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Saginaw Forest in Ann Arbor, Michigan, includes the second-oldest eastern white pine plantation in the United States, with pioneering thinning experiments among the oldest in the country. With no additional silvicultural treatments occurring since at least the 1950s, we report on the current condition of four planting lots near their century mark to provide silvicultural, cultural, and historical perspectives. Stand density and tree diameter in 2017 were similar across the four lots, all having a significant number of trees > 50 cm diameter at breast height. Tree ring widths suggest that diameter growth was responsive to thinning treatments that occurred before 1955. Today, management geared towards site preservation as a cultural and historical landmark, with an emphasis on intensive invasive species and hardwood ingrowth control and native tree species regeneration, are likely more appropriate than a focus on silviculture. Study Implications Saginaw Forest in Ann Arbor, Michigan contains the second-oldest eastern white pine plantation in the United States. It underwent pioneering forest thinning experiments that pre-dated similar experiments in the oldest eastern white pine plantation at the Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina. Silvicultural treatments have not occurred since the 1950s, but the effects of historical thinning treatments are evident today across four planting lots. We summarize the current conditions of this important forestry site, noting a serious threat by invasive species and hardwood ingrowth that should be targeted as a means of preserving this important cultural and historical landmark.

Socio‐economic scenarios such as the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) have been widely used to analyze global change impacts, but representing their diversity is a challenge for the analytical tools applied to them. Taking Great Britain as an example, we represent a set of stakeholder‐elaborated UK‐SSP scenarios, linked to climate change scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways), in a globally‐embedded agent‐based modeling framework. We find that distinct model components are required to account for divergent behavioral, social and societal conditions in the SSPs, and that these have dramatic impacts on land system outcomes. From strong social networks and environmental sustainability in SSP1 to land consolidation and technological intensification in SSP5, scenario‐specific model designs vary widely from one another and from present‐day conditions. Changes in social and human capitals reflecting social cohesion, equality, health and education can generate impacts larger than those of technological and economic change, and comparable to those of modeled climate change. We develop an open‐access, transferrable model framework and provide UK‐SSP projections to 2080 at 1 km2 resolution, revealing large differences in land management intensities, provision of a range of ecosystem services, and the knowledge and motivations underlying land manager decision‐making. These differences suggest the existence of large but underappreciated areas of scenario space, within which novel options for land system sustainability could occur., Key Points: A national‐scale agent‐based model is developed to represent paired climatic and socio‐economic scenarios in the land system. Key scenario characteristics relate to forms of human behavior, interactions and societal preferences. Large differences emerge between scenarios in terms of land management intensities, ecosystem service provision and land sparing., Helmholtz Association http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009318, Natural Environment Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000270, Climate Resilience Programme, Forestry Commission UK Forestry Commission http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100017497, UKRI, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000266, Global Food Security Programme, DAAD, German Academic Exchange Service London http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001654, Government of the United Kingdom http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100013986, Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001655, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100009133, Leibniz‐Gemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001664, https://landchange.earth/CRAFTY, https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/CY8WE

The great health paradox is that the least expensive and most effective public health measures available for addressing the COVID-19 pandemic-and other society-wide health challenges-have long been ignored and rejected in the United States in favor of more expensive and personalized care. The U.S. medical system is being overwhelmed in part because of this paradox. The authors argue that the country has invested excessively in acute care medical technology while investing insufficiently in its public health infrastructure. In this Invited Commentary, the authors recommend 5 steps that academic medicine should take to increase emphasis on and understanding of public health interventions to address society's health problems: (1) incorporate problem-based learning experiences in the medical school curriculum and community-based clinical rotations in public health departments, (2) better integrate schools of public health and schools of medicine, (3) encourage physicians to pursue public health careers, (4) educate the public about strategies for decreasing chronic illnesses, and (5) increase collaboration with colleagues around the world to identify and track outbreaks.

Provenance trials remain an important tool for understanding genetic variation in forest trees. Maintaining decades-old experiments is critical for revealing maladaptation of translocated populations to local sites and meaningful divergence in survival and growth. We revisited the Second International Larch Provenance Test in southeastern Michigan, which featuring 24 provenances of European and Japanese larch. We compiled data collected when the plantation was 25, 41, and 61 years from seed to supplement data published at 19 years from seed. Divergence in survival rates first became pronounced at 41 years from seed. Plantation sources of unknown origin and continental Sudeten provenances had the highest rates of survival. High-elevation sources from the southern Alps performed the poorest. Survival differences were likely driven by ice storm damage and severe growing season droughts, both of which occurred at least 1-2 times per decade in southeastern Michigan over the last 60 years. Provenance performance for growth mirrored that of survival, although sources varied more in their survival than in their growth. Growth rate among sources varied over the 43-year sampling period, with intervals of fast growth occurring in several of the overall poor-performing provenances. Diameter was moderately correlated to both elevation and latitude, with inconsistent correlations to climatic variables. Broad geographical variation in provenance performance was also important in explaining variation in growth. Our data corroborate that monitoring of long-term provenance trials could be an important source of information needed to predict and understand how forest species may respond to imminent climate change and may be critical for developing strategies for its mitigation.

We examined evidence for larval spillover (increased recruitment outside the closures) of Atlantic sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) due to rotational closures in the Mid-Atlantic Bight using a 40-year fisheries survey time series and a larval transport model. Since the first closure of the Hudson Canyon South (HCS) area in 1998, mean recruitment in the two areas directly down-current from this closure, Elephant Trunk (ET) and Delmarva (DMV), increased significantly by factors of about 7 and 2, respectively. Stock–recruit plots indicate that low biomasses in HCS were associated with reduced mean recruitment in ET and DMV. Simulations indicate that larvae spawned in HCS often settle in the two downstream areas and that model-estimated settlement (based on gonad biomass in HCS and year-specific larval transport between the areas) is correlated with observed recruitment. This study gives strong evidence that the rotational closure of HCS has induced increased recruitment in down-current areas.

There is no recent comprehensive overview of contemporary clinical trials assessing short and long-term outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This paper reviews factors from recent clinical trials that influenced prognosis in patients with ACS. Cochrane and PubMed databases were screened systematically for clinical trials published in the English literature reporting on ACS prognosis. Two authors independently screened titles, abstracts, and full text. Studies meeting inclusion criteria evaluated the impact of modern practice on prognosis. In vitro and animal models studies, conference abstracts, imaging studies, and review articles were excluded. Disagreement in inclusion criteria was resolved by consensus. A large study of 8,859 patients showed no difference in all-cause mortality between 31 days and 2 years in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) compared to those with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) or stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD). Other studies showed a significant increase in all-cause mortality in patients with STEMI within the first 30 days, with NSTEMI patients exhibiting a higher mortality rate compared to those with SIHD during the 2-year follow-up period. Our review found that women have a poorer short-term prognosis compared to men. Additionally, reports from patients receiving comprehensive and coordinated care showed longer survival rates. In view of the improved prognosis demonstrated for patients suffering from ACS, assessing prognosis in patients represents a formidable task in modern practice. Our review highlights the need for further evidence-based studies evaluating long-term outcomes on diagnostic and treatment strategies.

Diversity was determined for ground-cover species within and among landscape ecosystem groups of the University of Michigan Biological Station, nortbern lower Michigan, USA. The concept of ecosystem diversity, number, kinds, and patterns of landscape ecosystems and their processes, was introduced and illustrated. The 4000-ha area has been highly disturbed by logging and repeated post-logging fires. Early successional species now dominate the overstory of upland ecosystems. Twenty-one upland landscape ecosystem groups were identified, classified, described, and mapped on the basis of interrelationships among climate, physiography, soil, and vegetation. Six landscape ecosystem groups, representative of extremes along moisture, nutrient, and microclimate gradients, were selected for the analysis of alpha and beta diversity of ground-cover vegetation. Alpha diversity indices calculated were species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity, Shannon-Wiener evenness, and Simpson's index. Beta diversity was measured by percentage similarity and Jaccard's coefficient. The most moist and nutrient-rich ecosystem group had the highest alpha diversity. The general pattern of decreasing alpha diversity was moist and nutrient-rich, moderately moist and moderately nutrient-rich, moist and nutrient-poor and climatically extreme, dry and nutrient-poor and climatically extreme, and dry and nutrient-poor. Beta diversity analysis revealed significant between-ecosystem diversity, despite the fact that the landscape appears relatively flat and strongly dominated by big-tooth (Populus grandidentata Michx.) and trembling (P. tremuloides Michx.) aspens. The richness of landscape ecosystems among four regional landscapes in Michigan, including the Biological Station was contrasted and described. Greater ecosystem richness of the Biological Station reflects greater geologic-physiographic complexity of the area due to its glacial history. Distinguishing and mapping landscape ecosystems proves an excellent framework for assessing alpha and beta diversity of plant species and for similar analyses of whole landscape ecosystems and their processes. Utilizacion del enfoque ecosistemico a nivel de paisaje para evaluar la diversidad de especies y ecosistemas Resumen: Se determino la diversidad de especies de la cobertura vegetal del suelo dentro y entre grupos de ecosistemas paisajisticos en la Estacion Biologica de la Universidad de Michigan, en el norte del estado de Michigan, Estados Unidos. Se introduce e ilustra el concepto de la diversidad del ecosistema, numero, tipos y patrones de los ecosistemas paisajisticos y sus procesos. El area de 4000 ha ha sido altamente perturbada por tala e incendios posteriores a la tala. Especies sucecionales tempranas dominan en la actualidid el dosel de los ecosistemas de las tierras altas. Utilizando un enfoque ecosistemico a nivel de paisaje, fueron identificados, clasificados, descriptos y mapeados 21 grupos de ecosistemas paisajisticos de las tierras altas, en base a las inter-relaciones entre clima, fisiografia, suelo y vegetacion. Para el analisis de diversidad alfa y beta de la cobertura vegetal del suelo se seleccionaron seis grupos de ecosistemas paisajisticos, representativos de los extremos a lo largo de los gradientes de humedad, nutrientes y gradientes micro-climaticos. Los indices de diversidad alfa calculados fueron la riqueza de especies, el indice de diversidad de Shannon-Wiener (H′), la similitud de Shannon-Wiener (E) y el indice de Simpson (1-D). La diversidad beta fue medida con el porcentaje de similaridad y el coeficiente de Jaccard. El grupo de ecosistemas mas humedos y ricos en nutrientes presento la diversidad alfa mas alta. El patron general de decrecimiento de diversidad alfa fue, humedo y rico en nutrientes, moderadamente humedo y moderadamente rico en nutrientes, seco y rico en nutrientes, humedo y pobre en nutrientes y de condiciones climaticas extremas, seco y pobre en nutrientes y de condiciones climaticas extremas, y finalmente, seco y pobre en nutrientes. El analisis de la diversidad beta revelo una diversidad significativa entre ecosistemas, a pesar del hecho de que los paisajes parecian relativamente planos y fuertemente dominados por alamos, Populus grandidentata Michx. y Populus tremuloides Michx. La riqueza de los ecosistemas paisajisticos entre los cuatro paisajes regionales de Michigan, incluyendo la Estacion Biologica fueron contrastados y descritos. La mayor riqueza del ecosistema de la estacion Biologica refleja la mayor complejidad geologica y fisiografica del area debido a su historia glaciar. La distincion y el mapeo de los ecosistemas paisajisticos resulta un marco excelente para la evaluacion de las diversidad alfa y beta para las especies de plantas y para analisis similares de los ecosistemas paisajisticos en su totalidad y de sus procesos.

Changes in bottom-up forcing are fundamental drivers of fish population dynamics. Recent literature has highlighted the need to incorporate the role of dynamic environmental conditions in stock assessments as a key step towards adaptive fishery management. Combining a bioclimate envelope model and a population dynamic model, we propose a model-based approach that can incorporate ecosystem products into single-species stock assessments. The framework was applied to a commercially important American lobster (Homarus americanus) stock in the Northwest Atlantic. The bioclimate envelope model was used to hindcast temporal variability in a lobster recruitment habitat suitability index (HSI) using bottom temperature and salinity. The climate-driven HSI was used to inform the lobster recruitment dynamics within the size-structured population dynamics model. The performance of the assessment model with an environment-explicit recruitment function is evaluated by comparing relevant assessment outputs such as recruitment, annual fishing mortality, and magnitude of retrospective biases. The environmentally-informed assessment model estimated (i) higher recruitment and lower fishing mortality and (ii) reduced retrospective patterns. This analysis indicates that climate-driven changes in lobster habitat suitability contributed to increased lobster recruitment and present potential improvement to population assessment. Our approach is extendable to other stocks that are impacted by similar environmental variability.

The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) is having profound effects on the lives and well-being of the world’s population. All levels of the nation’s public health and health care delivery systems are rapidly adjusting to secure the health infrastructure to manage the pandemic in the United States. As the nation’s safety net health care systems, academic medical centers (AMCs) are vital clinical and academic resources in managing the pandemic. COVID-19 may also risk the financial underpinnings of AMCs because their cost structures are high, and they may have incurred large amounts of debt over the last decade as they expanded their clinical operations and facilities. This Invited Commentary reviews existing data on AMC debt levels; summarizes relief provided in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act; and suggests policy options to help mitigate risk.