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Abstract Background Physical activity programmes can help to prevent functional decline in the elderly. Until now, such programmes use to target either on healthy community-dwelling seniors or on elderly living in special residences or care institutions. Sedentary or frail people, however, are difficult to reach when they live in their own homes. The general practitioner's (GP) practice offers a unique opportunity to acquire these people for participation in activity programmes. We conceptualised a multidimensional home-based exercise programme that shall be delivered to the target group through cooperation between GPs and exercise therapists. In order to prepare a randomised controlled trial (RCT), a feasibility study is being conducted. Methods The study is designed as a single arm interventional trial. We plan to recruit 90 patients aged 70 years and above through their GPs. The intervention lasts 12 weeks and consists of physical activity counselling, a home-exercise programme, and exercise consultations provided by an exercise therapist in the GP's practice and via telephone. The exercise programme consists of two main components: 1. a combination of home-exercises to improve strength, flexibility and balance, 2. walking for exercise to improve aerobic capacity. Primary outcome measures are: appraisal by GP, undesirable events, drop-outs, adherence. Secondary outcome measures are: effects (a. motor tests: timed-up-and-go, chair rising, grip strength, tandem stand, tandem walk, sit-and-reach; b. telephone interview: PRISCUS-Physical Activity Questionnaire, Short Form-8 Health Survey, three month recall of frequency of falls, Falls Efficacy Scale), appraisal by participant, exercise performance, focus group discussion. Data analyses will focus on: 1. decision-making concerning the conduction of a RCT, 2. estimation of the effects of the programme, detection of shortcomings and identification of subgroups with contrary results, 3. feedback to participants and to GPs. Conclusion A new cooperation between GPs and exercise therapists to approach community-dwelling seniors and to deliver a home-exercise programme is object of research with regard to feasibility and acceptance. In case of success, an RCT should examine the effects of the programme. A future implementation within primary medical care may take advantage from the flexibility of the programme. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN58562962.

Rationale: Meta-analyses of case series of non-arteritic central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) indicate beneficial effects of intravenous thrombolysis when initiated early after symptom onset. Randomized data are lacking to address this question., Aims: The REperfusion therapy with intravenous alteplase for recovery of VISION in acute central retinal artery occlusion (REVISION) investigates intravenous alteplase within 4.5 h of monocular vision loss due to acute CRAO., Methods: This study is the randomized (1:1), double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter adaptive phase III trial., Study Outcomes: Primary outcome is functional recovery to normal or mildly impaired vision in the affected eye defined as best-corrected visual acuity of the Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution of 0.5 or less at 30 days (intention-to-treat analysis). Secondary efficacy outcomes include modified Rankin Score at 90 days and quality of life. Safety outcomes include symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, major bleeding (International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis definition) and mortality. Exploratory analyses of optical coherence tomography/angiography, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarkers will be conducted., Sample Size: Using an adaptive design with interim analysis at 120 patients, up to 422 participants (211 per arm) would be needed for 80% power (one-sided alpha = 0.025) to detect a difference of 15%, assuming functional recovery rates of 10% in the placebo arm and 25% in the alteplase arm., Discussion: By enrolling patients within 4.5 h of CRAO onset, REVISION uses insights from meta-analyses of CRAO case series and randomized thrombolysis trials in acute ischemic stroke. Increased rates of early reperfusion and good neurological outcomes in stroke may translate to CRAO with its similar pathophysiology., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04965038; EU Trial Number: 2023-507388-21-00., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Alteplase/placebo is provided by Boehringer Ingelheim at no costs. Boehringer Ingelheim was given opportunity to review the manuscript for medical/scientific accuracy and intellectual property considerations. The authors did not receive any payment related to trial/manuscript development.

Background: Glioblastoma is the most frequent and a particularly malignant primary brain tumor with no efficacy-proven standard therapy for recurrence. It has recently been discovered that excitatory synapses of the AMPA-receptor subtype form between non-malignant brain neurons and tumor cells. This neuron-tumor network connectivity contributed to glioma progression and could be efficiently targeted with the EMA/FDA approved antiepileptic AMPA receptor inhibitor perampanel in preclinical studies. The PerSurge trial was designed to test the clinical potential of perampanel to reduce tumor cell network connectivity and tumor growth with an extended window-of-opportunity concept., Methods: PerSurge is a phase IIa clinical and translational treatment study around surgical resection of progressive or recurrent glioblastoma. In this multicenter, 2-arm parallel-group, double-blind superiority trial, patients are 1:1 randomized to either receive placebo or perampanel (n = 66 in total). It consists of a treatment and observation period of 60 days per patient, starting 30 days before a planned surgical resection, which itself is not part of the study interventions. Only patients with an expected safe waiting interval are included, and a safety MRI is performed. Tumor cell network connectivity from resected tumor tissue on single cell transcriptome level as well as AI-based assessment of tumor growth dynamics in T2/FLAIR MRI scans before resection will be analyzed as the co-primary endpoints. Secondary endpoints will include further imaging parameters such as pre- and postsurgical contrast enhanced MRI scans, postsurgical T2/FLAIR MRI scans, quality of life, cognitive testing, overall and progression-free survival as well as frequency of epileptic seizures. Further translational research will focus on additional biological aspects of neuron-tumor connectivity., Discussion: This trial is set up to assess first indications of clinical efficacy and tolerability of perampanel in recurrent glioblastoma, a repurposed drug which inhibits neuron-glioma synapses and thereby glioblastoma growth in preclinical models. If perampanel proved to be successful in the clinical setting, it would provide the first evidence that interference with neuron-cancer interactions may indeed lead to a benefit for patients, which would lay the foundation for a larger confirmatory trial in the future., Trial Registration: EU-CT number: 2023-503938-52-00 30.11.2023., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Rationale: Oxygen is essential for cellular energy metabolism. Neurons are particularly vulnerable to hypoxia. Increasing oxygen supply shortly after stroke onset could preserve the ischemic penumbra until revascularization occurs., Aims: PROOF investigates the use of normobaric oxygen (NBO) therapy within 6 h of symptom onset/notice for brain-protective bridging until endovascular revascularization of acute intracranial anterior-circulation occlusion., Methods and Design: Randomized (1:1), standard treatment-controlled, open-label, blinded endpoint, multicenter adaptive phase IIb trial., Study Outcomes: Primary outcome is ischemic core growth (mL) from baseline to 24 h (intention-to-treat analysis). Secondary efficacy outcomes include change in NIHSS from baseline to 24 h, mRS at 90 days, cognitive and emotional function, and quality of life. Safety outcomes include mortality, intracranial hemorrhage, and respiratory failure. Exploratory analyses of imaging and blood biomarkers will be conducted., Sample Size: Using an adaptive design with interim analysis at 80 patients per arm, up to 456 participants (228 per arm) would be needed for 80% power (one-sided alpha 0.05) to detect a mean reduction of ischemic core growth by 6.68 mL, assuming 21.4 mL standard deviation., Discussion: By enrolling endovascular thrombectomy candidates in an early time window, the trial replicates insights from preclinical studies in which NBO showed beneficial effects, namely early initiation of near 100% inspired oxygen during short temporary ischemia. Primary outcome assessment at 24 h on follow-up imaging reduces variability due to withdrawal of care and early clinical confounders such as delayed extubation and aspiration pneumonia., Trial Registrations: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03500939; EudraCT: 2017-001355-31., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Targeted therapies for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) are limited and curative approaches are lacking. Furthermore, relapses and drug induced side effects are major challenges in the therapeutic management of patients with CTCL, creating an urgent need for new and effective therapies. Pathologic constitutive NF-κB activity leads to apoptosis resistance in CTCL cells and, thus, represents a promising therapeutic target in CTCL. In a preclinical study we showed the potential of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) to block NF-κB and, specifically, kill CTCL cells. To translate these findings to applications in a clinical setting, we performed a multicentric phase 2 study evaluating oral DMF therapy in 25 patients with CTCL stages Ib to IV over 24 weeks (EudraCT number 2014-000924-11/NCT number NCT02546440). End points were safety and efficacy. We evaluated skin involvement (using a modified severity weighted assessment tool [mSWAT]), pruritus, quality of life, and blood involvement, if applicable, as well as translational data. Upon skin analysis, 7 of 23 (30.4%) patients showed a response with >50% reduction in the mSWAT score. Patients with high tumor burden in the skin and blood responded best to DMF therapy. Although not generally significant, DMF also improved pruritus in several patients. Response in the blood was mixed, but we confirmed the NF-κB-inhibiting mechanism of DMF in the blood. The overall tolerability of the DMF therapy was very favorable, with mostly mild side effects. In conclusion, our study presents DMF as an effective and excellently tolerable therapeutic option in CTCL to be further evaluated in a phase 3 study or real-life patient care as well as in combination therapies. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02546440., (© 2023 by The American Society of Hematology. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), permitting only noncommercial, nonderivative use with attribution. All other rights reserved.)

Bile acids (BA) play an important role in cholesterol metabolism and possess further beneficial metabolic effects as signalling molecules. Blocking the hepatocellular uptake of BA via sodium-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) with the first-in-class drug bulevirtide, we expected to observe a decrease in plasma LDL cholesterol. In this exploratory phase I clinical trial, volunteers with LDL cholesterol > 130 mg/dL but without overt atherosclerotic disease were included. Thirteen participants received bulevirtide 5 mg/d subcutaneously for 12 weeks. The primary aim was to estimate the change in LDL cholesterol after 12 weeks. Secondary endpoints included changes in total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), inflammatory biomarkers, and glucose after 12 weeks. In addition, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) was performed at four time points. BA were measured as biomarkers of the inhibition of hepatocellular uptake. After 12 weeks, LDL cholesterol decreased not statistically significantly by 19.6 mg/dL [−41.8; 2.85] (Hodges−Lehmann estimator with 95% confidence interval). HDL cholesterol showed a significant increase by 5.5 mg/dL [1.00; 10.50]. Lipoprotein(a) decreased by 1.87 mg/dL [−7.65; 0]. Inflammatory biomarkers, glucose, and cardiac function were unchanged. Pre-dose total BA increased nearly five-fold (from 2026 nmol/L ± 2158 (mean ± SD) at baseline to 9922 nmol/L ± 7357 after 12 weeks of treatment). Bulevirtide was generally well tolerated, with most adverse events being administration site reactions. The exploratory nature of the trial with a limited number of participants allows the estimation of potential effects, which are crucial for future pharmacological research on bile acid metabolism in humans.

Background: To assess the risk of peripheral artery disease (PAD) in older adults and the contribution of traditional and novel risk factors to the incidence of PAD., Patients and Methods: 344 general practitioners (GPs), trained by vascular specialists all over Germany, enrolled 6,880 unselected participants aged 65 years or older (getABI study). The onset of PAD was determined by a regression method in the course of repeated measurements of the ankle brachial index (ABI) over seven years. PAD onset was defined by the declining linear regression ABI line reaching 0.9 or by PAD symptoms., Results: The cumulative PAD incidence over seven years was 12.9%, corresponding to an incidence rate of 20.3 per 1000 person years (95% confidence interval [95%CI] 18.8 to 21.7). Logistic regression analysis showed that traditional risk factors contributed significantly to the risk of PAD: current smoker status (odds ratio 2.65, 95%CI 2.08 to 3.37), diabetes (1.35, 95%CI 1.13 to 1.62), and low-density lipoprotein >130 mg/dl (1.26, 95%CI 1.07 to 1.48). Three novel risk factor candidates showed significant impact on PAD incidence: elevated sensitive C-reactive protein level (1.23, 95%CI 1.05 to 1.45), impaired estimated glomerular filtration rate (1.27, 95%CI 1.03 to 1.56), and elevated homocysteine level (1.19, 95%CI 1.01 to 1.41)., Conclusions: Older adults in Germany have a PAD risk of 12.9% per seven years. Potentially modifiable traditional PAD risk factors yield high impact on PAD incidence. Novel risk factor candidates may contribute to the risk of PAD.

Objective: We aimed to investigate whether the post-exercise ankle brachial index (ABI) performed by primary care physicians offers useful information for the prediction of death or cardiovascular events, beyond the traditional resting ABI. An additional focus was on patients with intermittent claudication and normal resting ABI., Methods: Using data from the 5-year follow-up of 6468 elderly patients in the primary care setting in Germany (getABI study) we used multivariate Cox regression models adjusted for age, gender and conventional risk factors to determine the association of resting ABI and/or post-exercise ABI and all-cause mortality/morbidity., Results: Mean post-exercise ABI in the total cohort was 0.977 and resting ABI was 1.034. For post-exercise ABI, a threshold value of 0.825 had nearly the same sensitivity (28.6%) and specificity (85.7%) as the conventionally used resting ABI with a cut-off value of 0.9 to predict death. Compared to patients with normal post-exercise ABI, a low post-exercise ABI was associated with an almost identical risk increase for mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30-1.86) as a low resting ABI (HR 1.65; CI 1.39-1.97) and/or myocardial infarction/stroke. Slight differences were observed for coronary/carotid revascularisation and peripheral revascularisation/amputation. In combined models it could not be shown that post-exercise ABI yielded relevant additional information for the prognosis of mortality and/or myocardial infarction/stroke, not even in the subgroup analysis of patients with intermittent claudication and normal resting ABI., Conclusions: It could not be shown that the post-exercise ABI is a useful tool for the prognosis of mortality and/or myocardial infarction/stroke beyond the resting ABI., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: There is controversial evidence with regard to the significance of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) as an indicator for future stroke risk. We aimed to quantify the risk increase for mortality and morbidity associated with PAD., Methods: In an open, prospective, noninterventional cohort study in the primary care setting, a total of 6,880 unselected patients > or =65 years were categorized according to the presence or absence of PAD and followed up for vascular events or deaths over 5 years. PAD was defined as ankle-brachial index (ABI) <0.9 or history of previous peripheral revascularization and/or limb amputation and/or intermittent claudication. Associations between known cardiovascular risk factors including PAD and cerebrovascular mortality/events were analyzed in a multivariate Cox regression model., Results: During the 5-year follow-up [29,915 patient-years (PY)], 183 patients had a stroke (incidence per 1,000 PY: 6.1 cases). In patients with PAD (n = 1,429) compared to those without PAD (n = 5,392), the incidence of all stroke types standardized per 1,000 PY, with the exception of hemorrhagic stroke, was about doubled (for fatal stroke tripled). The corresponding adjusted hazard ratios were 1.6 (95% confidence interval, CI, 1.1-2.2) for total stroke, 1.7 (95% CI 1.2-2.5) for ischemic stroke, 0.7 (95% CI 0.2-2.2) for hemorrhagic stroke, 2.5 (95% CI 1.2-5.2) for fatal stroke and 1.4 (95% CI 0.9-2.1) for nonfatal stroke. Lower ABI categories were associated with higher stroke rates. Besides high age, previous stroke and diabetes mellitus, PAD was a significant independent predictor for ischemic stroke., Conclusions: The risk of stroke is substantially increased in PAD patients, and PAD is a strong independent predictor for stroke., (Copyright 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Background and Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are both coronary artery disease equivalents ("coronary equivalents"). It was the aim of this study to ascertain (1) to what extent each of these diseases differs from the other in respect of early death, (2) how frequently DM and PAD occur together in elderly patients seen in general practice and (3) what risk patients with DM and concomitant PAD carry., Patients and Methods: In the prospective non-interventional study--"German Epidemiological Trial on Ankle Brachial Index"--6,880 unselected patients, aged 65 years or more, from 344 general medical practices were followed over five years and the incidence of deaths and of cardiovascular events recorded. DM was defined according to the medical diagnosis and/or if the HbA1c was > or = 6.5% and the ankle brachial index (ABI), determined by Doppler sonography. PAD was defined as an ABI of < 0.9 or the presence of intermittent claudication or state after peripheral revascularization/amputation. Survival rates were obtained using Kaplan-Meier estimate curves and Cox's proportional hazard model. 59 patients with an ABI > 1.5 were excluded from the study. Hazard ratios (HR with 95% confidence intervals [CI]) were adjusted according to known risk factors., Results: The overall observation period for all the patients amounted to nearly 33000 patient-years (PY). The risk of death of patients with DM but no PAD (n = 1,220; 17.9%) was 1.5 times the risk of death (HR, 95% CI 1.2-1.8) of persons with neither disease (n = 4 172; 61.2%) and the risk of those with PAD but no DM (n = 918, 13;5%) was 1.7 times of those persons without either disease (HR, 95% CI 1.4-2.0). The risk for persons with DM and PAD (n = 511; 7.5%) was nearly 3 times that of persons without either disease, after adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors (HR 2.8, 95% CI 2.3-3.4). The lower the ABI in persons with or without DM the greater the number of deaths per 1000 PY., Conclusions: These results confirm that diabetics and patients with PAD have a clearly increased risk of early death. These patients need intensive treatment of the risk factors. This is especially true for patients who have DM and PAD concomitantly.