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Submitted by Margarida Galamba (galamba@isa.utl.pt) on 2018-01-29T14:46:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 REP-CEF-4-Deliverable 6.17 Updated October 2017.pdf: 6016263 bytes, checksum: f3d745f09adc8d4c49f13fe302e5f284 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-29T14:46:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 REP-CEF-4-Deliverable 6.17 Updated October 2017.pdf: 6016263 bytes, checksum: f3d745f09adc8d4c49f13fe302e5f284 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10 N/A

Submitted by Margarida Galamba (galamba@isa.utl.pt) on 2018-01-29T14:55:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 REP-CEF-5Deliverable 6.18 Modelling the economics of agroforestry 2.pdf: 2557105 bytes, checksum: 2e6e29fea34a17984f7e2fbea68fc753 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-29T14:55:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 REP-CEF-5Deliverable 6.18 Modelling the economics of agroforestry 2.pdf: 2557105 bytes, checksum: 2e6e29fea34a17984f7e2fbea68fc753 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 N/A

Forage-SAFE is a spreadsheet model that has been developed within the AGFORWARD project to better understand the interactions between trees, the grass understorey and livestock on the profitability of wood pastures. It can be used to assess the daily balance between the demand for and the production of forage to estimate an annual farm net margin. It is possible to use the model to modify biophysical and financial parameters related to the tree, pasture and livestock components (such as tree cover density, carrying capacity and livestock species) in order to maximise net farm income N/A

The Forage-SAFE model has been developed to better understand the impact of trees on the profitability of wood pastures. It assesses the daily balance between the demand for and production of forage to estimate an annual farm net margin. The model allows the modification of selected biophysical and financial parameters related to the tree, pasture and livestock components (such as tree cover density, carrying capacity and livestock species) which can be optimised to maximise net farm income. A case study in a dehesa wood pasture in South-western Spain was used to show the applicability of the model. The case study results showed that net margin was maximised at around 27% tree cover for a carrying capacity of 0.4 livestock unit per hectare from which 61% were ruminants and 39% Iberian pigs. The analysis also showed that high carrying capacities were positively correlated with tree cover profitability. This was accentuated as the proportion of Iberian pigs increased info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This report comprises Deliverable 6.16 in the project, which contributes to the third objective as it presents field-scale evaluation of innovations, in order to adapt and evaluate agroforestry designs and practices for locations where agroforestry is currently not-widely practised or declining. The modelling of outputs at field scale to support best agroforestry practices is an ongoing activity during the AGFORWARD project. This report highlights some of the outputs which has been produced in the form of three papers (either submitted or about to be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal) or in four presentations at the Third European Agroforestry Conference in May 2016 N/A

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Submitted by Margarida Galamba (galamba@isa.utl.pt) on 2016-02-03T16:27:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 REP-AGFORWARD.pdf: 7821260 bytes, checksum: 00a0ac3619a9b910f14210a6f2581c6d (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-03T16:27:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 REP-AGFORWARD.pdf: 7821260 bytes, checksum: 00a0ac3619a9b910f14210a6f2581c6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-04

Research Project This report collates information regarding the systems to be addressed during the modelling tasks of the AGFORWARD project. The data focuses on systems description, site characteristics, management and technical options to create the scenario umbrella for the forthcoming modelling activities in work-package 6. The report includes a wide variety of traditional and innovative agroforestry systems across Europe. The number of innovative systems highlights the potential for agroforestry and the role of modelling to predict the outputs of products and services. For some systems, data is missing and this this is being addressed through the on-going work of the stakeholder groups. In the first year of the AGFORWARD project, a total of 54 agroforestry systems were described (11 from WP2, 15 from WP3, 13 from WP4, and 15 from WP5). In this report, 27 of the systems are described in detail in the form of factsheets (five from WP2, eight from WP3, eight from WP4, and six from WP5). The inclusion of a ‘’Hypothetical modelling combinations’’ section on the factsheets helps to define, together with the results from Milestone 27 (Palma et al. 2015), the modelling scenarios that are going to be explored. These scenarios include current management practices, innovative techniques, and new tree/crop/animals combinations N/A

•Agricultural monocultures have societal costs •Role for agroforestry •Introducing AGFORWARD •Two case studies on the financial and economic benefits of agroforestry in Europe European Union’s Seventh Framework Program for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 613520

Submitted by Margarida Galamba (galamba@isa.utl.pt) on 2015-09-09T15:24:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 REP-CEF-3-AGFORWARD 613520 First Year Report 27 Feb 2015.pdf: 3329372 bytes, checksum: c2952e247a91e50d2f66c42d33b80387 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-09T15:24:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 REP-CEF-3-AGFORWARD 613520 First Year Report 27 Feb 2015.pdf: 3329372 bytes, checksum: c2952e247a91e50d2f66c42d33b80387 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02

Submitted by Margarida Galamba (galamba@isa.utl.pt) on 2015-09-09T15:34:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 REP-CEF-4-Milestone2_2_Innovations.pdf: 860388 bytes, checksum: db3260b3fff30a6a34ec9309c682990a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-09T15:34:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 REP-CEF-4-Milestone2_2_Innovations.pdf: 860388 bytes, checksum: db3260b3fff30a6a34ec9309c682990a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-20

Many traditional land-use systems in Europe involved agroforestry in the pre-industrial era, but, over the years, increased mechanization led to the development of increasingly specialized crop, animal and wood production systems. As a consequence, the area under agroforestry declined in many regions of Europe, and agroforestry systems became confined to situations where understorey primary production is restricted due to cold temperatures (Boreal and Alpine areas) or drought (Mediterranean areas) and to plots that are hard to reach or too small for cultivation with modern machinery, as in Spain, Italy and the lower altitude mountain regions in southern and central Germany. On the whole, agroforestry continued to be practised only where it enabled farmers to obtain economic returns from lands that were otherwise relatively unproductive and mostly limited to silvopastoral practices. Since the mid-1990s, however, European policies have encouraged land management systems that combine production, environmental services (biodiversity, carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling and water quality) and social benefits, and this has created a new interest in agroforestry systems. Today, the major agroforestry practices in Europe include silvopasture and silvoarable. However, the benefits and opportunities offered by agroforestry can only be realized with substantial investments and coordinated efforts in research, education, knowledge transfer and appropriate national policies across Europe.

International audience; Financial feasibility and financial return are two key issues that farmers and land owners consider when deciding between alternative land uses such as arable farming, forestry and agroforestry. Moreover regional variations in yields, prices and government grants mean that the relative revenue and cost of such systems can vary substantially within Europe. To aid our understanding of these variations, the European Commission sponsored a research project called Silvoarable Agroforestry For Europe' (SAFE). This paper describes the process of developing a new economic model within that project. The initial stages included establishing criteria for the model with end-users and reviewing the literature and existing models. This indicated that the economic model needed to allow comparison of arable farming, forestry and agroforestry systems at a plot- and a farm-scale. The form of comparisons included net margins, net present values, infinite net present values, equivalent annual values, and labour requirements. It was decided that the model would operate in a spreadsheet format, and the effect of phased planting patterns would be included at a farm-scale. Following initial development, additional user feedback led to a final choice on a model name, a final method of collating input data, and the inclusion of field-based operations such as varying the cropped area, replacing dead trees, and pruning. In addition options in terms of improved graphical outputs and the ability to undertake sensitivity analysis were developed. Some of the key lessons learnt include the need to establish clear model criteria and the benefits of developing a working prototype at an early stage to gain user-feedback.

Silvoarable agroforestry, the deliberate combined use of trees and arable crops on the same area of land, has been proposed in order to improve the environmental performance of agricultural systems in Europe. Based on existing models and algorithms, we developed a method to predict the environmental effects of SAF at a farm and landscape scale. The method is comprised of an assessment of soil erosion, nitrogen leaching, carbon sequestration, and landscape diversity and allowed the comparison of the environmental performance of SAF with arable systems using these four indicators. The methodwas applied to three landscape test sites of 4 km×4 kmeach in Spain, France, and The Netherlands, and compared different levels of agroforestry adoption on farmland of different potential productivity. Silvoarable agroforestry was predicted to reduce soil erosion by up to 70%, to reduce N leaching by 20–30%, to increase C sequestration over 60 years by up to 140 tonnesCha−1, and to increase landscape diversity up to four times. The method developed was executed with widely available landscape and farm structural data and can therefore be applied to other regions in order to obtain a broader assessment of the environmental performance of silvoarable agroforestry systems.

Silvoarable agroforestry could promote use of trees on farms in Europe, but its likely effect on production, farm profitability, and environmental services is poorly understood. Hence, from 2001 to 2005, the Silvoarable Agroforestry for Europe project developed a systematic process to evaluate the biophysical and economic performance of arable, forestry, and silvoarable systems in Spain, France, and The Netherlands. A biophysical model called “Yield-SAFE” was developed to predict long-term yields for the different systems and local statistics and expert opinion were used to derive their revenue, costs, and pre- and post-2005 grant regimes. These data were then used in an economic model called “Farm-SAFE” to predict plot- and farm-scale profitability. Land equivalent ratios were greater than one, showing Yield-SAFE predicted that growing trees and crops in silvoarable systems was more productive than growing them separately. Pre-2005 grants in Spain and The Netherlands penalised silvoarable systems, but post-2005 grantswere more equitable. In France,walnut and poplar silvoarable systems were consistently the most profitable system under both grant regimes. In Spain, holm oak and stone pine silvoarable systemswere the least profitable system under pre-2005 grants, but only marginally less profitable than arable systems under post-2005 grants. In The Netherlands, low timber values and the opportunity cost of losing arable land for slurry manure application made silvoarable and forestry systems uncompetitive with arable systems under both grant regimes.

Increased adoption of silvoarable agroforestry (SAF) systems in Europe, by integrating trees and arable crops on the same land, could offer environmental benefits compared with conventional agricultural systems. Soil erosion, nitrogen leaching, carbon sequestration and landscape biodiversity were assessed for a stratified random sample of 19 lanscape test sites in Mediterraean and Atlantic regions in Europe. Computer simulations showed that SAF couls reduce erosion when combined with contouring practices (crops as wheat, sunflower, oilseed, maize)