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Now a days, pollution occurs due to heavy metals is a most important problem because it results in toxicity, risk to the survival for humans and disrupting activities of ecological balance. Presence of toxic metals in the environment result in bioaccumulation, geo-accumulation and biomagnification processes which have intense public health and ecological and implications.In the present research work, copolymer of lactic acid and maleic anhydride with butylene glycol has been prepared and distinguished using spectroscopic and other analytical techniques. The prepared copolymer has been used in preparation of films of different formulations & characterised,then fungal degradation was studied by using different fungal species such as T. lignorum, A. Versicolor, A. niger, Alternaria alternata, Rhizopus sps. etc. Degree ofthe degradation was analysed by percentage weight loss and SEM micrographs. A. niger have degrade the films mostly & maximal weight loss observed in film D. The degradation of copolymer having high lactic acid amount was faster than copolymer having low lactic acid amount.The effect of metals i.e. presence or absence on the degradation of films has done. Polymeric films that are treated with fungal strain (A. niger), Cr6+& Cd2+metal ions, degradation rate was 3-5 % higher than in absence of metal while in Zn2+, rate is 1 - 2% higher. Negligible effect had shown in As3+ metal ion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial processes can produce a wide range of compounds; however, producing complex and long chain hydrocarbons remains a challenge. Aldol condensation offers a direct route to synthesize these challenging chemistries and can be catalyzed by microbes using aldolases. Deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase (DERA) condenses aldehydes and/or ketones to β -hydroxyaldehydes, which can be further converted to value-added chemicals such as a precursor to cholesterol-lowering drugs. Here, we implement a short, aldolase-based pathway in Escherichia coli to produce ( R )-1,3-BDO from glucose, an essential component of pharmaceutical products and cosmetics. First, we expressed a three step heterologous pathway from pyruvate to produce 0.3 g/L of ( R )-1,3-BDO with a yield of 11.2 mg/g of glucose in wild-type E. coli K12 MG1655. We used a systems metabolic engineering approach to improve ( R )-1,3-BDO titer and yield by: 1) identifying and reducing major by-products: ethanol, acetoin, and 2,3-butanediol; 2) increasing pathway flux through DERA to reduce accumulation of toxic acetaldehyde. We then implemented a two-stage fermentation process to improve ( R )-1,3-BDO titer by 8-fold to 2.4 g/L and yield by 5-fold to 56 mg/g of glucose ( 11 % of maximum theoretical yield) in strain BD24, by controlling pH to 7 and higher dissolved oxygen level. Furthermore, this study highlights the potential of the aldolase chemistry to synthesize diverse products directly from renewable resources in microbes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: 5% minoxidil solution is approved for the treatment of male androgenetic alopecia (AGA). However, there have been occasional reports of adverse events that were caused mostly by propylene glycol sensitivity. As an alternative treatment, Siriraj hair team developed a proprietary preparation referred to as "minoxidil milky lotion" that uses butylene glycol as a substitute for propylene glycol. Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of 5% minoxidil solution with 5% minoxidil milky lotion in the treatment of male AGA. Materials and Method: Twenty males with AGA were recruited for this prospective randomized study. Subjects were randomly treated with 5% minoxidil solution or 5% minoxidil milky lotion. Clinical outcomes and adverse events were recorded at 8, 16, and 24 weeks. Results: The mean age of subjects was 43.5±12.5 years (range, 26-65 years). Percentage increase in hair density at 8 weeks after receiving 5% minoxidil solution and 5% minoxidil milky lotion was 8.8% and 37.4%, respectively (p = 0.01). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the two preparations at the 16 and 24 week visits. Mild irritation was reported in 1 case in the 5% minoxidil milky lotion group. Study limitation: Small sample size. Conclusion: Both formulations were found to be effective and safe in the treatment of male AGA. 5% minoxidil milky lotion may be an alternative treatment in propylene glycol-sensitive patients, with efficacy that is comparable to that of 5% minoxidil solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work explores the conformational preferences and the structure-property correlations of poly(butylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PBF), a longer chain analogue of the most well-known biobased polyester from the furan family, poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF). A thorough computational spectroscopic study-including infrared, Raman and inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy, combined with discrete and periodic density functional theory calculations-allowed the identification of dominant structural motifs in the amorphous and crystalline regions. Discrete calculations and vibrational spectroscopy of semi-crystalline and amorphous samples strongly support the predominance of gauche, trans, gauche conformations of the butylene glycol fragment in both the crystalline and amorphous domains. In what concerns the furandicarboxylate fragment, amorphous domains are dominated by syn,syn conformations, while in the crystalline domains the anti,anti forms prevail. A possible crystalline structure-built from these conformational preferences and including a network of C-H···O hydrogen bond contacts-was optimized using periodic density functional theory. This proposed crystal structure avoids the unrealistic structural features of the previously proposed X-ray structure, provides an excellent description of the inelastic neutron scattering spectrum of the semi-crystalline form, and allows the correlation between microscopic structure and macroscopic properties of the polymer., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Nolasco, Rodrigues, Araújo, Coimbra, Ribeiro-Claro, Vaz, Rudić, Silvestre, Bouyahya, Majdoub and Sousa.)

Abstract: Si-MCM-41 and Si–Zr-MCM-41(Si/Zr=20) were synthesized hydrothermally using organic precursors and the materials were characterized by XRD, BET, NH3-TPD and XRF spectroscopy. The BET analysis showed bimodal distribution of pores in Si–Zr-MCM-41 structure. The surface area and pore diameter of the material diminished due to the incorporation of zirconium. An attempt was made to generate super acidity on Si–Zr-MCM-41(Si/Zr=20) (referred as SiZrM20) for the first time by sulfation. The catalytic activity was examined in cyclic acetalyzation of substituted aromatic aldehydes and ketones with diol under solvent free autogeneous condition, and protection of alcoholic –OH group by pyranylation with dihydropyran in liquid phase at room temperature. Carbonyl compounds with electron withdrawing substituent formed respective cyclic acetal and ketal in good yields. Under mild conditions various alcohols formed the corresponding tetrahydropyranyl ethers (THP), in short reaction time. Hence the materials can be a convenient ecofriendly catalyst for cyclic acetalyzation and alcoholic –OH group protection by pyranylation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Dielectric relaxation study of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) has been carried out with butylene glycol (BLG, i.e. 1,4-butanediol) at different temperatures. Time domain reflectometry in reflection mode has been used to measure the reflection coefficient in the frequency range from 10 MHz to 20 GHz. The dielectric parameters, static dielectric permittivity (ε 0) and relaxation time (τ), have been obtained by Fourier transform and least squares fit methods. The experimental results show non-linear variation in dielectric permittivity, and relaxation time with volume fraction of BLG confirms the structural formation due to the intermolecular interaction between DMF and BLG. The variations in excess permittivity (εE ), excess inverse relaxation times (1/τ) E and Kirkwood correlation factors (g eff ;g f ) for the binary mixtures have also been reported in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The dielectric relaxation study that is static dielectric permittivity (∈0) and relaxation time (τ) of amide of N-methyl formamide (NMF) with increasing volume percent propylene glycol (PLG) and BLG has been carried out at different temperatures. The time domain reflectometry (TDR) technique has been used to measure reflection coefficient in frequency range of 10 MHz to 20 GHz. The dielectric parameters have been obtained by fitting experimental data with the Havriliak-Negami equation. The experimental observation shows that the static dielectric permittivity and relaxation time decreases with increasing temperature. The experimental observation also shows that the static dielectric permittivity decreases and relaxation time increases with increasing percentage volume of Propylene glycol (PLG) and Butylene glycol (BLG) in NMF. The nature of (ε0) and (τ) is same for the temperature ranges (20, 30, and 40°C). The thermodynamic parameters enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) of the binary mixture are also reported in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] An important question in the development of a dermatological drug product is whether a target concentration has been achieved in, for example, the viable epidermis following topical administration. When attempting to address this challenge, it is essential to consider the role of excipients in the formulation that may influence drug partitioning and diffusion in the different layers of the skin. The objective, therefore, was to correlate, in human subjects, the skin pharmacokinetics of diclofenac (specifically, its uptake into and clearance from the stratum corneum (SC)) from an approved drug product (Voltaren® medicated plaster) with the in vivo co-uptake of two key excipients, namely propylene glycol and butylene glycol. SC sampling was used to assess diclofenac input into the skin during patch application, and its subsequent clearance post-removal of the delivery system. In parallel the uptake of the two glycol excipients was also measured. Drug and excipient amounts in the SC increased with time of application up to 6 h and, for diclofenac, no further increase was observed when the administration was prolonged to 12 h. When the plaster was removed after 6 h of wear, diclofenac cleared relatively slowly from the SC suggesting that drug binding with a slow off-rate had occurred. The results indicate that the optimisation of drug delivery from a topical formulation must take into account the disposition of key excipients and their impact on dermato-pharmacokinetics in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: If a semisolid vehicle does not allow for the sufficient penetration of the incorporated drug, the addition of enhancers, e.g. glycols, is an option. Propylene glycol is most frequently applied in dermal products. Other 1,2-alkanediols like pentylene glycol were found to exhibit moisturizing effects and good anti-microbial activity. In the present study, the influence of propylene glycol and mainly butylene glycol (BuG) and pentylene glycol (PeG) on release and skin penetration of Dihydroavenanthramide D (DHAvD) was investigated. DHAvD release increased twice up to fourfold within 30 min if 2% of a mixture of BuG and PeG was added to a lipophilic as well as to a hydrophilic cream. Incorporation of single 1,2-alkanediols into the hydrophilic cream resulted in a linear slope of the released DHAvD amount with increasing chain length of the glycol. Trends found in the release model were also reflected in penetration studies on full thickness human breast skin using Franz diffusion cells. Here, the hydrophilic cream containing the BuG/PeG mixture was compared to the glycol-free reference. Already within 30min the amount that penetrated into the viable skin layers doubled using the glycol-containing vehicle. After 300min 12% of the applied dose was detected in the viable epidermis and dermis following application of the pure cream compared to 41% from the improved formulation. Dermal availability was further enhanced by administration of a polymer-stabilized hydrodispersion gel which also contained the glycol mixture. Due to their favorable biopharmaceutical and technological properties, longer chain 1,2-alkanediols represent a valuable class of ingredients for dermal products. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A calibration test is described for monitoring the operation of equipment used to develop latent fingerprints on thermal paper by the application of either controlled or uncontrolled heat. A working solution of a water/glycerol emulsion and butylene glycol is applied to thermal paper by means of either a vinyl stamp and pad, or a marker pen. Varying the amount of butylene glycol enables the thermal paper to change color at different temperatures between approximately 40 and 60°C, which is below the normal color change temperature of the paper. The described test may be used to verify the correct operation, at different temperatures, of a controlled heat source during and after fingerprint development (such as the Hot Print System) or to monitor the paper temperature with an uncontrolled heat source (such as a warm air blower), thereby avoiding unintentional coloring of the entire paper surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An inkless set of finger and palm impressions has been obtained on thermochromatic paper by incorporating the protic solvent butylene glycol into a base hand cream mixture, which is rubbed into the hands for 30 sec before donation. This requires no washing of the hands before or after donation, removing many of the difficulties associated with inked impressions. In a random trial of 50 male and 50 female participants (mean age 41 years), 96 found the hand cream pleasant and easy to use and all produced identifiable finger and palm impressions. Following donation, participants continued to rub the hand cream into their hands. Impressions were visible immediately after donation and have not exhibited fading 2 years after being taken. 10% of participants produced impressions that captured third-level detail, the variation between participants being thought to be associated with the amount of pressure applied during donation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]