 61.5-148.8), and moderate level resistance to chlorpyrifos (RR = 14.9-28.3). Furthermore, the four regions SBPH populations exhibited sensitive or low-level resistance to nitenpyram (RR = 0.7-9.9), thiamethoxam (RR = 1.6-8.3), dinotefuran (RR = 2.9-10.0) and sulfoxaflor (RR = 2.5-8.7). In addition, all field populations of SBPH were susceptible to pymetrozine (RR = 1.0-5.0) and triflumezopyrim (RR = 0.5-2.3). PBO, TPP, and DEM displayed no synergism effect on the sensitivity of SBPH to buprofezin, which indicated that these three detoxifying enzymes might play little role in the buprofezin resistance. The results of this study provided a scientific basis for the resistance management and field control of SBPH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Halyomorpha halys, (brown marmorated stink bug, BMSB), is a high‐concern invasive species causing severe damage to orchards in many countries outside its native Asian range. Management methods other than frequent sprays of broad‐spectrum insecticides are needed to restore integrated pest management (IPM) practices in orchards. Chitin synthesis inhibitors are usually regarded as desirable options in IPM programs because of lower toxicity to beneficial insects and non‐target organisms compared to neurotoxic insecticides. In this study, the activity of three chitin synthesis inhibitors (namely buprofezin, novaluron and triflumuron) was investigated on BMSB egg masses, third instars and adults by means of laboratory bioassays. Results: Novaluron and to a lesser extent triflumuron were detrimental to BMSB nymphs exposed to residues on potted peach plants. Novaluron caused high mortality among early instars that emerged from sprayed egg masses. No significant differences were found between buprofezin and water control on eggs or third instars. When sprayed on BMSB adults, none of the chitin synthesis inhibitors affected survival, fecundity, or egg hatching. Conclusion: Given the activity on nymphs, but the lack of effects on adults, novaluron and triflumuron might be considered for field applications only as a tool in a wider management strategy along with other methods aimed at preventing the invasion of crops by BMSB adults. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch is an economically serious pest posing threat to major vegetable crops. Roving survey in and around Coimbatore region revealed that farmers do not target mites with acaricides instead they use higher dose of insecticides at frequent intervals which results in development of resistance. The bioassay results revealed that fenpropathrin (2.07 to 6.86-folds) and fenazaquin (2.74 to 7.13-folds) exhibit higher susceptibility, whereas diafenthiuron (5.35 to 12.25-folds) revealed a low to moderate level of resistance. The propargite (43.80 to 60.63-folds) and chlorfenapyr (61.01 to 75.10-folds) exhibited high resistance, followed by spiromesifen (222.28 to 300.26-folds) and buprofezin (382.60 to 417.87-folds), with extremely high level of resistance. The higher specific activity of GST (4.54-folds), MFO (10.06-folds) and CarE (15.06-folds) in Puthupalayam population suggested the role of biochemical resistance. A significant positive correlation was observed between diafenthiuron and CarE activity (r = 0.981*), fenpropathrin and MFO activity (r = 0.964*). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Bemisia tabaci is a globally significant agricultural pest including in Australia, where it exhibits resistance to numerous insecticides. With a recent label change, buprofezin (group 16), is now used for whitefly management in Australia. This study investigated resistance to pyriproxyfen (group 7C), spirotetramat (group 23) and buprofezin using bioassays and available molecular markers. RESULTS: Bioassay and selection testing of B. tabaci populations detected resistance to pyriproxyfen with resistance ratios ranging from 4.1 to 56. Resistance to spirotetramat was detected using bioassay, selection testing and sequencing techniques. In populations collected from cotton, the A2083V mutation was detected in three populations of 85 tested, at frequencies ≤4.1%, whereas in limited surveillance of populations from an intensive horticultural region the frequency was ≥75.8%. The baseline susceptibility of B. tabaci to buprofezin was determined from populations tested from 2019 to 2020, in which LC50 values ranged from 0.61 to 10.75 mg L−1. From the bioassay data, a discriminating dose of 200 mg L−1 was developed. Recent surveillance of 16 populations detected no evidence of resistance with 100% mortality recorded at doses ≤32 mg L−1. A cross‐resistance study found no conclusive evidence of resistance to buprofezin in populations with high resistance to pyriproxyfen or spirotetramat. CONCLUSIONS: In Australian cotton, B. tabaci pest management is challenged by ongoing resistance to pyriproxyfen, while resistance to spirotetramat is an emerging issue. The addition of buprofezin provides a new mode‐of‐action for whitefly pest management, which will strengthen the existing insecticide resistance management strategy. © 2023 Commonwealth of Australia. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of insecticide resistance in insect populations is a major challenge to sustainable agriculture and food security worldwide. Buprofezin, one of the commonly used chitin synthesis inhibitors, has severely declined its control efficacy against the brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens), a devastating rice insect species. To date, however, mechanism of buprofezin resistance in target pests remains elusive. We conducted a long-term (25 years from 1996 to 2020) and large geographical scale (11 provinces and cities in China) resistance monitoring program for buprofezin in BPH, a notorious pest of rice crop in East and Southeast Asia. BPH rapidly developed resistance with > 1,000-fold resistance being detected in nearly all the field populations after 2015. Using the bulk segregant mapping method, we uncovered a novel mutation (G932C) in chs1 gene encoding chitin synthase 1 from a near isogeneic buprofezin-resistant (> 10,000-fold) strain harboring recessive, monogenic resistance. Using CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-modified Drosophila melanogaster possessing the same mutation as a model, we found that the G932C mutation was not only responsible for buprofezin resistance but also conferred a cross-resistance to cyromazine, an insect molting disruptor, on which the mode of action is largely unknown. Taken together, our study for the first time revealed the molecular mechanism conferring buprofezin resistance in BPH and implicated that cyromazine also targets chitin biosynthesis to confer its toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maconellicoccus hirsutus is a destructive pest which causes severe losses of agricultural and horticultural crops. For the management of M. hirsutus, many insecticides have been used and it has been exposed to insufficient dosage or uneven spray coverage which resulted in the development of insecticide resistance. Xenobiotic metabolism can be better understood with the help of gene expression studies by unveiling the underlying molecular mechanisms. The qRT-PCR is the simplest method to analyse gene expression, however, it highly relies on suitable reference genes concerning the different experimental conditions. Methods and results: We evaluated the stability of five reference genes in two sets of experimental conditions viz. developmental stages (nymphs and adults) and agrochemical stress (GA3 and Buprofezin sprayed) against M. hirsutus, using different softwares—NormFinder, geNorm, BestKeeper, and RefFinder. The study revealed that ATP51a and GAPDH can be used as reference genes for gene expression studies when exposed to Gibberellic acid. Additionally, the study revealed that the ideal pair of reference genes for data validation in M. hirsutus treated with Buprofezin was GAPDH and β-tubulin. The ideal reference gene combination for various developmental stages was found to be 28S and Actin. Conclusion: According to the study, GAPDH can be utilized as a reliable reference gene in the agrochemical (GA3 and Buprofezin) exposure set. The genes can be utilized as a suitable reference for qRT-PCR gene expression studies of xenobiotic metabolism to understand the underlying molecular mechanism, which will help further to design suitable management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buprofezin (BUP) is an insect growth regulator widely used in agriculture to control hemipteran pests, particularly the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii , due to its efficiency and low toxicity. Although approved by the Chinese government, its maximum residue limit (MRL) in food is strictly regulated, and conventional techniques for detecting BUP have several limitations. Our study reports successful BUP detection using a supramolecular fluorescent probe DP@ALB, constructed with chalcone-based fluorescent dye DP and albumin as the host. The probe offers advantages such as low cost, visual signal output with high fluorescence color variation, rapid response, and high sensitivity. Additionally, portable test strips enable convenient on-site BUP detection and simplifying field monitoring of spiked real samples. The study achieves precise qualitative and quantitative BUP analysis in grape fruit, groundwater, and soil with satisfactory recoveries. Further, the biological applicability of sensor for the in vitro detection of BUP in L929 living cells was demonstrated. This research breakthrough overcomes the limitations of traditional analytical methods, offering an efficient and reliable approach for food and environmental monitoring and pesticide residue detection. • Supramolecular sensor showed ratiometric detection of buprofezin (0.003–1.000 mM). • DP dye higher emission resulted in brighter visual detection of buprofezin. • Detection limit for BUP was 2.67 μM, with an average recovery of 99.7%. • The portable testing devices were integrated for on-site detection of BUP. • Sensor successfully monitored BUP in real-world samples and L929 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pink or hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus , is a serious pest of grapes, jute, and mesta, causing severe yield losses in India and other countries. Chemical control remains the foremost choice for farmers to manage this pest. As insecticides break down over time due to biotic and abiotic factors, insects are exposed to varying levels of these exogenous compounds. Several studies have reported that sublethal doses affect insect physiology, but only a few have examined the changes in gene expression at the molecular level. Therefore, the present study was conducted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms in M. hirsutus exposed to sublethal doses of buprofezin 25 SC. Life table analysis revealed increased fecundity in M. hirsutus exposed to the sublethal dose. A total of 1,744 differentially expressed genes were identified between the buprofezin-treated and untreated samples using transcriptome analysis. These genes were primarily associated with ribosomal proteins, proteases, cuticular proteins, and cytoskeletal structures. Ribosomes and phagosomes were the most highly enriched pathways. Interestingly, most of the DEGs were involved in restoring homeostasis rather than detoxification. To validate our RNA-sequencing results, qRT-PCR validation was performed on ten randomly selected genes. Overall, our findings provide valuable insights into intermittent changes in stress-coping genes, apart from detoxification genes. [Display omitted] • DEGs were associated with homeostasis restoration rather than detoxification. • Major detoxification genes were downregulated rather than upregulated. • Significant upregulation of cuticular proteins and cytoskeletal structures. • Ribosomes, fatty acid biosynthesis and phagosomes were the most enriched KEGG pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Buprofezin, an insect growth regulator, has been widely used to control brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, one of the most destructive pests of rice crops in Asia. The intensive use of this compound has resulted in very high levels of resistance to buprofezin in the field, however, the underpinning mechanisms of resistance have not been fully resolved. Results: Insecticide bioassays using the P450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide significantly synergized the toxicity of buprofezin in two resistant strains of BPH (BPR and YC2017) compared to a susceptible strain (Sus), suggesting P450s play a role in resistance to this compound. Whole transcriptome profiling identified 1110 genes that were upregulated in the BPR strain compared to the Sus strain, including 13 cytochrome P450 genes, eight esterases and one glutathione S‐transferase. Subsequently, qPCR validation revealed that four of the P450 genes, CYP6ER1vA, CYP6CW1, CYP4C77, and CYP439A1 were significantly overexpressed in both the BRP and YC2017 strains compared with the Sus strain. Further functional analyses showed that only suppression of CYP6ER1vA, CYP6CW1, and CYP439A1 gene expression by RNA interference significantly increased the toxicity of buprofezin against BPH. However, only transgenic Drosophila melanogaster expressing CYP6ER1vA and CYP439A1 exhibited significant resistance to buprofezin. Finally, the BPR strain was found to exhibit modest but significant levels of resistance to acetamiprid, dinotefuran and pymetrozine. Conclusions: Our findings provide strong evidence that the overexpression of CYP6ER1vA and CYP439A1 contribute to buprofezin resistance in BPH, and that resistance to this compound is associated with low‐level resistance to acetamiprid, dinotefuran and pymetrozine. These results advance understanding of the molecular basis of BPH resistance to buprofezin and will inform the development of management strategies for the control of this highly damaging pest. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was conducted during Kharif- 2020 and Summer2021 at Agricultural Research Station, Gangavathi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, to evaluate the efficacy of new combi insecticides viz., chlorantraniliprole + fipronil GR @ 81.25 g a.i./ha, chlorantraniliprole + fipronil GR @ 108.3 g a.i./ha, chlorantraniliprole + fipronil GR @ 135.37 g a.i./ha, buprofezin 20% + acephate 50% WP @ 700 g a.i./ha in comparison with chlorantraniliprole 0.4% GR @ 40 g a.i./ha and fipronil 0.3% GR @ 75 g a.i./ha against yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas and leaf folder, Cnaphalocroris medinalis in rice. The infestation of both pests was effectively checked by the application of chlorantraniliprole + fipronil GR @ 135.37 g a.i./ha and proved to be the most effective treatment (1.21% dead heart/hill and 1.01% leaf folder/ hill). The next best treatment was the second lower dose of chlorantraniliprole + fipronil GR @ 108.3 g a.i./ha. The maximum yield was recorded in the plot treated with chlorantraniliprole + fipronil GR @ 135.37 g a.i./ha (71.95 q/ha) as against control, which recorded 33.89 q/ha and was safe to natural enemies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field experiments were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of certain insecticide rotations against rice brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Maruteru, Andhra Pradesh during kharif 2017 and rabi 2017-18. The results revealed that fipronil (1000 ml/ ha) followed by pymetrozine (300 g/ ha), buprofezin (800 ml/ha) followed by pymetrozine (300 g/ ha) and acephate (750 g/ ha) followed by pymetrozine (300 g/ ha) were the most effective insecticide rotations in a crop season. These also gave higher grain yields. The insecticide rotations, acephate (750 g/ ha) followed by pymetrozine (300 g/ ha) and fipronil (1000 ml/ ha) followed by pymetrozine (300 g/ ha) gave the maximum cost benefit ratio of 1: 6.01 and 1: 6.03, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of poisonous agrochemicals is both necessary and menacing for a farmer. The long-term hazards of chemicals can even be life-threatening to many people. Recently, the adverse effects of such chemicals on the environment and human health received serious attention throughout the world. In an Indian context, the usage of the chemical sprays has costed many lives and influenced vital organs to the greatest extent. This serious situation advocates the search for ways to prevent the inhalation and absorption of these chemicals into the body. The present study was conducted to evaluate different types of chemical sprays, their impact, and explore remedial ways to neutralize their toxic effects. Methods: Alpha-cypermethrin, phorate, fenobucarb, buprofezin, and mancozeb were selected for binding based on the feedback of severity in actions reported by the respondents and statistical analysis of different physical and chemical parameters. Chemical similarity analysis of the 39 cidal chemicals was performed to predict the binding similarity with respect to the above-mentioned 5 seed molecules. These five chemicals were docked with three different proteins 121p GTPase HRas, Torpedo acetylcholinesterase, and trypanosoma phosphoglycerate kinase, selected based on the common target prediction. Results: Common target prediction revealed that these chemicals have an affinity to bind these proteins with a higher binding interaction towards the aromatic amino acid residues and those capable of H-bonding, escorted by a predilection towards acetylcholinesterase. Conclusion: The in-silico findings are the basis to propose that acetylcholinesterase can be considered as a potential binding agent to trap fatal agrochemicals.

Buprofezin (BUP) is an effective insecticide against Homopteran and Thysanoptera pests. However, exposure to BUP may result in several harmful effects on the non-target organism including human body, such as hepatotoxicity and DNA damage. Therefore, development of a reliable analytical method for BUP holds paramount importance. This study presents a novel albumin-based supramolecular biosensor, DPP@ALB, designed for the sensitive detection of BUP in environmental matrices, including water, soil, and real food samples. The features of this biosensor include a fast response, high sensitivity, and visually detectable fluorescence color change, enabling on-site detection of BUP based on the portable paper strips and 3D-printed miniaturized testing system. Overcoming challenges associated with the low chemical reactivity of BUP, this supramolecular biosensor emerges as the very first fluorescent sensor for efficient and reliable monitoring of BUP with applications in broader areas of environmental analysis and food safety. • The first ratiometric supramolecular biosensor for the detection of buprofezin. • The response is rapid (< 10 s) and the limit of detection is lower than 0.66 ppm. • Ratiometric response to buprofezin originates from the formation of co-binding albumin complex. • On-site detection of buprofezin has been achieved using a portable sensing device. • This biosensor enables detection of buprofezin in food samples and environmental matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insecticide resistance development was monitored in the rice brown planthopper, BPH Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) fieldpopulation collected from West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh state, India during 2015 and 2016. The results indicated that, Brown Planthopper has developed high level of resistance to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam and no resistance to dinotefuron. It has developed about 108.5 to 258.4 fold resistance during 2015 and 164.0 - 517.9 fold resistance during 2016 to imidacloprid. Similarly, 41.3 to 91.8 fold resistance during 2015 and 39.7 - 103.5 fold resistance during 2016 was observed to thiamethoxam. BPH population has not acquired resistance to dinotefuron (RR = 1.24 - 3.9). It has not developed resistance to organophosphorous compounds such as monocrotophos, acephate and dichlorvos with Resistance Ratios of 1.12 to 2.82. Moderate to high level of resistance to ethiprole (RR = 51.74-96.35) during 2016 and combination product ethiprole 40% + imidacloprid 40% (Glamore 80 WG) (RR = 40.51- 101.84) during 2015 and (RR= 50.82-100.41) during 2016 was observed. Very high level of resistance to chitin synthesis inhibitor, buprofezin was acquired during 2015 i.e. 1318 fold and 1662.4 fold during 2016. The resistance increased during 2016 compared to that of 2015. Different strategies to manage insecticide resistance are explained in brief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of different biorationals against adults and nymphs of citrus psylla, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) under field conditions was carried out in curry leaf garden at UAS, Dharwad during 2018. The results revealed that the spinosad 45 SC proved to be effective against psyllid adults by recording the lowest population of 2.99 and 3.45/ 4 terminal shoots. The next best treatment in suppressing the psyllid adult was buprofezin 25 SC (5.09 and 7.23/4 terminal shoots). Similarly, buprofezin 25 SC proved to be effective against nymphs by recording the lowest population of 2.03 and 3.78 per 4 terminal shoots. The chemical effect lasted for almost up to 15 days. The efficacy studies disclosed that for suppressing adults and nymphs, spinosad 45 SC was the most effective and was followed by buprofezin 25 SC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to clarify the insecticide resistance status in the field populations of the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén)) from Henan Province, the resistances to 12 commonly used insecticides in seven field populations of L. striatellus collected from Xinxiang, Puyang, Kaifeng, Zhumadian, and Xinyang in Henan Province of China during 2020 to 2021 were detected by rice seedling dipping method. The results showed that the field populations of L. striatellus have developed medium-level resistance to buprofezin (resistance ratio, RR=14.9-91.1). Furthermore, the field populations produced low to medium-level resistance to pymetrozine (RR=6.91-16.7) and chlorpyrifos (RR=8.48-70.0) and were susceptible to medium-level resistance to triazophos (RR=1.29-11.1). In addition, all field populations of L. striatellus were susceptible or low-level resistance to thiamethoxam (RR=0.95-5.19) and lambda-cyhalothrin (RR=3.31-7.24), and relatively susceptible to imidacloprid (RR=0.89-3.92), acetamiprid (RR=1.11-2.33), nitenpyram (RR=0.16-0.64), dinotefuran (RR=1.87- 3.86), isoprocarb (RR=0.47-1.37) and flonicamid (RR=1.63-4.33), respectively. The results shed light on the sustainable control of L. striatellus field population and scientific use of insecticides in Henan Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Laodelphax striatellus is one of the most destructive pests of rice and other cereal crops. Chemical control is still the most efficient way to control this pest, but insecticide resistance always threatens this approach. RESULTS: Monitoring data (2003–2020) showed that Chinese field populations of L. striatellus developed high‐level buprofezin resistance within the first four years. This high‐level resistance to buprofezin was stable for about ten years and persisted even when buprofezin selection pressure was absent. An established near‐isogenic strain (YN‐NIS) with 90.8‐fold resistance to buprofezin had resistance inheritance of autosomal and incomplete dominance, and the resistance was controlled by multiple genes with no obvious fitness costs (relative fitness of 0.8707). Furthermore, the susceptibility of 29 field populations to another seven insecticides (2014–2020) showed that: (i) low‐level resistance to pymetrozine, dinotefuran, sulfoxaflor and thiamethoxam was first detected in 2014 (eight years after introduction), 2016 (three years after), 2017 (four years after) and 2019 (19 years after), respectively, (ii) moderate resistance levels to chlorpyrifos were found for all populations across multiple years, and (iii) no resistance was detected for nitenpyram and triflumezopyrim. CONCLUSION: The fast buprofezin resistance development in L. striatellus would be caused by incomplete dominant resistance with almost no fitness cost in the resistant strain. Nitenpyram and triflumezopyrim showed no resistance and can be used as the main insecticide for the control of L. striatellus. These findings provide key fundamental information for controlling L. striatellus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is considered the most serious pest of yard long bean. An experiment was conducted in the field laboratory of the Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during kharif season 2016 to evaluate the effectiveness of two insect growth regulators, burofezin and lufenuron with different doses and a widely used chemical insecticide nitro 505 EC as standard dose for the management of legume pod borer. The treatments were arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design along with an untreated control with three replications of each treatment. The treatments were evaluated based on percentage flower and pod infestation, percentage larval survivality and marketable pod yield. All the treatments were significantly eefctive gainst pod borer than the untreated control. But the highest efficacy was found from the insect growth regulator buprofezin among the treatments. Buprofezin @ 0.75 ml/L of water exhibited the best performance resulting 64.16 and 70.60% reduction of flower and pod infestation, respectively consequently providing 43.95% surviving larvae and 40.35% increase of pod yield with the benefit cost ratio1.47. This result was close followed by buprofezin @0.5 ml/L and provided the results as 61.96%, 67.46%, 44.06%, 40.11%, and 1.48 flower infestation, pod infestation, surviving larvae, yield increase and benefit cost ration, respectively. Therefore, buprofezin @ 0.5ml/L of water might be recommended for the effective and economic management of legume pod borer in the yard long bean field. [Fundam Appl Agric 2020; 5(2.000): 248-255]

The present investigations were carried out during Rabi 2016-17 and Kharif 2017-18 at Agricultural Research Station, Gangavathi, Karnataka, India to evaluate the efficacy of new combi-insecticide, viz., Buprofezin 24% + Fipronil 40% SC at different dosages against brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal.) infesting rice under field conditions. The observations were taken by counting the planthopper population per hill and the data from two seasons were pooled and analyzed. From the pooled data it is clear that all the treated plots provided a significant reduction in pest infestation along with a significant yield increase but the best protection was obtained from the plots treated with buprofezin 24% + fipronil 40% SC @ 875 ml/ha followed by its middle dose i.e., buprofezin 24% + fipronil 40% SC @ 750 ml/ha. All the treatments were on par with each other and significantly superior over the other comparative treatments and untreated control regarding BPH control. The natural enemy population was reduced in treated plots as compared to untreated control. The higher grain yield of 58.15 q/ ha was noticed in the plot treated with buprofezin 24% + fipronil 40% SC @ 875 ml/ha and the lowest yield of 30.18 q/ha was noticed in the untreated plot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to investigate the residue status of two insecticides (acetamiprid and buprofezin) and their dissipation kinetics in three matrices viz. paddy grain, straw, and soil. The extraction procedure for residues of these two insecticides was executed using acetonitrile solvent. The analytical method was validated, which showed good linearity with the limit of quantification (LOQ) value of 0.01 and 0.02 mg kg−1 for acetamiprid and buprofezin, respectively. The recovery range was 79.67–98.33 % concerning all the matrices in both the insecticides. Acetamiprid (20% SP) and Buprofezin (25% SC) were applied separately in the paddy field in two doses: single dose (recommended dose) and double dose along with untreated control throughout the experiment. Residue analysis of these two insecticides in paddy (grain and straw) and soil was accomplished employing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detector and confirmed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The dissipation data showed that acetamiprid exhibited higher dissipation in comparison with buprofezin. However, their persistence was found slightly higher in soil. The dissipation dynamics in the rice and soil were discussed with biological half-lives of both the insecticides. Consumer risk assessment study was also made considering its fate to the consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of agriculture is closely related to the use and application of pesticides in order to improve products. Excessive use of pesticides is indeed very dangerous to essential pests and it has a potential negative effect over human health, pollution of soil and waters. For these reasons, in this study, a dilute-and-shoot sample preparation procedure for simultaneous determination of three pesticides (buprofezin, dinobuton and chlorothalonil) was developed and validated for the first time combined with high-performance liquid chromatography–diode-array detector method in urine, serum, tomato, soil, commercial dosage form and water samples. Also, the degradation and behaviour of these pesticides were investigated under different conditions in the environment. HPLC analysis was performed with Kinetex C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm; 5 μm) column with 1 mL min−1 flow rate of mobile phase which consisted of acetonitrile/buffer in the ratio of 75:25 (v/v) at 25.0°C. Calibration graphs showed a good linearity with a coefficient of determination (R2) of at least 0.999 for all analytes. Intraday and interday precisions (expressed as RSD%) were lower than 1.66% for all analytes. The developed method was demonstrated to be sensitive, simple, robust and rapid for the simultaneously determination of analytes in different samples providing recoveries in the range between 92.3% and 109.74%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of certain insecticides in rice ecosystem was studied for their role in resurgence of brown plant hopper (BPH) during kharif and rabi 2016-17. Among fourteen insecticides evaluated, seven insecticides viz., chlorpyriphos, profenophos, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, bifenthrin, lambdacyhalothrin and imidacloprid were observed to significantly increase the incidence of BPH over untreated check after 1st, 2nd and 3rd sprays consistently and resulted in induced resurgence. Acephate, monocrotophos, cartap hydrochloride, fipronil, chlorantraniliprole, buprofezin and pymetrozine effectively controlled the BPH and did not induce resurgence. Thus, these can be used judiciously, with periodic monitoring of resistance and resurgence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Environmental stimuli‐responsive release is one important way to reduce the dosage of pesticide, increase the usage efficiency and improve environmental compatibility. RESULTS: On this basis, we synthesized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) and modified them to develop a thermosensitive pesticide controlled release formulation (CRF). In this study, MSNs prepared by the sol–gel method were used as the core, poly (N‐IsoPropylAcrylaMide) [P (NIPAM‐MAA)] was used as the shell, and buprofezin (Bup) was loaded by adsorption. The prepared Bup@MSNs@P(NIPAM‐MAA) could effectively prevent the degradation of buprofezin under UV light and exhibited excellent adhesion to rice leaves. The bioassay results showed that the mortality of Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) treated by Bup@MSNs@P(NIPAM‐MAA) was positively correlated with temperature, resulting mainly from the change of release amount of buprofezin caused by temperature variation. Bup@MSNs@P(NIPAM‐MAA) had long duration (20 days) for controlling N. lugens, and did not hinder the growth of rice. Meanwhile, Bup@MSNs@P(NIPAM‐MAA) had low toxicity to zebrafish and human pneumonocyte BEAS‐2B cells. CONCLUSION: This novel thermosensitive pesticide CRF can be applied widely to other insecticides, thus greatly promoting the development of intelligent pesticide formulations. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Overusing nitrogen fertilizer impacts buprofezin' efficacy to Nilaparvata lugens. • Rice nitrogen facilitates the resistance development of N. lugens to buprofezin. • Increased esterase activity may be the resistance mechanism in N. lugens. • The conclusion will improve the integrated pest and nutrient management strategies. Overusing nitrogen fertilizer not only pollute farmlands, but also make Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) less susceptible to pesticides. The current study investigated the relationship between nitrogen fertilizer application and buprofenzin resistance in N. lugens in rice by conducting a series of field efficacy tests and laboratory bioassays. The results showed that the efficacy of buprofezin decreased significantly with high level of nitrogen fertilizer application, compared to those with low or no nitrogen application in rice fields. In the laboratory, the resistance ratios of N. lugens to buprofezin, assayed at three concentrations of nitrogen (0, 1.0, 3.0 mmol/L), have developed to 14.05-, 18.40- and 25.81-fold after 20 generations of resistance selection, respectively. Meanwhile, the resistance ratios of N. lugens without buprofezin treated were 1.00-, 3.30- and 4.67-fold after 20 generations as the nitrogen concentrations increased. The enzymatic assays revealed that the activities of P450 and esterase increased significantly after resistance selection with buprofezin and nitrogen, especially on the esterase activity in N. lugens under the condition of nitrogen treatment. These results suggested that nitrogen fertilizer application contributed to the resistance development in N. lugens to buprofezin by enhancing the activity of esterase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A Modified QuEChERS method was validated to quantify the 5 pesticides residue. • 56% of the total samples exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs). • Pymetrozine was the most frequently detected pesticide. • The hazard quotient (HQ) was calculated to assess consumers' health risks. The aim of the study was to develop a modified QuEChERS method coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of five multi-class pesticides in country beans collected from Dhaka, Bangladesh. Pesticides were extracted using ACN, and to minimize the co-extraction matrix, optimized d-SPE cleanup was done using sorbents (GCB, PSA, and C18). In the calibration range, the method showed excellent linearity with a correlation coefficient of R2 ≥ 0.9990 both in solvent- and matrix-matched calibration. For the selected pesticides, average recoveries (at four spiking levels (n = 5) of 10, 20, 100, and 200 µg/kg) of 70–100 % were achieved with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ≤ 9.5 %. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.3333 to 1.3333 μg/kg and 1.0 to 4.0 μg/kg, respectively. The dietary risk assessment, in terms of hazard quotient (HQ), was calculated to assess consumers' health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) is a major destructive rice pest in Asia. High levels of insecticide resistance have been frequently reported, and the G932C mutation in the chitin synthase 1 (CHS1) gene has been found to mediate buprofezin resistance. However, there has been no direct evidence to confirm the functional significance of the single G932C substitution mutation leading to buprofezin resistance in N. lugens. Here, we successfully constructed a knock-in homozygous strain (Nl-G932C) of N. lugens using CRISPR/Cas9 coupled with homology-directed repair (HDR). Compared with the background strain susceptible to buprofezin (Nl-SS), the knock-in strain (Nl-G932C) showed a 94.9-fold resistance to buprofezin. Furthermore, resistant strains (Nl-932C) isolated from the field exhibited a 2078.8-fold resistance to buprofezin, indicating that there are other mechanisms contributing to buprofezin resistance in the field. Inheritance analysis showed that the resistance trait is incomplete dominance. In addition, the Nl-G932C strain had a relative fitness of 0.33 with a substantially decreased survival rate, emergence rate, and fecundity. This study provided in vivo functional evidence for the causality of G932C substitution mutation of CHS1 with buprofezin resistance and valuable information for facilitating the development of resistance management strategies in N. lugens. This is the first example of using CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology in a hemipteran insect to directly confirm the role of a candidate target site mutation in insecticide resistance. [Display omitted] • A knock-in strain (Nl-G932C) of Nilaparvata lugens was created using CRISPR/Cas9. • Nl-G932C showed a 94.9-fold resistance to buprofezin compared to susceptible strain. • Nl-G932C showed fitness disadvantage with low survivorship, emergence and fecundity. • The low fitness may help manage buprofezin resistance of N. lugens in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]