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7. Identification of a viral gene essential for the genome replication of a domesticated endogenous virus in ichneumonid parasitoid wasps

Author

Lorenzi, Ange, primary, Legeai, Fabrice, additional, Jouan, Véronique, additional, Girard, Pierre-Alain, additional, Strand, Mickael, additional, Ravallec, Marc, additional, Eychenne, Magali, additional, Bretaudeau, Anthony, additional, Robin, Stéphanie, additional, Rochefort, Jeanne, additional, Villegas, Mathilde, additional, Burke, Gaelen, additional, Rebollo, Rita, additional, Nègre, Nicolas, additional, and Volkoff, Anne-Nathalie, additional

Published
2024
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8. Parasitoid wasps.

Author

Burke, Gaelen R. and Sharanowski, Barbara J.

Subjects
*WASPS, *FICTION genres, *SCIENCE fiction, *INSECTS, HOSTS of parasitoids
Abstract

Parasitoids — insects that parasitize other insects — have fascinating biologies that have made them darlings of the science fiction genre, owing to their wide array of innovative and often gruesome strategies for living off other organisms. These insects do not sting, but rather lay eggs on or inside their hosts, typically another insect or spider. Unlike parasites, which feed off a host without killing it, parasitoids kill their hosts — and they typically do it slowly. Parasitoids carefully keep their hosts alive for extended periods while they feed on host hemolymph and/or tissues until they are close to completing their own development. The techniques parasitoids use to feed on and manipulate their hosts are wide ranging, demonstrating multiple evolutionary pathways to achieve successful development from egg to adult. Parasitoid wasps are the things of science fiction because of their wide array of innovative and gruesome strategies for living off other organisms. But they are also beneficial insects, silently controlling garden, crop, and forest pests. Burke and Sharanowski highlight the adaptive strategies and economic importance of these fascinating creatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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9. Identification of a viral gene essential for the genome replication of a domesticated endogenous virus in ichneumonid parasitoid wasps.

Author

Lorenzi, Ange, Legeai, Fabrice, Jouan, Véronique, Girard, Pierre-Alain, Strand, Michael R., Ravallec, Marc, Eychenne, Magali, Bretaudeau, Anthony, Robin, Stéphanie, Rochefort, Jeanne, Villegas, Mathilde, Burke, Gaelen R., Rebollo, Rita, Nègre, Nicolas, and Volkoff, Anne-Nathalie

Subjects
VIRAL genes, GLYCOCALYX, INSECT eggs, WASPS, RNA interference, GENOMES, VIRAL genomes
Abstract

Thousands of endoparasitoid wasp species in the families Braconidae and Ichneumonidae harbor "domesticated endogenous viruses" (DEVs) in their genomes. This study focuses on ichneumonid DEVs, named ichnoviruses (IVs). Large quantities of DNA-containing IV virions are produced in ovary calyx cells during the pupal and adult stages of female wasps. Females parasitize host insects by injecting eggs and virions into the body cavity. After injection, virions rapidly infect host cells which is followed by expression of IV genes that promote the successful development of wasp offspring. IV genomes consist of two components: proviral segment loci that serve as templates for circular dsDNAs that are packaged into capsids, and genes from an ancestral virus that produce virions. In this study, we generated a chromosome-scale genome assembly for Hyposotor didymator that harbors H. didymator ichnovirus (HdIV). We identified a total of 67 HdIV loci that are amplified in calyx cells during the wasp pupal stage. We then focused on an HdIV gene, U16, which is transcribed in calyx cells during the initial stages of replication. Sequence analysis indicated that U16 contains a conserved domain in primases from select other viruses. Knockdown of U16 by RNA interference inhibited virion morphogenesis in calyx cells. Genome-wide analysis indicated U16 knockdown also inhibited amplification of HdIV loci in calyx cells. Altogether, our results identified several previously unknown HdIV loci, demonstrated that all HdIV loci are amplified in calyx cells during the pupal stage, and showed that U16 is required for amplification and virion morphogenesis. Author summary: Parasitoid "domesticated endogenous viruses" (DEVs) provide a fascinating example of eukaryotes acquiring new functions through integration of a viral genome. DEVs consist of multiple loci in the genomes of wasps. Upon activation, these elements collectively orchestrate the production of virions or virus-like particles that are crucial for successful parasitism of host insects. Despite the significance of DEVs for parasitoid biology, the mechanisms regulating key steps in virion morphogenesis are largely unknown. In this study, we focused on the ichneumonid parasitoid Hyposoter didymator, which harbors an ichnovirus consisting of 67 proviral loci. Our findings reveal that all proviral loci are simultaneously amplified in ovary calyx cells of female wasps during the pupal stage suggesting the hijacking of cellular replication complexes by viral proteins. We functionally studied the ichnovirus gene U16, which encodes a protein with a weakly conserved primase C-terminal domain. Silencing U16 inhibited viral DNA amplification and virion production, underscoring the key role of this gene for ichnovirus replication. Our study provides evidence that many genes involved in viral DNA replication have been conserved during the domestication of ichnoviruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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21. Distribution, expression, and motif variability of ankyrin domain genes in Wolbachia pipientis

Author

Iturbe-Ormaetxe, Inaki, Burke, Gaelen R., Riegler, Markus, and O'Neill, Scott L.

Subjects
Gene expression -- Research, Wolbachia -- Genetic aspects, Genetic research, Biological sciences
Abstract

The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis infects a wide range of arthropods, in which it induces a variety of reproductive phenotypes, including cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), parthenogenesis, male killing, and reversal of genetic sex determination. The recent sequencing and annotation of the first Wolbachia genome revealed an unusually high number of genes encoding ankyrin domain (ANK) repeats. These ANK genes are likely to be important in mediating the Wolbachia-host interaction. In this work we determined the distribution and expression of the different ANK genes found in the sequenced Wolbachia wMel genome in nine Wolbachia strains that induce different phenotypic effects in their hosts. A comparison of the ANK genes of wMel and the non-CI-inducing wAu Wolbachia strain revealed significant differences between the strains. This was reflected in sequence variability in shared genes that could result in alterations in the encoded proteins, such as motif deletions, amino acid insertions, and in some cases disruptions due to insertion of transposable elements and premature stops. In addition, one wMel ANK gene, which is part of an operon, was absent in the wAu genome. These variations are likely to affect the affinity, function, and cellular location of the predicted proteins encoded by these genes.

Published
2005

25. Phylogenomics of Ichneumonoidea (Hymenoptera) and implications for evolution of mode of parasitism and viral endogenization

Author

Sharanowski, Barbara J., primary, Ridenbaugh, Ryan D., additional, Piekarski, Patrick K., additional, Broad, Gavin R., additional, Burke, Gaelen R., additional, Deans, Andrew R., additional, Lemmon, Alan R., additional, Lemmon, Emily C. Moriarty, additional, Diehl, Gloria J., additional, Whitfield, James B., additional, and Hines, Heather M., additional

Published
2020
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26. GenBank 16S rDNA Sequences for Ca. Annandia pinicola, Ca. Gillettellia cooleyia, Ca. Hartigia pinicola, Ca. Profftia spp., Ca. Pseudomonas adelgestsugas from Taiwan, and Ca. Vallotia spp

Author

von Dohlen, Carol, Spaulding, Usha, Patch, Kistie B., Weglarz, Kathryn, Foottit, Robert G., Havill, Nathan P., Burke, Gaelen R., and GenBank

Subjects
Biology
Abstract

The attached .csv file contains accession number, definition, and GenBank URL for 28 rDNA sequences: MF077637–MF077640 and MF098761 (‘Ca. Annandia pinicola’), MF077633–MF077636 (‘Ca. Gillettellia cooleyia’), MF077641–MF077645 (‘Ca. Hartigia pinicola’), MF108835-MF108838 (‘Ca. Profftia spp.’), MF098762 (‘Ca. Pseudomonas adelgestsugas from Taiwan), MF063340- MF063348 (‘Ca. Vallotia spp.’).

Published
2019

32. Evolution and diversity of facultative symbionts from the aphid subfamily Lachninae

Author

Burke, Gaelen R., Normark, Benjamin B., Favret, Colin, and Moran, Nancy A.

Subjects
Cladistic analysis -- Usage, Nocardia corallina -- Genetic aspects, Symbiosis -- Research, Aphididae -- Genetic aspects, Aphididae -- Environmental aspects, Biological sciences
Abstract

The diversity of Serratia and other facultative symbionts in aphids belonging to the subfamily Lachninae are examined. The results have not supported cocladogenesis of 'Candidatus Serratia symbiotica' with Cinara subgenus Cinara species and have weighed against an obligate nutritional role.

Published
2009

36. Ecological factors influencing the beneficial endosymbionts of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae).

Author

Mech, Angela M., Harper, Sherilyn J., Havill, Nathan P., Dohlen, Carol D., and Burke, Gaelen R.

Subjects
ENDOSYMBIOSIS, HEMLOCK woolly adelgid, HEMIPTERA, PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of heat, MICROSATELLITE repeats
Abstract

Bacterial endosymbionts of sap‐sucking insects provide their host with a number of beneficial qualities, including the supply of nutrition, defense against parasitoids, and protection from heat stress. Damage to these bacterial associates can therefore have a negative impact on the fitness of their insect host. We evaluated observational and experimental factors regarding the nonnative hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand) (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) to help understand the roles of its three recently identified symbionts, including under heat stress conditions. The prevalence of A. tsugae's facultative symbiont (Serratia symbiotica) was examined at different spatial scales to determine how variable infection rates are for this symbiont. There was no significant difference found in infection rates between adelgids on a tree, within a plot, or within a state. However, significantly more adelgids in Georgia (95%) had S. symbiotica compared to those in New York (68%). Microsatellite genotyping of the adelgids found that this difference was most likely not the result of a second introduction of A. tsugae into eastern North America. Comparison of S. symbiotica proportions between first and fourth instars showed that symbiont absence did not affect the ability of A. tsugae to survive aestivation. Evaluations of symbiont densities within each adelgid found that when S. symbiotica was absent, the density of obligate symbionts was significantly higher. Exposure to heat stress (32.5 °C) was not consistently correlated with changes in symbiont densities over a 4‐d period. Overall, we have shown that symbiont prevalence and densities vary within the broad population of A. tsugae in eastern North America, with potentially significant effects upon the ecology of this important pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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41. Genome Sequence of the Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum

Author

Richards, Stephen, Gibbs, Richard A., Gerardo, Nicole M., Moran, Nancy, Nakabachi, Atsushi, Stern, David, Tagu, Denis, Wilson, Alex C. C., Muzny, Donna, Kovar, Christie, Cree, Andy, Chacko, Joseph, Chandrabose, Mimi N., Dao, Marvin Diep, Dinh, Huyen H., Gabisi, Ramatu Ayiesha, Hines, Sandra, Hume, Jennifer, Jhangian, Shalini N., Joshi, Vandita, Lewis, Lora R., Liu, Yih-shin, Lopez, John, Morgan, Margaret B., Nguyen, Ngoc Bich, Okwuonu, Geoffrey O., Ruiz, San Juana, Santibanez, Jireh, Wright, Rita A., Fowler, Gerald R., Hitchens, Matthew E., Lozado, Ryan J., Moen, Charles, Steffen, David, Warren, James T., Zhang, Jingkun, Nazareth, Lynne V., Chavez, Dean, Davis, Clay, Lee, Sandra L., Patel, Bella Mayurkumar, Pu, Ling-Ling, Bell, Stephanie N., Johnson, Angela Jolivet, Vattathil, Selina, Williams, Rex L., Jr., Shigenobu, Shuji, Dang, Phat M., Morioka, Mizue, Fukatsu, Takema, Kudo, Toshiaki, Miyagishima, Shin-ya, Jiang, Huaiyang, Worley, Kim C., Legeai, Fabrice, Gauthier, Jean-Pierre, Collin, Olivier, Zhang, Lan, Chen, Hsiu-Chuan, Ermolaeva, Olga, Hlavina, Wratko, Kapustin, Yuri, Kiryutin, Boris, Kitts, Paul, Maglott, Donna, Murphy, Terence, Pruitt, Kim, Sapojnikov, Victor, Souvorov, Alexandre, Thibaud-Nissen, Francoise, Camara, Francisco, Guigo, Roderic, Stanke, Mario, Solovyev, Victor, Kosarev, Peter, Gilbert, Don, Gabaldon, Toni, Huerta-Cepas, Jaime, Marcet-Houben, Marina, Pignatelli, Miguel, Moya, Andres, Rispe, Claude, Ollivier, Morgane, Quesneville, Hadi, Permal, Emmanuelle, Llorens, Carlos, Futami, Ricardo, Hedges, Dale, Robertson, Hugh M., Alioto, Tyler, Mariotti, Marco, Nikoh, Naruo, McCutcheon, John P., Burke, Gaelen, Kamins, Alexandra, Latorre, Amparo, Moran, Nancy A., Ashton, Peter, Calevro, Federica, Charles, Hubert, Colella, Stefano, Douglas, Angela, Jander, Georg, Jones, Derek H., Febvay, Gerard, Kamphuis, Lars G., Kushlan, Philip F., Macdonald, Sandy, Ramsey, John, Schwartz, Julia, Seah, Stuart, Thomas, Gavin, Vellozo, Augusto, Cass, Bodil, Degnan, Patrick, Hurwitz, Bonnie, Leonardo, Teresa, Koga, Ryuichi, Altincicek, Boran, Anselme, Caroline, Atamian, Hagop, Barribeau, Seth M., de Vos, Martin, Duncan, Elizabeth J., Evans, Jay, Ghanim, Murad, Heddi, Abdelaziz, Kaloshian, Isgouhi, Vincent-Monegat, Carole, Parker, Ben J., Perez-Brocal, Vicente, Rahbe, Yvan, Spragg, Chelsea J., Tamames, Javier, Tamarit, Daniel, Tamborindeguy, Cecilia, Vilcinskas, Andreas, Bickel, Ryan D., Brisson, Jennifer A., Butts, Thomas, Chang, Chun-che, Christiaens, Olivier, Davis, Gregory K., Duncan, Elizabeth, Ferrier, David, Iga, Masatoshi, Janssen, Ralf, Lu, Hsiao-Ling, McGregor, Alistair, Miura, Toru, Smagghe, Guy, Smith, James, van der Zee, Maurijn, Velarde, Rodrigo, Wilson, Megan, Dearden, Peter, Edwards, Owain R., Gordon, Karl, Hilgarth, Roland S., Rider, Stanley Dean, Jr., Srinivasan, Dayalan, Walsh, Thomas K., Ishikawa, Asano, Jaubert-Possamai, Stephanie, Fenton, Brian, Huang, Wenting, Rizk, Guillaume, Lavenier, Dominique, Nicolas, Jacques, Smadja, Carole, Zhou, Jing-Jiang, Vieira, Filipe G., He, Xiao-Li, Liu, Renhu, Rozas, Julio, Field, Linda M., Ashton, Peter D., Campbell, Peter, Carolan, James C., Douglas, Angela E., Fitzroy, Carol I. J., Reardon, Karen T., Reeck, Gerald R., Singh, Karam, Wilkinson, Thomas L., Huybrechts, Jurgen, Abdel-latief, Mohatmed, Robichon, Alain, Veenstra, Jan A., Hauser, Frank, Cazzamali, Giuseppe, Schneider, Martina, Williamson, Michael, Stafflinger, Elisabeth, Hansen, Karina K., Grimmelikhuijzen, Cornelis J. P., Price, Daniel R. G., Caillaud, Marina, van Fleet, Eric, Ren, Qinghu, Gatehouse, John A., Brault, Veronique, Monsion, Baptiste, Diaz, Jason, Hunnicutt, Laura, Ju, Ho-Jong, Pechuan, Ximo, Aguilar, Jose, Cortes, Teresa, Ortiz-Rivas, Benjamin, Martinez-Torres, David, Dombrovsky, Aviv, Dale, Richard P., Davies, T. G. Emyr, Williamson, Martin S., Jones, Andrew, Sattelle, David, Williamson, Sally, Wolstenholme, Adrian, Cottret, Ludovic, Sagot, Marie France, Heckel, David G., Hunter, Wayne, Richards, Stephen, Gibbs, Richard A., Gerardo, Nicole M., Moran, Nancy, Nakabachi, Atsushi, Stern, David, Tagu, Denis, Wilson, Alex C. C., Muzny, Donna, Kovar, Christie, Cree, Andy, Chacko, Joseph, Chandrabose, Mimi N., Dao, Marvin Diep, Dinh, Huyen H., Gabisi, Ramatu Ayiesha, Hines, Sandra, Hume, Jennifer, Jhangian, Shalini N., Joshi, Vandita, Lewis, Lora R., Liu, Yih-shin, Lopez, John, Morgan, Margaret B., Nguyen, Ngoc Bich, Okwuonu, Geoffrey O., Ruiz, San Juana, Santibanez, Jireh, Wright, Rita A., Fowler, Gerald R., Hitchens, Matthew E., Lozado, Ryan J., Moen, Charles, Steffen, David, Warren, James T., Zhang, Jingkun, Nazareth, Lynne V., Chavez, Dean, Davis, Clay, Lee, Sandra L., Patel, Bella Mayurkumar, Pu, Ling-Ling, Bell, Stephanie N., Johnson, Angela Jolivet, Vattathil, Selina, Williams, Rex L., Jr., Shigenobu, Shuji, Dang, Phat M., Morioka, Mizue, Fukatsu, Takema, Kudo, Toshiaki, Miyagishima, Shin-ya, Jiang, Huaiyang, Worley, Kim C., Legeai, Fabrice, Gauthier, Jean-Pierre, Collin, Olivier, Zhang, Lan, Chen, Hsiu-Chuan, Ermolaeva, Olga, Hlavina, Wratko, Kapustin, Yuri, Kiryutin, Boris, Kitts, Paul, Maglott, Donna, Murphy, Terence, Pruitt, Kim, Sapojnikov, Victor, Souvorov, Alexandre, Thibaud-Nissen, Francoise, Camara, Francisco, Guigo, Roderic, Stanke, Mario, Solovyev, Victor, Kosarev, Peter, Gilbert, Don, Gabaldon, Toni, Huerta-Cepas, Jaime, Marcet-Houben, Marina, Pignatelli, Miguel, Moya, Andres, Rispe, Claude, Ollivier, Morgane, Quesneville, Hadi, Permal, Emmanuelle, Llorens, Carlos, Futami, Ricardo, Hedges, Dale, Robertson, Hugh M., Alioto, Tyler, Mariotti, Marco, Nikoh, Naruo, McCutcheon, John P., Burke, Gaelen, Kamins, Alexandra, Latorre, Amparo, Moran, Nancy A., Ashton, Peter, Calevro, Federica, Charles, Hubert, Colella, Stefano, Douglas, Angela, Jander, Georg, Jones, Derek H., Febvay, Gerard, Kamphuis, Lars G., Kushlan, Philip F., Macdonald, Sandy, Ramsey, John, Schwartz, Julia, Seah, Stuart, Thomas, Gavin, Vellozo, Augusto, Cass, Bodil, Degnan, Patrick, Hurwitz, Bonnie, Leonardo, Teresa, Koga, Ryuichi, Altincicek, Boran, Anselme, Caroline, Atamian, Hagop, Barribeau, Seth M., de Vos, Martin, Duncan, Elizabeth J., Evans, Jay, Ghanim, Murad, Heddi, Abdelaziz, Kaloshian, Isgouhi, Vincent-Monegat, Carole, Parker, Ben J., Perez-Brocal, Vicente, Rahbe, Yvan, Spragg, Chelsea J., Tamames, Javier, Tamarit, Daniel, Tamborindeguy, Cecilia, Vilcinskas, Andreas, Bickel, Ryan D., Brisson, Jennifer A., Butts, Thomas, Chang, Chun-che, Christiaens, Olivier, Davis, Gregory K., Duncan, Elizabeth, Ferrier, David, Iga, Masatoshi, Janssen, Ralf, Lu, Hsiao-Ling, McGregor, Alistair, Miura, Toru, Smagghe, Guy, Smith, James, van der Zee, Maurijn, Velarde, Rodrigo, Wilson, Megan, Dearden, Peter, Edwards, Owain R., Gordon, Karl, Hilgarth, Roland S., Rider, Stanley Dean, Jr., Srinivasan, Dayalan, Walsh, Thomas K., Ishikawa, Asano, Jaubert-Possamai, Stephanie, Fenton, Brian, Huang, Wenting, Rizk, Guillaume, Lavenier, Dominique, Nicolas, Jacques, Smadja, Carole, Zhou, Jing-Jiang, Vieira, Filipe G., He, Xiao-Li, Liu, Renhu, Rozas, Julio, Field, Linda M., Ashton, Peter D., Campbell, Peter, Carolan, James C., Douglas, Angela E., Fitzroy, Carol I. J., Reardon, Karen T., Reeck, Gerald R., Singh, Karam, Wilkinson, Thomas L., Huybrechts, Jurgen, Abdel-latief, Mohatmed, Robichon, Alain, Veenstra, Jan A., Hauser, Frank, Cazzamali, Giuseppe, Schneider, Martina, Williamson, Michael, Stafflinger, Elisabeth, Hansen, Karina K., Grimmelikhuijzen, Cornelis J. P., Price, Daniel R. G., Caillaud, Marina, van Fleet, Eric, Ren, Qinghu, Gatehouse, John A., Brault, Veronique, Monsion, Baptiste, Diaz, Jason, Hunnicutt, Laura, Ju, Ho-Jong, Pechuan, Ximo, Aguilar, Jose, Cortes, Teresa, Ortiz-Rivas, Benjamin, Martinez-Torres, David, Dombrovsky, Aviv, Dale, Richard P., Davies, T. G. Emyr, Williamson, Martin S., Jones, Andrew, Sattelle, David, Williamson, Sally, Wolstenholme, Adrian, Cottret, Ludovic, Sagot, Marie France, Heckel, David G., and Hunter, Wayne

Abstract

Aphids are important agricultural pests and also biological models for studies of insect-plant interactions, symbiosis, virus vectoring, and the developmental causes of extreme phenotypic plasticity. Here we present the 464 Mb draft genome assembly of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. This first published whole genome sequence of a basal hemimetabolous insect provides an outgroup to the multiple published genomes of holometabolous insects. Pea aphids are host-plant specialists, they can reproduce both sexually and asexually, and they have coevolved with an obligate bacterial symbiont. Here we highlight findings from whole genome analysis that may be related to these unusual biological features. These findings include discovery of extensive gene duplication in more than 2000 gene families as well as loss of evolutionarily conserved genes. Gene family expansions relative to other published genomes include genes involved in chromatin modification, miRNA synthesis, and sugar transport. Gene losses include genes central to the IMD immune pathway, selenoprotein utilization, purine salvage, and the entire urea cycle. The pea aphid genome reveals that only a limited number of genes have been acquired from bacteria; thus the reduced gene count of Buchnera does not reflect gene transfer to the host genome. The inventory of metabolic genes in the pea aphid genome suggests that there is extensive metabolite exchange between the aphid and Buchnera, including sharing of amino acid biosynthesis between the aphid and Buchnera. The pea aphid genome provides a foundation for post-genomic studies of fundamental biological questions and applied agricultural problems.

Published
2010
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42. Evolution and Function of an Aphid Facultative Symbiont

Author

Moran, Nancy A., Hunter, Martha S., Worobey, Michael, Burke, Gaelen R., Moran, Nancy A., Hunter, Martha S., Worobey, Michael, and Burke, Gaelen R.

Abstract

Hereditary bacterial symbiosis is a common mechanism by which eukaryotic hosts can acquire traits beneficial for their fitness. Many insects have symbiotic associations with bacteria that trace back millions of years, whose function and evolution are well characterized. Insects can also possess more recently derived symbionts that are closely related to free-living bacteria, and often play a role in host defense. Serratia symbiotica is a recently derived symbiont that infects aphids and provides protection against heat stress, and possibly also plays a nutritional role. Many aspects of the biology of recent symbionts are less well studied, including the diversity of functional roles and evolution among hosts for single lineages of symbionts, the molecular mechanisms that contribute to defense, the early stages of symbiont genome evolution, and interactions with hosts. This dissertation focuses upon S. symbiotica to contribute research addressing each of these themes. Functional studies revealed that S. symbiotica lysis during heat-shock is correlated with protection of the nutritional symbiont Buchnera , and that S. symbiotica has a large effect upon aphid metabolite pools. Despite this large metabolic effect, S. symbiotica does not seem to dramatically influence expression of aphid genes, including those involved in immunity. Analysis of the evolution of S. symbiotica lineages in different aphid hosts revealed this symbiont is common in the aphid subfamily Lachninae, but did not support the obligate nutritional role hypothesized in the literature for this group. Finally, comparison of the S. symbiotica genome to close free-living relatives revealed a genome undergoing massive decay, and provided a rare opportunity to examine the evolution of a recently acquired symbiont.

Published
2010

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