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Amongst water-based emulsion adhesives, polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) emulsion is majorly employed in the non-structural bonding of interior or exterior furniture and joinery industries. However, PVAc emulsion requires plasticizers, which inherently have challenges resulting in deteriorating thermal and mechanical properties. Hence, the present work focuses on formulating a plasticizer-free adhesive by copolymerizing vinyl acetate with butyl acrylate (BA). The physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of BA-incorporated adhesives were analyzed by viscosity, pH, water contact angle, pencil hardness test of films, and differential scanning calorimetry. Optimizing strategy by varying the content of BA was evaluated. The shear strength of the samples on the wood specimen was verified in dry conditions at various intervals, and in wet conditions as per EN 204 standard. The viscosity of the adhesives exhibited a positive shift, as the concentration BA increased. The hardness of PVAc films was also altered positively by the addition of BA. Water contact angle measurement unveiled the hydrophobic nature of BA incorporation. The performance of the newly formulated adhesive tested on dry conditions showed enhanced tensile shear strength, and the values were maximum for 1 wt. % BA sample. Tensile shear strength value measured at dry conditions after 7 d of drying displayed an increment of ∼5.5% on 1 wt. % BA sample, compared to pristine adhesive. Analysis at wet conditions also corroborated enhanced performance with BA incorporation. Hence by optimizing the content of BA, a new concept of PVAc emulsion adhesive without any plasticizer can be formulated, with enhanced water resistance and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercially available polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) stabilized polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) emulsion adhesives produce affordable, colourless gluelines with an extremely durable connection to various types of wood. At room temperature, the adhesive solidifies as a result of water evaporation. Plasticizers are required for the PVAc emulsion; however, they have drawbacks that affect their mechanical and thermal properties. On the other hand, they demonstrate limited strength at high relative humidity and high temperatures and are neither heat- nor moisture-resistant. The goal of the present research is to develop a plasticizer-free glue by copolymerizing vinyl acetate (VAc), vinyl neodecanoate (VeoVa), and methyl methacrylate (MMA) with butyl acrylate (BA). The sample with BA is also put together with PVA solution, aluminium nitrate, and preservatives, and it is tested with the copolymer sample without BA. The viscosity, pH, water contact angle, scratch resistance of the films, and differential scanning calorimetry measurements were used to analyse the physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of adhesives containing BA. The shear strength of the samples on the wood specimen was evaluated in dry and wet conditions in accordance with EN 204-205. The viscosity of the adhesives increased as the BA concentration increased. The hardness of the adhesive films was adversely impacted by the addition of BA. The hydrophobic properties of the BA addition were confirmed through measurements of the water contact angle. The tensile shear strength value evaluated under dry conditions after 6 h of drying demonstrated a 9.5% increase on the 1 wt% BA sample in comparison to pristine glue. Analysis of performance in wet situations also showed that BA addition improved performance. By adjusting the amount of BA, a novel water-resistant crosslinked emulsion adhesive without any plasticizer can be developed with enhanced water resistance and performance. The technique used to increase the wood adhesive's resistance to moisture was affordable, plasticizer-free, and environmentally safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation introduces the first estimation of ternary reactivity ratios for a butyl acrylate (BA), 2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane (MDO), and vinyl acetate (VAc) system at 50 °C, with an aim to develop biodegradable pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs). In this study, we applied the error-in-variables model (EVM) to estimate reactivity ratios. The ternary reactivity ratios were found to be r12 = 0.417, r21 = 0.071, r13 = 4.459, r31 = 0.198, r23 = 0.260, and r32 = 55.339 (BA/MDO/VAc 1/2/3), contrasting with their binary counterparts, which are significantly different, indicating the critical need for ternary system analysis to accurately model multicomponent polymerization systems. Through the application of a recast Alfrey–Goldfinger model, this investigation predicts the terpolymer's instantaneous and cumulative compositions at various conversion levels, based on the ternary reactivity ratios. These predictions not only provide crucial insights into the incorporation of MDO across different initial feed compositions but also offer estimates of the final terpolymer compositions and distributions, underscoring their potential in designing compostable or degradable polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancement of industrial economies, incidents involving spills of petroleum products have become increasingly frequent. The resulting pollutants pose significant threats to air, water, soil, plant and animal survival, as well as human health. In this study, microcrystalline cellulose served as the matrix and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the initiator, while butyl acrylate (BA) and N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) were employed as graft monomers. Through free radical graft polymerization, cellulose-graft-poly(butyl acrylate-N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide) [Cell-g-P(BA-MBA)], possessing oil-adsorbing properties, was synthesized. The chemical structure, elemental composition, surface morphology and wetting properties of the graft polymerization products have been characterized, using infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy and contact angle testing. The adsorption properties of Cell-g-P(BA-MBA) for various organic solvents and oils were then assessed. The experimental results demonstrated that Cell-g-P(BA-MBA) exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 37.55 g/g for trichloromethane. Adsorption kinetics experiments indicated a spontaneous and exothermic process involving physical adsorption, conforming to the Freundlich isotherm model. Furthermore, adsorption kinetics experiments revealed that Cell-g-P(BA-MBA) displayed favorable reuse and regeneration performance, maintaining its adsorption capacity essentially unchanged over fifteen adsorption–desorption cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microcrack model of methyl methacrylate (MMA)-butyl acrylate (BA) copolymer was constructed by molecular dynamics simulation.The self-healing behavior of MMA-BA copolymer was studied at the molar ratio of MMA to BA of 3∶7,4∶6,5∶5 and 6∶4 and at the temperature of 25 ℃,50 ℃ and 75 ℃.The self-healing properties of MMA-BA copolymers were evaluated from the aspects of density, mean square displacement, diffusion coefficient and mechanical properties of MMA-BA copolymer microcrack models, and the self-healing behavior of MMA-BA copolymer films was experimentally verified.The results showed that the higher the temperature, the faster the healing rate of the MMA-BA copolymer microcrack model.When the molar ratio of MMA to BA was 5∶5,the micro-cracks of MMA-BA copolymer disappeared, the self-healing performance was the best, the repair efficiency was the highest.The changing trend of self-healing behavior of MMA-BA copolymer film was consistent with the experimental test results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractInternally plasticized PVC copolymers were prepared by grafting PVC with butyl acrylate and 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl acrylate by atom-transfer radical polymerization, resulting in well-behaved polymers with a wide range of glass transition temperatures (–54 °C to 54 °C). When the grafted side chains made up more than 50% of the polymer by weight, the glass transition temperatures were below 0 °C. The covalent attachment of the plasticizing grafts requires one simple procedure starting from commercial PVC, making this strategy an industrially relevant and environmentally friendly alternative to the use of conventional small-molecule plasticizers.

Improving water-based polymer's properties using silicon compounds is strongly noticed nowadays. A novel siloxane-based crosslink agent was synthesized using oligomeric polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) hydroxyl-terminated. The crosslinker was used for emulsion copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), and acrylic acid (AA). Incorporation of the crosslinker in the structure of the copolymer increased the average latex particle size (from about 165 to 207 nm) and as a result, the viscosity of the latexes was dramatically decreased (from 212 cP to 83 cP). The crosslink density of the latexes, meanwhile, was raised (from about 7–60%). Electrostatic stability of the latexes was improved in the presence of the crosslinker (zeta potential from − 31.7 mV to -49.5 mV and the average mobility of the latexes particles from − 2.4 μm/s/V/cm to -3.8 μm/s/V/cm). The crosslinking agent affected both the initial decomposition temperature and residual weight fraction of the copolymer (from 353 to 406 °C and from about 0.5 w% to 12.4 w% respectively). A morphological study of the latexes was carried out using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. The addition of the crosslinker, led to a decrease in the contact angle (from 70 to 39 degrees) of the latexes film formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Plastics Science & Technology / Suliao Ke-Ji is the property of Plastics Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Collagen is a suitable material for regenerative medicine because it is characterized by its good biocompatibility. However, due to its fibrillar structure, it cannot organize itself into three-dimensional porous structures without additional modification. The introduction of synthetic monomer elements into the collagen macromolecules is a technique used to form three-dimensional, collagen-based, branched, and crosslinked structures. New types of graft copolymers made from cod collagen with a butyl acrylate and vinyl butyl ether copolymer in aqueous dispersion were obtained in the presence of triethylborane by a radical mechanism. The process of graft copolymer formation proceeded as usual by radical initiation, through radicals formed during triethylborane oxidation by oxygen residues, collagen borination, and reversible inhibition with the participation of a boroxyl radical. The characteristics of the graft copolymers were determined using methods of physical and chemical analysis (GPC, SEM, IR spectroscopy, etc.), while the cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay method. It is shown that the grafting of alternating blocks of butyl acrylate and vinyl butyl ether to the protein macromolecules results in changes in the morphological pattern of the graft co-polymer in comparison with native collagen. This is manifested in the development of consolidations around the collagen fibers of the structural matrices, with the co-polymer cellular structure consisting of interpenetrating pores of unequal size. Additionally, it is important that the graft co-polymer solutions are not toxic at a certain concentration. The above properties confirm the promising nature of the technique's application as the basis for producing new materials for regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modified polyvinyl acetate P(BA-VAC) emulsion was prepared by emulsion synthesis method using soft monomer butyl acrylate. The influences of modified emulsion on setting time, water absorption, flexural strength, compressive strength, compression ratio, bond strength and skid resistance of cement mortar were studied. The results show that the modification of mortar by P(BA-VAc) can prolong the setting time of cement mortar, significantly reduces the water absorption and compression-flexure ratio, and increases the bond strength and skid resistance. The main reason for the great improvement of the properties of mortar is that a dense network structure formed by emulsion particles filling the pores in mortar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of polycarboxylate superplasticizers (PCEs) with different molecular structures and shrinkage reducing performance were synthesized by modifying PCE with butyl acrylate (BA), and their molecular structures were characterized. The influence of BA on the dispersion and shrinkage reducing performance of PCEs and the influence of PCEs grafting different ration of BA on the hydration of cement were investigated in detail. Furthermore, the mechanisms of BA improving PCE shrinkage reducing performance were emphatically analyzed. The results showed that: (1) BA was successfully grafted into the molecular structures of PCEs and the expected molecular structures were obtained by polymerization. (2) BA has little effect on the dispersion of PCEs, but it will affect the hydration process of cement paste mixed with PCEs and significantly improve the shrinkage reducing performance of PCEs. (3) After grafting BA monomer into PCE, the surface tension of PCE solution decreased and the evaporation rate of alkaline solution mixed with PCE also significantly slowed down. Moreover, the retention capacity of pore water of cement paste mixed with PCE was improved. These three reasons were considered to be the main mechanisms of BA improving the shrinkage reducing performance of PCE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐temperature butyl acrylate polymerizations in bulk and in solution are investigated experimentally and by kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulations. The experimental data comprise conversion‐time data, molar mass distributions, and branching levels per polymer chain derived from size‐exclusion chromatography with a multiangle laser light scattering detector. A kMC model is established, which allows for the description of the impact of solvent and temperature on molar mass distribution as well as type and content of macromonomers. Within the study kinetic coefficients for transfer to solvent and the thermal self‐initiation of the monomer are determined according to the Metropolis Hastings algorithm. The kMC simulations provide information, which are otherwise not accessible, for example, the number of branch points per molecule as a function of molar mass or the molar mass distribution of various macromonomer species. Moreover, molar ratios of mid‐chain and chain‐end radicals are at hand for temperatures up to 160°C, which are important for the interpretation of the experimentally and via simulation‐derived polymer topology as a function of molar masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within this study sixteen odour active substances (1-butanol, butyl acetate, 3-methyl-4-heptanone, butyl acrylate, styrene, ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, cumene, sec-butylbenzene, benzaldehyde, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, 1,2-dimethylnaphthalene, 1,7-dimethylnaphthalene), that have previously been identified in acryl paints were quantified in ten black acrylic paint samples using GC-GC-MS (heart-cut two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) after prior extraction and purification via solvent assisted flavour evaporation. In this case, the preceding analysis of the most abundant odour active volatiles via GC-O (gas chromatography-olfactometry) provided indications on which smell properties might be linked with elevated and concerning levels of possibly harmful substances. Based on that work, four samples raised attention due to their mainly repelling or unpleasant odour with mainly aromatic, solvent-like, mothball-like or geranium-like smell impressions. The remaining samples either showed fruity/fermented, fruity/apple juice-like, mushroom-like or cocoa-like/earthy odour qualities. The repelling and unpleasant odour was generally linked to naphthalene or benzene derivatives that are of concern with regard to being potential carcinogens. With concentrations ranging as high as from 3.75 mg/kg to 143.41 mg/kg, n-butanol was found to be the odour active substance with the highest concentrations in all but one paint sample. The results showed that all paints contain different and specific patterns of the analysed odour active substances and volatiles. Whereas only two samples revealed no elevated concentration of any of the quantified substances, two samples (A9 and A10) showed elevated levels for all or nearly all substances. The concentrations for single substances were generally lower than the recommended exposure limit and therefore unlikely to cause any adverse effects with regards to toxicity and irritation as single constituents. However, as a group of substances these might exert adverse health effects due to combined or synergistic effects. Based on these observations, the occurrence of combinations of potentially carcinogenic substances in products which are occupationally used on a daily basis or are in direct skin contact should thus be regarded with care in the future.

Coagulative nucleation in the copolymerization of methyl methacrylate–butyl acrylate (MMA-BA) via semicontinuous emulsion heterophase polymerization (SEHP) under monomer-starved conditions in latexes with high solid content (50.0 wt %) and low concentrations of surfactant is reported. The SEHP technique allows the obtention of latex with high colloidal stability and has potential industrial application in polymer synthesis. High instantaneous conversions (>90%) and a high-ratio polymerization rate/addition rate (Rp/Ra) ≥ 0.9 were obtained at low times until the final copolymerization, which confirmed the starved conditions in the systems at the highest surfactant concentrations. The particle size exhibited a linear size increment at conversions between 0 and 40% induced by homogeneous nucleation, a transition region between 40 and 50%, and non-linear behavior at higher conversions by coagulative nucleation. These three behaviors were also observed in the particle surfactant coverage area (Sc), Z-potential, particle coagulation rate (dNp/dt) by the Smoluchowski model, final particle size (Dpz), and number particle (Np) through the reaction. By means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, the onset of coagulation was observed from 50% of conversion until the end of the reaction. In addition, in both processes of copolymerization, tacticity was displayed (mainly syndiotacticity). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ring-opening polymerization of bio-based monomer 2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane (MDO) can reportedly enhance polymer degradability. Butyl acrylate (BA)/MDO/vinyl acetate (VAc) terpolymers were synthesized via emulsion polymerization for their eventual application as pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs). While using MDO in emulsion polymerization leads to a more sustainable process, it also presents challenges such as MDO hydrolysis, MDO ring retention, and inadequate MDO distribution. By carefully selecting reaction conditions such as pH and temperature, MDO hydrolysis and MDO ring retention were mitigated, and a uniform distribution of MDO throughout the terpolymer was confirmed. In addition, carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (cCNCs) were incorporated into the final formulation to enhance the PSA properties., (© 2024 The Author(s). ChemSusChem published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Acrylates as well as 1-alken-3-ones are both known to be odour active substances but are generally identified in different materials. Nonetheless, butyl acrylate and 1-octen-3-one were both found to elicit a similar mushroom-like odour in previous studies. This led to the question of whether acrylates and enones with the same overall chain length generally elicited similar odours and whether they had similar odour thresholds. Overall, most of the investigated substances showed a mushroom-like, geranium-like or fruity odour. In contrast, short chained substances elicited garlic-like, lighter gas-like or glue-like, odour qualities, suggesting a correlation between the odour quality and the overall chain length. The results showed that only between the analogue structures butyl acrylate and 1-octen-3-one as well as hexyl acrylate and 1-decen-3-one could similar odour qualities be observed. All investigated substances showed low odour threshold values in air between 0.0032 ng/lair (1-hexen-3-one) and 55 ng/lair (1-dodecen-3-one). Overall, 1-alken-3-ones revealed a higher dependency on the chain length when compared to their respective acrylates. The introduction of a second terminal double bond led to a decrease of OT values in case of the acrylates and to an increase in case of the ketones that neither contained a second terminal double bond nor a double bond located close to the carbonyl group. Despite their structural similarities, the results suggest that both substance classes are perceived in a different manner and are therefore likely to be recognized by different types of receptors or are related to different activation patterns in multi-receptor stimulation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The East Palestine, Ohio train derailment released toxic vinyl chloride (VC) and butyl acrylate (BA), which entered the watershed. Streambed sediment, surface water, and private well water samples were collected 128 and 276 days postaccident to assess the natural attenuation potential of VC and BA by quantifying biodegradation biomarker genes and conducting microcosm treatability studies. qPCR detected the aerobic VC degradation biomarkers etnC in ∼40% and etnE in ∼27% of sediments collected in both sampling campaigns in abundances reaching 10 5 gene copies g -1 . The 16S rRNA genes of organohalide-respiring Dehalococcoides and Dehalogenimonas were, respectively, detected in 50 and 64% of sediment samples collected 128 days postaccident and in 63 and 88% of sediment samples collected 276 days postaccident, in abundances reaching 10 7 cells g -1 . Elevated detection frequencies of VC degradation biomarker genes were measured immediately downstream of the accident site (i.e., Sulphur Run). Aerobic VC degradation occurred in all sediment microcosms and coincided with increases of etnC / etnE genes and Mycobacterium , a genus comprising aerobic VC degraders. The conversion of VC to ethene and an increased abundance of VC reductive dechlorination biomarker genes were observed in microcosms established with sediments collected from Sulphur Run. All anoxic microcosms rapidly degraded BA to innocuous products with intermediate formation of n -butanol and acrylate. The results indicate that microbiomes in the East Palestine watershed have natural attenuation capacity for VC and BA. Recommendations are made to improve first-response actions in future contaminant release accidents of this magnitude.

In this paper, copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with n-butyl acrylate (BA) in a bubble column reactor using benzoyl peroxide as free radical initiator, at a temperature over 85 °C, is presented. This mode of copolymerization keeps an inert atmosphere throughout the entire reaction and contributes to proper mixing of the monomers. Higher pressure of the bubbling ensures the faster contact of the species, and a higher conversion was obtained in a shorter reaction time. The conversion of monomer at 124 Pa after 210 min is total, which is particularly noteworthy due to the absence of residual monomer that represents hazardous compounds, with negative impact upon employees and end-user safety. Higher conversions are obtained at 96 °C, 124 Pa nitrogen bubble pressure, 60/40% moles monomer ratio BA/MMA and 2% POB. The molar mass Mw, Mn and PDI decrease with the increase in temperature quite linearly. In the absence of nitrogen bubbling, the copolymer composition is approximately the same as in the feeding mixture. The corrosion protection efficiency of steel painted with these acrylic coatings was carried out by means of OCP and potentiodynamic polarization testing and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Butyl acrylate is a hazardous and noxious substance (HNS) listed in the top 50 chemicals that is most likely to be involved in HNS spilling incident. At present, information about toxicity effect of butyl acrylate on marine organisms was insufficient, especially on marine microalgae. Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) and Platymonas subcordiformis (P. subcordiformis) were used as test organism to evaluate the toxic effect of butyl acrylate on their photosynthetic system. Results showed that chlorophyll a (Chl-a) content, the net photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate (NOR), and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters including maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), electron transfer rate (ETR), photochemical quenching (qP), and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were all stimulated in the toxic dose of 5,10, and 25 mg/L while those were significantly inhibited in the highest concentration of 25 mg/L groups after 96 h. Meanwhile, it was also found that Fv/Fm would be a suitable indicator for evaluating the toxicity of butyl acrylate on the photosynthetic system of two marine microalgae according to the analysis of Pearson correlation coefficient and integrated biomarker response (IBR). Once butyl acrylate enters the marine ecosystem, the toxicity data obtained in this study could be used as a reference for evaluating the effect of butyl acrylate on the photosynthetic capacity of marine microalgae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copolymers of butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate with vinyl butyl ether in excess at reflux of the latter were synthesized under comparable conditions gradually adding acrylic monomers to the reaction mixture. Azobisisobutyronitrile or a triethylborane—oxygen initiating system was used as the initiator. The molar ratio of the monomer units was determined for the isolated polymers by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The 13C NMR spectra of the copolymers were interpreted in order to determine the degree of alternation of units. The microheterogeneity coefficients and average lengths of sequences of the same chain units determined from the 13C NMR spectra indicate that the copolymer with butyl acrylate has a microstructure close to the alternation of the ether and ester units in the chain, whereas in the copolymer with methyl methacrylate this structure is pronounced to a lower extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The azobisisobutyronitrile-initiated polymerization of methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, and butyl acrylate at 60 °C in the presence of p-quinones differing in the inhibitory power was studied. It was found that the kinetics of polymerization and molecular weight characteristics of polymers depend on the structure of the monomer and p-quinone. The effect of the p-quinone structure was found to have similar tendencies for all alkyl (meth)acrylates used. The polymerization of methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate is a combination of inhibited and controlled polymerization. The contribution of the controlled process under the conditions of primary polymerization is insignificant. The post-polymerization of methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate follows the mechanism of reversible inhibition. There are no indications of controlled polymerization in the primary and post-polymerization of butyl methacrylate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A computer model for the development of particle size distribution in a batch reactor for the emulsion polymerisation of butyl acrylate was developed, solved and validated. Population balance model was represented by partial differential equations and these equations were solved by using the method of orthogonal collocation. The model was validated against two sets of experimental data taken from literature. The model's reliability was demonstrated by successful simulation of the experimental data for the number of variables which included the number of particles formed at different emulsifier and initiator concentrations, the variation of conversion with time at one initiator concentration and one emulsifier concentration and number average diameter, volume average diameter at different emulsifier concentrations. The model is simpler and more accurate than the reported population balance models for this system in the literature. The simplicity is brought by studying the model in different levels of details in our earlier works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary reactions significantly affect acrylate polymerization rates as well as the architecture of polymer produced by high‐temperature solution radical polymerization. This impact is amplified under the semi‐batch starved‐feed policy used to keep monomer concentration low. Thus, the importance of intramolecular chain transfer (backbiting) is significantly increased, generating a tertiary radical center capable of termination, propagation, and scission. In this investigation, a comprehensive stochastic model is formulated to represent results from an experimental study designed to increase the fraction of reactive terminal double bonds (TDB) in the poly(butyl acrylate) product. Model predictions generated using three sets of literature kinetic parameters for backbiting and scission are compared. While each provides reasonable predictions of some reaction characteristics (e.g., free monomer levels, polymer molecular weights, polymer TDB content), none provide an adequate representation of all aspects of the polymerization. It is concluded that other reaction pathways might be needed to represent the system under semi‐batch conditions, thus explaining the discrepancies seen among the current parameter estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study developed a simple and efficient strategy to stabilize inorganic halide perovskite CsPbX3 at high relative humidity by embedding it into the matrix with elastic and self-healing features. The polymer matrix has a naturally hydrophobic characteristic of n-butyl acrylate segment (n-BA) and cross-linkable and healable moiety from N-(hydroxymethyl) acrylamide segment (NMA). It was chosen due to the provisions of both a surrounding protective layer for inorganic perovskite and elastic, as well as healing ability to the whole organic-inorganic composite. This fabricated CsPbBr3/PBA-co-PNMA composite was demonstrated to stably persist against the suffering from hydrolysis of perovskites when exposed to a high moisture environment. The PL intensity of the composite after crosslinking was found to be relatively stable after 30 days of exposure to air. Upon water immersion, the PL intensity of composite only showed a decrease of 32% after the first 6 h, then remained stable for 6 h afterward. Furthermore, this fabricated composite was not only flexible and relatively transparent but also exhibited excellent self-healing capability in ambient conditions (T = 25°C), in which the self-healing efficiency after 24 h was above 40%. The tensile strength and stretching ability of 5 wt% perovskite content in the random copolymer were observed to be 3.8 MPa and 553.5% respectively. Overall, flexible and self-healing properties combining with high luminescence characteristics are very promising materials for next-generation soft optical devices.

Seeds are coated widely with different polymers for increasing productivity and improving stand establishment of different crops. Emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate and butyl acrylate can be used for sugar beet seed coating. In this study, for the first time, a fractional factorial design, as an statistical experimental design method, was combined with image analysis method to achieve the optimal condition for emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) and butyl acrylate (BuA) as a delayed-germination copolymer. The optimum condition was on the time of 3.16 hours, the temperature of 65˚C, the initiator concentration and anionic surfactant of 0.0121 wt%.The synthesized copolymer was homogeneous and was characterized using ATR-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Particle Size Distribution (PSD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis. Then the synthesized copolymer was used for coating of sugar beet seeds. The results show that the synthesized copolymer does not have adverse interaction with pesticides, fungicides and the color, which used for seed coating. Therefore, it can be used in coating of sugar beet seeds. Also, the synthesized copolymer delayed germination about 40 days.

Copyright of Journal of Tiangong University is the property of Journal of Tianjin Polytechnic University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This investigation reports the synthesis and characterization of copolymers and ter-polymers of butyl acrylate (BA) prepared via emulsion polymerization. Vinyl acetate (VAc) has been used for the synthesis of copolymer and VAc along with acrylic acid (AA) for the synthesis of ter-polymerswith BA. The polymerizations have been carried out at 70°C for 30 minutes at 470 rpm using two different thermal initiators, ammonium persulfate (APS) and potassium persulfate (KPS) and an emulsifier sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Attempts have also been made to prepare co- and ter-polymers of BAwith varying amounts of monomers. The prepared copolymerswere characterized by GPC, FT-IR, NMR and UV-Vis analyses. The percentage of conversion of monomers to polymer has been calculated gravimetrically. UV-Visible analysis has been used to confirm the preparation of transparent lattices. Furthermore, the incorporation of monomers in the co- and terpolymers are confirmed by FT-IR and 1H NMR analyses. The molar compositions of the prepared polymers are determined by 1H NMR analysis comparing the areas under the characteristics 1H NMR peaks of the repeating units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a low-cost chitosan (CS) marine biopolymer was grafted with oleophilic butyl acrylate (ButA) monomer for the sorptive removal of crude oil spills from the water surface. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope analysis were used for investigating the chemical structure as well as the surface morphology of CS-g-poly (ButA) copolymer. The dependency of oil-sorption capacity on parameters such as sorption time, crude oil concentration, sorbent dosage, agitation rate, and sorption temperature was considered. The empirical equilibrium data were verified using different isotherm models. The results clarified that both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm had an exceptional agreement with the laboratory data. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was 27.7 g/g for native CS, while it reached a maximum value 83.3 g/g for the grafted copolymer. The kinetic characteristics of the adsorptive performance were undertaken by practising several models. The results validated that the sorption regarded the pseudo-second-order model and film-diffusion-controlled mechanism. Besides, the thermodynamic parameters endorsed the process to be endothermic, favorable and spontaneous. The gained results advocate the excellent potential of the developed chitosan grafted copolymer as oil-sorbent materials for oil spill clean-up applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Esterification of nicotinic acid and the reaction products of chloramine-B with allyl chloride and acrylonitrile was studied. Under the influence of the electron-acceptor sulfonamido group, the cyano group in 3-cyano-2-(benzenesulfonamido)propyl pyridine-3-carboxylate undergoes facile heterocyclization with polarophiles to form pyrrole and pyridine derivatives. Antimicrobial activity assessment of the synthesized esters showed their high efficiency [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work deals with extraction of Cellulose Nano Crystals (CNCs) from Banana fiber using the steam explosion method. Extracted CNCs was grafted with butyl acrylate (BA) monomer with ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as an initiator. The prepared graft copolymer was analyzed using FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDAX. FTIR results indicate that the CH 2 type of linkages was observed in the grafted copolymer showing effective formation of grafted copolymer. XRD results elucidate the changes in the crystalline behaviour of the prepared CNCs grafted butyl acrylate copolymer. SEM images of a prepared adsorbent was appeared to be heterogeneous and covered with clusters which will be suitable for adsorption. Batch adsorption studies was carried out for the removal of Pb(II) ions from the aqueous solution using the prepared copolymer. The parameters such as effect of pH, contact time, initial metal ion concentration and adsorbent dosage was investigated. From the observed results it was concluded that, the optimum pH: 5, contact time: 360 min, adsorbent dosage: 4 g/100 mL and initial metal ion concentration: 125 mg/L. The adsorption isotherm models of Pb(II) ions could be described very well by Freundlich model and the kinetic results revealed that pseudo-second-order kinetics showed a better fit. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study develops hot melt pressure sensitive adhesives (HMPSAs) for the seamless bonding of nylon fabric, using butyl acrylate as the main monomer material and mixing the functional monomer for polymerization. It is combined with 2-10phr diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide for the photoinitiator and ultraviolet irradiation is used to make a pre-polymer. The effects of butyl acrylate content, type of functional monomer, and 2-10phr diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide content on the molecular weight of acrylate pre-polymer are discussed, following the Taguchi method. The pre-polymer is then mixed with the reactive diluent glycidyl methacrylate blend and with 2-10phr diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide, coated on a release film, irradiated by ultraviolet light, and cured into hot melt pressure sensitive adhesives. The adhesive properties of hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive bonding on nylon include the peel strength, the shear strength, adhesive warpage, adhesive color difference, and adhesive overflow, which are discussed following the Taguchi method and the elimination and choice translating reality method for multi-quality analysis. Hot melt pressure sensitive adhesives are implemented by optimization parameters for practical validation. The results show that the peel strength of hot melt pressure sensitive adhesives is 1.495 kg/cm, the shear strength of hot melt pressure sensitive adhesives is 14.326 kg/cm2, adhesive warpage is 0.93 mm, adhesive color difference is 1.66, and adhesive overflow is 0.97 mm. The performance of HMPSAs in this study is enhanced effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A biodegradable, environmentally friendly starch-based wood adhesive with cassava starch as a raw material and butyl acrylate (BA) as a co-monomer was synthesized. Results revealed that this cassava starch-based wood adhesive (SWA) was more stable than corn starch-based wood adhesive, and its bonding performance was close to that of commercial PVAc emulsion, even after 90 days of storage. Further analysis found that the improved stability of the adhesive could be attributed to its low minimum film forming temperature (MFFT) and glass transition temperature (Tg) of cassava starch. Moreover, the amount of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) emitted by the cassava starch-based wood adhesive were much lower than the Chinese national standard control criteria. Therefore, cassava SWA might be a potential alternative to traditional petrochemical-based wood adhesives.

ABSTRACT: The supplemental activator and reducing agent atom transfer radical polymerization (SARA ATRP) of butyl acrylate (nBA) and styrene (Sty) using miniemulsion is reported for the first time. The polymerization was carried out in the presence of Cu(II)Br2‐based catalytic systems using EHA6TREN or BPMODA* and sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4) as SARA agent. Kinetic data revealed a controlled polymerization for both monomers, with a very stringent control over the molecular weight distribution (Ð ≤ 1.2) but low monomer conversion. Reaction conditions were optimized in an attempt to understand the kinetics of polymerization, aiming to increase the final monomer conversion while maintaining the control over the polymerization. Self‐chain extension reactions revealed low chain end fidelity, which corroborate the impossibility of increasing monomer conversion even after the judicious variation of the main polymerization parameters (monomers, surfactant, deactivator, and Na2S2O4 concentrations, and its method of addition). The data presented suggest a particular feature of Na2S2O4 in these polymerization systems involving the significant formation of dead chains ends, which has never been observed for any other reported system using this SARA agent. In contrast, control ARGET miniemulsion experiments under the same reaction conditions and using ascorbic acid as reducing agent allowed to achieve high monomer conversions. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 879–888 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(butyl acrylate- co -fluorinated acrylate)- graft -natural rubber was successfully prepared via emulsion graft copolymerization and applied as a compatibilizer for improving phase compatibility and toughness of natural rubber/poly(butyl acrylate- co -fluorinated acrylate) films. From graft copolymerization step, butyl acrylate (BA) acted as a co-monomer to be initially grafted onto the natural rubber (NR) and then copolymerized with 2,2,2–trifluoroethyl methacrylate (3FMA) to form a grafting poly(BA- co -3FMA) chain onto the NR backbone. The appropriated BA/3FMA ratio at 30/70 (w/w) provided the highest graft copolymer fraction of 72.8 wt% with 25.3 mol% grafted 3FMA and 68.5% grafting efficiency under center reaction condition. Transmission electron microscopy analysis indicated that the graft product had core-shell morphology, which NR was a core and covered by poly(BA- co -3FMA) shell. The results from Molau test and atomic force microscopy showed that the addition of 5–10 wt% graft product could enhance the compatibility between NR and poly(BA- co -3FMA) phases in the NR/poly(BA- co -3FMA) films (20/80 (w/w)) and provided the obtained films with a greater elongation at break to 266% than that of poly(BA- co -3FMA) film (27%). The compatibilized films also exhibited a high hydrophobicity (water contact angle = 109°) and oleophobicity (hexadecane contact angle = 54°) with a low surface energy (8.04 mN/m), which can be further applied as self-sealing films for moisture and oil protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as a property modifier for pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) was investigated. Stable CNC/poly(n-butyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) latex nanocomposites with different CNC loadings ranging from 0.25 to 1 wt% (based on monomer weight) were synthesized by both an in situ seeded semi-batch polymerization and a blending technique. The PSA films obtained from both techniques demonstrated a concurrent enhancement of shear strength, tack, and peel strength with increasing CNC content. However, the performance enhancement for the PSAs prepared via the in situ technique was substantially greater: increases of up to 3.8x for tack, 6x for peel strength and 20x for shear strength for the in situ technique compared to increases of up to 2.4x for tack, 1.5x for peel strength and 6.4x for shear strength for the blending technique. The difference in mechanical performance of the CNC/PSA films synthesized via the in situ technique vs. blending was a result of better interaction of CNCs with the polymer matrix during both latex synthesis and film formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]