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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to global health. Understanding the emergence, evolution, and transmission of individual antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is essential to develop sustainable strategies combatting this threat. Here, we use metagenomic sequencing to analyse ARGs in 757 sewage samples from 243 cities in 101 countries, collected from 2016 to 2019. We find regional patterns in resistomes, and these differ between subsets corresponding to drug classes and are partly driven by taxonomic variation. The genetic environments of 49 common ARGs are highly diverse, with most common ARGs carried by multiple distinct genomic contexts globally and sometimes on plasmids. Analysis of flanking sequence revealed ARG-specific patterns of dispersal limitation and global transmission. Our data furthermore suggest certain geographies are more prone to transmission events and should receive additional attention. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to global health. Understanding the emergence, evolution, and transmission of individual antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is essential to develop sustainable strategies combatting this threat. Here, we use metagenomic sequencing to analyse ARGs in 757 sewage samples from 243 cities in 101 countries, collected from 2016 to 2019. We find regional patterns in resistomes, and these differ between subsets corresponding to drug classes and are partly driven by taxonomic variation. The genetic environments of 49 common ARGs are highly diverse, with most common ARGs carried by multiple distinct genomic contexts globally and sometimes on plasmids. Analysis of flanking sequence revealed ARG-specific patterns of dispersal limitation and global transmission. Our data furthermore suggest certain geographies are more prone to transmission events and should receive additional attention.

��n lucrare este descris�� sinteza a 4 substan��e organice noi N(4)-(4-benzoat de etil) tiosemicarbazone ale deriva��ilor aldehidei salicilice ��i a 29 combina��ii coordinative ale Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) ��i Co(III). Structurile substan��elor sintetizate au fost confirmate cu ajutorul spectroscopiei IR ��i RMN, analizei elementale, magnetochimiei ��i, ��n cazul [Ni(L2)DMF]��DMF, difrac��iei cu raze X. Studiul activit����ii antimicrobiene s-a dovedit a fi ��n limita concentra��iei 0,125-0,500 mg/mL, iar acti��vi��tate antifungic�� a ��nregistrat cel mai bun rezultat pe Cryptococcus neoformans la complexul {Ni(HL1)Cl}���C2H5OH���3H2O, unde CMI=0,016 mg/mL, fiind mai activ dec��t substan��a martor Nistatina. Cele mai bune rezultate ale testului ABTS au fost ��nregistrate la ligandul H2L3 (7) ��i la complexul {Ni(HL3)NO3}���H2O (7.8), care la concentra��ia 100 ��M inhib�� 54,4% din radicali ABTS���+.

Objective. The global emergence of antifungal resistance among Candida spp. is a growing threat to public health. Candida infections may resist antifungal drugs actions resulting in their therapeutic deficiency. Considering the increase rate of Candida infections and resistance to antifungal agents in the last decades, this study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro expression of different virulence factors among clinical isolates of Candida species, as well as to assay their susceptibility patterns against antifungal agents. Material and methods. Chromogenic media was used for Candida isolation. A total of 127 Candida isolates were identified by conventional methods, Vitek 2 system. The antifungal susceptibility test was carried out by Vitek-2 system. Candida species were tested for virulence factors such as extracellular enzymes and biofilm formation by the standard phenotypic methods. Results. C. albicans continues to remain one of the most common opportunistic pathogenic fungi in humans. The authors highlighted the importance of research on understanding the mechanisms of antifungal resistance and its pathogenicity. The study demonstrates that C. albicans isolates were the most virulent and produce the highest number of extracellular enzymes: hemolysin, phospholipase, protease, esterase and catalase. The study showed the most effective antifungal agent was fucitozin (98.4%), while 29.4% isolates were resistant to fluconazole and 11.8% to voriconazole. Conclusion. C. albicans were the most virulent and produce the highest number of extracellular enzymes compared to non-albicans Candida isolates. The study showed the most effective antifungal agent was fucitozin. In conclusion, more locally relevant studies should be carried out to monitoring of the distribution and susceptibility profile.

În prezenta lucrare sunt analizate cele mai relevante publicații din literatura medicală selectate printr-o cercetare utili­zând bazele de date PubMed, EMBASE, HINARI și site-urile web ale OMS, CDC privind unul dintre factorii de viru­lenţă a fungilor precum formarea biofilmelor. Scopul acestui review este de a furniza informație științifică actuală re­fe­ritore la acest subiect. Au fost revizuite un șir de studii și s-a constatat că ambele tipuri de fungi – atât levuriformi, cât și filamentoși – pot adera la suprafețe biotice și abiotice, dezvoltându-se în comunități extrem de organizate, rezistente la preparatele antimicotice și la factorii de mediu. FUNGAL BIOFILMS – CURRENT CHALLENGE WORLDWIDEThis paper is a literature review that analyzes the most relevant publications in the medical literature, selected through a search in databases such as PubMed EMBASE, HINARI, WHO and CDC websites regarding one of the fungal virulence factors - biofilm formation. The purpose of this review is to provide up-to-date scientific information on this topic. In carrying out these objectives, a series of studies were reviewed and it was found that both yeasts and filamentous fungi can adhere to biotic and abiotic surfaces, developing in highly organized communities, resistant to antifungal drugs and environmental factors.

Background: Biofilms are surface-attached groups of microbial cells that are embedded in an extracellular matrix. One of the main features of biofilms is their resistance to antimicrobial drugs; therefore, the biofilm-based infections are extremely difficult to treat. This study aimed to investigate the biofilm-forming capacity of Staphylococcus spp. and Candida spp. strains isolated from collected clinical samples, as well as to assess their antibiotic susceptibility. Material and methods: The study was conducted on 134 strains of Staphylococcus spp. and 147 strains of Candida spp. isolated from various clinical specimens. Both biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated strains were studied using contemporary standardized microbiological methods. Results: The results of the study showed a high biofilm-forming capacity among the clinical strains of Staphylococcus spp. and Candida spp., as well as a higher level of antibiotic resistance in biofilm-producing strains compared to biofilm non-producing ones. Conclusions: The high rates of antibiotic resistance and biofilm-forming capacity of strains represent a major public health challenge. The study showed a strong correlation between biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance patterns.

Background: Bloodstream infection (BSI) is a major public health concern due to its severity-related consequences. These infections pose a human health risk, as they can result in human morbidity and mortality over a short period of time. Blood culture remains the gold standard and major tool for the diagnosis of BSI. Blood culture sampling is commonly indicated before administering antimicrobial therapy, whereas the daily therapeutic adjustment to the antibiogram is an effective intervention in management of BSIs. Compliance with the microbiological criteria-based protocols for pathogen identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing allow treatment correction within 48-72 hours. Interpretation of positive blood cultures may sometimes present a dilemma for clinicians and microbiologists and, therefore, the test findings should be evaluated in the context of the clinical picture. Conclusions: Over the last decades, we have witnessed an outbreak in the number of BSI studies. The implementation of a standardized algorithm on criteria of a complete blood count sampling, processing and interpretation of the results will help increase the yield rate of BSI pathogens and ultimately improve care management of the patients with BSI. The education and training of medical staff, engaged in BSI patient care is vital in developing good practice, preventing blood culture contamination and obtaining fast and accurate outcomes.