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1. Early cellular mechanisms of type I interferon-driven susceptibility to tuberculosis

Author

Kotov, Dmitri I, Lee, Ophelia V, Fattinger, Stefan A, Langner, Charlotte A, Guillen, Jaresley V, Peters, Joshua M, Moon, Andres, Burd, Eileen M, Witt, Kristen C, Stetson, Daniel B, Jaye, David L, Bryson, Bryan D, and Vance, Russell E

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Immunology, Infectious Diseases, Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, Rare Diseases, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Humans, Mice, Animals, Interferon Type I, Macrophages, Cytokines, Neutrophils, Dendritic Cells, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, innate immunology, interstitial macrophages, lung, mice, neutrophil extracellular traps, neutrophils, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, type I interferons, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Developmental Biology, Biological sciences, Biomedical and clinical sciences
Abstract

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes 1.6 million deaths annually. Active tuberculosis correlates with a neutrophil-driven type I interferon (IFN) signature, but the cellular mechanisms underlying tuberculosis pathogenesis remain poorly understood. We found that interstitial macrophages (IMs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are dominant producers of type I IFN during Mtb infection in mice and non-human primates, and pDCs localize near human Mtb granulomas. Depletion of pDCs reduces Mtb burdens, implicating pDCs in tuberculosis pathogenesis. During IFN-driven disease, we observe abundant DNA-containing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) described to activate pDCs. Cell-type-specific disruption of the type I IFN receptor suggests that IFNs act on IMs to inhibit Mtb control. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) indicates that type I IFN-responsive cells are defective in their response to IFNγ, a cytokine critical for Mtb control. We propose that pDC-derived type I IFNs act on IMs to permit bacterial replication, driving further neutrophil recruitment and active tuberculosis disease.

Published
2023

2. Antibiotic-Selected Gene Amplification Heightens Metal Resistance

Author

Hufnagel, David A, Choby, Jacob E, Hao, Samantha, Johnson, Anders F, Burd, Eileen M, Langelier, Charles, and Weiss, David S

Subjects
Biodefense, Prevention, Antimicrobial Resistance, Vaccine Related, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Aetiology, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, 5.1 Pharmaceuticals, Development of treatments and therapeutic interventions, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Bacterial Proteins, Colistin, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli K12, Gene Amplification, Gene Duplication, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Nickel, Trace Elements, Enterobacter, colistin, gene amplification, heteroresistance, metal resistance, nickel, Microbiology
Abstract

The increasing frequency of antibiotic resistance poses myriad challenges to modern medicine. Environmental survival of multidrug-resistant bacteria in health care facilities, including hospitals, creates reservoirs for transmission of these difficult to treat pathogens. To prevent bacterial colonization, these facilities deploy an array of infection control measures, including bactericidal metals on surfaces, as well as implanted devices. Although antibiotics are routinely used in these health care environments, it is unknown whether and how antibiotic exposure affects metal resistance. We identified a multidrug-resistant Enterobacter clinical isolate that displayed heteroresistance to the antibiotic colistin, where only a minor fraction of cells within the population resist the drug. When this isolate was grown in the presence of colistin, a 9-kb DNA region was duplicated in the surviving resistant subpopulation, but surprisingly, was not required for colistin heteroresistance. Instead, the amplified region included a three-gene locus (ncrABC) that conferred resistance to the bactericidal metal, nickel. ncrABC expression alone was sufficient to confer nickel resistance to E. coli K-12. Due to its selection for the colistin-resistant subpopulation harboring the duplicated 9-kb region that includes ncrABC, colistin treatment led to enhanced nickel resistance. Taken together, these data suggest that the use of antibiotics may inadvertently promote enhanced resistance to antimicrobial metals, with potentially profound implications for bacterial colonization and transmission in the health care environment.IMPORTANCE To inhibit bacterial transmission and infection, health care facilities use bactericidal metal coatings to prevent colonization of surfaces and implanted devices. In these environments, antibiotics are commonly used, but their effect on metal resistance is unclear. The data described here reveal that exposure of a human isolate of Enterobacter cloacae to a last-line antibiotic, colistin, resulted in a DNA amplification that does not confer antibiotic resistance but instead facilitates resistance to the toxic metal nickel. This highlights a novel aspect of antibiotic and metal interplay. Concerningly, these data suggest the use of antibiotics could in some cases promote bacterial survival and colonization in the health care environment and ultimately increase transmission and infection of patients.

Published
2021

5. Claudin-2 upregulation enhances intestinal permeability, immune activation, dysbiosis, and mortality in sepsis

Author

Oami, Takehiko, primary, Abtahi, Shabnam, additional, Shimazui, Takashi, additional, Chen, Ching-Wen, additional, Sweat, Yan Y., additional, Liang, Zhe, additional, Burd, Eileen M., additional, Farris, Alton B., additional, Roland, Joe T., additional, Tsukita, Sachiko, additional, Ford, Mandy L., additional, Turner, Jerrold R., additional, and Coopersmith, Craig M., additional

Published
2024
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7. CD8+ T cells are necessary for improved sepsis survival induced by CD28 agonism in immunologically experienced mice.

Author

Anyalebechi, Jerome C., Yini Sun, Davis, Carolyn, Wagener, Maylene E., Zhe Liang, Burd, Eileen M., Coopersmith, Craig M., and Ford, Mandy L.

Subjects
T cells, REGULATORY T cells, CD28 antigen, SEPSIS, IMMUNOLOGIC memory
Abstract

Introduction: A hallmark of T cell dysregulation during sepsis is the downregulation of costimulatory molecules. CD28 is one of T cell costimulatory molecules significantly altered on memory T cells during sepsis. We recently showed that treatment with a aCD28 agonist in septic immunologically experienced mice led to improved survival. Therefore, here we aimed to identify the cell subset(s) necessary for the survival benefit observed in the context of CD28 agonism, and to further investigate the mechanism by which CD28 agonism improves sepsis survival in immunologically experienced mice. Methods: Mice received specific pathogen inoculation to generate memory T cell populations similar in frequency to that of adult humans. Once these infections were cleared and the T cell response had transitioned to the memory phase, animals were rendered septic via cecal ligation and puncture in the presence or absence of an agonistic anti-CD28 mAb. Results: Results demonstrated that CD8+ T cells, and not bulk CD4+ T cells or CD25+ regulatory T cells, were necessary for the survival benefit observed in CD28 agonist-treated septic immunologically experienced mice. Upon examination of these CD8+ T cells, we found that CD28 agonism in septic immunologically experienced mice was associated with an increase in Foxp3+ CD8+ T cells as compared to vehicle-treated controls. When CD8+ T cells were depleted in septic immunologically experienced mice in the setting of CD28 agonism, a significant increase in levels of inflammatory cytokines in the blood was observed. Discussion: Taken together, these results indicate that CD28 agonism in immunologically experienced mice effectively suppresses inflammation via a CD8+-dependent mechanism to decrease mortality during sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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8. Claudin-2 upregulation enhances intestinal permeability, immune activation, dysbiosis, and mortality in sepsis.

Author

Takehiko Oami, Shabnam Abtahi, Takashi Shimazui, Ching-Wen Chen, Sweat, Yan Y., Zhe Liang, Burd, Eileen M., Farris, Alton B., Roland, Joe T., Sachiko Tsukita, Ford, Mandy L., Turner, Jerrold R., and Coopersmith, Craig M.

Subjects
INTESTINAL barrier function, SEPSIS, DYSBIOSIS, TIGHT junctions, ASCITIC fluids, DENDRITIC cells
Abstract

Intestinal epithelial expression of the tight junction protein claudin-2, which forms paracellular cation and water channels, is precisely regulated during development and in disease. Here, we show that small intestinal epithelial claudin-2 expression is selectively upregulated in septic patients. Similar changes occurred in septic mice, where claudin-2 upregulation coincided with increased flux across the paracellular pore pathway. In order to define the significance of these changes, sepsis was induced in claudin-2 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. Sepsis-induced increases in pore pathway permeability were prevented by claudin-2 KO. Moreover, claudin-2 deletion reduced interleukin-17 production and T cell activation and limited intestinal damage. These effects were associated with reduced numbers of neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and bacteria within the peritoneal fluid of septic claudin-2 KO mice. Most strikingly, claudin-2 deletion dramatically enhanced survival in sepsis. Finally, the microbial changes induced by sepsis were less pathogenic in claudin-2 KO mice as survival of healthy WT mice injected with cecal slurry collected from WT mice 24 h after sepsis was far worse than that of healthy WT mice injected with cecal slurry collected from claudin-2 KO mice 24 h after sepsis. Claudin-2 upregulation and increased pore pathway permeability are, therefore, key intermediates that contribute to development of dysbiosis, intestinal damage, inflammation, ineffective pathogen control, and increased mortality in sepsis. The striking impact of claudin-2 deletion on progression of the lethal cascade activated during sepsis suggests that claudin-2 may be an attractive therapeutic target in septic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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9. Translocation of gut commensal bacteria to the brain

Author

Thapa, Manoj, primary, Kumari, Anuradha, additional, Chin, Chui-Yoke, additional, Choby, Jacob, additional, Jin, Fengzhi, additional, Bogati, Bikash, additional, Chopyk, Daniel, additional, Koduri, Nitya, additional, Pahnke, Andrew, additional, Elrod, Elizabeth, additional, Burd, Eileen M., additional, Weiss, David S, additional, and Grakoui, Arash, additional

Published
2023
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14. Alterations in Intestinal Microbiota Lead to Production of Interleukin 17 by Intrahepatic γδ T-Cell Receptor–Positive Cells and Pathogenesis of Cholestatic Liver Disease

Author

Tedesco, Dana, Thapa, Manoj, Chin, Chui Yoke, Ge, Yong, Gong, Minghao, Li, Jing, Gumber, Sanjeev, Speck, Patrick, Elrod, Elizabeth J., Burd, Eileen M., Kitchens, William H., Magliocca, Joseph F., Adams, Andrew B., Weiss, David S., Mohamadzadeh, Mansour, and Grakoui, Arash

Published
2018
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24. Cellular sources and targets of type I interferons that drive susceptibility to tuberculosis

Author

Kotov, Dmitri I., primary, Lee, Ophelia V., additional, Langner, Charlotte, additional, Guillen, Jaresley V., additional, Peters, Joshua M., additional, Moon, Andres, additional, Burd, Eileen M., additional, Witt, Kristen C., additional, Stetson, Daniel B., additional, Jaye, David L., additional, Bryson, Bryan D., additional, and Vance, Russell E., additional

Published
2022
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26. Junctional adhesion molecule-A deletion increases phagocytosis and improves survival in a murine model of sepsis

Author

Klingensmith, Nathan J., primary, Fay, Katherine T., additional, Swift, David A., additional, Bazzano, Julia M.R., additional, Lyons, John D., additional, Chen, Ching-wen, additional, Meng, Mei, additional, Ramonell, Kimberly M., additional, Liang, Zhe, additional, Burd, Eileen M., additional, Parkos, Charles A., additional, Ford, Mandy L., additional, and Coopersmith, Craig M., additional

Published
2022
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28. Effect of an initial specimen diversion device on blood-culture contamination rates and vancomycin usage: A quasi-experimental study

Author

Wilber, Eli P., Babiker, Ahmed, Howard-Anderson, Jessica, Holdsworth, Jill E., Burd, Eileen M., Eldridge, M. Jeremy, and Jacob, Jesse T.

Abstract

AbstractInitial specimen diversion devices (ISDDs) are a potential solution for reducing blood-culture contamination rates. We report the implementation of an ISDD associated with a sustained reduction in blood-culture contamination rates for >18 months after implementation. We did not observe a clinically significant reduction in inpatient vancomycin usage.

Published
2024
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37. Contributors

Author

Aagaard, Kjersti, primary, Abrahamian, Fredrick M., additional, Allos, Ban Mishu, additional, Andes, David R., additional, Aoki, Fred Y., additional, Apicella, Michael A., additional, Ard, Kevin L., additional, Arias, Cesar A., additional, Aronoff, David M., additional, Augenbraun, Michael H., additional, Averhoff, Francisco, additional, Azar, Dimitri T., additional, Baddour, Larry M., additional, Baden, Lindsey R., additional, Baker, Carol J., additional, Ballard, Ronald C., additional, Barber, Gerard R., additional, Barnes, Scott D., additional, Barouch, Dan H., additional, Barrett, Alan D., additional, Barshak, Miriam Baron, additional, Basavaraju, Sridhar V., additional, Batteiger, Byron E., additional, Baum, Stephen G., additional, Bayer, Arnold S., additional, Beckham, J. David, additional, Beekmann, Susan E., additional, Bell, Beth P., additional, Bennett, John E., additional, Bente, Dennis A., additional, Berbari, Elie F., additional, Berman, Jonathan, additional, Bertino, Joseph S., additional, Bhimraj, Adarsh, additional, Birdsall, Holly H., additional, Bisno, Alan L., additional, Blackburn, Brian G., additional, Blanton, Lucas S., additional, Blaser, Martin J., additional, Bleck, Thomas P., additional, Blijlevens, Nicole M.A., additional, Bobak, David A., additional, Bonnez, William, additional, Boothroyd, John C., additional, Borio, Luciana L., additional, Bosque, Patrick J., additional, Bower, John, additional, Bradsher, Robert W., additional, Brook, Itzhak, additional, Brown, Kevin E., additional, Brown, Patricia D., additional, Brown-Elliott, Barbara A., additional, Bruhn, Roberta L., additional, Bryant, Amy E., additional, Burd, Eileen M., additional, Burns, Jane C., additional, Bush, Larry M., additional, Calderwood, Stephen B., additional, Cano, Luz Elena, additional, Carpenter, Charles C.J., additional, Caserta, Mary T., additional, Castagnola, Elio, additional, Chaisson, Richard E., additional, Chambers, Henry F., additional, Chapman, Stephen J., additional, Chappell, James D., additional, Chen, Lea Ann, additional, Chen, Sharon C-A, additional, Chow, Anthony W., additional, Clark, Rebecca A., additional, Cohen, Jeffrey I., additional, Cohen, Myron S., additional, Cohen-Poradosu, Ronit, additional, Cohn, Susan E., additional, Connors, Mark, additional, Corey, Lawrence, additional, Cottrell, Mackenzie L., additional, Cover, Timothy L., additional, Cox, Heather L., additional, Craig, William A., additional, Crossley, Kent B., additional, Crumpacker, Clyde S., additional, Curran, James W., additional, Currie, Bart J., additional, D'Agata, Erika, additional, Damon, Inger K., additional, Darouiche, Rabih O., additional, DeBiasi, Roberta L., additional, Deepe, George S., additional, del Rio, Carlos, additional, Delemos, Andrew S., additional, DeLeo, Frank R., additional, DeMuri, Gregory P., additional, Densen, Peter, additional, Dermody, Terence S., additional, Dewar, Robin, additional, Diaz, James H., additional, Dieffenbach, Carl W., additional, Dienstag, Jules L., additional, Doi, Yohei, additional, Dolin, Raphael, additional, Donnelly, J. Peter, additional, Donnenberg, Michael S., additional, Donowitz, Gerald R., additional, Dormitzer, Philip R., additional, Drake, James M., additional, Dumler, J. Stephen, additional, Dummer, J. Stephen, additional, DuPont, Herbert L., additional, Durack, David T., additional, Durand, Marlene L., additional, Edelstein, Paul H., additional, Edmond, Michael B., additional, Edwards, John E., additional, Edwards, Morven S., additional, Eliopoulos, George M., additional, Ellison, Richard T., additional, Endy, Timothy P., additional, Engleberg, N. Cary, additional, Erdem, Hakan, additional, Ernst, Joel D., additional, Ernst, Peter B., additional, Fairhurst, Rick M., additional, Fairley, Jessica K., additional, Falkow, Stanley, additional, Falsey, Ann R., additional, Fauci, Anthony S., additional, Fekete, Thomas, additional, Fey, Paul D., additional, Fine, Steven M., additional, Fitzgerald, Daniel W., additional, Flores, Anthony R., additional, Forster, Derek, additional, Fowler, Vance G., additional, Freedman, David O., additional, Friedlander, Arthur M., additional, Galgiani, John N., additional, Gallin, John I., additional, Gallo, Robert C., additional, Gandhi, Tejal N., additional, Garrett, Wendy S., additional, Gaydos, Charlotte A., additional, Geisbert, Thomas W., additional, Gelfand, Jeffrey A., additional, Gelone, Steven P., additional, Gerding, Dale N., additional, Gershon, Anne A., additional, Gilsdorf, Janet R., additional, Goldstein, Ellie J.C., additional, Gordin, Fred M., additional, Graman, Paul S., additional, Grayson, M. Lindsay, additional, Greene, Jeffrey Bruce, additional, Griffin, Patricia M., additional, Griffith, David E., additional, Guerrant, Richard L., additional, Gul, H. Cem, additional, Haake, David A., additional, Haas, David W., additional, Haines, Charles, additional, Hall, Caroline Breese, additional, Hallak, Joelle, additional, Halperin, Scott A., additional, Hammerschlag, Margaret R., additional, Haque, Rashidul, additional, Harris, Jason B., additional, Hawkins, Claudia, additional, Hay, Roderick J., additional, Hedberg, Craig W., additional, Henderson, David K., additional, Henderson, Donald A., additional, High, Kevin P., additional, Hill, Adrian V.S., additional, Hill, David R., additional, Hinman, Alan R., additional, Hirsch, Martin S., additional, Hodowanec, Aimee, additional, Hohl, Tobias M., additional, Holland, Steven M., additional, Holzman, Robert S., additional, Hook, Edward W., additional, Hooper, David C., additional, Hooton, Thomas M., additional, Horowitz, Harold W., additional, Horsburgh, C. Robert, additional, Horton, James M., additional, Hospenthal, Duane R., additional, Hsueh, Kevin, additional, Hughes, James M., additional, Hynes, Noreen A., additional, Iovine, Nicole M., additional, Iredell, Jonathan R., additional, Ison, Michael G., additional, Janda, J. Michael, additional, Janoff, Edward N., additional, Johannsen, Eric C., additional, Kashuba, Angela D.M., additional, Kasper, Dennis L., additional, Kaye, Donald, additional, Kaye, Keith S., additional, Kaye, Kenneth M., additional, Kazura, James W., additional, Keystone, Jay S., additional, Khabbaz, Rima, additional, Khan, David A., additional, Khudyakov, Yury, additional, Kim, Rose, additional, King, Charles H., additional, Kirchhoff, Louis V., additional, Klein, Jerome O., additional, Klompas, Michael, additional, Knoll, Bettina M., additional, Knowlton, Kirk U., additional, Koehler, Jane E., additional, Kohlhoff, Stephan A., additional, Könönen, Eija, additional, Kontoyiannis, Dimitrios P., additional, Koralnik, Igor J., additional, Korpe, Poonum S., additional, Koshy, Anita A., additional, Kovacs, Joseph A., additional, Kozarsky, Phyllis, additional, Krieger, John, additional, Kroger, Andrew T., additional, Kuehnert, Matthew J., additional, Kumar, Nalin M., additional, Kuruvilla, Merin Elizabeth, additional, LaRocque, Regina C., additional, Leggett, James E., additional, Legido-Quigley, Helena, additional, Levett, Paul N., additional, Levine, Donald P., additional, Levison, Matthew E., additional, Levitt, Alexandra, additional, Lewis, Russell E., additional, Liles, W. Conrad, additional, Lima, Aldo A.M., additional, Limaye, Ajit P., additional, Lipkin, W. Ian, additional, Litman, Nathan, additional, Lorber, Bennett, additional, Luna, Ruth Ann, additional, MacDougall, Conan, additional, Roy, Rob, additional, Mackowiak, Philip A., additional, Madoff, Lawrence C., additional, Magill, Alan J., additional, Maguire, James H., additional, Maldarelli, Frank, additional, Markoff, Lewis, additional, Marrazzo, Jeanne M., additional, Marrie, Thomas J., additional, Marth, Thomas, additional, Martin, David H., additional, Martin, Gregory J., additional, Marty, Francisco M., additional, Maslow, Melanie Jane, additional, Masur, Henry, additional, Mawle, Alison, additional, Mayer, Kenneth H., additional, McBride, John T., additional, McCarthy, James S., additional, McCormack, William M., additional, McGowan, Catherine C., additional, McIntosh, Kenneth, additional, Mead, Paul S., additional, Mikulska, Malgorzata, additional, Miller, Robert F., additional, Miller, Samuel I., additional, Mitchell, David H., additional, Modlin, John F., additional, Mody, Rajal K., additional, Moellering, Robert C., additional, Moffa, Matthew, additional, Moir, Susan, additional, Montoya, José G., additional, Moore, Thomas A., additional, Moreillon, Philippe, additional, Morris, J. Glenn, additional, Morse, Caryn Gee, additional, Moseley, Robin, additional, Munford, Robert S., additional, Murphy, Edward L., additional, Murphy, Timothy F., additional, Murray, Barbara E., additional, Murray, Clinton K., additional, Murray, Patrick R., additional, Musher, Daniel M., additional, Nagel, Jerod L., additional, Nannini, Esteban C., additional, Narezkina, Anna, additional, Nash, Theodore E., additional, Nauseef, William M., additional, Nayak, Jennifer L., additional, Neill, Marguerite A., additional, O'Donnell, Judith A., additional, Ohl, Christopher A., additional, Okhuysen, Pablo C., additional, Onderdonk, Andrew B., additional, Opal, Steven M., additional, Orenstein, Walter A., additional, Osmon, Douglas R., additional, Osterholm, Michael T., additional, Ostroff, Stephen M., additional, Oxman, Michael N., additional, Paessler, Slobodan, additional, Page, Andrea V., additional, Pai, Manjunath P., additional, Palmore, Tara N., additional, Palraj, Raj, additional, Pappas, Peter G., additional, Pasternack, Mark S., additional, Patterson, Thomas F., additional, Pavan-Langston, Deborah, additional, Pegues, David A., additional, Penn, Robert L., additional, Perfect, John R., additional, Perlman, Stanley, additional, Petersen, Brett W., additional, Peterson, Phillip K., additional, Petri, William A., additional, Petti, Cathy A., additional, Philips, Jennifer A., additional, Philley, Julie V., additional, Phillips, Michael, additional, Pickering, Larry K., additional, Piot, Peter, additional, Pogue, Jason M., additional, Pop-Vicas, Aurora, additional, Portal-Celhay, Cynthia, additional, Powers, John H., additional, Price, Richard N., additional, Que, Yok-Ai, additional, Radolf, Justin D., additional, Ram, Sanjay, additional, Raoult, Didier, additional, Ravdin, Jonathan I., additional, Ray, Stuart C., additional, Reboli, Annette C., additional, Reitz, Marvin S., additional, Relman, David A., additional, Renault, Cybèle A., additional, Restrepo, Angela, additional, Rex, John H., additional, Rhee, Elizabeth G., additional, Roberts, Norbert J., additional, Romero, José R., additional, Rothman, Alan L., additional, Roy, Craig R., additional, Ruoff, Kathryn L., additional, Rupp, Mark E., additional, Rupprecht, Charles E., additional, Russo, Thomas A., additional, Rutala, William A., additional, Ryan, Edward T., additional, Safdar, Amar, additional, Sajadi, Mohammad M., additional, Salazar, Juan C., additional, Sarria, Juan Carlos, additional, Savoia, Maria C., additional, Sax, Paul E., additional, Scheld, W. Michael, additional, Schiffer, Joshua T., additional, Schlossberg, David, additional, Schneider, Thomas, additional, Schuchat, Anne, additional, Schwebke, Jane R., additional, Sears, Cynthia L., additional, Segal, Leopoldo N., additional, Sendi, Parham, additional, Sepkowitz, Kent A., additional, Septimus, Edward J., additional, Seregin, Alexey, additional, Shulman, Stanford T., additional, Siberry, George K., additional, Siddiqi, Omar K., additional, Sifri, Costi D., additional, Simberkoff, Michael S., additional, Simonetti, Francesco R., additional, Singh, Kamaljit, additional, Singh, Nina, additional, Singh, Upinder, additional, Sinner, Scott W., additional, Sivapalasingam, Sumathi, additional, Slater, Leonard N., additional, Smulian, A. George, additional, Sobel, Jack D., additional, Sohail, M. Rizwan, additional, Soper, David E., additional, Sorrell, Tania C., additional, Steckelberg, James M., additional, Steere, Allen C., additional, Steigbigel, Neal H., additional, Steinberg, James P., additional, Stephens, David S., additional, Sterling, Timothy R., additional, Stevens, David A., additional, Stevens, Dennis L., additional, Strahilevitz, Jacob, additional, Stratton, Charles W., additional, Suffredini, Anthony F., additional, Suh, Kathryn N., additional, Sulkowski, Mark S., additional, Swartz, Morton N., additional, Talbot, Thomas R., additional, Tan, C. Sabrina, additional, Tan, Ming, additional, Thio, Chloe Lynne, additional, Thomas, David L., additional, Thomas, Lora D., additional, Thomas, Stephen J., additional, Thorner, Anna R., additional, María Tobón, Angela, additional, Tramont, Edmund C., additional, Treanor, John J., additional, Trubiano, Jason, additional, Tsibris, Athe M.N., additional, Tunkel, Allan R., additional, Turner, Ronald B., additional, Tyler, Kenneth L., additional, Uluer, Ahmet, additional, van de Beek, Diederik, additional, van der Velden, Walter J.F.M., additional, Vannier, Edouard G., additional, Van, Trevor C., additional, Versalovic, James, additional, Viscoli, Claudio, additional, Wald, Ellen R., additional, Waldor, Matthew K., additional, Walker, David H., additional, Wallace, Richard J., additional, Walsh, Edward E., additional, Walsh, Stephen R., additional, Walzer, Peter D., additional, Wanke, Christine A., additional, Warren, Cirle A., additional, Washburn, Ronald G., additional, Waters, Valerie, additional, Weber, David J., additional, Weiden, Michael D., additional, Weinberg, Geoffrey A., additional, Weisdorf, Daniel J., additional, Weiss, Louis M., additional, Welch, David F., additional, Wellems, Thomas E., additional, Wenzel, Richard P., additional, Wharton, Melinda, additional, White, A. Clinton, additional, Whitley, Richard J., additional, Wilson, Walter R., additional, Wortmann, Glenn W., additional, Wright, William F., additional, Young, Jo-Anne H., additional, Young, Vincent B., additional, Yun, Nadezhda, additional, Zimmerli, Werner, additional, Zinner, Stephen H., additional, and Zurlo, John J., additional

Published
2015
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41. Answer to May 2021 Photo Quiz

Author

Modlin, Chelsea E., primary, Howard-Anderson, Jessica, additional, Greer, Ashley M., additional, Marchioli, Christine E., additional, Waller, Edmund K., additional, Mehta, Aneesh K., additional, Burd, Eileen M., additional, Kraft, Colleen S., additional, and Babiker, Ahmed, additional

Published
2021
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43. Colistin Heteroresistance Is Largely Undetected among Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales in the United States

Author

Band, Victor I., primary, Satola, Sarah W., additional, Smith, Richard D., additional, Hufnagel, David A., additional, Bower, Chris, additional, Conley, Andrew B., additional, Rishishwar, Lavanya, additional, Dale, Suzanne E., additional, Hardy, Dwight J., additional, Vargas, Roberto L., additional, Dumyati, Ghinwa, additional, Kainer, Marion A., additional, Phipps, Erin C., additional, Pierce, Rebecca, additional, Wilson, Lucy E., additional, Sorensen, Matthew, additional, Nilsson, Erik, additional, Jordan, I. King, additional, Burd, Eileen M., additional, Farley, Monica M., additional, Jacob, Jesse T., additional, Ernst, Robert K., additional, and Weiss, David S., additional

Published
2021
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