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Objective: We investigated the use and success rates of subtrigonal injection, which does not have the possible postoperative problems of open surgery, in complicated vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) cases due to anatomical or functional causes. Materials and methods: Endoscopic subtrigonal injection was performed by two experienced pediatric urologists in 64 ureters with complicated VUR for 45 patients (33 girls, 12 boys) with a mean age of 3.1 years (range 1.2-16). All patients were followed up for a mean of 33 (range 9-60) months and underwent voiding cystogram at the postoperative 3rd month. Injection material (dextranomer-hyaluronic acid copolymer) with a mean volume of 1.2 (range 0.7-2.1) mL was injected per ureter. Results: The procedure was successful in 39 of 64 ureters with reflux (61%) regardless of age, gender, and diagnosis. Success rate was 78% after the reenjection in 10 patients. All refluxes except one with paraureteral diverticule in one orifice 'Y/V' duplicated systems were cured after the first or second injection. Endoscopic treatment was performed in 7 ureters for 6 patients with ongoing reflux after extravesical ureteroneocystostomy, and 3 ureters were cured after the first injection and there was no reflux in one ureter after the second injection. In 5 patients in these two groups prophylaxis was stopped, and patients were followed without reimplantation for the decrease in reflux grade and no existing clinical problem. During the follow-up none of the patients demonstrated urinary tract infection. Conclusion: Subtrigonal injection is an acceptable choice of treatment for complicated VUR cases with appropriate injection material and technique in experienced hands. However, reimplantation should not be ignored in the treatment of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of anterograde percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) for impacted proximal ureteral stones larger than 15 mm. Materials and methods: We retrospectively evaluated the data of the patients who underwent PNL for impacted proximal ureteral stones between February 2007 and April 2009. Patients, who underwent PNL for a radiopaque stone larger than 15 mm localized between the upper border of the 4th lumbar vertebra and ureteropelvic junction on intravenous pyelography were included. Patients with associated renal stones and a history of previous retroperitoneal surgery were excluded. The demographics, stone-free rates, hospitalization duration, bleeding and complication rates were evaluated. Results: Totally 39 patients underwent PNL for impacted proximal ureteral stones. Eleven patients were excluded due to previous PNL or retroperitonoscopic surgery for renal or ureteral stones. The mean age of the patients was 43.07±15.9 years and stone size was 271±85.43 mm², the male to female ratio was 16:12. Access was achieved to the upper or middle calix through an supracosal entry in 18 (%64) and subcostal entry in 10 (%36) patients. Residual-free treatment was obtained in 27 (%96.4) patients, 2 (%7.1) patients required double J stents due to ureteral perforations, and 2 (%7.1) required post-operative blood transfusion. The mean hemoglobin decrease was 1.92±1.04, hospitalisation time was 48.4±14.6 hours, the need for of analgesic use was 172.4±54.3 mg, and operation time was 78.4±19.3 min. Conclusion: PNL is technique with high success rate in the presence of surgical experience and appropriate equipment for the management of impacted proximal ureteral stones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circumcision is possibly the most frequently performed elective surgical procedure in men. It can simply be described as the excision of the preputium. There have been several studies about the association between circumcision and urinary tract infections (UTI). Many studies have demonstrated that the frequency of UTI increase in uncircumcised males, especially in the first year of life. This review discusses the embryology of the preputium, epidemiology, indications, complications and benefits of circumcision, as well as operation and anesthesiology techniques. It especially examines the association between UTI and circumcision and the importance of circumcision in congenital urinary system anomalies. In addition, this review examines the associations between circumcision and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV, and the protective role of circumcision on penile cancer.

Background and Objective: The literature on congenital lower urinary tract obstruction (CLUTO) is still limited, resulting in a generally low level of evidence. These guidelines aim to provide a practical approach based on a consensus from the European Association of Urology (EAU)/European Society for Paediatric Urology (ESPU) Paediatric Urology Guidelines Panel. The primary aim of this update was to revise and expand the 2024 EAU/ESPU paediatric urology guidelines, focusing on the comprehensive management of CLUTO., Methods: A structured literature review was performed for all relevant publications published from the last update until March 21, 2023., Key Findings and Limitations: Antenatal management should be considered based on ultrasound findings, foetal urine biochemistry, amniotic fluid levels, and chromosomal status. In newborns with a suspected diagnosis of infravesical obstruction, bladder drainage should be performed and antibiotic prophylaxis initiated. Voiding cystography should be conducted as soon as possible in cases where posterior urethral valves (PUVs) are suspected. A serum creatinine nadir of above 0.85 mg/dl is associated with a poor prognosis. Despite optimal treatment, 20% of patients will progress to end-stage renal disease. Lifelong monitoring and management of both bladder and renal function are essential. Neonatal circumcision, as an adjunct to antibiotic prophylaxis in PUV patients, significantly reduces the risk of febrile urinary tract infections during the first 2 yr of life., Conclusions: This paper is a summary of the updated 2024 EAU/ESPU guidelines, and it provides practical considerations for patients with CLUTO., Patient Summary: In this summary and update of the European Association of Urology/European Society for Paediatric Urology guidelines, we provide practical considerations for the management of children with congenital lower urinary tract obstruction., (Copyright © 2025 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction Explicit outcomes routinely measured across the life span following hypospadias surgery, defined by a core outcome set (COS), will harmonize and overcome reporting heterogeneity. Methods Age specific outcomes identified in a literature review were presented in a three round Delphi survey. Participants (professionals, parents and patients) were encouraged to suggest outcomes in the first Delphi round. In subsequent rounds participants were asked to choose and rank up to five preferred outcomes for each age. To be deemed core, an outcome needed over 70% of votes in a round. Results Professionals were mainly paediatric urologists (round 1, 2, 3: n=57 (77 %), 39 (78%), 35 (81%)). The response rates from parents/patients (round 1, 2, 3: n= 17, 5, 3) were low. In young boys (<6 years, 6-10 years) four core outcomes were identical (voiding, fistula, re-operation and urethral stricture). Core outcomes in boys aged 11-16 years (cosmesis, curvature, voiding, stricture and psychosocial status) and boys >16 years (cosmesis, curvature, erection, voiding and psychosexual development) varied more. Conclusion Outcomes to include in a COS were consistent in younger boys. A larger variety was observed in older boys and reflects less clarity on relevant outcomes., (S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Background and Objective: We present an overview of the 2024 updates for the European Association of Urology (EAU)/European Society for Paediatric Urology (ESPU) guidelines on paediatric urology to offer evidence-based standards for perioperative management, minimally invasive surgery (MIS), hydrocele, congenital lower urinary tract obstruction (CLUTO), trauma/emergencies, and fertility preservation., Methods: A broad literature search was performed for each condition. Recommendations were developed and rated as strong or weak on the basis of the quality of the evidence, the benefit/harm ratio, and potential patient preferences., Key Findings and Limitations: Recommendations for perioperative management include points related to fasting, premedication, antibiotic prophylaxis, pain control, and thromboprophylaxis in patients requiring general anaesthesia. MIS use is increasing in paediatric urology, with no major differences observed among different MIS approaches. For hydrocele, observation is the initial approach recommended. For persistent cases, treatment varies according to the type of hydrocele. CLUTO cases should be managed in tertiary centres with multidisciplinary expertise in prenatal and postnatal management. Neonatal valve ablation remains the mainstay of treatment, but associated bladder dysfunction requires continuous treatment. Among urological traumas and emergencies, renal trauma is still an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Conservative management has become the standard approach in haemodynamically stable children. Ischaemic priapism is a medical emergency and requires stepwise management. Initial management of nonischaemic priapism is conservative. Fertility preservation in prepubertal children and adolescents has become an increasingly relevant issue owing to the ever-increasing number of cancer survivors receiving gonadotoxic therapies. A major limitation is the scarcity of relevant literature., Conclusions and Clinical Implications: This summary of the 2024 EAU/ESPU guidelines provides updated guidance for evidence-based management of some paediatric urological conditions., Patient Summary: We provide a summary of the updated European Association of Urology/European Society for Paediatric Urology guidelines on paediatric urology. There are recommendations on steps to take before and immediately after surgery, management of hydrocele, congenital lower urinary tract obstruction, and urological trauma/emergencies, as well as preservation of fertility. Recommendations are based on a comprehensive review of recent studies., (Copyright © 2024 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Most parents have anxiety before a pediatric surgical procedure. Parental anxiety may impair the parents' ability to cope with new or stressful situations while their children are undergoing surgery. By effectively improving the education of parents regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and potential complications of hypospadias and surgical repair, it might be feasible to reduce their anxiety during this process., Objective: To determine whether structured audiovisual information would reduce parents' anxiety levels compared to classic verbal information., Material and Methods: The diagnosis was made and, treatment options were explained, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form - State Anxiety (STAI-I) forms were filled out by parents at the first consultation. In the second consultation, parents were divided into structured audio-visual-information (Group-1) and classic verbal information (Group-2) groups. Following these consultations, all parents in both groups filled out STAI-I again. Parents filled out the forms for the last time on the postoperative-14th-day and the results were compared., Results: A total of 124 (51.2%) parents were informed with structured-audiovisual-informational material and 118 parents (48.8%) were informed with classic verbal information. First STAI-I scores were 57.65 ± 5.17 and 56.91 ± 5.28 for Group-1 and Group-2, respectively, and there was no difference between the groups (p = 0.709). The STAI-I scores after the second consultation were 44.82 ± 5.65 and 49.42 ± 2.81 for Group-1 and Group-2, respectively. Parental anxiety decreased in both groups following the second consultation. Notably, a statistically significant superiority was found between the groups in favor of Group-1 (p = 0.001)., Discussion: Parents whose children will undergo hypospadias surgery experience significant anxiety. We observed that informing patients adequately and in appropriate language using a suitable method was associated with less anxiety. Preoperative parental anxiety is influenced by several variables, including parent age, parent gender, child age, lack of knowledge, and concerns over complications or pain. Although we are unable to alter the factors of child age and parent gender, we can impact parents' concerns regarding postoperative pain and anesthesia by enhancing their comprehension of the procedure via providing them of sufficient and accurate information., Conclusion: Providing parents with structured audio-visual information about the preoperative and postoperative period before hypospadias surgery is associated with lower parental anxiety levels. Supplying structured audiovisual information regarding the preoperative and postoperative periods can help parents have an improved comprehension of the procedure and minimize their anxiety., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest There is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: This study investigated the effect of the discontinuation of vitamin D supplementation on kidney stone formation in children under 2 years of age., Methods: This study involved a retrospective analysis of two patient groups. The first group comprised postoperative patients who were stone-free, while the second group consisted of asymptomatic patients with kidney stones. The patients who discontinued vitamin D supplementation and those who continued were compared in terms of stone formation and stone size progression. The data collected included patient characteristics, stone size measurements, and laboratory results., Results: The findings showed that the discontinuation of vitamin D supplementation was not associated with kidney stone formation or the progression of stone size in either group. For patients who were stone-free on ultrasonography 1 month after the operation, according to the 12-month ultrasonography evaluation, in the group that discontinued vitamin D, 42 (78%) patients had no stones, 6 (11%) patients had stones larger than 3 mm, and 6 (11%) patients had microlithiasis. However, in the group that continued vitamin D, 49 (72%) patients were stone-free, 10 (15%) patients had stones larger than 3 mm, and 9 (13%) patients had microlithiasis. There was no difference between the groups in terms of stone status at 12 months (p = 0.76). For patients with asymptomatic kidney stones, the initial stone sizes were similar between the groups (p = 0.74). During the 6th month of ultrasound, the changes in stone size were 1.76 ± 1.81 mm and 1.79 ± 1.75 mm for the two groups, respectively (p = 0.9). During the 12-month ultrasound measurement, the changes in stone size were 1.98 ± 2.93 mm and 2.60 ± 2.48 mm for the two groups, respectively (p = 0.09)., Conclusions: We believe that more research is needed to make definitive recommendations regarding vitamin D prophylaxis in infants with kidney stones. Although the first objective of our study is not conclusively proven with the current findings, we recommend continued vitamin D prophylaxis in infants with urolithiasis., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest None., (Copyright © 2024 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Backgound: The aim of this study is to examine the long-term prognosis of children with ureteropelvic junction obstruction-like hydronephrosis (UPJO-like HN)., Patients and Methods: The files of children with hydronephrosis (HN) were analyzed retrospectively. Patients with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and other genitourinary anomalies were excluded. The final status of the HN, the need for surgery, and urinary tract infection (UTI) frequency were evaluated., Results: The study included 219 patients with 302 renal units (RU) with HN. Surgery rate was higher in RUs with larger kidney size and parenchymal thinning (p:<0.001 for both). Hydronephrosis resolved in 113 (40.2%) RUs, improved in 66 (23.3%), unchanged in 100 (35.5%) and worsened in 4 (1.4%). The frequency of recovery and improvement was found to be less in RUs with severe HN, large kidney size, and thin parenchyma. The UTI frequency was higher in severe HN group (12.2% vs 30.6% p:<0.001)., Conclusions: Children with mild HN had an excellent prognosis. Although the majority of the patients with high-grade HN had also a good prognosis, it seems important to closely follow up patients with severe HN, increased kidney size, and accompanying parenchymal thinning. Clinicians should be aware of the increased frequency of UTIs in children with severe HN., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Background: Children's urinary system stones may develop from environmental, metabolic, anatomical, and other causes. Our objective is to determine the recurrence and prognosis, demographic, clinical, and etiological characteristics of children with urolithiasis., Methods: Medical records of patients were evaluated retrospectively. Patients' demographic data and medical history, serum/urine biochemical and metabolic analysis, blood gas analysis, stone analysis, imaging findings, and medical/surgical treatments were recorded., Results: The study included 364 patients (male 187). Median age at diagnosis was 2.83 (IQR 0.83-8.08) years. The most common complaints were urinary tract infection (23%) and urine discoloration (12%). Sixty-two percent had a family history of stone disease. At least one metabolic disorder was found in 120 (88%) of 137 patients having all metabolic analyses: hypercalciuria was found in 45%, hypocitraturia in 39%, and hyperoxaluria in 37%. Anatomical abnormalities were detected in 18% of patients. Of 58 stones analyzed, 65.5% were calcium and 20.6% were cystine stones. Stone recurrence rate was 15% (55/364). Older age (> 5 years), family history of stone disease, stone size (≥ 5 mm), and urinary system anatomical abnormalities were significantly associated with stone recurrence (p = 0.027, p = 0.031, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). In adjusted logistic regression analysis, stone size ≥ 5 mm (OR 4.85, 95% CI 2.53-9.3), presence of urinary system anatomical abnormalities (OR 2.89, 95% CI 1.44-5.78), and family history of stone disease (OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.19-4.86) had increased recurrence rate., Conclusions: All children with urolithiasis should be evaluated for factors affecting stone recurrence. Children at higher risk of recurrence need to be followed carefully., (© 2024. The Author(s).)