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1. Measurement of the emittance of accelerated electron bunches at the AWAKE experiment

Author

Cooke, D. A., Pannell, F., Della Porta, G. Zevi, Farmer, J., Bencini, V., Bergamaschi, M., Mazzoni, S., Ranc, L., Senes, E., Sherwood, P., Wing, M., Agnello, R., Ahdida, C. C., Amoedo, C., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Arnesano, J. M., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chung, M., Clairembaud, A., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Dexter, A. C., Doebert, S., Fasoli, A., Fonseca, R., Furno, I., van Gils, N. Z., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Graubner, T., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Guran, E., Henderson, J., Kedves, M. Á., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K., Calderon, M. Martinez, Mezger, J., Guzmán, P. I. Morales, Moreira, M., Nechaeva, T., Okhotnikov, N., Pakuza, C., Pardons, A., Pepitone, K., Poimendidou, E., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Rossel, R., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Silva, F., Silva, L., Spear, B., Stollberg, C., Sublet, A., Swain, C., Topaloudis, A., Tuev, N. TorradoP., Velotti, F., Verzilov, V., Vieira, J., Walter, E., Welsch, C., Wendt, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Verra, L., Yarygova, V., and Zepp, M.

Subjects
Physics - Accelerator Physics
Abstract

The vertical plane transverse emittance of accelerated electron bunches at the AWAKE experiment at CERN has been determined, using three different methods of data analysis. This is a proof-of-principle measurement using the existing AWAKE electron spectrometer to validate the measurement technique. Large values of the geometric emittance, compared to that of the injection beam, are observed ($\sim \SI{0.5}{\milli\metre\milli\radian}$ compared with $\sim \SI{0.08}{\milli\metre\milli\radian}$), which is in line with expectations of emittance growth arising from plasma density ramps and large injection beam bunch size. Future iterations of AWAKE are anticipated to operate in conditions where emittance growth is better controlled, and the effects of the imaging systems of the existing and future spectrometer designs on the ability to measure the emittance are discussed. Good performance of the instrument down to geometric emittances of approximately $\SI{1e-4}{\milli\metre\milli\radian}$ is required, which may be possible with improved electron optics and imaging., Comment: 20 pages, 9 figures

Published
2024

3. Analysis of Proton Bunch Parameters in the AWAKE Experiment

Author

Hafych, V., Caldwell, A., Agnello, R., Ahdida, C. C., Aladi, M., Goncalves, M. C. Amoedo, Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. -M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Furno, I., Gessner, S., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Graubner, T., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Guran, E. D., Henderson, J. R., Hüther, M., Kedves, M. Á., Khudyakov, V., Kim, S. -Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Liang, L., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Mazzoni, S., Godoy, D. Medina, Moody, J. T., Moon, K., Guzmán, P. I. Morales, Moreira, M., Nechaeva, T., Nowak, E., Pakuza, C., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Perera, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ráczkevi, B., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Silva, L. O., Stollberg, C., Sublet, A., Topaloudis, A., Torrado, N., Tuev, P. V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Vieira, J., Vincke, H., Welsch, C. P., Wendt, M., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Zepp, M., and Della Porta, G. Zevi

Subjects
Physics - Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

A precise characterization of the incoming proton bunch parameters is required to accurately simulate the self-modulation process in the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). This paper presents an analysis of the parameters of the incoming proton bunches used in the later stages of the AWAKE Run 1 data-taking period. The transverse structure of the bunch is observed at multiple positions along the beamline using scintillating or optical transition radiation screens. The parameters of a model that describes the bunch transverse dimensions and divergence are fitted to represent the observed data using Bayesian inference. The analysis is tested on simulated data and then applied to the experimental data.

Published
2021
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4. Simulation and Experimental Study of Proton Bunch Self-Modulation in Plasma with Linear Density Gradients

Author

Guzmán, P. I. Morales, Muggli, P., Agnello, R., Ahdida, C. C., Aladi, M., Goncalves, M. C. Amoedo, Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. -M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Braunmüller, F., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Furno, I., Gessner, S., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Graubner, T., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Guran, E. D., Hafych, V., Henderson, J. R., Hüther, M., Kedves, M. Á., Khudyakov, V., Kim, S. -Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Liang, L., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Godoy, D. Medina, Moody, J. T., Moon, K., Moreira, M., Nechaeva, T., Nowak, E., Pakuza, C., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Perera, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ráczkevi, B., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Silva, L. O., Stollberg, C., Sublet, A., Topaloudis, A., Torrado, N., Tuev, P. V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Vieira, J., Vincke, H., Welsch, C. P., Wendt, M., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Zepp, M., and Della Porta, G. Zevi

Subjects
Physics - Plasma Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics
Abstract

We present numerical simulations and experimental results of the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in a plasma with linear density gradients along the beam path. Simulation results agree with the experimental results reported in arXiv:2007.14894v2: with negative gradients, the charge of the modulated bunch is lower than with positive gradients. In addition, the bunch modulation frequency varies with gradient. Simulation results show that dephasing of the wakefields with respect to the relativistic protons along the plasma is the main cause for the loss of charge. The study of the modulation frequency reveals details about the evolution of the self-modulation process along the plasma. In particular for negative gradients, the modulation frequency across time-resolved images of the bunch indicates the position along the plasma where protons leave the wakefields. Simulations and experimental results are in excellent agreement., Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures

Published
2021
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5. Transition between Instability and Seeded Self-Modulation of a Relativistic Particle Bunch in Plasma

Author

Batsch, F., Muggli, P., Agnello, R., Ahdida, C. C., Goncalves, M. C. Amoedo, Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. -M., Baistrukov, M. A., Blanchard, P., Braunmüller, F., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Deubner, H. L., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Furno, I., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Graubner, T., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hafych, V., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Hüther, M., Kargapolov, I. Yu., Kim, S. -Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Godoy, D. Medina, Minakov, V. A., Moody, J. T., Moon, K., Guzmán, P. I. Morales, Moreira, M., Nechaeva, T., Nowak, E., Pakuza, C., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Perera, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Rieger, K., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Silva, L. O., Speroni, R., Spitsyn, R. I., Stollberg, C., Sublet, A., Topaloudis, A., Torrado, N., Tuev, P. V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Vincke, H., Welsch, C. P., Wendt, M., Wing, M., Wiwattananon, P., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Zepp, M., and Della Porta, G. Zevi

Subjects
Physics - Plasma Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics
Abstract

We use a relativistic ionization front to provide various initial transverse wakefield amplitudes for the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in plasma. We show experimentally that, with sufficient initial amplitude ($\ge(4.1\pm0.4)$ MV/m), the phase of the modulation along the bunch is reproducible from event to event, with 3 to 7% (of 2$\pi$) rms variations all along the bunch. The phase is not reproducible for lower initial amplitudes. We observe the transition between these two regimes. Phase reproducibility is essential for deterministic external injection of particles to be accelerated., Comment: Letter and Supplemental Material, 6 figures, 8 pages

Published
2020
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6. Experimental study of extended timescale dynamics of a plasma wakefield driven by a self-modulated proton bunch

Author

Chappell, J., Adli, E., Agnello, R., Aladi, M., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. -M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Djotyan, G. P., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Turno, I., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hafych, V., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Howling, A., Hüther, M., Jacquier, R., Jolly, S., Kargapolov, I. Yu., Kedves, M. Á., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S. -Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Li, Y., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Godoy, D. Medina, Minakov, V. A., Moody, J. T., Guzmán, P. I. Morales, Moreira, M., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Asmus, F. Peña, Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ráczkevi, B., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Ruhl, H., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Spitsyn, R. I., Tuev, P. V., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Dia, G., Zepp, M., and Della Porta, G. Zevi

Subjects
Physics - Plasma Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics
Abstract

Plasma wakefield dynamics over timescales up to 800 ps, approximately 100 plasma periods, are studied experimentally at the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). The development of the longitudinal wakefield amplitude driven by a self-modulated proton bunch is measured using the external injection of witness electrons that sample the fields. In simulation, resonant excitation of the wakefield causes plasma electron trajectory crossing, resulting in the development of a potential outside the plasma boundary as electrons are transversely ejected. Trends consistent with the presence of this potential are experimentally measured and their dependence on wakefield amplitude are studied via seed laser timing scans and electron injection delay scans., Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures

Published
2020
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7. Experimental observation of proton bunch modulation in a plasma, at varying plasma densities

Author

Adli, E., Ahuja, A., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. -M., Barrientos, D., Barros, M. M., Batkiewicz, J., Batsch, F., Bauche, J., Olsen, V. K. Berglyd, Bernardini, M., Biskup, B., Boccardi, A., Bogey, T., Bohl, T., Bracco, C., Braunmüller, F., Burger, S., Burt, G., Bustamante, S., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Cascella, M., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D., Damerau, H., Deacon, L., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fedosseev, V. N., Fior, G., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Guerrero, A., Hansen, J., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Hessler, C., Hoe, W., Hüther, M., Ibison, M., Jensen, L., Jolly, S., Keeble, F., Kim, S. -Y., Kraus, F., Lefevre, T., LeGodec, G., Li, Y., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Brun, L. Maricalva, Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Godoy, D. Medina, Minakov, V. A., Mitchell, J., Molendijk, J. C., Mompo, R., Moody, J. T., Moreira, M., Muggli, P., Mutin, C., Öz, E., Ozturk, E., Pasquino, C., Pardons, A., Asmus, F. Pena, Pepitone, K., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pitman, S., Plyushchev, G., Pukhov, A., Rey, S., Rieger, K., Ruhl, H., Schmidt, J. S., Shalimova, I. A., Shaposhnikova, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Soby, L., Sosedkin, A. P., Speroni, R., Spitsyn, R. I., Tuev, P. V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Vincke, H., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Woolley, B., and Xia, G.

Subjects
Physics - Accelerator Physics, Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract

We give direct experimental evidence for the observation of the full transverse self-modulation of a relativistic proton bunch propagating through a dense plasma. The bunch exits the plasma with a density modulation resulting from radial wakefield effects with a period reciprocal to the plasma frequency. We show that the modulation is seeded by using an intense laser pulse co-propagating with the proton bunch which creates a relativistic ionization front within the bunch. We show by varying the plasma density over one order of magnitude that the modulation period scales with the expected dependence on the plasma density., Comment: 4 figures, AWAKE collaboration paper, Submitted to PRL

Published
2018
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8. Acceleration of electrons in the plasma wakefield of a proton bunch

Author

The AWAKE Collaboration, Adli, E., Ahuja, A., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. -M., Barrientos, D., Batsch, F., Bauche, J., Olsen, V. K. Berglyd, Bernardini, M., Bohl, T., Bracco, C., Braunmueller, F., Burt, G., Buttenschoen, B., Caldwell, A., Cascella, M., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D., Damerau, H., Deacon, L., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hansen, J., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Huether, M., Ibison, M., Jensen, L., Jolly, S., Keeble, F., Kim, S. -Y., Kraus, F., Li, Y., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Brun, L. Maricalva, Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Godoy, D. Medina, Minakov, V. A., Mitchell, J., Molendijk, J. C., Moody, J. T., Moreira, M., Muggli, P., Oez, E., Pasquino, C., Pardons, A., Asmus, F. Pena, Pepitone, K., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pitman, S., Pukhov, A., Rey, S., Rieger, K., Ruhl, H., Schmidt, J. S., Shalimova, I. A., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Soby, L., Sosedkin, A. P., Speroni, R., Spitsyn, R. I., Tuev, P. V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Woolley, B., and Xia, G.

Subjects
Physics - Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract

High energy particle accelerators have been crucial in providing a deeper understanding of fundamental particles and the forces that govern their interactions. In order to increase the energy or reduce the size of the accelerator, new acceleration schemes need to be developed. Plasma wakefield acceleration, in which the electrons in a plasma are excited, leading to strong electric fields, is one such promising novel acceleration technique. Pioneering experiments have shown that an intense laser pulse or electron bunch traversing a plasma, drives electric fields of 10s GV/m and above. These values are well beyond those achieved in conventional RF accelerators which are limited to ~0.1 GV/m. A limitation of laser pulses and electron bunches is their low stored energy, which motivates the use of multiple stages to reach very high energies. The use of proton bunches is compelling, as they have the potential to drive wakefields and accelerate electrons to high energy in a single accelerating stage. The long proton bunches currently available can be used, as they undergo self-modulation, a particle-plasma interaction which longitudinally splits the bunch into a series of high density microbunches, which then act resonantly to create large wakefields. The AWAKE experiment at CERN uses intense bunches of protons, each of energy 400 GeV, with a total bunch energy of 19 kJ, to drive a wakefield in a 10 m long plasma. Bunches of electrons are injected into the wakefield formed by the proton microbunches. This paper presents measurements of electrons accelerated up to 2 GeV at AWAKE. This constitutes the first demonstration of proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration. The potential for this scheme to produce very high energy electron bunches in a single accelerating stage means that the results shown here are a significant step towards the development of future high energy particle accelerators., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures. Updated acknowledgements and one reference

Published
2018
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9. Proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration in AWAKE.

Author

Gschwendtner, E, Turner, M, Adli, E, Ahuja, A, Apsimon, O, Apsimon, R, Bachmann, A-M, Batsch, F, Bracco, C, Braunmüller, F, Burger, S, Burt, G, Buttenschön, B, Caldwell, A, Chappell, J, Chevallay, E, Chung, M, Cooke, D, Damerau, H, Deubner, LH, Dexter, A, Doebert, S, Farmer, J, Fedosseev, VN, Fiorito, R, Fonseca, RA, Friebel, F, Garolfi, L, Gessner, S, Goddard, B, Gorgisyan, I, Gorn, AA, Granados, E, Grulke, O, Hartin, A, Helm, A, Henderson, JR, Hüther, M, Ibison, M, Jolly, S, Keeble, F, Kelisani, MD, Kim, S-Y, Kraus, F, Krupa, M, Lefevre, T, Li, Y, Liu, S, Lopes, N, Lotov, KV, Martyanov, M, Mazzoni, S, Minakov, VA, Molendijk, JC, Moody, JT, Moreira, M, Muggli, P, Panuganti, H, Pardons, A, Peña Asmus, F, Perera, A, Petrenko, A, Pukhov, A, Rey, S, Sherwood, P, Silva, LO, Sosedkin, AP, Tuev, PV, Velotti, F, Verra, L, Verzilov, VA, Vieira, J, Welsch, CP, Wendt, M, Williamson, B, Wing, M, Woolley, B, and Xia, G

Subjects
Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Synchrotrons and Accelerators, Physical Sciences, AWAKE, plasma wakefield acceleration, seeded self modulation, AWAKE Collaboration, physics.acc-ph, General Science & Technology
Abstract

In this article, we briefly summarize the experiments performed during the first run of the Advanced Wakefield Experiment, AWAKE, at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). The final goal of AWAKE Run 1 (2013-2018) was to demonstrate that 10-20 MeV electrons can be accelerated to GeV energies in a plasma wakefield driven by a highly relativistic self-modulated proton bunch. We describe the experiment, outline the measurement concept and present first results. Last, we outline our plans for the future. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Directions in particle beam-driven plasma wakefield acceleration'.

Published
2019

10. Acceleration of electrons in the plasma wakefield of a proton bunch

Author

Adli, E, Ahuja, A, Apsimon, O, Apsimon, R, Bachmann, A-M, Barrientos, D, Batsch, F, Bauche, J, Berglyd Olsen, VK, Bernardini, M, Bohl, T, Bracco, C, Braunmüller, F, Burt, G, Buttenschön, B, Caldwell, A, Cascella, M, Chappell, J, Chevallay, E, Chung, M, Cooke, D, Damerau, H, Deacon, L, Deubner, LH, Dexter, A, Doebert, S, Farmer, J, Fedosseev, VN, Fiorito, R, Fonseca, RA, Friebel, F, Garolfi, L, Gessner, S, Gorgisyan, I, Gorn, AA, Granados, E, Grulke, O, Gschwendtner, E, Hansen, J, Helm, A, Henderson, JR, Hüther, M, Ibison, M, Jensen, L, Jolly, S, Keeble, F, Kim, S-Y, Kraus, F, Li, Y, Liu, S, Lopes, N, Lotov, KV, Maricalva Brun, L, Martyanov, M, Mazzoni, S, Medina Godoy, D, Minakov, VA, Mitchell, J, Molendijk, JC, Moody, JT, Moreira, M, Muggli, P, Öz, E, Pasquino, C, Pardons, A, Peña Asmus, F, Pepitone, K, Perera, A, Petrenko, A, Pitman, S, Pukhov, A, Rey, S, Rieger, K, Ruhl, H, Schmidt, JS, Shalimova, IA, Sherwood, P, Silva, LO, Soby, L, Sosedkin, AP, Speroni, R, Spitsyn, RI, Tuev, PV, Turner, M, Velotti, F, Verra, L, Verzilov, VA, Vieira, J, Welsch, CP, Williamson, B, Wing, M, Woolley, B, and Xia, G

Subjects
Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Physical Sciences, Affordable and Clean Energy, General Science & Technology
Abstract

High-energy particle accelerators have been crucial in providing a deeper understanding of fundamental particles and the forces that govern their interactions. To increase the energy of the particles or to reduce the size of the accelerator, new acceleration schemes need to be developed. Plasma wakefield acceleration1-5, in which the electrons in a plasma are excited, leading to strong electric fields (so called 'wakefields'), is one such promising acceleration technique. Experiments have shown that an intense laser pulse6-9 or electron bunch10,11 traversing a plasma can drive electric fields of tens of gigavolts per metre and above-well beyond those achieved in conventional radio-frequency accelerators (about 0.1 gigavolt per metre). However, the low stored energy of laser pulses and electron bunches means that multiple acceleration stages are needed to reach very high particle energies5,12. The use of proton bunches is compelling because they have the potential to drive wakefields and to accelerate electrons to high energy in a single acceleration stage13. Long, thin proton bunches can be used because they undergo a process called self-modulation14-16, a particle-plasma interaction that splits the bunch longitudinally into a series of high-density microbunches, which then act resonantly to create large wakefields. The Advanced Wakefield (AWAKE) experiment at CERN17-19 uses high-intensity proton bunches-in which each proton has an energy of 400 gigaelectronvolts, resulting in a total bunch energy of 19 kilojoules-to drive a wakefield in a ten-metre-long plasma. Electron bunches are then injected into this wakefield. Here we present measurements of electrons accelerated up to two gigaelectronvolts at the AWAKE experiment, in a demonstration of proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration. Measurements were conducted under various plasma conditions and the acceleration was found to be consistent and reliable. The potential for this scheme to produce very high-energy electron bunches in a single accelerating stage20 means that our results are an important step towards the development of future high-energy particle accelerators21,22.

Published
2018

11. Wendelstein 7-X on the path to long-pulse high-performance operation

Author

Endler, M., Baldzuhn, J., Beidler, C.D., Bosch, H.-S., Bozhenkov, S., Buttenschön, B., Dinklage, A., Fellinger, J., Feng, Y., Fuchert, G., Gao, Y., Geiger, J., Grulke, O., Hartmann, D., Jakubowski, M., König, R., Laqua, H.P., Lazerson, S., McNeely, P., Naujoks, D., Neuner, U., Otte, M., Pasch, E., Sunn Pedersen, T., Perseo, V., Puig Sitjes, A., Rahbarnia, K., Rust, N., Schmitz, O., Spring, A., Stange, T., von Stechow, A., Turkin, Y., Wang, E., and Wolf, R.C.

Published
2021
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12. Correction to ‘Proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration in AWAKE’

Author

The AWAKE Collaboration, Gschwendtner, E., Turner, M., Adli, E., Ahuja, A., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A.-M., Batsch, F., Bracco, C., Braunmüller, F., Burger, S., Burt, G., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D., Damerau, H., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Grulke, O., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Hüther, M., Ibison, M., Jolly, S., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S.-Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Li, Y., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Minakov, V. A., Molendijk, J. C., Moody, J. T., Moreira, M., Muggli, P., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Asmus, F. Peña, Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pukhov, A., Rey, S., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Sosedkin, A. P., Tuev, P. V., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Wendt, M., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Woolley, B., and Xia, G.

Published
2020

13. Proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration in AWAKE

Author

The AWAKE Collaboration, Gschwendtner, E., Turner, M., Adli, E., Ahuja, A., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A.-M., Batsch, F., Bracco, C., Braunmüller, F., Burger, S., Burt, G., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D., Damerau, H., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Grulke, O., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Hüther, M., Ibison, M., Jolly, S., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S.-Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Li, Y., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Minakov, V.A., Molendijk, J. C., Moody, J. T., Moreira, M., Muggli, P., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Asmus, F. Peña, Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pukhov, A., Rey, S., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Sosedkin, A. P., Tuev, P. V., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Wendt, M., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Woolley, B., and Xia, G.

Published
2019

14. Filamentation of a relativistic proton bunch in plasma

Author

Verra, L., Amoedo, C., Torrado, N., Clairembaud, A., Mezger, J., Pannell, F., Pucek, J., Van Gils, N., Bergamaschi, M., Zevi Della Porta, G., Lopes, N., Sublet, A., Turner, M., Gschwendtner, E., Muggli, P., Agnello, R., Ahdida, C. C., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Arnesano, J. M., Bencini, V., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Dexter, A. C., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fonseca, R., Furno, I., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Graubner, T., Grulke, O., Guran, E., Henderson, J., Kedves, M., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lotov, K., Martinez Calderon, M., Mazzoni, S., Moon, K., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Moreira, M., Nechaeva, T., Okhotnikov, N., Pakuza, C., Pardons, A., Pepitone, K., Poimendidou, E., Pukhov, A., Ramjiawan, R. L., Ranc, L., Rey, S., Rossel, R., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Silva, F., Silva, L., Spear, B., Stollberg, C., Swain, C., Topaloudis, A., Tuev, P., Velotti, F., Verzilov, V., Vieira, J., Walter, E., Welsch, C., Wendt, M., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Yarygova, V., Zepp, M., Verra, L., Amoedo, C., Torrado, N., Clairembaud, A., Mezger, J., Pannell, F., Pucek, J., Van Gils, N., Bergamaschi, M., Zevi Della Porta, G., Lopes, N., Sublet, A., Turner, M., Gschwendtner, E., Muggli, P., Agnello, R., Ahdida, C. C., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Arnesano, J. M., Bencini, V., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Dexter, A. C., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fonseca, R., Furno, I., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Graubner, T., Grulke, O., Guran, E., Henderson, J., Kedves, M., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lotov, K., Martinez Calderon, M., Mazzoni, S., Moon, K., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Moreira, M., Nechaeva, T., Okhotnikov, N., Pakuza, C., Pardons, A., Pepitone, K., Poimendidou, E., Pukhov, A., Ramjiawan, R. L., Ranc, L., Rey, S., Rossel, R., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Silva, F., Silva, L., Spear, B., Stollberg, C., Swain, C., Topaloudis, A., Tuev, P., Velotti, F., Verzilov, V., Vieira, J., Walter, E., Welsch, C., Wendt, M., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Yarygova, V., and Zepp, M.

Abstract

We show in experiments that a long, underdense, relativistic proton bunch propagating in plasma undergoes the oblique instability, which we observe as filamentation. We determine a threshold value for the ratio between the bunch transverse size and plasma skin depth for the instability to occur. At the threshold, the outcome of the experiment alternates between filamentation and self-modulation instability (evidenced by longitudinal modulation into microbunches). Time-resolved images of the bunch density distribution reveal that filamentation grows to an observable level late along the bunch, confirming the spatiotemporal nature of the instability. We provide a rough estimate of the amplitude of the magnetic field generated in the plasma by the instability and show that the associated magnetic energy increases with plasma density.

Published
2024

15. Hosing of a Long Relativistic Particle Bunch in Plasma

Author

Nechaeva, T., Verra, L., Pucek, J., Ranc, L., Bergamaschi, M., Zevi Della Porta, G., Muggli, P., Agnello, R., Ahdida, C. C., Amoedo, C., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Arnesano, J. M., Bencini, V., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Dexter, A. C., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fonseca, R., Furno, I., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Graubner, T., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Guran, E., Henderson, J., Kedves, M., Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K., Martinez Calderon, M., Mazzoni, S., Moon, K., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Moreira, M., Okhotnikov, N., Pakuza, C., Pannell, Fern, Pardons, A., Pepitone, K., Poimenidou, E., Pukhov, A., Rey, S., Rossel, R., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Silva, F., Spear, B., Stollberg, C., Sublet, A., Swain, C., Topaloudis, A., Torrado, N., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verzilov, V., Vieira, J., Welsch, C., Wendt, M., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Yarygova, V., Zepp, M., Nechaeva, T., Verra, L., Pucek, J., Ranc, L., Bergamaschi, M., Zevi Della Porta, G., Muggli, P., Agnello, R., Ahdida, C. C., Amoedo, C., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Arnesano, J. M., Bencini, V., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Dexter, A. C., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fonseca, R., Furno, I., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Graubner, T., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Guran, E., Henderson, J., Kedves, M., Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K., Martinez Calderon, M., Mazzoni, S., Moon, K., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Moreira, M., Okhotnikov, N., Pakuza, C., Pannell, Fern, Pardons, A., Pepitone, K., Poimenidou, E., Pukhov, A., Rey, S., Rossel, R., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Silva, F., Spear, B., Stollberg, C., Sublet, A., Swain, C., Topaloudis, A., Torrado, N., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verzilov, V., Vieira, J., Welsch, C., Wendt, M., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Yarygova, V., and Zepp, M.

Abstract

Experimental results show that hosing of a long particle bunch in plasma can be induced by wakefields driven by a short, misaligned preceding bunch. Hosing develops in the plane of misalignment, self-modulation in the perpendicular plane, at frequencies close to the plasma electron frequency, and are reproducible. Development of hosing depends on misalignment direction, its growth on misalignment extent and on proton bunch charge. Results have the main characteristics of a theoretical model, are relevant to other plasma-based accelerators and represent the first characterization of hosing.

Published
2024

16. Achieving stationary high performance plasmas at Wendelstein 7-X

Author

Langenberg, A., Warmer, F., Fuchert, G., Ford, O., Bozhenkov, S., Andreeva, T., Lazerson, S., Pablant, N. A., Gonda, T., Beurskens, M. N.A., Brunner, K. J., Buttenschön, B., Dinklage, A., Hartmann, D., Knauer, J., Marchuk, O., Pasch, E., Reimold, F., Stange, T., Wegner, Th, Grulke, O., Wolf, R. C., Langenberg, A., Warmer, F., Fuchert, G., Ford, O., Bozhenkov, S., Andreeva, T., Lazerson, S., Pablant, N. A., Gonda, T., Beurskens, M. N.A., Brunner, K. J., Buttenschön, B., Dinklage, A., Hartmann, D., Knauer, J., Marchuk, O., Pasch, E., Reimold, F., Stange, T., Wegner, Th, Grulke, O., and Wolf, R. C.

Abstract

This work reports on recent results on the search for high performance plasma scenarios at the magnetically confined stellarator fusion device Wendelstein 7-X. In four new designed scenarios, the development from transient toward stationary plasmas of improved performance has been realized. In particular, a high performance duration of up to 5 s, an energy confinement time of 0.3 s, a diamagnetic energy of 1.1 MJ, a central ion temperature of 2.2 keV, and a fusion triple product of 3.4 × 10 19 m − 3 · keV · s have been achieved, and previously observed limitations of the machine have been overcome, regarding both the performance and its duration. The two main experimental techniques for stationary high performance are neutral beam injection core fueling on the one hand and the use of a magnetic field configuration with internal islands on the other hand. Two of the developed scenarios are expected to be extendable straightforward toward a duration of several tens of seconds, making use of the long pulse operation capabilities of W7-X.

Published
2024

17. Magnetic configuration effects on the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator

Author

Dinklage, A., Beidler, C. D., Helander, P., Fuchert, G., Maaßberg, H., Rahbarnia, K., Sunn Pedersen, T., Turkin, Y., Wolf, R. C., Alonso, A., Andreeva, T., Blackwell, B., Bozhenkov, S., Buttenschön, B., Czarnecka, A., Effenberg, F., Feng, Y., Geiger, J., Hirsch, M., Höfel, U., Jakubowski, M., Klinger, T., Knauer, J., Kocsis, G., Krämer-Flecken, A., Kubkowska, M., Langenberg, A., Laqua, H. P., Marushchenko, N., Mollén, A., Neuner, U., Niemann, H., Pasch, E., Pablant, N., Rudischhauser, L., Smith, H. M., Schmitz, O., Stange, T., Szepesi, T., Weir, G., Windisch, T., Wurden, G. A., Zhang, D., and and the W7-X Team

Published
2018
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18. Observation of impurity accumulation and its compatibility with high plasma performance in W7-X

Author

Zhang, D, primary, Buttenschön, B, additional, Jablonski, S, additional, Kubkowska, M, additional, Ford, O, additional, Alcusón, J A, additional, Beidler, C D, additional, Burhenn, R, additional, Beurskens, M N A, additional, Langenberg, A, additional, Pablant, N, additional, Reimold, F, additional, Rahbarnia, K, additional, Smith, H M, additional, Wegner, Th, additional, Wurden, G, additional, Bozhenkov, S A, additional, Feng, Y, additional, Brunner, K J, additional, Fuchert, G, additional, Gao, Y, additional, Geiger, J, additional, Giannone, L, additional, Höfel, U, additional, Hirsch, M, additional, Huang, Z, additional, Knauer, J, additional, Kremeyer, T, additional, Krychowiak, M, additional, Kwak, S, additional, Laqua, H P, additional, Laube, R, additional, Neuner, U, additional, Pasch, E, additional, Pavone, A, additional, von Stechow, A, additional, Svensson, J, additional, and Thomsen, H, additional

Published
2023
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19. Quantitative comparison of impurity transport in turbulence reduced and enhanced scenarios at Wendelstein 7-X

Author

Alcusón, J.A., primary, Wegner, Th., additional, Dinklage, A., additional, Langenberg, A., additional, Bähner, J.-P., additional, Buttenschön, B., additional, Edlund, E.M., additional, Fuchert, G., additional, García-Regaña, J.M., additional, Grulke, O., additional, Huang, Z., additional, Porkolab, M., additional, Stechow, A.V., additional, Xanthopoulos, P., additional, and Zocco, A., additional

Published
2023
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20. AWAKE, The Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment at CERN

Author

Gschwendtner, E., Adli, E., Amorim, L., Apsimon, R., Assmann, R., Bachmann, A.-M., Batsch, F., Bauche, J., Berglyd Olsen, V.K., Bernardini, M., Bingham, R., Biskup, B., Bohl, T., Bracco, C., Burrows, P.N., Burt, G., Buttenschön, B., Butterworth, A., Caldwell, A., Cascella, M., Chevallay, E., Cipiccia, S., Damerau, H., Deacon, L., Dirksen, P., Doebert, S., Dorda, U., Farmer, J., Fedosseev, V., Feldbaumer, E., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R., Friebel, F., Gorn, A.A., Grulke, O., Hansen, J., Hessler, C., Hofle, W., Holloway, J., Hüther, M., Jaroszynski, D., Jensen, L., Jolly, S., Joulaei, A., Kasim, M., Keeble, F., Li, Y., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K.V., Mandry, S., Martorelli, R., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Mete, O., Minakov, V.A., Mitchell, J., Moody, J., Muggli, P., Najmudin, Z., Norreys, P., Öz, E., Pardons, A., Pepitone, K., Petrenko, A., Plyushchev, G., Pukhov, A., Rieger, K., Ruhl, H., Salveter, F., Savard, N., Schmidt, J., Seryi, A., Shaposhnikova, E., Sheng, Z.M., Sherwood, P., Silva, L., Soby, L., Sosedkin, A.P., Spitsyn, R.I., Trines, R., Tuev, P.V., Turner, M., Verzilov, V., Vieira, J., Vincke, H., Wei, Y., Welsch, C.P., Wing, M., Xia, G., and Zhang, H.

Published
2016
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21. Path to AWAKE: Evolution of the concept

Author

Caldwell, A., Adli, E., Amorim, L., Apsimon, R., Argyropoulos, T., Assmann, R., Bachmann, A.-M., Batsch, F., Bauche, J., Berglyd Olsen, V.K., Bernardini, M., Bingham, R., Biskup, B., Bohl, T., Bracco, C., Burrows, P.N., Burt, G., Buttenschön, B., Butterworth, A., Cascella, M., Chattopadhyay, S., Chevallay, E., Cipiccia, S., Damerau, H., Deacon, L., Dirksen, P., Doebert, S., Dorda, U., Elsen, E., Farmer, J., Fartoukh, S., Fedosseev, V., Feldbaumer, E., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R., Friebel, F., Geschonke, G., Goddard, B., Gorn, A.A., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hansen, J., Hessler, C., Hillenbrand, S., Hofle, W., Holloway, J., Huang, C., Hüther, M., Jaroszynski, D., Jensen, L., Jolly, S., Joulaei, A., Kasim, M., Keeble, F., Kersevan, R., Kumar, N., Li, Y., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K.V., Lu, W., Machacek, J., Mandry, S., Martin, I., Martorelli, R., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Meddahi, M., Merminga, L., Mete, O., Minakov, V.A., Mitchell, J., Moody, J., Müller, A.-S., Najmudin, Z., Noakes, T.C.Q., Norreys, P., Osterhoff, J., Öz, E., Pardons, A., Pepitone, K., Petrenko, A., Plyushchev, G., Pozimski, J., Pukhov, A., Reimann, O., Rieger, K., Roesler, S., Ruhl, H., Rusnak, T., Salveter, F., Savard, N., Schmidt, J., von der Schmitt, H., Seryi, A., Shaposhnikova, E., Sheng, Z.M., Sherwood, P., Silva, L., Simon, F., Soby, L., Sosedkin, A.P., Spitsyn, R.I., Tajima, T., Tarkeshian, R., Timko, H., Trines, R., Tückmantel, T., Tuev, P.V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verzilov, V., Vieira, J., Vincke, H., Wei, Y., Welsch, C.P., Wing, M., Xia, G., Yakimenko, V., Zhang, H., and Zimmermann, F.

Published
2016
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22. AWAKE: A Proton-Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment at CERN

Author

Bracco, C., Amorim, L.D., Assmann, R., Batsch, F., Bingham, R., Burt, G., Buttenschön, B., Butterworth, A., Caldwell, A., Chattopadhyay, S., Cipiccia, S., Deacon, L.C., Doebert, S., Dorda, U., Feldbaumer, E., Fonseca, R.A., Fedossev, V., Goddard, B., Grebenyuk, J., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hansen, J., Hessler, C., Hofle, W., Holloway, J., Jaroszynski, D., Jenkins, M., Jensen, L., Jolly, S., Jones, R., Kasim, M.F., Lopes, N., Lotov, K., Mandry, S.R., Martyanov, M., Meddahi, M., Mete, O., Minakov, V., Moody, J., Muggli, P., Najmudin, Z., Norreys, P.A., Öz, E., Pardons, A., Petrenko, A., Pukhov, A., Rieger, K., Reimann, O., Seryi, A.A., Shaposhnikova, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L.O., Sosedkin, A., Tarkeshian, R., Trines, R.M.G.M., Velotti, F.M., Vieira, J., Vincke, H., Welsch, C., Wing, M., and Xia, G.

Published
2016
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23. Development of the self-modulation instability of a relativistic proton bunch in plasma

Author

Verra, L., Wyler, S., Nechaeva, T., Pucek, J., Bencini, V., Bergamaschi, M., Ranc, L., Zevi Della Porta, G., Gschwendtner, E., Muggli, P., Agnello, R., Ahdida, C. C., Amoedo, C., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Arnesano, J. M., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Dexter, A. C., Doebert, S., Elverson, F. A., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fonseca, R., Furno, I., Gorn, A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Graubner, T., Grulke, O., Guran, E., Henderson, J., Kedves, M. Á., Kim, S.-Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K., Calderon, M. Martinez, Mazzoni, S., Moon, K., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Moreira, M., Pakuza, C., Pannell, F., Pardons, A., Pepitone, K., Poimendidou, E., Pukhov, A., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Rossel, R., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Silva, F., Silva, L., Spear, B., Stollberg, C., Sublet, A., Swain, C., Topaloudis, A., Torrado, N., Tuev, P., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verzilov, V., Vieira, J., Weidl, M., Welsch, C., Wendt, M., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Yarygova, V., Zepp, M., Verra, L., Wyler, S., Nechaeva, T., Pucek, J., Bencini, V., Bergamaschi, M., Ranc, L., Zevi Della Porta, G., Gschwendtner, E., Muggli, P., Agnello, R., Ahdida, C. C., Amoedo, C., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Arnesano, J. M., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Dexter, A. C., Doebert, S., Elverson, F. A., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fonseca, R., Furno, I., Gorn, A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Graubner, T., Grulke, O., Guran, E., Henderson, J., Kedves, M. Á., Kim, S.-Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K., Calderon, M. Martinez, Mazzoni, S., Moon, K., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Moreira, M., Pakuza, C., Pannell, F., Pardons, A., Pepitone, K., Poimendidou, E., Pukhov, A., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Rossel, R., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Silva, F., Silva, L., Spear, B., Stollberg, C., Sublet, A., Swain, C., Topaloudis, A., Torrado, N., Tuev, P., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verzilov, V., Vieira, J., Weidl, M., Welsch, C., Wendt, M., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Yarygova, V., and Zepp, M.

Abstract

Self-modulation is a beam–plasma instability that is useful to drive large-amplitude wakefields with bunches much longer than the plasma skin depth. We present experimental results showing that, when increasing the ratio between the initial transverse size of the bunch and the plasma skin depth, the instability occurs later along the bunch, or not at all, over a fixed plasma length because the amplitude of the initial wakefields decreases. We show cases for which self-modulation does not develop, and we introduce a simple model discussing the conditions for which it would not occur after any plasma length. Changing bunch size and plasma electron density also changes the growth rate of the instability. We discuss the impact of these results on the design of a particle accelerator based on the self-modulation instability seeded by a relativistic ionization front, such as the future upgrade of the Advanced WAKefield Experiment.

Published
2023

24. Effect of spatial distribution of impurity ions on the signal of ‘C/O monitor for Wendelstein 7-X’ - an indicator of plasma wall interactions

Author

Fornal, T., Kubkowska, M., Ksiazek, I., Ksiazek, K., Romba, T., https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2727-9385, Burhenn, R., Buttenschön, B., https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9830-9641, Ford, O., https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5646-4758, Vano, L., and W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society

Subjects
Plasma impurities, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Materials Science (miscellaneous), W7-X stellarator, Forward modelling, XUV spectroscopy, Impurity transport, C/O Monitor
Abstract

The ‘C/O monitor’ is a dedicated diagnostic system designed to monitor light impurities (B, C, N and O) in the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator. Its main goal is to provide fast (∼1 ms) information about the impurity level which is measured from a large plasma volume (high throughput). Its first subsystem dedicated to measure Lyman-α lines of H-like carbon (C5+ − 3.4 nm – used as PFC material) and oxygen (O7+ − 1.9 nm – common impurity absorbed by inner vessels’ walls) is going to be commissioned during the next Operational Phase of W7-X. Since the radiated photon intensity of a given impurity depends strongly on plasma kinetic parameters (Te, ne) and impurity transport, it is important to thoroughly understand the underlying correlation between these factors and registered signal. Because the dependences turn out to be non-trivial, a forward modelling was applied. This paper outlines the results of Lyman-α line intensities modelling performed for carbon and oxygen studies (including impurity transport), as only those two elements will be measured during the initial operational phase of the spectrometer. The obtained results indicates that the signals measured by the system will be weakly dependant on the plasma conditions.

Published
2022

25. Overview of core impurity transport in the first divertor operation of Wendelstein 7-X

Author

W7-X Team, Wegner, Th., Bähner, J.-P., Buttenschön, B., Langenberg, A., and von Stechow, A.

Subjects
Technology, plasma confinement, plasma diagnostics, fusion plasma, ddc:600
Abstract

The impurity transport at Wendelstein 7-X during its most recent campaign is characterized and documented for a variety of different plasma scenarios. An overview of its dependence on several quantities is given, which allows identification of transport regimes and the major driver for impurity transport. Beyond this, a comparison with the impurity behavior in other fusion devices is now possible. In contrast to other stellarators, no density dependence of the impurity transport has been found. Additionally, the influence of the turbulence contribution to the overall transport is reflected in the dependence on various parameters, e.g. turbulent diffusion and density fluctuation amplitudes. With this database approach, one can now also apply scaling laws to make extrapolations about the impurity confinement in future plasma scenarios.

Published
2023
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26. Overview of core impurity transport in the first divertor operation of Wendelstein 7-X.

Author

Wegner, Th., Bähner, J.-P., Buttenschön, B., Langenberg, A., and von Stechow, A.

Subjects
PLASMA confinement, DATABASES, PLASMA diagnostics, STELLARATORS, EXTRAPOLATION
Abstract

The impurity transport at Wendelstein 7-X during its most recent campaign is characterized and documented for a variety of different plasma scenarios. An overview of its dependence on several quantities is given, which allows identification of transport regimes and the major driver for impurity transport. Beyond this, a comparison with the impurity behavior in other fusion devices is now possible. In contrast to other stellarators, no density dependence of the impurity transport has been found. Additionally, the influence of the turbulence contribution to the overall transport is reflected in the dependence on various parameters, e.g. turbulent diffusion and density fluctuation amplitudes. With this database approach, one can now also apply scaling laws to make extrapolations about the impurity confinement in future plasma scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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27. Controlled growth of the self-modulation of a relativistic proton bunch in plasma

Author

Verra, L., Zevi Della Porta, G., Pucek, J., Nechaeva, T., Wyler, S., Bergamaschi, M., Senes, E., Guran, E., Moody, J.T., Kedves, M.Á., Gschwendtner, E., Muggli, P., Agnello, R., Ahdida, C.C., Goncalves, M.C.A., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Arnesano, J.M., Bachmann, A.-M., Barrientos, D., Batsch, F., Bencini, V., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P.N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D.A., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Dexter, A.C., Doebert, S., Elverson, F.A., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V., Fonseca, R., Furno, I., Gorn, A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Graubner, T., Grulke, O., Hafych, V., Henderson, J., Hüther, M., Khudiakov, V., Kim, S.-Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K., Martinez Calderon, M., Mazzoni, S., Medina Godoy, D., Moon, K., Morales Guzmán, P.I., Moreira, M., Nowak, E., Pakuza, C., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Pepitone, K., Perera, A., Pukhov, A., Ramjiawan, R.L., Rey, S., Schmitz, O., Silva, F., Silva, L., Stollberg, C., Sublet, A., Swain, C., Topaloudis, A., Torrado, N., Tuev, P., Velotti, F., Verzilov, V., Vieira, J., Weidl, M., Welsch, C., Wendt, M., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Yarygova, V., Zepp, M., and AWAKE Collaboration

Subjects
Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), Other Fields of Physics, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Acceleratorfysik och instrumentering, Accelerator Physics and Instrumentation, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Ciências Naturais::Ciências Físicas [Domínio/Área Científica], Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics, Physics - Plasma Physics, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik, physics.plasm-ph, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics, physics.acc-ph
Abstract

A long, narrow, relativistic charged particle bunch propagating in plasma is subject to the self-modulation (SM) instability. We show that SM of a proton bunch can be seeded by the wakefields driven by a preceding electron bunch. SM timing reproducibility and control are at the level of a small fraction of the modulation period. With this seeding method, we independently control the amplitude of the seed wakefields with the charge of the electron bunch and the growth rate of SM with the charge of the proton bunch. Seeding leads to larger growth of the wakefields than in the instability case. A long, narrow, relativistic charged particle bunch propagating in plasma is subject to the self-modulation (SM) instability. We show that SM of a proton bunch can be seeded by the wakefields driven by a preceding electron bunch. SM timing reproducibility and control are at the level of a small fraction of the modulation period. With this seeding method, we independently control the amplitude of the seed wakefields with the charge of the electron bunch and the growth rate of SM with the charge of the proton bunch. Seeding leads to larger growth of the wakefields than in the instability case.

Published
2022
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28. Experimental confirmation of efficient island divertor operation and successful neoclassical transport optimization in Wendelstein 7-X

Author

Pedersen, T.S. Abramovic, I. Agostinetti, P. Torres, M.A. Äkäslompolo, S. Belloso, J.A. Aleynikov, P. Aleynikova, K. Alhashimi, M. Ali, A. Allen, N. Alonso, A. Anda, G. Andreeva, T. Angioni, C. Arkhipov, A. Arnold, A. Asad, W. Ascasibar, E. Aumeunier, M.-H. Avramidis, K. Aymerich, E. Baek, S.-G. Bähner, J. Baillod, A. Balden, M. Balden, M. Baldzuhn, J. Ballinger, S. Banduch, M. Bannmann, S. Navarro, A.B. Navarro, A.B. Barbui, T. Beidler, C. Belafdil, C. Bencze, A. Benndorf, A. Beurskens, M. Biedermann, C. Biletskyi, O. Blackwell, B. Blatzheim, M. Bluhm, T. Böckenhoff, D. Bongiovi, G. Borchardt, M. Borodin, D. Boscary, J. Bosch, H. Bosmann, T. Böswirth, B. Böttger, L. Bottino, A. Bozhenkov, S. Brakel, R. Brandt, C. Bräuer, T. Braune, H. Brezinsek, S. Brunner, K. Buller, S. Burhenn, R. Bussiahn, R. Buttenschön, B. Buzás, A. Bykov, V. Calvo, I. Mata, K.C. Caminal, I. Cannas, B. Cappa, A. Carls, A. Carovani, F. Carr, M. Carralero, D. Carvalho, B. Casas, J. Castano-Bardawil, D. Castejon, F. Chaudhary, N. Chelis, I. Chomiczewska, A. Coenen, J.W. Cole, M. Cordella, F. Corre, Y. Crombe, K. Cseh, G. Csillag, B. Damm, H. Day, C. de Baar, M. De la Cal, E. Degenkolbe, S. Demby, A. Denk, S. Dhard, C. Di Siena, A. Dinklage, A. Dittmar, T. Dreval, M. Drevlak, M. Drewelow, P. Drews, P. Dunai, D. Edlund, E. Effenberg, F. Ehrke, G. Endler, M. Ennis, D.A. Escoto, F.J. Estrada, T. Fable, E. Fahrenkamp, N. Fanni, A. Faustin, J. Fellinger, J. Feng, Y. Figacz, W. Flom, E. Ford, O. Fornal, T. Frerichs, H. Freundt, S. Fuchert, G. Fukuyama, M. Füllenbach, F. Gantenbein, G. Gao, Y. Garcia, K. Regaña, J.M.G. García-Cortés, I. Gaspar, J. Gates, D.A. Geiger, J. Geiger, B. Giudicotti, L. González, A. Goriaev, A. Gradic, D. Grahl, M. Graves, J.P. Green, J. Grelier, E. Greuner, H. Groß, S. Grote, H. Groth, M. Gruca, M. Grulke, O. Grün, M. Arnaiz, J.G. Günter, S. Haak, V. Haas, M. Hacker, P. Hakola, A. Hallenbert, A. Hammond, K. Han, X. Hansen, S.K. Harris, J.H. Hartfuß, H. Hartmann, D. Hathiramani and Pedersen, T.S. Abramovic, I. Agostinetti, P. Torres, M.A. Äkäslompolo, S. Belloso, J.A. Aleynikov, P. Aleynikova, K. Alhashimi, M. Ali, A. Allen, N. Alonso, A. Anda, G. Andreeva, T. Angioni, C. Arkhipov, A. Arnold, A. Asad, W. Ascasibar, E. Aumeunier, M.-H. Avramidis, K. Aymerich, E. Baek, S.-G. Bähner, J. Baillod, A. Balden, M. Balden, M. Baldzuhn, J. Ballinger, S. Banduch, M. Bannmann, S. Navarro, A.B. Navarro, A.B. Barbui, T. Beidler, C. Belafdil, C. Bencze, A. Benndorf, A. Beurskens, M. Biedermann, C. Biletskyi, O. Blackwell, B. Blatzheim, M. Bluhm, T. Böckenhoff, D. Bongiovi, G. Borchardt, M. Borodin, D. Boscary, J. Bosch, H. Bosmann, T. Böswirth, B. Böttger, L. Bottino, A. Bozhenkov, S. Brakel, R. Brandt, C. Bräuer, T. Braune, H. Brezinsek, S. Brunner, K. Buller, S. Burhenn, R. Bussiahn, R. Buttenschön, B. Buzás, A. Bykov, V. Calvo, I. Mata, K.C. Caminal, I. Cannas, B. Cappa, A. Carls, A. Carovani, F. Carr, M. Carralero, D. Carvalho, B. Casas, J. Castano-Bardawil, D. Castejon, F. Chaudhary, N. Chelis, I. Chomiczewska, A. Coenen, J.W. Cole, M. Cordella, F. Corre, Y. Crombe, K. Cseh, G. Csillag, B. Damm, H. Day, C. de Baar, M. De la Cal, E. Degenkolbe, S. Demby, A. Denk, S. Dhard, C. Di Siena, A. Dinklage, A. Dittmar, T. Dreval, M. Drevlak, M. Drewelow, P. Drews, P. Dunai, D. Edlund, E. Effenberg, F. Ehrke, G. Endler, M. Ennis, D.A. Escoto, F.J. Estrada, T. Fable, E. Fahrenkamp, N. Fanni, A. Faustin, J. Fellinger, J. Feng, Y. Figacz, W. Flom, E. Ford, O. Fornal, T. Frerichs, H. Freundt, S. Fuchert, G. Fukuyama, M. Füllenbach, F. Gantenbein, G. Gao, Y. Garcia, K. Regaña, J.M.G. García-Cortés, I. Gaspar, J. Gates, D.A. Geiger, J. Geiger, B. Giudicotti, L. González, A. Goriaev, A. Gradic, D. Grahl, M. Graves, J.P. Green, J. Grelier, E. Greuner, H. Groß, S. Grote, H. Groth, M. Gruca, M. Grulke, O. Grün, M. Arnaiz, J.G. Günter, S. Haak, V. Haas, M. Hacker, P. Hakola, A. Hallenbert, A. Hammond, K. Han, X. Hansen, S.K. Harris, J.H. Hartfuß, H. Hartmann, D. Hathiramani

Abstract

We present recent highlights from the most recent operation phases of Wendelstein 7-X, the most advanced stellarator in the world. Stable detachment with good particle exhaust, low impurity content, and energy confinement times exceeding 100 ms, have been maintained for tens of seconds. Pellet fueling allows for plasma phases with reduced ion-temperature-gradient turbulence, and during such phases, the overall confinement is so good (energy confinement times often exceeding 200 ms) that the attained density and temperature profiles would not have been possible in less optimized devices, since they would have had neoclassical transport losses exceeding the heating applied in W7-X. This provides proof that the reduction of neoclassical transport through magnetic field optimization is successful. W7-X plasmas generally show good impurity screening and high plasma purity, but there is evidence of longer impurity confinement times during turbulence-suppressed phases. © EURATOM 202

Published
2022

29. Experimental confirmation of efficient island divertor operation and successful neoclassical transport optimization in Wendelstein 7-X

Author

Pedersen, Thomas Sunn, Abramovic, I., Agostinetti, P., Torres, M. Agredano, Äkäslompolo, S., Belloso, J. Alcuson, Aleynikov, P., Aleynikova, K., Alhashimi, M., Ali, A., Allen, N., Alonso, A., Anda, G., Andreeva, T., Angioni, C., Arkhipov, A., Arnold, A., Asad, W., Ascasibar, E., Aumeunier, M. H., Avramidis, K., Aymerich, E., Baek, S. G., Bähner, J., Baillod, A., Balden, M., Baldzuhn, J., Ballinger, S., Banduch, M., Bannmann, S., Navarro, A. Bañón, Barbui, T., Beidler, C., Belafdil, C., Bencze, A., Benndorf, A., Beurskens, M., Biedermann, C., Biletskyi, O., Blackwell, B., Blatzheim, M., Bluhm, T., Böckenhoff, D., Bongiovi, G., Borchardt, M., Borodin, D., Boscary, J., Bosch, H., Bosmann, T., Böswirth, B., Böttger, L., Bottino, A., Bozhenkov, S., Brakel, R., Brandt, C., Bräuer, T., Braune, H., Brezinsek, S., Brunner, K., Buller, S., Burhenn, R., Bussiahn, R., Buttenschön, B., Buzás, A., Bykov, V., Calvo, I., Mata, K. Camacho, Caminal, I., Cannas, B., Cappa, A., Carls, A., Carovani, F., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Carvalho, B., Casas, J., Castano-Bardawil, D., Castejon, F., Chaudhary, N., Chelis, I., Chomiczewska, A., Coenen, J. W., Cole, M., Cordella, F., Corre, Y., Crombe, K., Cseh, G., Csillag, B., Damm, H., Day, C., de Baar, M., De la Cal, E., Degenkolbe, S., Demby, A., Denk, S., Dhard, C., Di Siena, A., Dinklage, A., Dittmar, T., Dreval, M., Drevlak, M., Drewelow, P., Drews, P., Dunai, D., Edlund, E., Effenberg, F., Ehrke, G., Endler, M., Ennis, D. A., Escoto, F. J., Estrada, T., Fable, E., Fahrenkamp, N., Fanni, A., Faustin, J., Fellinger, J., Feng, Y., Figacz, W., Flom, E., Ford, O., Fornal, T., Frerichs, H., Freundt, S., Fuchert, G., Fukuyama, M., Füllenbach, F., Gantenbein, G., Gao, Y., Garcia, K., Regaña, J. M.García, García-Cortés, I., Gaspar, J., Gates, D. A., Geiger, J., Geiger, B., Giudicotti, L., González, A., Goriaev, A., Gradic, D., Grahl, M., Graves, J. P., Green, J., Grelier, E., Greuner, H., Groß, S., Grote, H., Groth, M., Gruca, M., Grulke, O., Grün, M., Arnaiz, J. Guerrero, Günter, S., Haak, V., Haas, M., Hacker, P., Hakola, A., Hallenbert, A., Hammond, K., Han, X., Hansen, S. K., Harris, J. H., Hartfuß, H., Hartmann, D., Hathiramani, D., Hatzky, R., Hawke, J., Hegedus, S., Hein, B., Heinemann, B., Helander, P., Henneberg, S., Hergenhahn, U., Hidalgo, C., Hindenlang, F., Hirsch, M., Höfel, U., Hollfeld, K. P., Holtz, A., Hopf, D., Höschen, D., Houry, M., Howard, J., Huang, X., Hubeny, M., Hudson, S., Ida, K., Igitkhanov, Y., Igochine, V., Illy, S., Ionita-Schrittwieser, C., Isobe, M., Jabłczynska, M., Jablonski, S., Jagielski, B., Jakubowski, M., van Vuuren, A. Jansen, Jelonnek, J., Jenko, F., Jensen, T., Jenzsch, H., Junghanns, P., Kaczmarczyk, J., Kallmeyer, J., Kamionka, U., Kandler, M., Kasilov, S., Kazakov, Y., Kennedy, D., Kharwandikar, A., Khokhlov, M., Kiefer, C., Killer, C., Kirschner, A., Kleiber, R., Klinger, T., Klose, S., Knauer, J., Knieps, A., Köchl, F., Kocsis, G., Kolesnichenko, Ya I., Könies, A., König, R., Kontula, J., Kornejew, P., Koschinsky, J., Kozulia, M. M., Krämer-Flecken, A., Krampitz, R., Krause, M., Krawczyk, N., Kremeyer, T., Krier, L., Kriete, D. M., Krychowiak, M., Ksiazek, I., Kubkowska, M., Kuczynski, M., Kühner, G., Kumar, A., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kwak, S., Landreman, M., Lang, P. T., Langenberg, A., Laqua, H., Laube, R., Lazerson, S., Lewerentz, M., Li, C., Liang, Y., Linsmeier, Ch, Lion, J., Litnovsky, A., Liu, S., Lobsien, J., Loizu, J., Lore, J., Lorenz, A., Losada, U., Louche, F., Lunsford, R., Lutsenko, V., Machielsen, M., Mackel, F., Maisano-Brown, J., Maj, O., Makowski, D., Manduchi, G., Maragkoudakis, E., Marchuk, O., Marsen, S., Martines, E., Martinez-Fernandez, J., Marushchenko, M., Masuzaki, S., Maurer, D., Mayer, M., McCarthy, K. J., McCormack, O., McNeely, P., Meister, H., Mendelevitch, B., Mendes, S., Merlo, A., Messian, A., Mielczarek, A., Mishchenko, O., Missal, B., Mitteau, R., Moiseenko, V. E., Mollen, A., Moncada, V., Mönnich, T., Morisaki, T., Moseev, D., Motojima, G., Mulas, S., Mulsow, M., Nagel, M., Naujoks, D., Naulin, V., Neelis, T., Neilson, H., Neu, R., Neubauer, O., Neuner, U., Nicolai, D., Nielsen, S. K., Niemann, H., Nishiza, T., Nishizawa, T., Nührenberg, C., Ochoukov, R., Oelmann, J., Offermanns, G., Ogawa, K., Okamura, S., Ölmanns, J., Ongena, J., Oosterbeek, J., Otte, M., Pablant, N., Alvarez, N. Panadero, Pandey, A., Pasch, E., Pavlichenko, R., Pavone, A., Pawelec, E., Pechstein, G., Pelka, G., Perseo, V., Peterson, B., Pilopp, D., Pingel, S., Pisano, F., Plöckl, B., Plunk, G., Pölöskei, P., Pompe, B., Popov, A., Porkolab, M., Proll, J., Pueschel, M. J., Puiatti, M. E., Sitjes, A. Puig, Purps, F., Rahbarnia, K., Rasinski, M., Rasmussen, J., Reiman, A., Reimold, F., Reisner, M., Reiter, D., Richou, M., Riedl, R., Riemann, J., Riße, K., Roberg-Clark, G., Rohde, V., Romazanov, J., Rondeshagen, D., Rong, P., Rudischhauser, L., Rummel, T., Rummel, K., Runov, A., Rust, N., Ryc, L., Salembier, P., Salewski, M., Sanchez, E., Satake, S., Satheeswaran, G., Schacht, J., Scharff, E., Schauer, F., Schilling, J., Schlisio, G., Schmid, K., Schmitt, J., Schmitz, O., Schneider, W., Schneider, M., Schneider, P., Schrittwieser, R., Schröder, T., Schröder, M., Schroeder, R., Schweer, B., Schwörer, D., Scott, E., Shanahan, B., Sias, G., Sichta, P., Singer, M., Sinha, P., Sipliä, S., Slaby, C., Sleczka, M., Smith, H., Smoniewski, J., Sonnendrücker, E., Spolaore, M., Spring, A., Stadler, R., Stanczak, D., Stange, T., Stepanov, I., Stephey, L., Stober, J., Stroth, U., Strumberger, E., Suzuki, C., Suzuki, Y., Svensson, J., Szabolics, T., Szepesi, T., Szücs, M., Tabarés, F. L., Tamura, N., Tancetti, A., Tantos, C., Terry, J., Thienpondt, H., Thomsen, H., Thumm, M., Travere, J. M., Traverso, P., Tretter, J., Trier, E., Mora, H. Trimino, Tsujimura, T., Turkin, Y., Tykhyi, A., Unterberg, B., van Eeten, P., van Milligen, B. Ph, van Schoor, M., Vano, L., Varoutis, S., Vecsei, M., Vela, L., Velasco, J. L., Vervier, M., Vianello, N., Viebke, H., Vilbrandt, R., Vogel, G., Vogt, N., Volkhausen, C., von Stechow, A., Wagner, F., Wang, E., Wang, H., Warmer, F., Wauters, T., Wegener, L., Wegner, T., Weir, G., Wenzel, U., White, A., Wilde, F., Wilms, F., Windisch, T., Winkler, M., Winter, A., Winters, V., Wolf, R., Wright, A. M., Wurden, G. A., Xanthopoulos, P., Xu, S., Yamada, H., Yamaguchi, H., Yokoyama, M., Yoshinuma, M., Yu, Q., Zamanov, M., Zanini, M., Zarnstorff, M., Zhang, D., Zhou, S., Zhu, J., Zhu, C., Zilker, M., Zocco, A., Zohm, H., Zoletnik, S., Zsuga, L., Pedersen, Thomas Sunn, Abramovic, I., Agostinetti, P., Torres, M. Agredano, Äkäslompolo, S., Belloso, J. Alcuson, Aleynikov, P., Aleynikova, K., Alhashimi, M., Ali, A., Allen, N., Alonso, A., Anda, G., Andreeva, T., Angioni, C., Arkhipov, A., Arnold, A., Asad, W., Ascasibar, E., Aumeunier, M. H., Avramidis, K., Aymerich, E., Baek, S. G., Bähner, J., Baillod, A., Balden, M., Baldzuhn, J., Ballinger, S., Banduch, M., Bannmann, S., Navarro, A. Bañón, Barbui, T., Beidler, C., Belafdil, C., Bencze, A., Benndorf, A., Beurskens, M., Biedermann, C., Biletskyi, O., Blackwell, B., Blatzheim, M., Bluhm, T., Böckenhoff, D., Bongiovi, G., Borchardt, M., Borodin, D., Boscary, J., Bosch, H., Bosmann, T., Böswirth, B., Böttger, L., Bottino, A., Bozhenkov, S., Brakel, R., Brandt, C., Bräuer, T., Braune, H., Brezinsek, S., Brunner, K., Buller, S., Burhenn, R., Bussiahn, R., Buttenschön, B., Buzás, A., Bykov, V., Calvo, I., Mata, K. Camacho, Caminal, I., Cannas, B., Cappa, A., Carls, A., Carovani, F., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Carvalho, B., Casas, J., Castano-Bardawil, D., Castejon, F., Chaudhary, N., Chelis, I., Chomiczewska, A., Coenen, J. W., Cole, M., Cordella, F., Corre, Y., Crombe, K., Cseh, G., Csillag, B., Damm, H., Day, C., de Baar, M., De la Cal, E., Degenkolbe, S., Demby, A., Denk, S., Dhard, C., Di Siena, A., Dinklage, A., Dittmar, T., Dreval, M., Drevlak, M., Drewelow, P., Drews, P., Dunai, D., Edlund, E., Effenberg, F., Ehrke, G., Endler, M., Ennis, D. A., Escoto, F. J., Estrada, T., Fable, E., Fahrenkamp, N., Fanni, A., Faustin, J., Fellinger, J., Feng, Y., Figacz, W., Flom, E., Ford, O., Fornal, T., Frerichs, H., Freundt, S., Fuchert, G., Fukuyama, M., Füllenbach, F., Gantenbein, G., Gao, Y., Garcia, K., Regaña, J. M.García, García-Cortés, I., Gaspar, J., Gates, D. A., Geiger, J., Geiger, B., Giudicotti, L., González, A., Goriaev, A., Gradic, D., Grahl, M., Graves, J. P., Green, J., Grelier, E., Greuner, H., Groß, S., Grote, H., Groth, M., Gruca, M., Grulke, O., Grün, M., Arnaiz, J. Guerrero, Günter, S., Haak, V., Haas, M., Hacker, P., Hakola, A., Hallenbert, A., Hammond, K., Han, X., Hansen, S. K., Harris, J. H., Hartfuß, H., Hartmann, D., Hathiramani, D., Hatzky, R., Hawke, J., Hegedus, S., Hein, B., Heinemann, B., Helander, P., Henneberg, S., Hergenhahn, U., Hidalgo, C., Hindenlang, F., Hirsch, M., Höfel, U., Hollfeld, K. P., Holtz, A., Hopf, D., Höschen, D., Houry, M., Howard, J., Huang, X., Hubeny, M., Hudson, S., Ida, K., Igitkhanov, Y., Igochine, V., Illy, S., Ionita-Schrittwieser, C., Isobe, M., Jabłczynska, M., Jablonski, S., Jagielski, B., Jakubowski, M., van Vuuren, A. Jansen, Jelonnek, J., Jenko, F., Jensen, T., Jenzsch, H., Junghanns, P., Kaczmarczyk, J., Kallmeyer, J., Kamionka, U., Kandler, M., Kasilov, S., Kazakov, Y., Kennedy, D., Kharwandikar, A., Khokhlov, M., Kiefer, C., Killer, C., Kirschner, A., Kleiber, R., Klinger, T., Klose, S., Knauer, J., Knieps, A., Köchl, F., Kocsis, G., Kolesnichenko, Ya I., Könies, A., König, R., Kontula, J., Kornejew, P., Koschinsky, J., Kozulia, M. M., Krämer-Flecken, A., Krampitz, R., Krause, M., Krawczyk, N., Kremeyer, T., Krier, L., Kriete, D. M., Krychowiak, M., Ksiazek, I., Kubkowska, M., Kuczynski, M., Kühner, G., Kumar, A., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kwak, S., Landreman, M., Lang, P. T., Langenberg, A., Laqua, H., Laube, R., Lazerson, S., Lewerentz, M., Li, C., Liang, Y., Linsmeier, Ch, Lion, J., Litnovsky, A., Liu, S., Lobsien, J., Loizu, J., Lore, J., Lorenz, A., Losada, U., Louche, F., Lunsford, R., Lutsenko, V., Machielsen, M., Mackel, F., Maisano-Brown, J., Maj, O., Makowski, D., Manduchi, G., Maragkoudakis, E., Marchuk, O., Marsen, S., Martines, E., Martinez-Fernandez, J., Marushchenko, M., Masuzaki, S., Maurer, D., Mayer, M., McCarthy, K. J., McCormack, O., McNeely, P., Meister, H., Mendelevitch, B., Mendes, S., Merlo, A., Messian, A., Mielczarek, A., Mishchenko, O., Missal, B., Mitteau, R., Moiseenko, V. E., Mollen, A., Moncada, V., Mönnich, T., Morisaki, T., Moseev, D., Motojima, G., Mulas, S., Mulsow, M., Nagel, M., Naujoks, D., Naulin, V., Neelis, T., Neilson, H., Neu, R., Neubauer, O., Neuner, U., Nicolai, D., Nielsen, S. K., Niemann, H., Nishiza, T., Nishizawa, T., Nührenberg, C., Ochoukov, R., Oelmann, J., Offermanns, G., Ogawa, K., Okamura, S., Ölmanns, J., Ongena, J., Oosterbeek, J., Otte, M., Pablant, N., Alvarez, N. Panadero, Pandey, A., Pasch, E., Pavlichenko, R., Pavone, A., Pawelec, E., Pechstein, G., Pelka, G., Perseo, V., Peterson, B., Pilopp, D., Pingel, S., Pisano, F., Plöckl, B., Plunk, G., Pölöskei, P., Pompe, B., Popov, A., Porkolab, M., Proll, J., Pueschel, M. J., Puiatti, M. E., Sitjes, A. Puig, Purps, F., Rahbarnia, K., Rasinski, M., Rasmussen, J., Reiman, A., Reimold, F., Reisner, M., Reiter, D., Richou, M., Riedl, R., Riemann, J., Riße, K., Roberg-Clark, G., Rohde, V., Romazanov, J., Rondeshagen, D., Rong, P., Rudischhauser, L., Rummel, T., Rummel, K., Runov, A., Rust, N., Ryc, L., Salembier, P., Salewski, M., Sanchez, E., Satake, S., Satheeswaran, G., Schacht, J., Scharff, E., Schauer, F., Schilling, J., Schlisio, G., Schmid, K., Schmitt, J., Schmitz, O., Schneider, W., Schneider, M., Schneider, P., Schrittwieser, R., Schröder, T., Schröder, M., Schroeder, R., Schweer, B., Schwörer, D., Scott, E., Shanahan, B., Sias, G., Sichta, P., Singer, M., Sinha, P., Sipliä, S., Slaby, C., Sleczka, M., Smith, H., Smoniewski, J., Sonnendrücker, E., Spolaore, M., Spring, A., Stadler, R., Stanczak, D., Stange, T., Stepanov, I., Stephey, L., Stober, J., Stroth, U., Strumberger, E., Suzuki, C., Suzuki, Y., Svensson, J., Szabolics, T., Szepesi, T., Szücs, M., Tabarés, F. L., Tamura, N., Tancetti, A., Tantos, C., Terry, J., Thienpondt, H., Thomsen, H., Thumm, M., Travere, J. M., Traverso, P., Tretter, J., Trier, E., Mora, H. Trimino, Tsujimura, T., Turkin, Y., Tykhyi, A., Unterberg, B., van Eeten, P., van Milligen, B. Ph, van Schoor, M., Vano, L., Varoutis, S., Vecsei, M., Vela, L., Velasco, J. L., Vervier, M., Vianello, N., Viebke, H., Vilbrandt, R., Vogel, G., Vogt, N., Volkhausen, C., von Stechow, A., Wagner, F., Wang, E., Wang, H., Warmer, F., Wauters, T., Wegener, L., Wegner, T., Weir, G., Wenzel, U., White, A., Wilde, F., Wilms, F., Windisch, T., Winkler, M., Winter, A., Winters, V., Wolf, R., Wright, A. M., Wurden, G. A., Xanthopoulos, P., Xu, S., Yamada, H., Yamaguchi, H., Yokoyama, M., Yoshinuma, M., Yu, Q., Zamanov, M., Zanini, M., Zarnstorff, M., Zhang, D., Zhou, S., Zhu, J., Zhu, C., Zilker, M., Zocco, A., Zohm, H., Zoletnik, S., and Zsuga, L.

Abstract

We present recent highlights from the most recent operation phases of Wendelstein 7-X, the most advanced stellarator in the world. Stable detachment with good particle exhaust, low impurity content, and energy confinement times exceeding 100 ms, have been maintained for tens of seconds. Pellet fueling allows for plasma phases with reduced ion-temperature-gradient turbulence, and during such phases, the overall confinement is so good (energy confinement times often exceeding 200 ms) that the attained density and temperature profiles would not have been possible in less optimized devices, since they would have had neoclassical transport losses exceeding the heating applied in W7-X. This provides proof that the reduction of neoclassical transport through magnetic field optimization is successful. W7-X plasmas generally show good impurity screening and high plasma purity, but there is evidence of longer impurity confinement times during turbulence-suppressed phases.

Published
2022

30. Experimental confirmation of efficient island divertor operation and successful neoclassical transport optimization in Wendelstein 7-X

Author

Sunn Pedersen, Thomas, primary, Abramovic, I., additional, Agostinetti, P., additional, Agredano Torres, M., additional, Äkäslompolo, S., additional, Alcuson Belloso, J., additional, Aleynikov, P., additional, Aleynikova, K., additional, Alhashimi, M., additional, Ali, A., additional, Allen, N., additional, Alonso, A., additional, Anda, G., additional, Andreeva, T., additional, Angioni, C., additional, Arkhipov, A., additional, Arnold, A., additional, Asad, W., additional, Ascasibar, E., additional, Aumeunier, M.-H., additional, Avramidis, K., additional, Aymerich, E., additional, Baek, S.-G., additional, Bähner, J., additional, Baillod, A., additional, Balden, M., additional, Baldzuhn, J., additional, Ballinger, S., additional, Banduch, M., additional, Bannmann, S., additional, Banon Navarro, A., additional, Bañón Navarro, A., additional, Barbui, T., additional, Beidler, C., additional, Belafdil, C., additional, Bencze, A., additional, Benndorf, A., additional, Beurskens, M., additional, Biedermann, C., additional, Biletskyi, O., additional, Blackwell, B., additional, Blatzheim, M., additional, Bluhm, T., additional, Böckenhoff, D., additional, Bongiovi, G., additional, Borchardt, M., additional, Borodin, D., additional, Boscary, J., additional, Bosch, H., additional, Bosmann, T., additional, Böswirth, B., additional, Böttger, L., additional, Bottino, A., additional, Bozhenkov, S., additional, Brakel, R., additional, Brandt, C., additional, Bräuer, T., additional, Braune, H., additional, Brezinsek, S., additional, Brunner, K., additional, Buller, S., additional, Burhenn, R., additional, Bussiahn, R., additional, Buttenschön, B., additional, Buzás, A., additional, Bykov, V., additional, Calvo, I., additional, Camacho Mata, K., additional, Caminal, I., additional, Cannas, B., additional, Cappa, A., additional, Carls, A., additional, Carovani, F., additional, Carr, M., additional, Carralero, D., additional, Carvalho, B., additional, Casas, J., additional, Castano-Bardawil, D., additional, Castejon, F., additional, Chaudhary, N., additional, Chelis, I., additional, Chomiczewska, A., additional, Coenen, J.W., additional, Cole, M., additional, Cordella, F., additional, Corre, Y., additional, Crombe, K., additional, Cseh, G., additional, Csillag, B., additional, Damm, H., additional, Day, C., additional, de Baar, M., additional, De la Cal, E., additional, Degenkolbe, S., additional, Demby, A., additional, Denk, S., additional, Dhard, C., additional, Di Siena, A., additional, Dinklage, A., additional, Dittmar, T., additional, Dreval, M., additional, Drevlak, M., additional, Drewelow, P., additional, Drews, P., additional, Dunai, D., additional, Edlund, E., additional, Effenberg, F., additional, Ehrke, G., additional, Endler, M., additional, Ennis, D.A., additional, Escoto, F.J., additional, Estrada, T., additional, Fable, E., additional, Fahrenkamp, N., additional, Fanni, A., additional, Faustin, J., additional, Fellinger, J., additional, Feng, Y., additional, Figacz, W., additional, Flom, E., additional, Ford, O., additional, Fornal, T., additional, Frerichs, H., additional, Freundt, S., additional, Fuchert, G., additional, Fukuyama, M., additional, Füllenbach, F., additional, Gantenbein, G., additional, Gao, Y., additional, Garcia, K., additional, García Regaña, J.M., additional, García-Cortés, I., additional, Gaspar, J., additional, Gates, D.A., additional, Geiger, J., additional, Geiger, B., additional, Giudicotti, L., additional, González, A., additional, Goriaev, A., additional, Gradic, D., additional, Grahl, M., additional, Graves, J.P., additional, Green, J., additional, Grelier, E., additional, Greuner, H., additional, Groß, S., additional, Grote, H., additional, Groth, M., additional, Gruca, M., additional, Grulke, O., additional, Grün, M., additional, Guerrero Arnaiz, J., additional, Günter, S., additional, Haak, V., additional, Haas, M., additional, Hacker, P., additional, Hakola, A., additional, Hallenbert, A., additional, Hammond, K., additional, Han, X., additional, Hansen, S.K., additional, Harris, J.H., additional, Hartfuß, H., additional, Hartmann, D., additional, Hathiramani, D., additional, Hatzky, R., additional, Hawke, J., additional, Hegedus, S., additional, Hein, B., additional, Heinemann, B., additional, Helander, P., additional, Henneberg, S., additional, Hergenhahn, U., additional, Hidalgo, C., additional, Hindenlang, F., additional, Hirsch, M., additional, Höfel, U., additional, Hollfeld, K.P., additional, Holtz, A., additional, Hopf, D., additional, Höschen, D., additional, Houry, M., additional, Howard, J., additional, Huang, X., additional, Hubeny, M., additional, Hudson, S., additional, Ida, K., additional, Igitkhanov, Y., additional, Igochine, V., additional, Illy, S., additional, Ionita-Schrittwieser, C., additional, Isobe, M., additional, Jabłczyńska, M., additional, Jablonski, S., additional, Jagielski, B., additional, Jakubowski, M., additional, Jansen van Vuuren, A., additional, Jelonnek, J., additional, Jenko, F., additional, Jensen, T., additional, Jenzsch, H., additional, Junghanns, P., additional, Kaczmarczyk, J., additional, Kallmeyer, J., additional, Kamionka, U., additional, Kandler, M., additional, Kasilov, S., additional, Kazakov, Y., additional, Kennedy, D., additional, Kharwandikar, A., additional, Khokhlov, M., additional, Kiefer, C., additional, Killer, C., additional, Kirschner, A., additional, Kleiber, R., additional, Klinger, T., additional, Klose, S., additional, Knauer, J., additional, Knieps, A., additional, Köchl, F., additional, Kocsis, G., additional, Kolesnichenko, Ya.I., additional, Könies, A., additional, König, R., additional, Kontula, J., additional, Kornejew, P., additional, Koschinsky, J., additional, Kozulia, M.M., additional, Krämer-Flecken, A., additional, Krampitz, R., additional, Krause, M., additional, Krawczyk, N., additional, Kremeyer, T., additional, Krier, L., additional, Kriete, D.M., additional, Krychowiak, M., additional, Ksiazek, I., additional, Kubkowska, M., additional, Kuczynski, M., additional, Kühner, G., additional, Kumar, A., additional, Kurki-Suonio, T., additional, Kwak, S., additional, Landreman, M., additional, Lang, P.T., additional, Langenberg, A., additional, Laqua, H.P., additional, Laqua, H., additional, Laube, R., additional, Lazerson, S., additional, Lewerentz, M., additional, Li, C., additional, Liang, Y., additional, Linsmeier, Ch., additional, Lion, J., additional, Litnovsky, A., additional, Liu, S., additional, Lobsien, J., additional, Loizu, J., additional, Lore, J., additional, Lorenz, A., additional, Losada, U., additional, Louche, F., additional, Lunsford, R., additional, Lutsenko, V., additional, Machielsen, M., additional, Mackel, F., additional, Maisano-Brown, J., additional, Maj, O., additional, Makowski, D., additional, Manduchi, G., additional, Maragkoudakis, E., additional, Marchuk, O., additional, Marsen, S., additional, Martines, E., additional, Martinez-Fernandez, J., additional, Marushchenko, M., additional, Masuzaki, S., additional, Maurer, D., additional, Mayer, M., additional, McCarthy, K.J., additional, Mccormack, O., additional, McNeely, P., additional, Meister, H., additional, Mendelevitch, B., additional, Mendes, S., additional, Merlo, A., additional, Messian, A., additional, Mielczarek, A., additional, Mishchenko, O., additional, Missal, B., additional, Mitteau, R., additional, Moiseenko, V.E., additional, Mollen, A., additional, Moncada, V., additional, Mönnich, T., additional, Morisaki, T., additional, Moseev, D., additional, Motojima, G., additional, Mulas, S., additional, Mulsow, M., additional, Nagel, M., additional, Naujoks, D., additional, Naulin, V., additional, Neelis, T., additional, Neilson, H., additional, Neu, R., additional, Neubauer, O., additional, Neuner, U., additional, Nicolai, D., additional, Nielsen, S.K., additional, Niemann, H., additional, Nishiza, T., additional, Nishizawa, T., additional, Nührenberg, C., additional, Ochoukov, R., additional, Oelmann, J., additional, Offermanns, G., additional, Ogawa, K., additional, Okamura, S., additional, Ölmanns, J., additional, Ongena, J., additional, Oosterbeek, J., additional, Otte, M., additional, Pablant, N., additional, Panadero Alvarez, N., additional, Pandey, A., additional, Pasch, E., additional, Pavlichenko, R., additional, Pavone, A., additional, Pawelec, E., additional, Pechstein, G., additional, Pelka, G., additional, Perseo, V., additional, Peterson, B., additional, Pilopp, D., additional, Pingel, S., additional, Pisano, F., additional, Plöckl, B., additional, Plunk, G., additional, Pölöskei, P., additional, Pompe, B., additional, Popov, A., additional, Porkolab, M., additional, Proll, J., additional, Pueschel, M.J., additional, Puiatti, M.-E., additional, Puig Sitjes, A., additional, Purps, F., additional, Rahbarnia, K., additional, Rasiński, M., additional, Rasmussen, J., additional, Reiman, A., additional, Reimold, F., additional, Reisner, M., additional, Reiter, D., additional, Richou, M., additional, Riedl, R., additional, Riemann, J., additional, Riße, K., additional, Roberg-Clark, G., additional, Rohde, V., additional, Romazanov, J., additional, Rondeshagen, D., additional, Rong, P., additional, Rudischhauser, L., additional, Rummel, T., additional, Rummel, K., additional, Runov, A., additional, Rust, N., additional, Ryc, L., additional, Salembier, P., additional, Salewski, M., additional, Sanchez, E., additional, Satake, S., additional, Satheeswaran, G., additional, Schacht, J., additional, Scharff, E., additional, Schauer, F., additional, Schilling, J., additional, Schlisio, G., additional, Schmid, K., additional, Schmitt, J., additional, Schmitz, O., additional, Schneider, W., additional, Schneider, M., additional, Schneider, P., additional, Schrittwieser, R., additional, Schröder, T., additional, Schröder, M., additional, Schroeder, R., additional, Schweer, B., additional, Schwörer, D., additional, Scott, E., additional, Shanahan, B., additional, Sias, G., additional, Sichta, P., additional, Singer, M., additional, Sinha, P., additional, Sipliä, S., additional, Slaby, C., additional, Sleczka, M., additional, Smith, H., additional, Smoniewski, J., additional, Sonnendrücker, E., additional, Spolaore, M., additional, Spring, A., additional, Stadler, R., additional, Stańczak, D., additional, Stange, T., additional, Stepanov, I., additional, Stephey, L., additional, Stober, J., additional, Stroth, U., additional, Strumberger, E., additional, Suzuki, C., additional, Suzuki, Y., additional, Svensson, J., additional, Szabolics, T., additional, Szepesi, T., additional, Szücs, M., additional, Tabarés, F.L., additional, Tamura, N., additional, Tancetti, A., additional, Tantos, C., additional, Terry, J., additional, Thienpondt, H., additional, Thomsen, H., additional, Thumm, M., additional, Travere, J.M., additional, Traverso, P., additional, Tretter, J., additional, Trier, E., additional, Trimino Mora, H., additional, Tsujimura, T., additional, Turkin, Y., additional, Tykhyi, A., additional, Unterberg, B., additional, van Eeten, P., additional, van Milligen, B.Ph., additional, van Schoor, M., additional, Vano, L., additional, Varoutis, S., additional, Vecsei, M., additional, Vela, L., additional, Velasco, J.L., additional, Vervier, M., additional, Vianello, N., additional, Viebke, H., additional, Vilbrandt, R., additional, Vogel, G., additional, Vogt, N., additional, Volkhausen, C., additional, von Stechow, A., additional, Wagner, F., additional, Wang, E., additional, Wang, H., additional, Warmer, F., additional, Wauters, T., additional, Wegener, L., additional, Wegner, T., additional, Weir, G., additional, Wenzel, U., additional, White, A., additional, Wilde, F., additional, Wilms, F., additional, Windisch, T., additional, Winkler, M., additional, Winter, A., additional, Winters, V., additional, Wolf, R., additional, Wright, A.M., additional, Wurden, G.A., additional, Xanthopoulos, P., additional, Xu, S., additional, Yamada, H., additional, Yamaguchi, H., additional, Yokoyama, M., additional, Yoshinuma, M., additional, Yu, Q., additional, Zamanov, M., additional, Zanini, M., additional, Zarnstorff, M., additional, Zhang, D., additional, Zhou, S., additional, Zhu, J., additional, Zhu, C., additional, Zilker, M., additional, Zocco, A., additional, Zohm, H., additional, Zoletnik, S., additional, and Zsuga, L., additional

Published
2022
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31. Analysis of hydrogen fueling, recycling, and confinement at Wendelstein 7-X via a single-reservoir particle balance

Author

Kremeyer, Thierry, König, R., Brezinsek, S., Schmitz, O., Feng, Y., Winters, V., Rudischhauser, L., Buttenschön, B., Brunner, K. J., Drewelow, P., Flom, E., Fuchert, G., Gao, Y., Geiger, J., Jakubowski, M., Killer, C., Knauer, J., Krychowiak, M., Lazerson, S., Reimold, F., Schlisio, G., Viebke, H., the W7-X Team, Gantenbein, Gerd, Huber, Martina, Illy, Stefan, Jelonnek, John, Kobarg, Thorsten, Lang, Rouven, Leonhardt, Wolfgang, Mellein, Daniel, Papenfuß, Daniel, Thumm, Manfred, Wadle, Simone, and Weggen, Jörg

Subjects
Technology, ddc:600
Published
2022
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32. Confinement degradation and plasma loss induced by strong sawtooth crashes at W7-X

Author

W7-X Team, Zanini, M., Buttenschön, B., Laqua, H. P., Thomsen, H., Stange, T., Brandt, C., Braune, H., Brunner, K. J., Dinklage, A., Gao, Y., Hirsch, M., Höfel, U., Knauer, J., Marsen, S., Marushchenko, N., Pavone, A., Rahbarnia, K., Schilling, J., Turkin, Y., Wolf, R. C., Zocco, A., Gantenbein, Gerd, Huber, Martina, Illy, Stefan, Jelonnek, John, Kobarg, Thorsten, Lang, Rouven, Leonhardt, Wolfgang, Mellein, Daniel, Papenfuß, Daniel, Scherer, Theo, Thumm, Manfred, Wadle, Simone, Weggen, Jörg, and W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society

Subjects
Technology, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Plasma, Sawtooth wave, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Molecular physics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:530, 010306 general physics, ddc:600, Degradation (telecommunications)
Abstract

Sawtooth-like crashes were observed during electron cyclotron current drive experiments for strikeline controls at the optimised superconducting stellarator Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X). The majority of the crashes did not have a relevant impact on plasma performance. However, a limited number of events, characterised by a large plasma volume affected by the instability, have been related to a strong deterioration performance and even to the premature termination of the plasma. The hot plasma core expelled during these sawtooth crashes can reach the plasma edge, where plasma surface interaction can occur and impurities can be released. The x-ray tomography shows a strong radiation increase starting from the edge and moving towards the inner plasma regions. This results in the cooling down and shrinking of the plasma, which eventually leads to a poor coupling of the ECRH to the electrons, that can in turn result in a plasma loss. A relation between the size and amplitude of the sawtooth crashes and the impurity increase is reported.

Published
2021

33. Author Correction: Magnetic configuration effects on the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator

Author

Dinklage, A., Beidler, C. D., Helander, P., Fuchert, G., Maaßberg, H., Rahbarnia, K., Sunn Pedersen, T., Turkin, Y., Wolf, R. C., Alonso, A., Andreeva, T., Blackwell, B., Bozhenkov, S., Buttenschön, B., Czarnecka, A., Effenberg, F., Feng, Y., Geiger, J., Hirsch, M., Höfel, U., Jakubowski, M., Klinger, T., Knauer, J., Kocsis, G., Krämer-Flecken, A., Kubkowska, M., Langenberg, A., Laqua, H. P., Marushchenko, N., Mollén, A., Neuner, U., Niemann, H., Pasch, E., Pablant, N., Rudischhauser, L., Smith, H. M., Schmitz, O., Stange, T., Szepesi, T., Weir, G., Windisch, T., Wurden, G. A., Zhang, D., and and the W7-X Team

Published
2018
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34. Publisher Correction: Magnetic configuration effects on the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator

Author

Dinklage, A., Beidler, C. D., Helander, P., Fuchert, G., Maaßberg, H., Rahbarnia, K., Sunn Pedersen, T., Turkin, Y., Wolf, R. C., Alonso, A., Andreeva, T., Blackwell, B., Bozhenkov, S., Buttenschön, B., Czarnecka, A., Effenberg, F., Feng, Y., Geiger, J., Hirsch, M., Höfel, U., Jakubowski, M., Klinger, T., Knauer, J., Kocsis, G., Krämer-Flecken, A., Kubkowska, M., Langenberg, A., Laqua, H. P., Marushchenko, N., Mollén, A., Neuner, U., Niemann, H., Pasch, E., Pablant, N., Rudischhauser, L., Smith, H. M., Schmitz, O., Stange, T., Szepesi, T., Weir, G., Windisch, T., Wurden, G. A., Zhang, D., and and the W7-X Team

Published
2018
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35. Analysis of proton bunch parameters in the AWAKE experiment

Author

Hafych, V., additional, Caldwell, A., additional, Agnello, R., additional, Ahdida, C.C., additional, Aladi, M., additional, Amoedo Goncalves, M.C., additional, Andrebe, Y., additional, Apsimon, O., additional, Apsimon, R., additional, Bachmann, A.-M., additional, Baistrukov, M.A., additional, Batsch, F., additional, Bergamaschi, M., additional, Blanchard, P., additional, Burrows, P.N., additional, Buttenschön, B., additional, Chappell, J., additional, Chevallay, E., additional, Chung, M., additional, Cooke, D.A., additional, Damerau, H., additional, Davut, C., additional, Demeter, G., additional, Dexter, A., additional, Doebert, S., additional, Farmer, J., additional, Fasoli, A., additional, Fedosseev, V.N., additional, Fiorito, R., additional, Fonseca, R.A., additional, Furno, I., additional, Gessner, S., additional, Gorn, A.A., additional, Granados, E., additional, Granetzny, M., additional, Graubner, T., additional, Grulke, O., additional, Gschwendtner, E., additional, Guran, E.D., additional, Henderson, J.R., additional, Hüther, M., additional, Kedves, M.Á., additional, Khudyakov, V., additional, Kim, S.-Y., additional, Kraus, F., additional, Krupa, M., additional, Lefevre, T., additional, Liang, L., additional, Lopes, N., additional, Lotov, K.V., additional, Mazzoni, S., additional, Medina Godoy, D., additional, Moody, J.T., additional, Moon, K., additional, Morales Guzmán, P.I., additional, Moreira, M., additional, Nechaeva, T., additional, Nowak, E., additional, Pakuza, C., additional, Panuganti, H., additional, Pardons, A., additional, Perera, A., additional, Pucek, J., additional, Pukhov, A., additional, Ráczkevi, B., additional, Ramjiawan, R.L., additional, Rey, S., additional, Schmitz, O., additional, Senes, E., additional, Silva, L.O., additional, Stollberg, C., additional, Sublet, A., additional, Topaloudis, A., additional, Torrado, N., additional, Tuev, P.V., additional, Turner, M., additional, Velotti, F., additional, Verra, L., additional, Vieira, J., additional, Vincke, H., additional, Welsch, C.P., additional, Wendt, M., additional, Wing, M., additional, Wolfenden, J., additional, Woolley, B., additional, Xia, G., additional, Zepp, M., additional, and Zevi Della Porta, G., additional

Published
2021
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36. Bolometer tomography on Wendelstein 7-X for study of radiation asymmetry

Author

Zhang, D., primary, Burhenn, R., additional, Beidler, C.D., additional, Feng, Y., additional, Thomsen, H., additional, Brandt, C., additional, Buller, S., additional, Reimold, F., additional, Hacker, P., additional, Laube, R., additional, Geiger, J., additional, Regaña, J.M.García, additional, Smith, H.M., additional, König, R., additional, Giannone, L., additional, Penzel, F., additional, Klinger, T., additional, Baldzuhn, J., additional, Bozhenkov, S., additional, Bräuer, T., additional, Brunner, J.K., additional, Buttenschön, B., additional, Damm, H., additional, Endler, M., additional, Effenberg, F., additional, Fuchert, G., additional, Gao, Y., additional, Jakubowski, M., additional, Knauer, J., additional, Kremeyer, T., additional, Krychowiak, M., additional, Kwak, S., additional, Laqua, H.P., additional, Langenberg, A., additional, Otte, M., additional, Pablant, N., additional, Pasch, E., additional, Rahbarnia, K., additional, Pavone, A., additional, Rudischhauser, L., additional, Svensson, J., additional, Killer, C., additional, Windisch, T., additional, and W7-X Team, the, additional

Published
2021
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37. Characterization of injection and confinement improvement through impurity induced profile modifications on the Wendelstein 7-X stellarato

Author

W7-X Team, Lunsford, R., Killer, C., Nagy, A., Gates, D. A., Klinger, T., Dinklage, A., Satheeswaran, G., Kocsis, G., Lazerson, S. A., Nespoli, F., Pablant, N. A., Stechow, A. von, Alonso, A., Andreeva, T., Beurskens, M., Biedermann, C., Brezinsek, S., Brunner, K. J., Buttenschön, B., Carralero, D., Cseh, G., Drewelow, P., Effenberg, F., Estrada, T., Ford, O. P., Grulke, O., Hergenhahn, U., Höefel, U., Knauer, J., Krause, M., Krychowiak, M., Kwak, S., Langenberg, A., Neuner, U., Nicolai, D., Pavone, A., Puig Sitjes, A., Rahbarnia, K., Schilling, J., Svensson, J., Szepesi, T., Thomsen, H., Wauters, T., Windisch, T., Winters, V., Zhang, D., Zsuga, L., Gantenbein, Gerd, Huber, Martina, Illy, Stefan, Jelonnek, John, Kobarg, Thorsten, Lang, Rouven, Leonhardt, Wolfgang, Mellein, Daniel, Papenfuß, Daniel, Scherer, Theo, Thumm, Manfred, Wadle, Simone, Weggen, Jörg, and W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society

Subjects
Physics, Technology, Electron density, Plasma, Boron carbide, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electron cyclotron resonance, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Ion, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, law, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:530, Wendelstein 7-X, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, ddc:600, Stellarator
Abstract

Pulsed injections of boron carbide granules into Wendelstein 7-X stellarator (W7-X) plasmas transiently increase the plasma stored energy and core ion temperatures above the reference W7-X experimental programs by up to 30%. In a series of 4 MW electron cyclotron resonance heating experiments, the PPPL Probe Mounted Powder Injector provided 50 ms bursts of 100 μm granules every 350 ms at estimated quantities ranging from approximately 1 mg/pulse to over 30 mg/pulse. For each injection, the stored energy was observed to initially drop and the radiated power transiently increased, while the radial electron density profile rose at the edge as material was assimilated. Once the injected boron carbide was fully absorbed, the density rise transitioned to the core while the stored energy increased above the previous baseline level by an amount linearly correlated with the injection quantity. During the injection, the ion temperature gradient steepened with peak core ion temperatures observed to increase from a nominal 1.7 keV to over 2.6 keV for the largest injection amounts. Enhanced performance is accompanied by a reversal of the radial electric field at ρ < 0.3, indicating that the core transport has switched to the ion root. These observations are suggestive of a change in transport and provide further evidence that externally induced profile modifications provide a possible path to enhanced W7-X performance metrics.I. INTRODUCTIO

Published
2021
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38. Plasma radiation behavior approaching high-radiation scenarios in W7-X

Author

W7-X Team, Zhang, D., Burhenn, R., Feng, Y., König, R., Buttenschön, B., Beidler, C. D., Hacker, P., Reimold, F., Thomsen, H., Laube, R., Klinger, T., Giannone, L., Penzel, F., Pavone, A., Krychowiak, M., Beurskens, M., Bozhenkov, S., Brunner, J. K., Effenberg, F., Fuchert, G., Gao, Y., Geiger, J., Hirsch, M., Höfel, U., Jakubowski, M., Knauer, J., Kwak, S., Laqua, H. P., Niemann, H., Otte, M., Pedersen, T. Sunn, Pasch, E., Pablant, N., Rahbarnia, K., Svensson, J., Blackwell, B., Drews, P., Endler, M., Rudischhauser, L., Wang, E., Weir, G., Winters, V., Gantenbein, Gerd, Huber, Martina, Illy, Stefan, Jelonnek, John, Kobarg, Thorsten, Lang, Rouven, Leonhardt, Wolfgang, Mellein, Daniel, Papenfuß, Daniel, Scherer, Theo, Thumm, Manfred, Wadle, Simone, Weggen, Jörg, and W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Technology, business.industry, High radiation, Plasma radiation, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:620, 010306 general physics, business, ddc:600
Abstract

The W7-X stellarator has so far performed experiments under both limiter and divertor conditions. The plasma is mostly generated by ECR-heating with powers up to 6.5 MW, and the plasma density is usually limited by the radiation losses from low-Z impurities (such as carbon and oxygen) released mainly from the graphite targets. The present work first summarizes the radiation loss fractions f rad achieved in quasi-stationary hydrogen plasmas in both operational phases, and then shows how impurity radiation behaves differently with the two different boundary conditions as the plasma density increases. The divertor operation is emphasized and some beneficial effects (with respect to impurity radiation) are highlighted: (1) intensive radiation is located at the edge (r/a > 0.8) even at high radiation loss fractions, (2) the plasma remains stable up to f rad approaching unity, (3) the reduction in the stored energy is about 10% for high f rad scenarios. Moreover, effects of wall boronisation on impurity radiation profiles are also presented.

Published
2021
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39. Demonstration of reduced neoclassical energy transport in Wendelstein 7-X

Author

W7-X Team, Beidler, C. D., Smith, H. M., Alonso, A., Andreeva, T., Baldzuhn, J., Beurskens, M. N. A., Borchardt, M., Bozhenkov, S. A., Brunner, K. J., Damm, H., Drevlak, M., Ford, O. P., Fuchert, G., Geiger, J., Helander, P., Hergenhahn, U., Hirsch, M., Höfel, U., Kazakov, Ye. O., Kleiber, R., Krychowiak, M., Kwak, S., Langenberg, A., Laqua, H. P., Neuner, U., Pablant, N. A., Pasch, E., Pavone, A., Pedersen, T. S., Rahbarnia, K., Schilling, J., Scott, E. R., Stange, T., Svensson, J., Thomsen, H., Turkin, Y., Warmer, F., Wolf, R. C., Zhang, D., Abramovic, I., Äkäslompolo, S., Alcusón, J., Aleynikov, P., Aleynikova, K., Ali, A., Anda, G., Ascasibar, E., Bähner, J. P., Baek, S. G., Balden, M., Banduch, M., Barbui, T., Behr, W., Benndorf, A., Biedermann, C., Biel, W., Blackwell, B., Blanco, E., Blatzheim, M., Ballinger, S., Bluhm, T., Böckenhoff, D., Böswirth, B., Böttger, L.-G., Borsuk, V., Boscary, J., Bosch, H.-S., Brakel, R., Brand, H., Brandt, C., Bräuer, T., Braune, H., Brezinsek, S., Brunner, K.-J., Burhenn, R., Bussiahn, R., Buttenschön, B., Bykov, V., Cai, J., Calvo, I., Cannas, B., Cappa, A., Carls, A., Carraro, L., Carvalho, B., Castejon, F., Charl, A., Chaudhary, N., Chauvin, D., Chernyshev, F., Cianciosa, M., Citarella, R., Claps, G., Coenen, J., Cole, M., Cole, M. J., Cordella, F., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., Czerski, K., Czerwinski, M., Czymek, G., Molin, A. da, Silva, A. da, Pena, A. de la, Degenkolbe, S., Dhard, C. P., Dibon, M., Dinklage, A., Dittmar, T., Drewelow, P., Drews, P., Durodie, F., Edlund, E., Effenberg, F., Ehrke, G., Elgeti, S., Endler, M., Ennis, D., Esteban, H., Estrada, T., Fellinger, J., Feng, Y., Flom, E., Fernandes, H., Fietz, W. H., Figacz, W., Fontdecaba, J., Fornal, T., Frerichs, H., Freund, A., Funaba, T., Galkowski, A., Gantenbein, G., Gao, Y., García Regaña, J., Gates, D., Geiger, B., Giannella, V., Gogoleva, A., Goncalves, B., Goriaev, A., Gradic, D., Grahl, M., Green, J., Greuner, H., Grosman, A., Grote, H., Gruca, M., Grulke, O., Guerard, C., Hacker, P., Han, X., Harris, J. H., Hartmann, D., Hathiramani, D., Hein, B., Heinemann, B., Henneberg, S., Henkel, M., Hernandez Sanchez, J., Hidalgo, C., Hollfeld, K. P., Hölting, A., Höschen, D., Houry, M., Howard, J., Huang, X., Huang, Z., Hubeny, M., Huber, M., Hunger, H., Ida, K., Ilkei, T., Illy, S., Israeli, B., Jablonski, S., Jakubowski, M., Jelonnek, J., Jenzsch, H., Jesche, T., Jia, M., Junghanns, P., Kacmarczyk, J., Kallmeyer, J.-P., Kamionka, U., Kasahara, H., Kasparek, W., Kenmochi, N., Killer, C., Kirschner, A., Klinger, T., Knauer, J., Knaup, M., Knieps, A., Kobarg, T., Kocsis, G., Köchl, F., Kolesnichenko, Y., Könies, A., König, R., Kornejew, P., Koschinsky, J.-P., Köster, F., Krämer, M., Krampitz, R., Krämer-Flecken, A., Krawczyk, N., Kremeyer, T., Krom, J., Ksiazek, I., Kubkowska, M., Kühner, G., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kurz, P. A., Landreman, M., Lang, P., Lang, R., Langish, S., Laqua, H., Laube, R., Lazerson, S., Lechte, C., Lennartz, M., Leonhardt, W., Li, C., Li, Y., Liang, Y., Linsmeier, C., Liu, S., Lobsien, J.-F., Loesser, D., Loizu Cisquella, J., Lore, J., Lorenz, A., Losert, M., Lücke, A., Lumsdaine, A., Lutsenko, V., Maaßberg, H., Marchuk, O., Matthew, J. H., Marsen, S., Marushchenko, M., Masuzaki, S., Maurer, D., Mayer, M., McCarthy, K., McNeely, P., Meier, A., Mellein, D., Mendelevitch, B., Mertens, P., Mikkelsen, D., Mishchenko, A., Missal, B., Mittelstaedt, J., Mizuuchi, T., Mollen, A., Moncada, V., Mönnich, T., Morisaki, T., Moseev, D., Murakami, S., Náfrádi, G., Nagel, M., Naujoks, D., Neilson, H., Neu, R., Neubauer, O., Ngo, T., Nicolai, D., Nielsen, S. K., Niemann, H., Nishizawa, T., Nocentini, R., Nührenberg, C., Nührenberg, J., Obermayer, S., Offermanns, G., Ogawa, K., Ölmanns, J., Ongena, J., Oosterbeek, J. W., Orozco, G., Otte, M., Pacios Rodriguez, L., Panadero, N., Panadero Alvarez, N., Papenfuß, D., Paqay, S., Pawelec, E., Pelka, G., Perseo, V., Peterson, B., Pilopp, D., Pingel, S., Pisano, F., Plaum, B., Plunk, G., Pölöskei, P., Porkolab, M., Proll, J., Puiatti, M.-E., Puig Sitjes, A., Purps, F., Rack, M., Récsei, S., Reiman, A., Reimold, F., Reiter, D., Remppel, F., Renard, S., Riedl, R., Riemann, J., Risse, K., Rohde, V., Röhlinger, H., Romé, M., Rondeshagen, D., Rong, P., Roth, B., Rudischhauser, L., Rummel, K., Rummel, T., Runov, A., Rust, N., Ryc, L., Ryosuke, S., Sakamoto, R., Salewski, M., Samartsev, A., Sanchez, M., Sano, F., Satake, S., Schacht, J., Satheeswaran, G., Schauer, F., Scherer, T., Schlaich, A., Schlisio, G., Schluck, F., Schlüter, K.-H., Schmitt, J., Schmitz, H., Schmitz, O., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Schneider, W., Scholz, P., Schrittwieser, R., Schröder, M., Schröder, T., Schroeder, R., Schumacher, H., Schweer, B., Sereda, S., Shanahan, B., Sibilia, M., Sinha, P., Sipliä, S., Slaby, C., Sleczka, M., Spiess, W., Spong, D. A., Spring, A., Stadler, R., Stejner, M., Stephey, L., Stridde, U., Suzuki, C., Szabó, V., Szabolics, T., Szepesi, T., Szökefalvi-Nagy, Z., Tamura, N., Tancetti, A., Terry, J., Thomas, J., Thumm, M., Travere, J. M., Traverso, P., Tretter, J., Trimino Mora, H., Tsuchiya, H., Tsujimura, T., Tulipán, S., Unterberg, B., Vakulchyk, I., Valet, S., Vanó, L., Eeten, P. van, Milligen, B. van, Vuuren, A. J. van, Vela, L., Velasco, J.-L., Vergote, M., Vervier, M., Vianello, N., Viebke, H., Vilbrandt, R., Stechow, A. von, Vorköper, A., Wadle, S., Wagner, F., Wang, E., Wang, N., Wang, Z., Wauters, T., Wegener, L., Weggen, J., Wegner, T., Wei, Y., Weir, G., Wendorf, J., Wenzel, U., Werner, A., White, A., Wiegel, B., Wilde, F., Windisch, T., Winkler, M., Winter, A., Winters, V., Wolf, S., Wright, A., Wurden, G., Xanthopoulos, P., Yamada, H., Yamada, I., Yasuhara, R., Yokoyama, M., Zanini, M., Zarnstorff, M., Zeitler, A., Zhang, H., Zhu, J., Zilker, M., Zocco, A., Zoletnik, S., Zuin, M., W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, Applied Physics and Science Education, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Turbulence in Fusion Plasmas, and European Commission

Subjects
Magnetically Confined Plasmas, Tokamak, Design, Helias, Nuclear engineering, Magnetically confined plasmas, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Article, Plasma physics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, law, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear fusion, 010306 general physics, Engineering & allied operations, Stellarator, Physics, Plasma fusion, Multidisciplinary, Toroid, biology, Plasma Physics, Física, Magnetic confinement fusion, Plasma, biology.organism_classification, Energía Nuclear, ddc:620, Wendelstein 7-X
Abstract

Research on magnetic confinement of high-temperature plasmas has the ultimate goal of harnessing nuclear fusion for the production of electricity. Although the tokamak1 is the leading toroidal magnetic-confinement concept, it is not without shortcomings and the fusion community has therefore also pursued alternative concepts such as the stellarator. Unlike axisymmetric tokamaks, stellarators possess a three-dimensional (3D) magnetic field geometry. The availability of this additional dimension opens up an extensive configuration space for computational optimization of both the field geometry itself and the current-carrying coils that produce it. Such an optimization was undertaken in designing Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X)2, a large helical-axis advanced stellarator (HELIAS), which began operation in 2015 at Greifswald, Germany. A major drawback of 3D magnetic field geometry, however, is that it introduces a strong temperature dependence into the stellarator’s non-turbulent ‘neoclassical’ energy transport. Indeed, such energy losses will become prohibitive in high-temperature reactor plasmas unless a strong reduction of the geometrical factor associated with this transport can be achieved; such a reduction was therefore a principal goal of the design of W7-X. In spite of the modest heating power currently available, W7-X has already been able to achieve high-temperature plasma conditions during its 2017 and 2018 experimental campaigns, producing record values of the fusion triple product for such stellarator plasmas3,4. The triple product of plasma density, ion temperature and energy confinement time is used in fusion research as a figure of merit, as it must attain a certain threshold value before net-energy-producing operation of a reactor becomes possible1,5. Here we demonstrate that such record values provide evidence for reduced neoclassical energy transport in W7-X, as the plasma profiles that produced these results could not have been obtained in stellarators lacking a comparably high level of neoclassical optimization., Previously documented record values of the fusion triple product in the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X are shown to be evidence for reduced neoclassical energy transport in this optimized device.

Published
2021
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41. Preparation, analysis, and application of coated glass targets for the Wendelstein 7-X laser blow-off system

Author

W7-X Team, Wegner, Th., Geiger, B., Foest, R., Jansen van Vuuren, A., Winters, V. R., Biedermann, C., Burhenn, R., Buttenschön, B., Cseh, G., Joda, I., Kocsis, G., Kunkel, F., Quade, A., Schäfer, J., Schmitz, O., Szepesi, T., Gantenbein, Gerd, Huber, Martina, Illy, Stefan, Jelonnek, John, Kobarg, Thorsten, Lang, Rouven, Leonhardt, Wolfgang, Mellein, Daniel, Papenfuß, Daniel, Scherer, Theo, Thumm, Manfred, Wadle, Simone, Weggen, Jörg, and w7-x Team

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Technology, Materials science, Laser ablation, business.industry, Plasma, engineering.material, Laser, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Stress (mechanics), Coating, Impurity, law, Physical vapor deposition, 0103 physical sciences, engineering, Optoelectronics, Wendelstein 7-X, business, Instrumentation, ddc:600
Abstract

Coated glass targets are a key component of the Wendelstein 7-X laser blow-off system that is used for impurity transport studies. The preparation and analysis of these glass targets as well as their performance is examined in this paper. The glass targets have a high laser damage threshold and are coated via physical vapor deposition with µm thick films. In addition, nm-thin layers of Ti are used as an interface layer for improved ablation efficiency and reduced coating stress. Hence, the metallic or ceramic coating has a lateral homogeneity within 2% and contaminants less than 5%, being optimal for laser ablation processing. With this method, a short (few ms) and well defined pulse of impurities with about 1017 particles can be injected close to the last closed flux surface of Wendelstein 7-X. In particular, a significant amount of atoms with a velocity of about 1 km/s enters the plasma within 1 ms. The atoms are followed by a negligible concentration of slower clusters and macro-particles. This qualifies the use of the targets and applied laser settings for impurity transport studies with the laser blow-off system in Wendelstein 7-X.

Published
2020

42. Transition between Instability and Seeded Self-Modulation of a Relativistic Particle Bunch in Plasma

Author

Batsch, F., Muggli, P., Agnello, R., Ahdida, C. C., Amoedo Goncalves, M. C., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. M., Baistrukov, M. A., Blanchard, P., Braunmüller, F., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Deubner, H. L., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Furno, I., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Graubner, T., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hafych, V., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Hüther, M., Kargapolov, I. Yu, Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Liang, L.Z., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Medina Godoy, D., Minakov, V. A., Moody, J. T., Moon, K., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Moreira, M., Nechaeva, T., Nowak, E., Pakuza, C., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Perera, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Rieger, K., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Silva, L. O., Speroni, R., Spitsyn, R. I., Stollberg, C., Sublet, A., Topaloudis, A., Torrado, N., Tuev, P. V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Vincke, H., Welsch, C. P., Wendt, M., Wing, M., Wiwattananon, P., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Zepp, M., Zevi Della Porta, G., Batsch, F., Muggli, P., Agnello, R., Ahdida, C. C., Amoedo Goncalves, M. C., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. M., Baistrukov, M. A., Blanchard, P., Braunmüller, F., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Deubner, H. L., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Furno, I., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Graubner, T., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hafych, V., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Hüther, M., Kargapolov, I. Yu, Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Liang, L.Z., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Medina Godoy, D., Minakov, V. A., Moody, J. T., Moon, K., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Moreira, M., Nechaeva, T., Nowak, E., Pakuza, C., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Perera, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Rieger, K., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Silva, L. O., Speroni, R., Spitsyn, R. I., Stollberg, C., Sublet, A., Topaloudis, A., Torrado, N., Tuev, P. V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Vincke, H., Welsch, C. P., Wendt, M., Wing, M., Wiwattananon, P., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Zepp, M., and Zevi Della Porta, G.

Published
2021

43. Experimental study of extended timescale dynamics of a plasma wakefield driven by a self-modulated proton bunch

Author

Chappell, J., Adli, E., Agnello, R., Aladi, M., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Djotyan, G. P., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Furno, I., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hafych, V., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Howling, A., Hüther, M., Jacquier, R., Jolly, S., Kargapolov, I. Yu, Kedves, M. A., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Li, Y., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Medina Godoy, D., Minakov, V. A., Moody, J. T., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Moreira, M., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Peña Asmus, F., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ráczkevi, B., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Ruhl, H., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Spitsyn, R. I., Tuev, P. V., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Zepp, M., Zevi Della Porta, G., Chappell, J., Adli, E., Agnello, R., Aladi, M., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Djotyan, G. P., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Furno, I., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hafych, V., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Howling, A., Hüther, M., Jacquier, R., Jolly, S., Kargapolov, I. Yu, Kedves, M. A., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Li, Y., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Medina Godoy, D., Minakov, V. A., Moody, J. T., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Moreira, M., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Peña Asmus, F., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ráczkevi, B., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Ruhl, H., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Spitsyn, R. I., Tuev, P. V., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Zepp, M., and Zevi Della Porta, G.

Abstract

Plasma wakefield dynamics over timescales up to 800 ps, approximately 100 plasma periods, are studied experimentally at the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). The development of the longitudinal wakefield amplitude driven by a self-modulated proton bunch is measured using the external injection of witness electrons that sample the fields. In simulation, resonant excitation of the wakefield causes plasma electron trajectory crossing, resulting in the development of a potential outside the plasma boundary as electrons are transversely ejected. Trends consistent with the presence of this potential are experimentally measured and their dependence on wakefield amplitude are studied via seed laser timing scans and electron injection delay scans.

Published
2021

44. Simulation and experimental study of proton bunch self-modulation in plasma with linear density gradients

Author

Morales Guzmán, P. I., Muggli, P., Agnello, R., Ahdida, C. C., Aladi, M., Amoedo Goncalves, M. C., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Braunmüller, F., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Furno, I., Gessner, S., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Graubner, T., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Guran, E. D., Hafych, V., Henderson, J. R., Hüther, M., Kedves, M., Khudyakov, V., Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Muggli, P., Agnello, R., Ahdida, C. C., Aladi, M., Amoedo Goncalves, M. C., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Braunmüller, F., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Furno, I., Gessner, S., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Graubner, T., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Guran, E. D., Hafych, V., Henderson, J. R., Hüther, M., Kedves, M., Khudyakov, V., Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., and Lefevre, T.

Abstract

We present numerical simulations and experimental results of the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in a plasma with linear density gradients along the beam path. Simulation results agree with the experimental results reported [F. Braunmller, T. Nechaeva et al. (AWAKE Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 264801 (2020)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.125.264801]: with negative gradients, the charge of the modulated bunch is lower than with positive gradients. In addition, the bunch modulation frequency varies with gradient. Simulation results show that dephasing of the wakefields with respect to the relativistic protons along the plasma is the main cause for the loss of charge. The study of the modulation frequency reveals details about the evolution of the self-modulation process along the plasma. In particular for negative gradients, the modulation frequency across time-resolved images of the bunch indicates the position along the plasma where protons leave the wakefields. Simulations and experimental results are in excellent agreement.

Published
2021

45. Proton beam defocusing in AWAKE: comparison of simulations and measurements

Author

Gorn, A A, primary, Turner, M, additional, Adli, E, additional, Agnello, R, additional, Aladi, M, additional, Andrebe, Y, additional, Apsimon, O, additional, Apsimon, R, additional, Bachmann, A-M, additional, Baistrukov, M A, additional, Batsch, F, additional, Bergamaschi, M, additional, Blanchard, P, additional, Burrows, P N, additional, Buttenschön, B, additional, Caldwell, A, additional, Chappell, J, additional, Chevallay, E, additional, Chung, M, additional, Cooke, D A, additional, Damerau, H, additional, Davut, C, additional, Demeter, G, additional, Deubner, L H, additional, Dexter, A, additional, Djotyan, G P, additional, Doebert, S, additional, Farmer, J, additional, Fasoli, A, additional, Fedosseev, V N, additional, Fiorito, R, additional, Fonseca, R A, additional, Friebel, F, additional, Furno, I, additional, Garolfi, L, additional, Gessner, S, additional, Goddard, B, additional, Gorgisyan, I, additional, Granados, E, additional, Granetzny, M, additional, Grulke, O, additional, Gschwendtner, E, additional, Hafych, V, additional, Hartin, A, additional, Helm, A, additional, Henderson, J R, additional, Howling, A, additional, Hüther, M, additional, Jacquier, R, additional, Kargapolov, I Yu, additional, Kedves, M Á, additional, Keeble, F, additional, Kelisani, M D, additional, Kim, S-Y, additional, Kraus, F, additional, Krupa, M, additional, Lefevre, T, additional, Liang, L, additional, Liu, S, additional, Lopes, N, additional, Lotov, K V, additional, Martyanov, M, additional, Mazzoni, S, additional, Medina Godoy, D, additional, Minakov, V A, additional, Moody, J T, additional, Morales Guzmán, P I, additional, Moreira, M, additional, Nechaeva, T, additional, Panuganti, H, additional, Pardons, A, additional, Peña Asmus, F, additional, Perera, A, additional, Petrenko, A, additional, Pucek, J, additional, Pukhov, A, additional, Ráczkevi, B, additional, Ramjiawan, R L, additional, Rey, S, additional, Ruhl, H, additional, Saberi, H, additional, Schmitz, O, additional, Senes, E, additional, Sherwood, P, additional, Silva, L O, additional, Spitsyn, R I, additional, Tuev, P V, additional, Velotti, F, additional, Verra, L, additional, Verzilov, V A, additional, Vieira, J, additional, Welsch, C P, additional, Williamson, B, additional, Wing, M, additional, Wolfenden, J, additional, Woolley, B, additional, Xia, G, additional, Zepp, M, additional, and Zevi Della Porta, G, additional

Published
2020
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46. Bolometer tomography on Wendelstein 7-X for study of radiation asymmetry

Author

W7-X Team, Zhang, D., Burhenn, R., Beidler, C. D., Feng, Y., Thomsen, H., Brandt, C., Buller, S., Reimold, F., Hacker, P., Laube, R., Geiger, J., Regaña, J. M. García, Smith, H. M., König, R., Giannone, L., Penzel, F., Klinger, T., Baldzuhn, J., Bozhenkov, S., Bräuer, T., Brunner, J. K., Buttenschön, B., Damm, H., Endler, M., Effenberg, F., Fuchert, G., Gao, Y., Jakubowski, M., Knauer, J., Kremeyer, T., Krychowiak, M., Kwak, S., Laqua, H. P., Langenberg, A., Otte, M., Pablant, N., Pasch, E., Rahbarnia, K., Pavone, A., Rudischhauser, L., Svensson, J., Killer, C., Windisch, T., Gantenbein, Gerd, Huber, Martina, Illy, Stefan, Jelonnek, John, Kobarg, Thorsten, Lang, Rouven, Leonhardt, Wolfgang, Mellein, Daniel, Papenfuß, Daniel, Scherer, Theo, Thumm, Manfred, Wadle, Simone, Weggen, Jörg, and W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society

Subjects
Physics, Technology, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Bolometer, Radiation, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Asymmetry, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Tomography, Wendelstein 7-X, 010306 general physics, business, ddc:600, media_common
Published
2021
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47. Correction to 'Proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration in AWAKE' (vol 377, 20180418, 2019)

Author

Gschwendtner, E., Turner, M., Adli, E., Ahuja, A., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A.-M., Batsch, F., Bracco, C., Braunmüller, F., Burger, S., Burt, G., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D., Damerau, H., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Grulke, O., Hartin, A., Helm, A, Henderson, J. R., Hüther, M., Ibison, M., Jolly, S., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S.-Y., Krausz, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Minakov, V., Molendijk, J. C., Moody, J. T., Moreira, M. T., Muggli, P., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Peña Asmus, F., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pukhov, A., Rey, S., Ruhl, H., Saberi, H., Sublet, A., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Sosedkin, A. P., Tuev, P. V., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Wendt, M., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Woolley, B., Xia, G., and AWAKE Collaboration Team

Subjects
Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), AWAKE Collaboration, Proton, General Science & Technology, General Mathematics, Engenharia e Tecnologia::Engenharia Civil [Domínio/Área Científica], FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Electron, plasma wakefield acceleration, Ciências Naturais::Ciências Físicas [Domínio/Área Científica], 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear physics, Ciências Naturais::Matemáticas [Domínio/Área Científica], Physics::Plasma Physics, AWAKE, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, physics.acc-ph, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, General Engineering, Plasma, Plasma acceleration, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Ciências Naturais::Outras Ciências Naturais [Domínio/Área Científica], seeded self modulation, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics
Abstract

In this article, we briefly summarize the experiments performed during the first run of the Advanced Wakefield Experiment, AWAKE, at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). The final goal of AWAKE Run 1 (2013–2018) was to demonstrate that 10– 20 MeV electrons can be accelerated to GeV energies in a plasma wakefield driven by a highly relativistic self-modulated proton bunch. We describe the experiment, outline the measurement concept and present first results. Last, we outline our plans for the future. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Directions in particle beam-driven plasma wakefield acceleration'. In this article, we briefly summarize the experiments performed during the first Run of the Advanced Wakefield Experiment, AWAKE, at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). The final goal of AWAKE Run 1 (2013 - 2018) was to demonstrate that 10-20 MeV electrons can be accelerated to GeV-energies in a plasma wakefield driven by a highly-relativistic self-modulated proton bunch. We describe the experiment, outline the measurement concept and present first results. Last, we outline our plans for the future.

Published
2019
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48. Experimental study of wakefields driven by a self-modulating proton bunch in plasma

Author

Turner, M., Muggli, P., Adli, E., Agnello, R., Aladi, M., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Djotyan, G. P., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Furno, I., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hafych, V., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Howling, A., Hüther, M., Jacquier, R., Jolly, S., Kargapolov, I. Yu, Kedves, M. A., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, Maciej, Lefevre, T., Li, Y., Liang, L., Liu, Sihang, Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Medina Godoy, D., Minakov, V. A., Moody, J. T., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Moreira, M., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Penã Asmus, F., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ráczkevi, B., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Ruhl, H., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Tuev, P. V., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Zepp, M., Zevi Della Porta, G., Turner, M., Muggli, P., Adli, E., Agnello, R., Aladi, M., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Djotyan, G. P., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Furno, I., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hafych, V., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Howling, A., Hüther, M., Jacquier, R., Jolly, S., Kargapolov, I. Yu, Kedves, M. A., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, Maciej, Lefevre, T., Li, Y., Liang, L., Liu, Sihang, Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Medina Godoy, D., Minakov, V. A., Moody, J. T., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Moreira, M., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Penã Asmus, F., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ráczkevi, B., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Ruhl, H., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Tuev, P. V., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Zepp, M., and Zevi Della Porta, G.

Abstract

We study experimentally the longitudinal and transverse wakefields driven by a highly relativistic proton bunch during self-modulation in plasma. We show that the wakefields' growth and amplitude increase with increasing seed amplitude as well as with the proton bunch charge in the plasma. We study transverse wakefields using the maximum radius of the proton bunch distribution measured on a screen downstream from the plasma. We study longitudinal wakefields by externally injecting electrons and measuring their final energy. Measurements agree with trends predicted by theory and numerical simulations and validate our understanding of the development of self-modulation. Experiments were performed in the context of the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE).

Published
2020

49. Proton Bunch Self-Modulation in Plasma with Density Gradient

Author

Braunmüller, F., Nechaeva, T., Adli, E., Agnello, R., Aladi, M., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Djotyan, G. P., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Furno, I., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hafych, V., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Howling, A., Hüther, M., Jacquier, R., Jolly, S., Kargapolov, I. Yu, Kedves, M., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Li, Y., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Medina Godoy, D., Minakov, V. A., Moody, J. T., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Moreira, M., Muggli, P., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Peña Asmus, F., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ráczkevi, B., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Ruhl, H., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Spitsyn, R. I., Tuev, P. V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Zepp, M., Zevi Della Porta, G., Braunmüller, F., Nechaeva, T., Adli, E., Agnello, R., Aladi, M., Andrebe, Y., Apsimon, O., Apsimon, R., Bachmann, A. M., Baistrukov, M. A., Batsch, F., Bergamaschi, M., Blanchard, P., Burrows, P. N., Buttenschön, B., Caldwell, A., Chappell, J., Chevallay, E., Chung, M., Cooke, D. A., Damerau, H., Davut, C., Demeter, G., Deubner, L. H., Dexter, A., Djotyan, G. P., Doebert, S., Farmer, J., Fasoli, A., Fedosseev, V. N., Fiorito, R., Fonseca, R. A., Friebel, F., Furno, I., Garolfi, L., Gessner, S., Goddard, B., Gorgisyan, I., Gorn, A. A., Granados, E., Granetzny, M., Grulke, O., Gschwendtner, E., Hafych, V., Hartin, A., Helm, A., Henderson, J. R., Howling, A., Hüther, M., Jacquier, R., Jolly, S., Kargapolov, I. Yu, Kedves, M., Keeble, F., Kelisani, M. D., Kim, S. Y., Kraus, F., Krupa, M., Lefevre, T., Li, Y., Liang, L., Liu, S., Lopes, N., Lotov, K. V., Martyanov, M., Mazzoni, S., Medina Godoy, D., Minakov, V. A., Moody, J. T., Morales Guzmán, P. I., Moreira, M., Muggli, P., Panuganti, H., Pardons, A., Peña Asmus, F., Perera, A., Petrenko, A., Pucek, J., Pukhov, A., Ráczkevi, B., Ramjiawan, R. L., Rey, S., Ruhl, H., Saberi, H., Schmitz, O., Senes, E., Sherwood, P., Silva, L. O., Spitsyn, R. I., Tuev, P. V., Turner, M., Velotti, F., Verra, L., Verzilov, V. A., Vieira, J., Welsch, C. P., Williamson, B., Wing, M., Wolfenden, J., Woolley, B., Xia, G., Zepp, M., and Zevi Della Porta, G.

Abstract

We study experimentally the effect of linear plasma density gradients on the self-modulation of a 400 GeV proton bunch. Results show that a positive or negative gradient increases or decreases the number of microbunches and the relative charge per microbunch observed after 10 m of plasma. The measured modulation frequency also increases or decreases. With the largest positive gradient we observe two frequencies in the modulation power spectrum. Results are consistent with changes in wakefields' phase velocity due to plasma density gradients adding to the slow wakefields' phase velocity during self-modulation growth predicted by linear theory.

Published
2020

50. Plasma Termination by Excess Pellet Fueling and Impurities in TJ-II, LHD and Wendelstein 7-X

Author

Dinklage, A., McCarthy, K., Suzuki, C., Tamura, N., Wegner, T., Yamada, H., Baldzuhn, J., Buttenschön, B., Damm, H., Drewelow, P., Fuchert, G., Kasahara, H., Maier, D., Miyazawa, J., Motojima, G., Oishi, T., Pedersen, T., Sakamoto, R., Wolf, R., Zhang, D., W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, LHD Experiment Group, and TJ-II Team

Published
2019

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