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1. Traction control using artificial neural networks

Author

Butler, DA

Abstract

Modern traction control techniques manage driven wheel speed from data obtained through a small number of sensors from around an automobile. This data is then fed into an on-board computer that has been specially programmed to attempt to maximise driven wheel traction from its information base. Problems can arise, however, when abnormal conditions are encountered. The small number of sensors used as controller inputs and the various assumptions made during the conventional controller programming can lead to erroneous correction commands ‚ÄövÑvÆ with an increased risk of spinout and other undesirable situations. The incorporation of artificial neural networks into the traction controller command logic has the scope to bring a two-fold advantage. The first stems from a neural network's ability to learn. It can be programmed through experimental data, and thus removes the need for tedious mathematics programming of the vehicle dynamics, which can be used to reduce controller cost and also brings about the possibility of continual reprogramming as the vehicle's condition alters due to wear, etc. The second is its ability to cope with data from a large number of sensors. With more sensors in place, the NN has a large base of information on which to make decisions on how to optimise traction. The result, hopefully, will be a traction control response that will provide superior traction solutions and be readily programmed to suit different applications. This study aims at conducting preliminary research into the accuracy and application limitations of artificial neural networks in the interests of determining their feasibility for use in closed loop traction control applications. This includes selecting parameters to be predicted, as well as model input variables, network architectures and the collection of network training data for off-line control. To this end the accuracy of back-propagation and general regression neural networks will be compared using 14 input, single output architectures in the interests of predicting longitudinal acceleration, lateral acceleration and yaw angle, which are identified as crucial factors in vehicle dynamics control. The study also includes the complete construction of a test vehicle, in which the sensors are mounted and data acquisition systems used to gather the network training and testing data, from which this investigation is based. This work is a step towards establishing the applications of artificial neural networks to automobile applications on a sound mathematical and quantitative basis.

Published
2023
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2. Enhancing automotive stability control with artificial neural networks

Author

Butler, DA

Abstract

Many studies of automotive crash statistics have shown that driver error is a major cause of accident and injury on the roads worldwide. This has lead to the development of many active control systems to aid the driver during panic maneuvers, such as antilock braking systems. Nonetheless, there has been a slow growth in the control methodology of these systems, with wheel speed regulation based on the information derived from a small number of sensors the norm across all past and present systems. To achieve greater performance gains, it is important to control more vehicle parameters and obtain vehicle state information from larger sensor arrays. Problems arise using traditional control methodology, as additional variables create exponential increases in control algorithm complexity, and in computational requirements. Artificial neural networks (ANN) are presented in literature as an artificial intelligence solution to approaching problems. Significant benefits include, the ability to model highly non-linear and complex systems, capacity to incorporate many model inputs and outputs, low computational requirements and capability for self-learning from observed data. However, previous work has largely been limited to simulation or very narrow practical testing, from which it is difficult to draw useful conclusions. This thesis addresses these problems by developing two new ANN systems, implemented in broad practical tests. The first uses suspension and wheel speed vibration to intelligently predict road surface conditions, which is a major performance limitation in all current systems. The second models complex vehicle dynamics through a large sensor array and ANN process optimisation to implement intelligent traction control. This method determines the optimal driven wheel speed for maximum acceleration in the driver's desired direction, in a process that is generic and adaptable to current and future active control systems. All results are derived from a real test vehicle, which was adapted for this investigation. This included the installation of chassis and engine sensors, data acquisition and control systems, engine management hardware and user interfaces, as well as constructing ANN models and controllers in the NI LabVIEW language. The positive outcomes of this work are a step towards establishing new methods of active vehicle control on a statistical and quantitative basis.

Published
2023
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4. Smoking remains associated with education after controlling for social background and genetic factors in a study of 18 twin cohorts

Author

Silventoinen, K, Piirtola, M, Jelenkovic, A, Sund, R, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Medda, E, Nistico, L, Toccaceli, V, Honda, C, Inui, F, Tomizawa, R, Watanabe, M, Sakai, N, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Lee, J, Lee, SJ, Sung, J, Franz, CE, Kremen, WS, Lyons, MJ, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Tynelius, P, Rasmussen, F, Martin, NG, Medland, SE, Montgomery, GW, Brandt, I, Nilsen, TS, Harris, JR, Tyler, J, Hopper, JL, Magnusson, PKE, Pedersen, NL, Aslan, AKD, Ordonana, JR, Sanchez-Romera, JF, Colodro-Conde, L, Rebato, E, Zhang, D, Pang, Z, Tan, Q, Silberg, JL, Maes, HH, Boomsma, D, Sorensen, TIA, Korhonen, T, Kaprio, J, Silventoinen, K, Piirtola, M, Jelenkovic, A, Sund, R, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Medda, E, Nistico, L, Toccaceli, V, Honda, C, Inui, F, Tomizawa, R, Watanabe, M, Sakai, N, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Lee, J, Lee, SJ, Sung, J, Franz, CE, Kremen, WS, Lyons, MJ, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Tynelius, P, Rasmussen, F, Martin, NG, Medland, SE, Montgomery, GW, Brandt, I, Nilsen, TS, Harris, JR, Tyler, J, Hopper, JL, Magnusson, PKE, Pedersen, NL, Aslan, AKD, Ordonana, JR, Sanchez-Romera, JF, Colodro-Conde, L, Rebato, E, Zhang, D, Pang, Z, Tan, Q, Silberg, JL, Maes, HH, Boomsma, D, Sorensen, TIA, Korhonen, T, and Kaprio, J

Abstract

We tested the causality between education and smoking using the natural experiment of discordant twin pairs allowing to optimally control for background genetic and childhood social factors. Data from 18 cohorts including 10,527 monozygotic (MZ) and same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs discordant for education and smoking were analyzed by linear fixed effects regression models. Within twin pairs, education levels were lower among the currently smoking than among the never smoking co-twins and this education difference was larger within DZ than MZ pairs. Similarly, education levels were higher among former smoking than among currently smoking co-twins, and this difference was larger within DZ pairs. Our results support the hypothesis of a causal effect of education on both current smoking status and smoking cessation. However, the even greater intra-pair differences within DZ pairs, who share only 50% of their segregating genes, provide evidence that shared genetic factors also contribute to these associations.

Published
2022

5. Genetic and environmental influences on human height from infancy through adulthood at different levels of parental education

Author

Jelenkovic, A, Sund, R, Yokoyama, Y, Latvala, A, Sugawara, M, Tanaka, M, Matsumoto, S, Freitas, DL, Maia, JA, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Rebato, E, Saudino, KJ, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Ullemar, V, Almqvist, C, Magnusson, PKE, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Sung, J, Kim, J, Lee, J, Lee, S, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, Medda, E, Nistico, L, Toccaceli, V, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Silberg, JL, Maes, HH, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Harris, JR, Brandt, I, Nilsen, TS, Harden, KP, Tucker-Drob, EM, Franz, CE, Kremen, WS, Lyons, MJ, Lichtenstein, P, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, CEM, Willemsen, G, Oncel, SY, Aliev, F, Jeong, H-U, Hur, Y-M, Turkheimer, E, Boomsma, D, Srensen, TIA, Kaprio, J, Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Sund, R, Yokoyama, Y, Latvala, A, Sugawara, M, Tanaka, M, Matsumoto, S, Freitas, DL, Maia, JA, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Rebato, E, Saudino, KJ, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Ullemar, V, Almqvist, C, Magnusson, PKE, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Sung, J, Kim, J, Lee, J, Lee, S, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, Medda, E, Nistico, L, Toccaceli, V, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Silberg, JL, Maes, HH, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Harris, JR, Brandt, I, Nilsen, TS, Harden, KP, Tucker-Drob, EM, Franz, CE, Kremen, WS, Lyons, MJ, Lichtenstein, P, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, CEM, Willemsen, G, Oncel, SY, Aliev, F, Jeong, H-U, Hur, Y-M, Turkheimer, E, Boomsma, D, Srensen, TIA, Kaprio, J, and Silventoinen, K

Abstract

Genetic factors explain a major proportion of human height variation, but differences in mean stature have also been found between socio-economic categories suggesting a possible effect of environment. By utilizing a classical twin design which allows decomposing the variation of height into genetic and environmental components, we tested the hypothesis that environmental variation in height is greater in offspring of lower educated parents. Twin data from 29 cohorts including 65,978 complete twin pairs with information on height at ages 1 to 69 years and on parental education were pooled allowing the analyses at different ages and in three geographic-cultural regions (Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia). Parental education mostly showed a positive association with offspring height, with significant associations in mid-childhood and from adolescence onwards. In variance decomposition modeling, the genetic and environmental variance components of height did not show a consistent relation to parental education. A random-effects meta-regression analysis of the aggregate-level data showed a trend towards greater shared environmental variation of height in low parental education families. In conclusion, in our very large dataset from twin cohorts around the globe, these results provide only weak evidence for the study hypothesis.

Published
2020

6. Genetic and environmental variation in educational attainment: an individual-based analysis of 28 twin cohorts

Author

Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Sund, R, Latvala, A, Honda, C, Inui, F, Tomizawa, R, Watanabe, M, Sakai, N, Rebato, E, Busjahn, A, Tyler, J, Hopper, JL, Ordonana, JR, Sanchez-Romera, JF, Colodro-Conde, L, Calais-Ferreira, L, Oliveira, VC, Ferreira, PH, Medda, E, Nistico, L, Toccaceli, V, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Siribaddana, SH, Hotopf, M, Sumathipala, A, Rijsdijk, F, Duncan, GE, Buchwald, D, Tynelius, P, Rasmussen, F, Tan, Q, Zhang, D, Pang, Z, Magnusson, PKE, Pedersen, NL, Aslan, AKD, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Brandt, I, Nilsen, TS, Harris, JR, Martin, NG, Medland, SE, Montgomery, GW, Willemsen, G, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, CEM, Franz, CE, Kremen, WS, Lyons, MJ, Silberg, JL, Maes, HH, Kandler, C, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Park, HA, Lee, J, Lee, SJ, Sung, J, Yokoyama, Y, Sorensen, TIA, Boomsma, D, Kaprio, J, Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Sund, R, Latvala, A, Honda, C, Inui, F, Tomizawa, R, Watanabe, M, Sakai, N, Rebato, E, Busjahn, A, Tyler, J, Hopper, JL, Ordonana, JR, Sanchez-Romera, JF, Colodro-Conde, L, Calais-Ferreira, L, Oliveira, VC, Ferreira, PH, Medda, E, Nistico, L, Toccaceli, V, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Siribaddana, SH, Hotopf, M, Sumathipala, A, Rijsdijk, F, Duncan, GE, Buchwald, D, Tynelius, P, Rasmussen, F, Tan, Q, Zhang, D, Pang, Z, Magnusson, PKE, Pedersen, NL, Aslan, AKD, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Brandt, I, Nilsen, TS, Harris, JR, Martin, NG, Medland, SE, Montgomery, GW, Willemsen, G, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, CEM, Franz, CE, Kremen, WS, Lyons, MJ, Silberg, JL, Maes, HH, Kandler, C, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Park, HA, Lee, J, Lee, SJ, Sung, J, Yokoyama, Y, Sorensen, TIA, Boomsma, D, and Kaprio, J

Abstract

We investigated the heritability of educational attainment and how it differed between birth cohorts and cultural-geographic regions. A classical twin design was applied to pooled data from 28 cohorts representing 16 countries and including 193,518 twins with information on educational attainment at 25 years of age or older. Genetic factors explained the major part of individual differences in educational attainment (heritability: a2 = 0.43; 0.41-0.44), but also environmental variation shared by co-twins was substantial (c2 = 0.31; 0.30-0.33). The proportions of educational variation explained by genetic and shared environmental factors did not differ between Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia. When restricted to twins 30 years or older to confirm finalized education, the heritability was higher in the older cohorts born in 1900-1949 (a2 = 0.44; 0.41-0.46) than in the later cohorts born in 1950-1989 (a2 = 0.38; 0.36-0.40), with a corresponding lower influence of common environmental factors (c2 = 0.31; 0.29-0.33 and c2 = 0.34; 0.32-0.36, respectively). In conclusion, both genetic and environmental factors shared by co-twins have an important influence on individual differences in educational attainment. The effect of genetic factors on educational attainment has decreased from the cohorts born before to those born after the 1950s.

Published
2020

7. The CODATwins Project: The Current Status and Recent Findings of COllaborative Project of Development of Anthropometrical Measures in Twins

Author

Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Yokoyama, Y, Sund, R, Sugawara, M, Tanaka, M, Matsumoto, S, Bogl, LH, Freitas, DL, Maia, JA, Hjelmborg, JVB, Aaltonen, S, Piirtola, M, Latvala, A, Calais-Ferreira, L, Oliveira, VC, Ferreira, PH, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Ordonana, JR, Sanchez-Romera, JF, Colodro-Conde, L, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Martin, NG, Medland, SE, Montgomery, GW, Kandler, C, McAdams, TA, Eley, TC, Gregory, AM, Saudino, KJ, Dubois, L, Boivin, M, Brendgen, M, Dionne, G, Vitaro, F, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Haworth, CMA, Plomin, R, Oncel, SY, Aliev, F, Medda, E, Nistico, L, Toccaceli, V, Craig, JM, Saffery, R, Siribaddana, SH, Hotopf, M, Sumathipala, A, Rijsdijk, F, Jeong, H-U, Spector, T, Mangino, M, Lachance, G, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Gao, W, Yu, C, Li, L, Bayasgalan, G, Narandalai, D, Harden, KP, Tucker-Drob, EM, Christensen, K, Skytthe, A, Kyvik, KO, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, He, M, Ding, X, Silberg, JL, Maes, HH, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Magnusson, PKE, Pedersen, NL, Dahl Aslan, AK, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Bjerregaard-Andersen, M, Beck-Nielsen, H, Sodemann, M, Ullemar, V, Almqvist, C, Tan, Q, Zhang, D, Swan, GE, Krasnow, R, Jang, KL, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Lichtenstein, P, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Tynelius, P, Rasmussen, F, Duncan, GE, Buchwald, D, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Franz, CE, Kremen, WS, Lyons, MJ, Ooki, S, Brandt, I, Nilsen, TS, Harris, JR, Sung, J, Park, HA, Lee, J, Lee, SJ, Willemsen, G, Bartels, M, Van Beijsterveldt, CEM, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, Rebato, E, Busjahn, A, Tomizawa, R, Inui, F, Watanabe, M, Honda, C, Sakai, N, Hur, Y-M, Sorensen, TIA, Boomsma, DI, Kaprio, J, Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Yokoyama, Y, Sund, R, Sugawara, M, Tanaka, M, Matsumoto, S, Bogl, LH, Freitas, DL, Maia, JA, Hjelmborg, JVB, Aaltonen, S, Piirtola, M, Latvala, A, Calais-Ferreira, L, Oliveira, VC, Ferreira, PH, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Ordonana, JR, Sanchez-Romera, JF, Colodro-Conde, L, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Martin, NG, Medland, SE, Montgomery, GW, Kandler, C, McAdams, TA, Eley, TC, Gregory, AM, Saudino, KJ, Dubois, L, Boivin, M, Brendgen, M, Dionne, G, Vitaro, F, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Haworth, CMA, Plomin, R, Oncel, SY, Aliev, F, Medda, E, Nistico, L, Toccaceli, V, Craig, JM, Saffery, R, Siribaddana, SH, Hotopf, M, Sumathipala, A, Rijsdijk, F, Jeong, H-U, Spector, T, Mangino, M, Lachance, G, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Gao, W, Yu, C, Li, L, Bayasgalan, G, Narandalai, D, Harden, KP, Tucker-Drob, EM, Christensen, K, Skytthe, A, Kyvik, KO, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, He, M, Ding, X, Silberg, JL, Maes, HH, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Magnusson, PKE, Pedersen, NL, Dahl Aslan, AK, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Bjerregaard-Andersen, M, Beck-Nielsen, H, Sodemann, M, Ullemar, V, Almqvist, C, Tan, Q, Zhang, D, Swan, GE, Krasnow, R, Jang, KL, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Lichtenstein, P, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Tynelius, P, Rasmussen, F, Duncan, GE, Buchwald, D, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Franz, CE, Kremen, WS, Lyons, MJ, Ooki, S, Brandt, I, Nilsen, TS, Harris, JR, Sung, J, Park, HA, Lee, J, Lee, SJ, Willemsen, G, Bartels, M, Van Beijsterveldt, CEM, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, Rebato, E, Busjahn, A, Tomizawa, R, Inui, F, Watanabe, M, Honda, C, Sakai, N, Hur, Y-M, Sorensen, TIA, Boomsma, DI, and Kaprio, J

Abstract

The COllaborative project of Development of Anthropometrical measures in Twins (CODATwins) project is a large international collaborative effort to analyze individual-level phenotype data from twins in multiple cohorts from different environments. The main objective is to study factors that modify genetic and environmental variation of height, body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and size at birth, and additionally to address other research questions such as long-term consequences of birth size. The project started in 2013 and is open to all twin projects in the world having height and weight measures on twins with information on zygosity. Thus far, 54 twin projects from 24 countries have provided individual-level data. The CODATwins database includes 489,981 twin individuals (228,635 complete twin pairs). Since many twin cohorts have collected longitudinal data, there is a total of 1,049,785 height and weight observations. For many cohorts, we also have information on birth weight and length, own smoking behavior and own or parental education. We found that the heritability estimates of height and BMI systematically changed from infancy to old age. Remarkably, only minor differences in the heritability estimates were found across cultural-geographic regions, measurement time and birth cohort for height and BMI. In addition to genetic epidemiological studies, we looked at associations of height and BMI with education, birth weight and smoking status. Within-family analyses examined differences within same-sex and opposite-sex dizygotic twins in birth size and later development. The CODATwins project demonstrates the feasibility and value of international collaboration to address gene-by-exposure interactions that require large sample sizes and address the effects of different exposures across time, geographical regions and socioeconomic status.

Published
2019

8. Parental Education and Genetics of BMI from Infancy to Old Age: A Pooled Analysis of 29 Twin Cohorts

Author

Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Latvala, A, Yokoyama, Y, Sund, R, Sugawara, M, Tanaka, M, Matsumoto, S, Aaltonen, S, Piirtola, M, Freitas, DL, Maia, JA, Oncel, SY, Aliev, F, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Rebato, E, Saudino, KJ, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Ullemar, V, Almqvist, C, Magnusson, PKE, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Willemsen, G, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, CEM, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Sung, J, Kim, J, Lee, J, Lee, S, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, Medda, E, Nistico, L, Toccaceli, V, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Silberg, JL, Maes, HH, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Harris, JR, Nilsen, TS, Harden, KP, Tucker-Drob, EM, Franz, CE, Kremen, WS, Lyons, MJ, Lichtenstein, P, Jeong, H-U, Hur, Y-M, Boomsma, DI, Sorensen, TIA, Kaprio, J, Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Latvala, A, Yokoyama, Y, Sund, R, Sugawara, M, Tanaka, M, Matsumoto, S, Aaltonen, S, Piirtola, M, Freitas, DL, Maia, JA, Oncel, SY, Aliev, F, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Rebato, E, Saudino, KJ, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Ullemar, V, Almqvist, C, Magnusson, PKE, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Willemsen, G, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, CEM, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Sung, J, Kim, J, Lee, J, Lee, S, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, Medda, E, Nistico, L, Toccaceli, V, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Silberg, JL, Maes, HH, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Harris, JR, Nilsen, TS, Harden, KP, Tucker-Drob, EM, Franz, CE, Kremen, WS, Lyons, MJ, Lichtenstein, P, Jeong, H-U, Hur, Y-M, Boomsma, DI, Sorensen, TIA, and Kaprio, J

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyze how parental education modifies the genetic and environmental variances of BMI from infancy to old age in three geographic-cultural regions. METHODS: A pooled sample of 29 cohorts including 143,499 twin individuals with information on parental education and BMI from age 1 to 79 years (299,201 BMI measures) was analyzed by genetic twin modeling. RESULTS: Until 4 years of age, parental education was not consistently associated with BMI. Thereafter, higher parental education level was associated with lower BMI in males and females. Total and additive genetic variances of BMI were smaller in the offspring of highly educated parents than in those whose parents had low education levels. Especially in North American and Australian children, environmental factors shared by co-twins also contributed to the higher BMI variation in the low education level category. In Europe and East Asia, the associations of parental education with mean BMI and BMI variance were weaker than in North America and Australia. CONCLUSIONS: Lower parental education level is associated with higher mean BMI and larger genetic variance of BMI after early childhood, especially in the obesogenic macro-environment. The interplay among genetic predisposition, childhood social environment, and macro-social context is important for socioeconomic differences in BMI.

Published
2019

10. Association of current and former smoking with body mass index: A study of smoking discordant twin pairs from 21 twin cohorts

Author

Remuzzi, G, Piirtola, M, Jelenkovic, A, Latvala, A, Sund, R, Honda, C, Inui, F, Watanabe, M, Tomizawa, R, Iwatani, Y, Ordonana, JR, Sanchez-Romera, JF, Colodro-Conde, L, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Martin, NG, Montgomery, GW, Medland, SE, Rasmussen, F, Tynelius, P, Tan, Q, Zhang, D, Pang, Z, Rebato, E, Stazi, MA, Fagnani, C, Brescianini, S, Busjahn, A, Harris, JR, Brandt, I, Nilsen, TS, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Sung, J, Kim, J, Lee, J, Lee, S, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Franz, CE, Kremen, WS, Lyons, MJ, Magnusson, PKE, Pedersen, NL, Aslan, AKD, Oncel, SY, Aliev, F, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Silberg, JL, Maes, HH, Boomsma, D, Sorensen, TIA, Korhonen, T, Kaprio, J, Silventoinen, K, Remuzzi, G, Piirtola, M, Jelenkovic, A, Latvala, A, Sund, R, Honda, C, Inui, F, Watanabe, M, Tomizawa, R, Iwatani, Y, Ordonana, JR, Sanchez-Romera, JF, Colodro-Conde, L, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Martin, NG, Montgomery, GW, Medland, SE, Rasmussen, F, Tynelius, P, Tan, Q, Zhang, D, Pang, Z, Rebato, E, Stazi, MA, Fagnani, C, Brescianini, S, Busjahn, A, Harris, JR, Brandt, I, Nilsen, TS, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Sung, J, Kim, J, Lee, J, Lee, S, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Franz, CE, Kremen, WS, Lyons, MJ, Magnusson, PKE, Pedersen, NL, Aslan, AKD, Oncel, SY, Aliev, F, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Silberg, JL, Maes, HH, Boomsma, D, Sorensen, TIA, Korhonen, T, Kaprio, J, and Silventoinen, K

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Smokers tend to weigh less than never smokers, while successful quitting leads to an increase in body weight. Because smokers and non-smokers may differ in genetic and environmental family background, we analysed data from twin pairs in which the co-twins differed by their smoking behaviour to evaluate if the association between smoking and body mass index (BMI) remains after controlling for family background. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The international CODATwins database includes information on smoking and BMI measured between 1960 and 2012 from 156,593 twin individuals 18-69 years of age. Individual-based data (230,378 measurements) and data of smoking discordant twin pairs (altogether 30,014 pairwise measurements, 36% from monozygotic [MZ] pairs) were analysed with linear fixed-effects regression models by 10-year periods. In MZ pairs, the smoking co-twin had, on average, 0.57 kg/m2 lower BMI in men (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.49, 0.70) and 0.65 kg/m2 lower BMI in women (95% CI: 0.52, 0.79) than the never smoking co-twin. Former smokers had 0.70 kg/m2 higher BMI among men (95% CI: 0.63, 0.78) and 0.62 kg/m2 higher BMI among women (95% CI: 0.51, 0.73) than their currently smoking MZ co-twins. Little difference in BMI was observed when comparing former smoking co-twins with their never smoking MZ co-twins (0.13 kg/m2, 95% CI 0.04, 0.23 among men; -0.04 kg/m2, 95% CI -0.16, 0.09 among women). The associations were similar within dizygotic pairs and when analysing twins as individuals. The observed series of cross-sectional associations were independent of sex, age, and measurement decade. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking is associated with lower BMI and smoking cessation with higher BMI. However, the net effect of smoking and subsequent cessation on weight development appears to be minimal, i.e. never more than an average of 0.7 kg/m2.

Published
2018

12. Genetic and environmental effects on body mass index from infancy to the onset of adulthood: an individual-based pooled analysis of 45 twin cohorts participating in the COllaborative project of Development of Anthropometrical measures in Twins (CODATwins)

Author

Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Sund, R, Hur, Y-M, Yokoyama, Y, Honda, C, Hjelmborg, JV, Möller, S, Ooki, S, Aaltonen, S, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Rebato, E, Busjahn, A, Kandler, C, Saudino, KJ, Jang, KL, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Gao, W, Yu, C, Li, L, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Christensen, K, Skytthe, A, Kyvik, KO, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJ, Heikkilä, K, Wardle, J, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, McAdams, TA, Eley, TC, Gregory, AM, He, M, Ding, X, Bjerregaard-Andersen, M, Beck-Nielsen, H, Sodemann, M, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Stazi, MA, Fagnani, C, D'Ippolito, C, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Silberg, JL, Eaves, LJ, Maes, HH, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, TC, Craig, Jeffrey, Saffery, R, Freitas, DL, Maia, JA, Dubois, L, Boivin, M, Brendgen, M, Dionne, G, Vitaro, F, Martin, NG, Medland, SE, Montgomery, GW, Chong, Y, Swan, GE, Krasnow, R, Magnusson, PK, Pedersen, NL, Tynelius, P, Lichtenstein, P, Haworth, CM, Plomin, R, Bayasgalan, G, Narandalai, D, Harden, KP, Tucker-Drob, EM, Öncel, SY, Aliev, F, Spector, T, Mangino, M, Lachance, G, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Duncan, GE, Buchwald, D, Willemsen, G, Rasmussen, F, Goldberg, JH, Sørensen, TI, Boomsma, DI, Kaprio, J, Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Sund, R, Hur, Y-M, Yokoyama, Y, Honda, C, Hjelmborg, JV, Möller, S, Ooki, S, Aaltonen, S, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Rebato, E, Busjahn, A, Kandler, C, Saudino, KJ, Jang, KL, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Gao, W, Yu, C, Li, L, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Christensen, K, Skytthe, A, Kyvik, KO, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJ, Heikkilä, K, Wardle, J, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, McAdams, TA, Eley, TC, Gregory, AM, He, M, Ding, X, Bjerregaard-Andersen, M, Beck-Nielsen, H, Sodemann, M, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Stazi, MA, Fagnani, C, D'Ippolito, C, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Silberg, JL, Eaves, LJ, Maes, HH, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, TC, Craig, Jeffrey, Saffery, R, Freitas, DL, Maia, JA, Dubois, L, Boivin, M, Brendgen, M, Dionne, G, Vitaro, F, Martin, NG, Medland, SE, Montgomery, GW, Chong, Y, Swan, GE, Krasnow, R, Magnusson, PK, Pedersen, NL, Tynelius, P, Lichtenstein, P, Haworth, CM, Plomin, R, Bayasgalan, G, Narandalai, D, Harden, KP, Tucker-Drob, EM, Öncel, SY, Aliev, F, Spector, T, Mangino, M, Lachance, G, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Duncan, GE, Buchwald, D, Willemsen, G, Rasmussen, F, Goldberg, JH, Sørensen, TI, Boomsma, DI, and Kaprio, J

Published
2016

13. Genetic and environmental influences on adult human height across birth cohorts from 1886 to 1994

Author

Jelenkovic, A, Hur, Y-M, Sund, R, Yokoyama, Y, Siribaddana, SH, Hotopf, M, Sumathipala, A, Rijsdijk, F, Tan, Q, Zhang, D, Pang, Z, Aaltonen, S, Heikkila, K, Oncel, SY, Aliev, F, Rebato, E, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Christensen, K, Skytthe, A, Kyvik, KO, Silberg, JL, Eaves, LJ, Maes, HH, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Ordonana, JR, Sanchez-Romera, JF, Colodro-Conde, L, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Sun, J, Song, Y-M, Yang, S, Lee, K, Franz, CE, Kremen, WS, Lyons, MJ, Busjahn, A, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Kandler, C, Jang, KL, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Stazi, MA, Fagnani, C, D'Ippolito, C, Duncan, GE, Buchwald, D, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Martin, NG, Medland, SE, Montgomery, GW, Jeong, H-U, Swan, GE, Krasnow, R, Magnusson, PKE, Pedersen, NL, Dahl-Aslan, AK, McAdams, TA, Eley, TC, Gregory, AM, Tynelius, P, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Bayasgalan, G, Narandalai, D, Lichtenstein, P, Spector, TD, Mangino, M, Lachance, G, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, TCEM, Willemsen, G, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Harris, JR, Brandt, I, Nilsen, TS, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Corley, RP, Hjelmborg, JVB, Goldberg, JH, Iwatani, Y, Watanabe, M, Honda, C, Inui, F, Rasmussen, F, Huibregtse, BM, Boomsma, DI, Sorensen, TIA, Kaprio, J, Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Hur, Y-M, Sund, R, Yokoyama, Y, Siribaddana, SH, Hotopf, M, Sumathipala, A, Rijsdijk, F, Tan, Q, Zhang, D, Pang, Z, Aaltonen, S, Heikkila, K, Oncel, SY, Aliev, F, Rebato, E, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Christensen, K, Skytthe, A, Kyvik, KO, Silberg, JL, Eaves, LJ, Maes, HH, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Ordonana, JR, Sanchez-Romera, JF, Colodro-Conde, L, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Sun, J, Song, Y-M, Yang, S, Lee, K, Franz, CE, Kremen, WS, Lyons, MJ, Busjahn, A, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Kandler, C, Jang, KL, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Stazi, MA, Fagnani, C, D'Ippolito, C, Duncan, GE, Buchwald, D, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Martin, NG, Medland, SE, Montgomery, GW, Jeong, H-U, Swan, GE, Krasnow, R, Magnusson, PKE, Pedersen, NL, Dahl-Aslan, AK, McAdams, TA, Eley, TC, Gregory, AM, Tynelius, P, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Bayasgalan, G, Narandalai, D, Lichtenstein, P, Spector, TD, Mangino, M, Lachance, G, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, TCEM, Willemsen, G, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Harris, JR, Brandt, I, Nilsen, TS, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Corley, RP, Hjelmborg, JVB, Goldberg, JH, Iwatani, Y, Watanabe, M, Honda, C, Inui, F, Rasmussen, F, Huibregtse, BM, Boomsma, DI, Sorensen, TIA, Kaprio, J, and Silventoinen, K

Abstract

Human height variation is determined by genetic and environmental factors, but it remains unclear whether their influences differ across birth-year cohorts. We conducted an individual-based pooled analysis of 40 twin cohorts including 143,390 complete twin pairs born 1886-1994. Although genetic variance showed a generally increasing trend across the birth-year cohorts, heritability estimates (0.69-0.84 in men and 0.53-0.78 in women) did not present any clear pattern of secular changes. Comparing geographic-cultural regions (Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia), total height variance was greatest in North America and Australia and lowest in East Asia, but no clear pattern in the heritability estimates across the birth-year cohorts emerged. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that heritability of height is lower in populations with low living standards than in affluent populations, nor that heritability of height will increase within a population as living standards improve.

Published
2016

14. Genetic and environmental influences on height from infancy to early adulthood: An individual-based pooled analysis of 45 twin cohorts

Author

Jelenkovic, A, Sund, R, Hur, Y-M, Yokoyama, Y, Hjelmborg, JVB, Moller, S, Honda, C, Magnusson, PKE, Pedersen, NL, Ooki, S, Aaltonen, S, Stazi, MA, Fagnani, C, D'Ippolito, C, Freitas, DL, Maia, JA, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Rebato, E, Busjahn, A, Kandler, C, Saudino, KJ, Jang, KL, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Gao, W, Yu, C, Li, L, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Heikkila, K, Wardle, J, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, McAdams, TA, Eley, TC, Gregory, AM, He, M, Ding, X, Bjerregaard-Andersen, M, Beck-Nielsen, H, Sodemann, M, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Silberg, JL, Eaves, LJ, Maes, HH, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, TCEM, Craig, JM, Saffery, R, Dubois, L, Boivin, M, Brendgen, M, Dionne, G, Vitaro, F, Martin, NG, Medland, SE, Montgomery, GW, Swan, GE, Krasnow, R, Tynelius, P, Lichtenstein, P, Haworth, CMA, Plomin, R, Bayasgalan, G, Narandalai, D, Harden, KP, Tucker-Drob, EM, Spector, T, Mangino, M, Lachance, G, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Duncan, GE, Buchwald, D, Willemsen, G, Skytthe, A, Kyvik, KO, Christensen, K, Oncel, SY, Aliev, F, Rasmussen, F, Goldberg, JH, Sorensen, TIA, Boomsma, DI, Kaprio, J, Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Sund, R, Hur, Y-M, Yokoyama, Y, Hjelmborg, JVB, Moller, S, Honda, C, Magnusson, PKE, Pedersen, NL, Ooki, S, Aaltonen, S, Stazi, MA, Fagnani, C, D'Ippolito, C, Freitas, DL, Maia, JA, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Rebato, E, Busjahn, A, Kandler, C, Saudino, KJ, Jang, KL, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Gao, W, Yu, C, Li, L, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Heikkila, K, Wardle, J, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, McAdams, TA, Eley, TC, Gregory, AM, He, M, Ding, X, Bjerregaard-Andersen, M, Beck-Nielsen, H, Sodemann, M, Tarnoki, AD, Tarnoki, DL, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Silberg, JL, Eaves, LJ, Maes, HH, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, TCEM, Craig, JM, Saffery, R, Dubois, L, Boivin, M, Brendgen, M, Dionne, G, Vitaro, F, Martin, NG, Medland, SE, Montgomery, GW, Swan, GE, Krasnow, R, Tynelius, P, Lichtenstein, P, Haworth, CMA, Plomin, R, Bayasgalan, G, Narandalai, D, Harden, KP, Tucker-Drob, EM, Spector, T, Mangino, M, Lachance, G, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Duncan, GE, Buchwald, D, Willemsen, G, Skytthe, A, Kyvik, KO, Christensen, K, Oncel, SY, Aliev, F, Rasmussen, F, Goldberg, JH, Sorensen, TIA, Boomsma, DI, Kaprio, J, and Silventoinen, K

Abstract

Height variation is known to be determined by both genetic and environmental factors, but a systematic description of how their influences differ by sex, age and global regions is lacking. We conducted an individual-based pooled analysis of 45 twin cohorts from 20 countries, including 180,520 paired measurements at ages 1-19 years. The proportion of height variation explained by shared environmental factors was greatest in early childhood, but these effects remained present until early adulthood. Accordingly, the relative genetic contribution increased with age and was greatest in adolescence (up to 0.83 in boys and 0.76 in girls). Comparing geographic-cultural regions (Europe, North-America and Australia, and East-Asia), genetic variance was greatest in North-America and Australia and lowest in East-Asia, but the relative proportion of genetic variation was roughly similar across these regions. Our findings provide further insights into height variation during childhood and adolescence in populations representing different ethnicities and exposed to different environments.

Published
2016

15. Blue Love

Author

Butler, David

Published
2020

16. The role of invertebrates in the diet, growth and survival of Northern bobwhite, Colinus virginianus, chicks in the Southeastern United States

Author

Butler, DA

Subjects
QH301, QL, animal structures, embryonic structures
Abstract

Invertebrates are the primary component in the diet of northern bobwhite, Colinus virginiamus, chicks during the first two weeks of life. Despite this, few studies have described the composition of invertebrates in the diet of wild chicks and none have examined their effects on chick-growth and survival. Here, a three-year study was conducted to examine the role of invertebrates in the diet of northern bobwhite chicks in the southeastern United States. Initially, laboratory feeding-trials were conducted to evaluate the use of faecal analysis for studying the invertebrate diet of northern bobwhite chicks. Then, by accounting for differential recovery of prey items, the diet of bobwhite broods on farmland and forested plantations in Florida and Georgia was determined by analysing g faeces collected from their nocturnal roost sites. These broods were also captured at 10-days old to provide data on chick-growth and survival. Invertebrate-selection by bobwhi was studied by comparing the composition of invertebrates in the diet of chicks to that found in broodrearing habitats. In addition, the invertebrate-selection of human-imprinted chicks in the same habitats was also examined and compared to that of the wild chicks. Finally, because cotton is a major crop in the southeasterm United States, a field-scale study was conducted to examine how crop-management differences between insect resistant and non-insect resistant cotton varieties affect the abundance of bobwhite chick-food invertebrates. Invertebrate selection by both wild and human-imprinted chicks was non-random. Although invertebrate composition in the diet of chicks differed between all sites, the three invertebrate groups most selected by wild bobwhite chicks, Hemiptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, collectively formed over 70% of the invertebrate-diet on all study sites.

Published
2007
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17. Survival and toxicity of xenogeneic murine retroviral vector producer cells in liver

Author

Ackermann Mr, J.L. Lamsam, Stanley Jd, Jacobson Cd, Butler Da, D.W. Moorman, and K.W. Culver

Subjects
Ganciclovir, Male, Cell Transplantation, viruses, Genetic enhancement, medicine.medical_treatment, Genetic Vectors, Transplantation, Heterologous, Biology, Thymidine Kinase, Virus, Viral vector, Cell Line, Mice, Liver Function Tests, medicine, Animals, Simplexvirus, Genetic transfer, Gene Transfer Techniques, Immunosuppression, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Virology, Rats, Inbred F344, Rats, Retroviridae, Oncology, Liver, Toxicity, Cancer research, Surgery, Liver cancer, medicine.drug
Abstract

Murine retroviral vector producer cells (VPC) can selectively transfer genes stably into proliferating cells. We injected LacZ gene producing VPC directly into normal rat liver. There was no measurable gene transfer into the surrounding hepatic parenchyma with X-GAL staining. Rejection of the xenogeneic murine VPC occurred 7-14 days after injection. Toxicity of this delivery method was evaluated with the herpes simplex-thymidine kinase (HS-tk) gene, which confers sensitivity to the antiherpes drug, ganciclovir (GCV). HS-tk VPC were injected and allowed to grow in normal liver for 7 days before GCV treatment. There was no clinical or histologic evidence of toxicity with GCV treatment. These findings suggest that the direct injection of murine VPC into xenogeneic human tumors may survive sufficiently long without immunosuppression to transfer genes to tumor cells in situ without attendant toxicity. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Published
1994

18. Brief screening tool for disordered eating in diabetes: internal consistency and external validity in a contemporary sample of pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes.

Author

Markowitz JT, Butler DA, Volkening LK, Antisdel JE, Anderson BJ, Laffel LM, Markowitz, Jessica T, Butler, Deborah A, Volkening, Lisa K, Antisdel, Jeanne E, Anderson, Barbara J, and Laffel, Lori M B

Abstract

OBJECTIVE To update and validate a diabetes-specific screening tool for disordered eating (the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey [DEPS]) in contemporary youth with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 112 youth with type 1 diabetes, ages 13-19 years, completed the DEPS. Higher scores on the DEPS indicate more disordered eating behaviors. Youth and their parents also completed additional surveys to examine diabetes-specific family conflict, negative affect related to blood glucose monitoring, youth quality of life, and diabetes burden. Clinicians provided data on height, weight, A1C, and insulin dosing. The DEPS was revised into a shorter, updated measure and validated. RESULTS The revised 16-item DEPS (DEPS-R) displayed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.86). Construct validity was demonstrated by positive correlations with zBMI (P = 0.01), A1C (P = 0.001), diabetes-specific family conflict (P < 0.005), youth negative affect around blood glucose monitoring (P = 0.001), parental diabetes-specific burden (P = 0.0005), and negative correlations with frequency of blood glucose monitoring (P = 0.03) and quality of life (P < or = 0.002). External validity was confirmed against clinician report of insulin restriction. CONCLUSIONS The DEPS-R is a 16-item diabetes-specific self-report measure of disordered eating that can be completed in <10 min. It demonstrated excellent internal consistency, construct validity, and external validity in this contemporary sample of youth with type 1 diabetes. Future studies should focus on using the DEPS-R to identify high-risk populations for prevention of and early intervention for disordered eating behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010
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19. The Blood Glucose Monitoring Communication questionnaire: an instrument to measure affect specific to blood glucose monitoring.

Author

Hood KK, Butler DA, Volkening LK, Anderson BJ, Laffel LMB, Hood, Korey K, Butler, Deborah A, Volkening, Lisa K, Anderson, Barbara J, and Laffel, Lori M B

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to present the psychometric properties of a new tool for evaluating affective response to blood glucose monitoring (BGM) in youths with type 1 diabetes and their parents.Research Design and Methods: Study participants included 153 youths with type 1 diabetes and their parents. Each youth and parent completed the Blood Glucose Monitoring Communication (BGMC) questionnaire, Diabetes Family Conflict Scale, and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. Statistical analyses evaluated the psychometric properties of the BGMC questionnaires and their association with glycemic outcomes.Results: Youth and parent BGMC questionnaires had acceptable internal consistency (youth, alpha = 0.77; parent, alpha = 0.82) and 1-year test-retest reliability (youth, r = 0.60; parent, r = 0.80). Higher BGMC questionnaire scores (indicating more negative affect) showed a strong association with higher levels of diabetes-specific family conflict (youth, r = 0.33; parent, r = 0.44) and poorer health-related psychosocial quality of life (youth, r = -0.50; parent, r = -0.42). Higher BGMC questionnaire scores were also associated with poorer glycemic control (youth, r = 0.28; parent, r = 0.20), even when the effects of diabetes-specific family conflict and psychosocial quality of life were controlled. Youths with BGMC questionnaire scores in the upper quartile had A1c values 1 percentage point higher (9.1%) than youths with scores in the lowest quartile (8.0%).Conclusions: The BGMC questionnaires have strong psychometric properties and are convenient measures of affect specific to BGM. Further, BGM affect is associated with glycemic outcomes and may provide a unique contribution to factors associated with glycemic control in youths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004
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43. Combination therapy with IV fosfomycin for adult patients with serious Gram-negative infections: a review of the literature.

Author

Butler DA, Patel N, O'Donnell JN, and Lodise TP

Subjects
Humans, Animals, Administration, Intravenous, Gram-Negative Bacteria drug effects, Adult, Fosfomycin pharmacokinetics, Fosfomycin administration & dosage, Fosfomycin therapeutic use, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections drug therapy, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections microbiology, Anti-Bacterial Agents administration & dosage, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacokinetics, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Drug Therapy, Combination
Abstract

Treatment of patients with serious infections due to resistant Gram-negative bacteria remains highly problematic and has prompted clinicians to use existing antimicrobial agents in innovative ways. One approach gaining increased therapeutic use is combination therapy with IV fosfomycin. This article reviews the preclinical pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) infection model and clinical data surrounding the use of combination therapy with IV fosfomycin for the treatment of serious infections caused by resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Data from dynamic in vitro and animal infection model studies of highly resistant Enterobacterales and non-lactose fermenters are positive and suggest IV fosfomycin in combination with a β-lactam, polymyxin or aminoglycoside produces a synergistic effect that rivals or surpasses that of other aminoglycoside- or polymyxin-containing regimens. Clinical studies performed to date primarily have involved patients with pneumonia and/or bacteraemia due to Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Acinetobacter baumannii. Overall, the observed success rates with fosfomycin combination regimens were consistent with those reported for other combination regimens commonly used to treat these patients. In studies in which direct treatment comparisons can be derived, the results suggest that patients who received fosfomycin combination therapy had similar or improved outcomes compared with other therapies and combinations, especially when it was used in combination with a β-lactam that (1) targets PBP-3 and (2) has exceptional stability in the presence of β-lactamases. Collectively, the data indicate that combination therapy with IV fosfomycin should be considered as a potential alternative to aminoglycoside or polymyxin combinations for patients with antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative infections when benefits outweigh risks., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Published
2024
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44. Taurolidine and Heparin as Catheter Lock Solution for Central Venous Catheters in Hemodialysis.

Author

Nguyen T, Camins BC, and Butler DA

Subjects
Humans, Catheterization, Central Venous adverse effects, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Kidney Failure, Chronic therapy, Anti-Infective Agents, Local administration & dosage, Anti-Infective Agents, Local pharmacology, Taurine analogs & derivatives, Taurine pharmacology, Taurine administration & dosage, Heparin administration & dosage, Heparin pharmacology, Renal Dialysis instrumentation, Renal Dialysis methods, Renal Dialysis adverse effects, Thiadiazines pharmacology, Thiadiazines administration & dosage, Central Venous Catheters adverse effects, Catheter-Related Infections prevention & control, Anticoagulants administration & dosage, Anticoagulants pharmacology
Abstract

Background: Chronic kidney disease can lead to end-stage renal disease, and the prevalence is increasing. Many patients starting hemodialysis require central venous catheters (CVCs). Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) are a common complication and lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Interventions to prevent CRBSI include antimicrobial lock therapy but concern for the development of antimicrobial resistance and adverse effects. Nonantimicrobial antiseptics as catheter lock solutions have also been used. Taurolidine and heparin catheter lock solution is first approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the prevention of CRBSI in patients on hemodialysis. Taurolidine has a unique mechanism of action and favorable safety profile., Mechanism of Action, Pharmacodynamics, and Pharmacokinetics: Taurolidine and heparin catheter lock solution have both antimicrobial and anticoagulant properties. Taurolidine is derivative of the amino acid taurine, and heparin is derived from porcine intestinal mucosa. Taurolidine not only damages microbial cell walls but also prevents the adherence of microorganisms to biological surfaces, preventing biofilm formation. Taurolidine and heparin catheter lock solution is intended to be used intraluminally within the catheter and should be aspirated. Because it is used locally, limited pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data are available., Clinical Trials: The LOCK-IT-100 trial is a randomized, double-blind, phase 3 study, which included 795 end-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis with CVC. Taurolidine and heparin was compared with the control heparin alone. The results of the study showed a 71% risk reduction in CRBSI for taurolidine and heparin arm (95% confident interval, 38%-86%, P = 0.0006). Other studies have also shown that taurolidine lock solution leads to decreased CRBSI episodes. Several systematic reviews and meta-analysis consisted of taurolidine in adult, and pediatric populations also showed reduction in the incidence of CRBSIs., Therapeutic Advance: Taurolidine and heparin lock solution represents a novel preventive strategy for those undergoing hemodialysis through a CVC by reducing the risk of CRBSI. This is significant progress because there are no other similar options available for patients for whom catheters are the only options for their life-saving treatment., Competing Interests: T. Nguyen: no conflict of interest. B. C. Camins: Advisor for Applied UV, Inc and Premier, Inc. D. A. Butler is currently receiving a grant (#23020) from CorMedix, Inc., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2024
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45. Compatibility of Omadacycline With Select Parenteral Products in Simulated Y-site Administration.

Author

Butler DA, Moolick K, McCray D, and Gifford M

Subjects
Humans, Ringer's Lactate, Infusions, Intravenous, Saline Solution, Bumetanide, Furosemide, Magnesium Sulfate, Potassium Chloride, Tetracyclines, Glucose, Heparin, Sodium Chloride chemistry, Insulins
Abstract

Purpose: Omadacycline is a broad-spectrum intravenous and oral tetracycline antibiotic approved for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. Available information on the compatibility of intravenous omadacycline is limited to sterile water, 0.9% sodium chloride, and 5% dextrose via a dedicated line. The objective of this work was to determine the intravenous compatibility of omadacycline with commonly used intravenous fluids and medications using simulated Y-site administration., Methods: Omadacycline was prepared at concentrations consistent with a maintenance dose (1 mg/mL) and a loading dose (2 mg/mL) with 0.9% sodium chloride according to the prescribing information. Compatibility via simulated Y-site administration was assessed with selected crystalloids (lactated Ringer's solution, magnesium sulfate, and normal saline with potassium chloride) and intravenous medications (bumetanide, furosemide, heparin, and insulin). Y-site administration was simulated by mixing 5 mL of omadacycline with 5 mL of each parenteral product prepared at standard concentrations for infusion. Compatibility was assessed by using visual, Tyndall beam, microscopy, and spectrophotometry methods at 0, 30, and 60 minutes., Findings: Omadacycline appeared physically compatible with lactated Ringer's solution, magnesium sulfate, normal saline with potassium chloride, bumetanide, heparin, and insulin at standard infusion concentrations. However, although the lower concentrations of omadacycline 1 mg/mL and furosemide 2 mg/mL showed compatibility, higher concentrations of either agent in combination resulted in incompatibility., Implications: Omadacycline appeared physically compatible with all products tested and incompatible with furosemide. Simultaneous administration of omadacycline with tested intravenous medications, except furosemide, is suggested to be safe., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None declared., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2023
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46. A clinically utilized intravenous continuous rate infusion of diltiazem does not significantly decrease systolic function in healthy dogs.

Author

Whitehouse WH, Thomason JD, Thompson-Butler DA, Kelley MD, Cernicchiaro N, and Tanner MC

Subjects
Dogs, Animals, Infusions, Intravenous veterinary, Prospective Studies, Systole, Cross-Over Studies, Diltiazem pharmacology
Abstract

Objective: To determine if left ventricular systolic function on echocardiography, systemic blood pressure, and electrocardiography change with a clinically accepted intravenous (IV) diltiazem constant rate infusion (CRI) compared to a control., Animals: 10 healthy client-owned adult dogs., Procedures: Prospective, masked, crossover study from May 27, 2021, to August 22, 2021. Dogs were randomized to receive diltiazem (loading dose of 240 μg/kg, IV followed by a CRI of 6 μg/kg/min for 300 minutes) or the same volume of 5% dextrose in water (D5W) administered IV followed by the opposite intervention after a 7-day washout. Blood pressure was monitored during each CRI, and echocardiographic and electrocardiographic studies were performed immediately before the CRI and during the last hour of the CRI., Results: Postdiltiazem systolic time interval (STI) (median, 0.30; range, 0.16 to 0.34) was significantly lower than post-D5W STI (median, 0.32; range, 0.22 to 0.40; P = .046). All other echocardiographic parameters did not differ significantly between each of the groups after receiving diltiazem or D5W. Systemic blood pressure did not change significantly with either diltiazem (P = .450) or D5W (P = .940), and none of the dogs became hypotensive at any point in the study. Expectedly, negative dromotropy was observed with diltiazem., Clinical Relevance: A significant decrease in left ventricular systolic function was not appreciated in healthy dogs receiving diltiazem at a clinically accepted intravenous infusion rate at this dosing regimen. Further studies are needed in dogs with cardiac disease.

Published
2023
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47. Effects of an intravenous infusion of diltiazem on glomerular filtration rate, electrolyte excretion, and urine output in healthy dogs.

Author

Kelley MD, Thompson-Butler DA, Tanner MC, Thomason JD, and Whitehouse WH

Subjects
Dogs, Animals, Glomerular Filtration Rate veterinary, Diltiazem pharmacology, Infusions, Intravenous veterinary, Kidney, Cross-Over Studies, Prospective Studies, Electrolytes, Acute Kidney Injury veterinary, Dog Diseases
Abstract

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) in dogs has a high case fatality rate. Diltiazem might improve renal function, but effect of intravenous infusion has not been adequately studied in dogs., Hypothesis/objectives: To determine if an intravenous infusion of diltiazem improves renal function through changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), fractional excretion of sodium (FENa), and urine output (UOP) in healthy dogs., Animals: Ten healthy adult dogs., Methods: Prospective, unmasked, crossover study. Dogs were randomized to receive diltiazem (loading dose of 240 μg/kg followed by 6 μg/kg/min for 300 min) or the same volume of 5% dextrose in water (D5W). The opposite treatment was given after a 7-day washout period. GFR and FENa were obtained at baseline and after infusion. UOP was measured starting 1 hour before diltiazem administration., Results: GFR did not significantly increase from baseline with diltiazem (before diltiazem median = 2.371 mL/min/kg, range = 1.605-4.359; after diltiazem median = 2.305 mL/min/kg, range = 1.629-4.387; median difference = 0.080 mL/min/kg, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.417 to 0.757; P = .85), and there was no difference in D5W GFR before and after diltiazem (median = 2.389 mL/min/kg, range = 1.600-3.557; median difference = 0.036 mL/min/kg, 95% CI = -0.241 to 1.112; P = .69). FENa did not increase from baseline after administration of diltiazem (median difference = 0%, 95% CI = -0.1 to 0.1; P = .81), and there was no difference in D5W FENa (median difference = 0.1%, 95% CI = -0.1 to 0.2; P = .26). UOP did not increase with diltiazem (P = .06)., Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Intravenous administration of diltiazem does not improve markers of renal function in healthy dogs. Further studies are needed in dogs with AKI., (© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)

Published
2022
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48. Smoking remains associated with education after controlling for social background and genetic factors in a study of 18 twin cohorts.

Author

Silventoinen K, Piirtola M, Jelenkovic A, Sund R, Tarnoki AD, Tarnoki DL, Medda E, Nisticò L, Toccaceli V, Honda C, Inui F, Tomizawa R, Watanabe M, Sakai N, Gatz M, Butler DA, Lee J, Lee SJ, Sung J, Franz CE, Kremen WS, Lyons MJ, Derom CA, Vlietinck RF, Loos RJF, Tynelius P, Rasmussen F, Martin NG, Medland SE, Montgomery GW, Brandt I, Nilsen TS, Harris JR, Tyler J, Hopper JL, Magnusson PKE, Pedersen NL, Dahl Aslan AK, Ordoñana JR, Sánchez-Romera JF, Colodro-Conde L, Rebato E, Zhang D, Pang Z, Tan Q, Silberg JL, Maes HH, Boomsma DI, Sørensen TIA, Korhonen T, and Kaprio J

Subjects
Child, Educational Status, Humans, Smoking genetics, Twins, Dizygotic genetics, Smoking Cessation, Twins, Monozygotic genetics
Abstract

We tested the causality between education and smoking using the natural experiment of discordant twin pairs allowing to optimally control for background genetic and childhood social factors. Data from 18 cohorts including 10,527 monozygotic (MZ) and same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs discordant for education and smoking were analyzed by linear fixed effects regression models. Within twin pairs, education levels were lower among the currently smoking than among the never smoking co-twins and this education difference was larger within DZ than MZ pairs. Similarly, education levels were higher among former smoking than among currently smoking co-twins, and this difference was larger within DZ pairs. Our results support the hypothesis of a causal effect of education on both current smoking status and smoking cessation. However, the even greater intra-pair differences within DZ pairs, who share only 50% of their segregating genes, provide evidence that shared genetic factors also contribute to these associations., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Published
2022
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49. Youth and parent preferences for an ideal AP system: It is all about reducing burden.

Author

Commissariat PV, Roethke LC, Finnegan JL, Guo Z, Volkening LK, Butler DA, Dassau E, Weinzimer SA, and Laffel LM

Subjects
Adolescent, Child, Emotions, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin analysis, Glycemic Control, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents administration & dosage, Insulin administration & dosage, Insulin Infusion Systems, Male, Patient Preference statistics & numerical data, Quality of Life, Young Adult, Cost of Illness, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 drug therapy, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 psychology, Pancreas, Artificial, Parents, Patient Preference psychology
Abstract

Background: As new diabetes technologies improve to better manage glucose levels, users' priorities for future technologies may shift to prioritize burden reduction and ease of use. We used qualitative methods to explore youth and parent desired features of an "ideal" artificial pancreas (AP) system., Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with 39 youth, ages 10-25 years, and 44 parents. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded using thematic analysis., Results: Youth (79% female, 82% non-Hispanic white) were (M ± SD) ages 17.0 ± 4.7 years, with diabetes for 9.4 ± 4.9 years, and HbA1c of 8.4 ± 1.1%; 79% were pump-treated and 82% used CGM. Of parents, 91% were mothers and 86% were non-Hispanic white. Participants suggested various ways in which an ideal AP system could reduce physical and emotional burdens of diabetes. Physical burdens could be reduced by lessening user responsibilities to manage glucose for food and exercise, and wear or carry devices. Emotional burden could be reduced by mitigating negative emotional reactions to sound and frequency of alerts, while increasing feelings of normalcy. Youth and parents differed in their suggestions to reduce emotional burden. Participants suggested features that would improve glycemia, but nearly always in the context of how the feature would directly reduce their diabetes-specific burden., Conclusions: Although participants expressed interest in improving glucose levels, the pervasive desire among suggested features of an ideal AP system was to minimize the burden of diabetes. Understanding and addressing users' priorities to reduce physical and emotional burden will be necessary to enhance uptake and maintain use of future AP systems., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Published
2021
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50. Innovative features and functionalities of an artificial pancreas system: What do youth and parents want?

Author

Commissariat PV, Volkening LK, Butler DA, Dassau E, Weinzimer SA, and Laffel LM

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Child, Female, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care psychology, Patient Preference, Young Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 drug therapy, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 psychology, Equipment Design psychology, Insulin administration & dosage, Insulin Infusion Systems psychology, Pancreas, Artificial psychology, Parents psychology
Abstract

Aims: Participant-driven solutions may help youth and families better engage and maintain use of diabetes technologies. We explored innovative features and functionalities of an ideal artificial pancreas (AP) system suggested by youth with type 1 diabetes and parents., Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 39 youth, ages 10-25 years, and 44 parents. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and coded using thematic analysis., Results: Youth (72% female, 82% non-Hispanic white) were (M ± SD) ages 17.0 ± 4.7 years, with diabetes for 9.4 ± 4.9 years, and HbA 1c of 68 ± 11 mmol/mol (8.4 ± 1.1%); 79% were pump-treated and 82% were continuous glucose monitor users. Of parents, 91% were mothers and 86% were non-Hispanic white, with a child 10.6 ± 4.5 years old. Youth and parents suggested a variety of innovative features and functionalities for an ideal AP system related to (1) enhancing the appeal of user interface, (2) increasing automation of new glucose management functionalities, and (3) innovative and commercial add-ons for greater convenience. Youth and parents offered many similar suggestions, including integration of ketone testing, voice activation, and location-tracking into the system. Youth seemed more driven by increasing convenience and normalcy while parents expressed more concerns with safety., Conclusions: Youth and parents expressed creative solutions for an ideal AP system to increase ease of use, enhance normalcy, and reduce burden of management. Designers of AP systems will likely benefit from incorporating the desired preferences by end users to optimize acceptance and usability by young persons with diabetes., (© 2020 Diabetes UK.)

Published
2021
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