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The study of collapse in archaeology and history has continued to grow and develop in the last decade and is a respectable target of investigation in and beyond these fields. Environmental determinism and apocalyptic narratives have become less acceptable and collapsology has matured into a more nuanced, self-critical, and sophisticated field. This review explores recent work on collapse in archaeology between 2012 and 2023. It demonstrates how collapse, and associated concepts such as resilience, fragility, and vulnerability, are studied in the light of present-day threats, how collapse studies are increasingly recognized to have application in the present day, where they can contribute to discourses of resilience and sustainable development, and shows the diversity present in collapse studies. It also discusses the language and concepts of collapse. I explore these areas with reference to general works on collapse and to six specific historical episodes of collapse: Old World collapse, eastern Mediterranean collapse, the Western and Eastern Roman Empires, the Classic Maya, Tiwanaku, and Rapa Nui. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The term pistis, in its legal context, refers to various forms of trusts, loans, securities, credits, guarantees, and means of inheritance. One of its uses in Greek Egyptian papyri was interpreted as referring to title-transfer security or to fictitious ownership. This paper adds rabbinic sources from Greco-Roman Palestine to the discussion on pistis. The comparison sheds light on the rabbinic sources, as well as expands our understanding of the use and spread of a Greek legal term and concept in the eastern Roman Empire. It therefore serves as a test case for the importance of rabbinic literature as a source in the study of Greek and Roman legal traditions, supplying new evidence for using this term as referring to fictitious ownership and for its use as referring to title-transfer security. This use of the term pistis changes in the Babylonian Talmud, preserving only echoes of its original meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In addition to their own originality in historiography, Muslims inherited the accumulation of ancient civilizational basins such as Hijaz, Bilad al-Sham, Egypt, Maghreb, Andalusia, Iraq, Iran, Sindh and Mawara' al-Nahr. They created a wide variety of genres by making it more systematic and methodological. The Muslim historiography of the 7th-10th centuries, which harmoniously combines authenticity and heritage, was in contact with the Balkans indirectly through the Byzantine Empire during this period. However, its main impact and contribution to the basin was in the 11th-18th centuries, when it continued its development in historiography. During this period, Muslims, especially the Ottomans, who established political dominance in the region modeled the historiography, which had completed its development and developed a methodology, in the basin and brought an era to the activities of the basin in the field of historiography. The historiography, which was based on the narration of either the history of empires or the history of emperors in the form of special histories, has changed and developed with the methodology and model developed by Muslims. İn this regard, they created a great linguistic richness in the basin with Ottoman Turkish, provided diversity through the four main genres of siyar and maghazi, general, special, city and regional histories, and established a close relationship between administrations and historians. As a result, the Balkans have made great progress with the strong contribution and influence of Muslims in historiography. This study deals with the process of historiography in the Balkans in a comprehensive manner. These issues are discussed through more than four hundred historiographers and historical sources, mostly based on historiographical studies available in Turkish and taking into account the activities of the Ottoman Empire, a dynasty of six centuries. The main significance of this study is that it takes the step of presenting the strong contribution and influence of Muslims in historiography in the Balkans, which developed especially until the 19th century, in a holistic manner. The aim of this study is to increase the interest in Balkans studies, which is constantly developing in our country, and to attempt to unearth the huge heritage in the field of historiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Copyright of Historical Review / Istoricheski Pregled is the property of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Historical Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...

Diplomasi günümüze kadar birçok dönüşüm geçirmiş ve sürekli çeşitlenerek gelişim göstermiştir. Başlangıçta sadece ad hoc (geçici) diplomasi uygulamaları kullanılırken, zaman içerisinde başka diplomasi türleri ortaya çıkmış ve 15. yüzyıldan itibaren sürekli diplomasi uygulamaları başlatılmıştır. Diplomasi kavramının ve tarihinin geçirdiği bu evrim, diplomasinin yürütücüleri olarak kabul edilen elçilerin de dönemin koşullarına göre sürekli değişim göstermesine yol açmıştır. Çalışmada Avrupa diplomasi tarihi kapsamında, Antik Yunan döneminden modern diplomasinin başlangıcı olarak kabul edilen 1815 Viyana Kongresi dönemine kadar olan dönemde elçilerin değişimi ele alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışma, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizinden yararlanarak, Antik Yunan’dan başlayarak, Roma İmparatorluğu, Bizans İmparatorluğu, 15 ve 16. yüzyıllarda İtalya ve son olarak da 17. ve 18. yüzyıllarda Fransa’daki diplomasi uygulamalarını dönemin kendine has koşulları çerçevesinde ortaya koymaya çalışacaktır. Her bir uygarlık ve yönetim döneminde, elçilerin görevli oldukları devletlerin ticaret ya da tarım ile uğraşan devletler olmalarının getirdiği farklılıkların, elçilerin seçim niteliklerinde ne gibi değişimlere sebep olduğu incelenip değerlendirilecektir. Bütün bu bilgiler ışığında çalışma, tarihsel olarak elçilerin nitelikleri, görevleri, hak ve yükümlülükleri ile sahip olmaları gerekli görülen meziyetlerin süreç içerisindeki değişimini ortaya koymaya çalışacaktır. more...

The paper describes the discovery of an imperial lead seal in Argamum, Sector Small Gate, with the face of Emperor Theodosius II during an archaeological campaign in 2019. The unique find raises questions about the historical significance of Argamum and shows connections between the province of Scythia Minor and the imperial administration of the Byzantine Empire. The summary deals with the administration of the barbarian states in the lower and middle Danube border area of the Eastern Roman Empire from 332 to 610 AD, discusses various sources and archaeological research on late Roman, early Christian, and early Byzantine themes on the middle Danube, as well as studies on military supply in the Balkans of the sixth century and on late Roman fortresses and settlements in Romania and Bulgaria. [Extracted from the article] more...

The Fātimid State, affiliated with the Ismā'ilī Shi'ism, completed its establishment in 297/909 by eliminating the Aghlabīds of the Abbāsīds in Ifrīqiyya. The Fātimid State, which aimed to be a politically and militarily effective power in the Maghrib region from the moment of its establishment, realised that it needed to have a great naval power since it had to fight against the Byzantine Empire and the Umayyad State of Andalusia in the Western Mediterranean, and formed a strong navy by inheriting the naval experience of the Aghlabīds in the Western Mediterranean. Due to its strategic position in the region, it dominated the island of Sicily and established superiority over the Byzantine Empire. Additionally, the Fātimid tried to expand his borders by organising successful raids on the cities in the south of Italy. During the reign of Caliph Qāim, the naval power of the state made a great leap with the capture of the city of Genoa in the north of Italy. The Fātimid naval power, which reached its peak during the reigns of Caliphs Mansûr and Mu'izz, enabled the state to achieve brilliant successes against the Byzantine Empire and to organise attacks on Andalusian cities. With the capture of islands such as Sardinia and Corsica in the Western Mediterranean, an important Fātimid domination was established in the region. As the Fātimids attached importance to seafaring militarily, they also developed seafaring commercially and undertook important tasks in the Western Mediterranean by having a wide commercial network thanks to their ships. In this study, it will attempt to reveal how the Fātimids were effective in the Western Mediterranean thanks to their maritime activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The article discusses Bede's preaching on the Lamb of God in the context of the Trullan Synod of 692 and its influence on art in the northern British Isles. Bede's homilies, dating from around 703 to the early 730s, explore the Christological controversy of his time. He connects the image of the Lamb of God with the sacraments of baptism and the Eucharist, operating within the patristic tradition of allegorical interpretation of Scripture. Bede's engagement with contemporary theological discourse and his reflections on Christ as the Lamb of God shed light on the cultural connections between Anglo-Saxon England and the eastern Mediterranean world. [Extracted from the article] more...

This article revisits the Mediterranean port city of Smyrna (today's Izmir) in 1919 as it stood on the cusp of monumental change. Édmond-Édouard Boissonnas's photographs and Édouard Chapuisat's accompanying textual frames in the album Smyrne capture the city just as the Greek army landed there to begin their occupation of Asia Minor in a doomed bid to defeat the Ottoman Turks and create a new Byzantine empire. The article argues for the propagandist, transnationalistic aim of Smyrne in support of the Greek state's irredentist agenda based on what Astrid Erll identifies as the 'isomorphy between territory, social formation, mentalities and memories'. 'Civilised' Greeks are pitted against 'backward' Turks, and those who do not fit the narrative at all – Jews and Armenians – are excluded. The article concludes by reflecting on the afterlife of the album on a Greek heritage website which now offers the potential for reconciliatory nostalgia for both Greeks and Turks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Copyright of Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi is the property of Tarih Incelemeleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...

The Late Antique Little Ice Age (LALIA), and the Justinianic Plague, were recently suggested as the possible culprits for settlement contraction and population decline that supposedly occurred in the 6th c. CE. According to some who support this claim, these changes contributed to the weakening of this empire, which eventually led to the loss of vast territories and its defeat by the Persians and Arabs in the first half of the 7th c. CE. The assumptions that climate and plague had devastating impacts in the 6th c. CE are largely based on selected textual evidence, and archaeological evidence outside of the boundaries of the Eastern Roman Empire. As the current article will show, it seems that these assumptions are inherently incorrect as vast amounts of evidence, including archaeological survey data, settlement patterns, shipwreck analyses, pottery distribution in the Mediterranean and other material, indicate that there was no decline in the 6th c. CE. On the contrary, it is possible that there was a peak in population size in the second half of the 6th c. CE, suggesting that the LALIA and the Justinianic plague were limited in their impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities Researches is the property of Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...

Copyright of Van Journal of Divinity / Van Ilahiyat Dergisi is the property of Ilahiyat Fakultesi, Yuzuncu Yil University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...

From the first appearance of Arab armies in the mid-7th century the progressive installation of political control over the Georgian lands was started by the Umayyad Caliphate. After the formation of the Emirate of Tbilisi in the early Abbasid period, the city grew into a center of trade between the Islamic world and Europe. Tbilisi functioned as a key Arab outpost and a buffer province facing the Byzantine Empire and Khazar dominions. During the Umayyad and Abbasid Periods in Georgia Islamic administration was established with its law, art, currency and also the Arabic (Kufic) script, which was the main language of the Caliphate. During the reign of Caliph abd al-Malik, Arabs began to expand the Islamic domains. From the beginning of VIII century Arabs had a continuous struggle for Transcaucasia with the Khazars who acted either independently or together with the Byzantines. During that period the commander Jarah, who was sent after the Khazars defeat, entered Kartli and renewed the "Certificate of Protection"1. He burdened local population with taxes. Around 730 two factors led to a change in Umayyad policy towards Georgia. First in that year the Khazars managed to invade Northwest Iran and went all the way to Mosul before being defeated. The tributary buffer states of the Caucasus had not been able to prevent that invasion. Furthermore local Christian rulers, such as Guaram III of Iberia still kept contact with Byzantium and hoped for its intervention. The Empire however was weak and Arab raids could reach Constantinople making Byzantines less of a menace than the Khazars. In 732 - 733 Caliph Hisham Ibn al-Malik (724-743) appointed Marwan Ibn Muhammad governor of Armenia and Azerbaijan with the task of waging war against the Khazars and subduing Georgia. The campaign that followed was devastating for Georgia. Marwan did not only invade Kartli as his predecessors had done, but also led his armies after the retreating Georgian princes into the western half of the country from Samtskhe to Abkhazia where they were eventually stopped. After the final conquering of Kartli, the Arabs put their governors - Amirs at the head of the country. The residence of Amir was in Tbilisi. Amir was a military, the rulers of the country and the supreme judge. Amir had a large staff of Arab officials: Shurta (chief of police), Muhtasib (observance of religious and household rules, market surveillance and public welfare) etc. In the 8th century the Muslim population increased in Tbilisi which created its own mosques in the city. And the state of Amir was maintained by the local population. The arrival of the Abbasids in the country was reflected accordingly. They increased the tax both on their own Muslims and non Muslims in the conquered territory. The tribute of the Arabs was imposed on all layers of the population, although it was most acutely reflected in the lower layer. Georgians had no respite from the Khazars either. In 764 they invaded Transcaucasia from through Derbent and conquered Kartli. From 833 the emirate regained power over Georgian lands, imposing its authority over many princes and forcing the Bagrationi to pay tribute. Emboldened by those successes the emirs stopped recognizing the higher authority of the Caliphate. In 853 Caliph Al-Mutawakkil (847-861) sent the Turkish general Bugha al-Kabir with an army against the Caucasian rebels. The Abbasid army sacked and burned Tbilisi and executed the emir1. Many Georgian nobles were captured during the invasion. The decision the Abbasids took of not rebuilding the city extensively would considerably weaken their economic and cultural influence in Georgia and allowed the Bagrationi to become the major power in the country facilitating its further unification. After the 853 expedition the Arab rule over Georgia was never again as strong. The emirate of Tbilisi had not been abolished but the Caliphs would not allow its power to grow again. Another vassal of the Caliphate Yusuf Ibn Abi'l - Saj, emir of Azerbaijan led in 914 the last Arab attempt to restore their domination over the Caucasus. The Sajid invasion of Georgia as it is known was however a failure although it devastated Georgian lands and allowed the Bagratids to restore the alliance with Byzantium, which they had earlier neglected in favour of Caliphs. From that moment the Arabs stopped playing a significant role in the history of Georgia and the progressive unification of the country under the Bagrationi proceeded without any interference on their part. Only Tbilisi and its surrounding was still ruled by an emir whose relations with the Caliphate were now tenuous at best. During the 11th century, the wealthy citizens of the city gained much power as a council of elders and kept the emirate alive mostly as a way to avoid taxation from the Georgian kings. The Georgian king Barat IV (1027-1072 took the city three times (in 1046, in 1049 and in 1062), but could not keep it under his rule. By the 1060s the Great Seljuk Empire, led by Alp Arslan (1063-1072) a Turk lad replaced the Arabs as the main Muslim menace facing Georgia. The Seljuks appointed a new emir in Tbilisi but after his death in 1080 the city was again ruled by its local elders. In 1121 David IV the Builder (1089-1125) king of Georgia defeated the Seljuks ar the battle of Didgori1. Allowing him to enter Tbilisi next year and putting an end to almost 500 years of Arab presence in Georgia. Tbilisi lost its autonomy and become the royal caital, but its inhabitants long remained predominantly Muslim. Our goal is to describe those archeological artifacts with Kufic inscriptions that people used in their daily life. Also, some important conclusions can be drawn from those artifacts and writings. The establishment of the Arab administration in the territory of Eastern Georgia led to the establishment of a new trade system, which implied the introduction of a new currency and new trade weight standards. Also, active trade included such items for daily use as jewelry, writing materials, items for commercial purpose... many of them have Arabic inscriptions, the study of which provides us with additional historical and economic information about daily life during Arab rule in Georgia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Excavations in Israel of Byzantine and early Islamic sites have yielded some interesting gaming boards that are not always understood by the archaeologists who found them. Because they are organised in parallel rows of 'holes', most are presented as 'mancala' gameboards – which some may be, indeed; however, boards offering three or four rows of squares or depressions cannot reasonably be mancalas, nor can they be held as 'senet', the Egyptian game. So, what are they? Reviewing the relevant literature, this article will try in this article to disentangle these finds, the more so as they are often well dated to periods which have rarely been looked into. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Life was unpredictable and precarious for the people of medieval Byzantium. Life expectancies were low and mortality rates high, particularly for young children and women. Securing divine protection was imperative for medieval families, particularly in the face of childbearing, illness, death, and judgement. Very often, all that remains of the cycles of existential threat, fear, and trust in God experienced by medieval people are the objects of material culture through which they sought God's protection, and often merely fragments thereof. Here, I explore what remains of the image of Christ's nativity in the tenth-century, rock-hewn church of Eğri Taş in the Peristrema Valley, near Ihlara, Cappadocia, in rural Turkey as an indexical trace of the community that once came to secure God's protection assisted by the potent imagery there. The palpable emphasis on Christ's infancy in this funerary church, which hosted many graves, including those of women and children, through a highly unusual and extended cycle concerning His birth, along with the inclusion of powerful written elements such the elusive Sator palindrome within the nativity, will be interpreted as the employment of persuasive analogies in response to the struggles families faced in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Designated as architect by Osman Hamdi, Alexander Vallaury designed the classical building of First Imperial Museum of Ottoman Empire (Müze-i Hümayun - İstanbul Archaeological Museums — IAM), erected between 1891 and 1907 in three phases. The IAM building sprouted inside the land walls of Topkapı Palace, which was built in the acropolis of the ancient Greek city Byzantion, just across from the ruins of the Great Palace of Byzantine Empire. This building is in a core area, symbolizing the imperial power of Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman eras. Unlike previous studies, which examined mostly the building's architectural history, this study focuses on the time before its construction. It investigates the understructure remains by utilizing the original drawings and correspondences in the Museum Archive, which were made during the construction of second and third phases of the building in 1899–1907 at the end of the Ottoman Period. Through this investigation, it reveals the reciprocal relationship between the superstructure of IAM and the Byzantine substructure for the first time in the literature. All these sources were used to create a holistic site restitution of the museum buildings, covering old and newfound remains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Copyright of Universal Journal of History & Culture is the property of Universal Journal of History & Culture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...

The book review discusses Patricia Blessing's work on Architecture and Material Politics in the Fifteenth-Century Ottoman Empire, focusing on the shift in Ottoman architecture after the conquest of Constantinople in 1453. Blessing explores the hybrid style that emerged under Sultan Mehmed II and the cultural engagements with Byzantine, medieval Anatolian, and Mamluk spheres. The book delves into case studies from various Ottoman cities, highlighting the intricate connections between different cultural influences and architectural practices in the fifteenth century. Despite some limitations in discussing architectural space and activities within buildings, Blessing's meticulous examination of materiality and aesthetic meaning offers a valuable contribution to understanding Ottoman imperial order during this period. [Extracted from the article] more...

Copyright of Geschichte für heute is the property of Wochenschau Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...

According to the principle of provisionism, which is considered the basis of the economic view of the Ottoman Empire, the goods and services produced are provided to the consumers in a cheap, high-quality and abundant manner. Procuring subsistence products and delivering them to the consumer has always been an important issue. The capital Istanbul has always been a priority in terms of food supply due to its population density and strategic importance. Meeting the city's food needs has been seen as an important issue since the Byzantine Empire. Istanbul became the economic and political center of the Ottoman Empire after its conquest and its becoming the capital, so provision of food was of great importance. In order to meet the food needs of the capital Istanbul, the products or goods needed were first determined. Then, the areas where the identified products and goods were located and where they would be brought were determined. Bandırma, located on the Southern Marmara coastline, was one of these areas. Bandırma, which undertakes an important mission in meeting the grain needs of Istanbul, has become one of the important food centers of Istanbul, thanks to its busy port, proximity to Istanbul, ease of transportation and the production potential of its agricultural hinterland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Byzantium, throughout its thousand-year reign, left a significant legacy that continues to be rediscovered within the framework of modern academic studies. The Byzantine Empire embodied the heritage of Hellenic culture and tradition alongside the continuity of the Roman Empire. However, its most distinct characteristic, besides the two aforementioned, was Christianity in its specific form known as the Eastern Orthodox tradition. A pivotal moment for the modern study of philosophy within Byzantium arrived in the mid-20th century. This specifically refers to the publication of Byzantine Philosophy by Vasilios Tatakis in Emil Bréhier's History of Philosophy series (1949). In the introductory remarks of this work, Tatakis emphasizes that while increased interest in Byzantium emerged in the 18th century, philosophy often seemed to be an afterthought within this growing focus. John of Damascus (8th century) did not live within the borders of the Byzantine Empire, but rather in Damascus, which was then part of the Umayyad Caliphate. Nevertheless, his significant influence can be traced primarily within Byzantine philosophy and literature, particularly through his work Dialectica. Additionally, his contribution to culture is evident in the preservation of visual art and the veneration of icons within Byzantium, thanks to his theoretical considerations and persistent rhetorical and polemical writings. Furthermore, his rich literary output encompasses both poetry and prose works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, southern Italy experienced a period of relative political stability and economic prosperity under the Normans as well as the Hohenstaufen dynasty that succeeded them. These cultural conditions fostered a cultural resurgence, which included the composition of Greek poetry. Poets in Sicily wrote from within a multicultural context, including the presence of Arabic- and Latin-speaking communities. Many of their poems illustrate the generative intersections between the Byzantine-Constantinopolitan, Latin, and Arabic traditions. Later in Salento, poetry was written in a rather closed Greek-speaking, Orthodox society. Comparing Greek poetry from Sicily and Salento shows some differences between composition in the two regions. Whereas Sicilian poetry includes especially creative narrative poems, composed for the rich and sophisticated courts of the island, the Salentine poetry bears the stamp of the schoolroom. In fact, most poems from both Sicily and Salento survive in manuscripts that can be traced to a pedagogical environment. While the circulation of these poems was limited to their surrounding regions, their literary sophistication betrays remarkable creativity and the multicultural conditions of composition, further evidence of the vitality of Greek literary culture far from the heartland of the Byzantine Empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...

This essay examines the fall of Constantinople in 1453 as a critical juncture for the playing out of Chrisitan-Muslim relations. Particularly, this historical moment demonstrates the significant theological schism between Orthodox and Latin Christianity that overshadowed the external threat posed by the Ottomans. The fall marked the end of the Eastern Roman Empire and highlighted the deep-rooted theological tensions within Christianity, tensions that were so profound that many Orthodox Christians preferred Ottoman rule over submission to the Latin Church. This preference stemmed from a desire to maintain theological autonomy and avoid the doctrinal compromises required by the Latin Church. The essay critically assesses the contemporary scholarship on Christian Islamophobia, arguing that it often overlooks the internal Christian divisions and portrays Christianity as a monolithic entity united against Islam. By focusing on the diverse Christian attitudes towards the Ottomans, particularly the Orthodox perspective, the essay demonstrates that the fear of theological compromise with the Latins was considered a worse fate than Muslim conquest. This analysis challenges the prevailing narratives in Islamophobia literature by highlighting the necessity of acknowledging intra-Christian tensions to fully understand the historical dynamics of Christianity and Islamophobia. Through an exploration of various Christian responses to the Ottoman threat and the subsequent establishment of the millet system, the essay advocates for a more nuanced portrayal of Christianity's internal divisions and their impact on the construction of Christian identity and attitudes towards Islam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Copyright of Journal of Cultural Studies / Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Cultural Studies / Kultur Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...

This article discusses the study of late antique cities and challenges the traditional views of decline and decay during this period. It emphasizes the importance of considering the agency of individuals and communities in shaping the urban environment. The authors argue for the use of agency-focused methodologies and materialist approaches to gain a more nuanced understanding of late antique cities. The text also highlights the significance of examining the relationships between humans and materials, as well as the role of craftspeople and laborers in urban development. Overall, the article presents a more complex and diverse perspective on late antique urban environments. [Extracted from the article] more...

The lower chamber of tower J17 from the Aurelian Walls in Rome is covered by a singular brick vault by slices that is almost completely preserved. This kind of vault is unusual in a Roman context and specifically in Aurelian Walls. Brick vaults by slices were extensively studied by the French engineer Auguste Choisy, who mainly scrutinized their ease of construction that doesn't require formwork and can adapt to different plans to achieve lowered vaults. The best-known examples are in Byzantium and generally in the Eastern Roman Empire, while we don't know many cases dating from late Roman antiquity on the Italian peninsula. Based on a rigorous photogrammetric survey and thorough data management, a detailed analysis of this vault allows us to establish a hypothesis about its construction process and to deepen the knowledge of this type of structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Copyright of Journal of the College Of Basic Education is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...

In this study, the beginning of the theater in the Arab world and the role of foreign communities in the context of Sudanese theater are discussed. Sudan first met the theater in 1899, a year after British occupation forces seized Sudan, in the city of Sawakin. The first theatrical experiences were influenced by Tatu performances organized by the British occupation forces. İt was formed the first steps of the Sudan theater. There were also individuals from countries who know the theater with British-Egyptian army. Among them were Egyptian and Syrian citizens, as well as Greek and Armenians. These foreign communities continued their activities by organizing their own private theater performs. Sudanese intellectuals and art lovers have closely followed the work of these communities and have been affected. First, theater performances were shown in schools and colleges. Then, they took the first steps toward giving Sudanese theater its own personality by establishing their own clubs and theater groups. İn this study, first, the emergence of the theater in Sudan will be examined; then, the birth of Sudanese school theater, and the effect of foreign schools, communities, and theater groups on the birth and development of Sudan theater will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Naval activities of the Muslim Arabs in the Middle East and central Mediterranean led to a famous sea battle with the Byzantine Empire, known as Dhāt al-Sawārī since the ships' masts dominated the panorama. During the reign of Caliph 'Uthmān, the governors of Syria and Egypt, Mu'āwiya b. Abī Sufyān and 'Abd Allāh b. Sa'd b. Abī Sarh, respectively, built a strong navy to protect the coastal cities and the newly conquered territories, and also to break the power of the Byzantium in the Mediterranean. 'Abd Allāh b. Sa'd sailed from 'Akkā to the northwest with the Egyptian and Shām fleets 200 ships strong. In response to the Muslim campaign, the Byzantine navy set sail under the personal command of Emperor Constans II (641-668). When the naval battle began on the coast of Finike (Phoenix) in Antalya, the Muslims tied the enemy ships to their own with ropes and chains and then started a hand-to-hand combat as if they were on land. When the battle was over towards noon, according to the sources, the sea was red with blood and the Emperor barely escaped from captivity under disguise. With the decisive victory of the Islamic Caliphate in 31 (652) or 34 (655), the Byzantine Empire not only lost its most valuable cities in the East, but also found a rival that was about to launch large-scale campaigns in the Mediterranean. This article examines Dhāt al-Sawārī (The Battle of the Masts) in light of the information from the main sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Copyright of Studia Academica Šumenensia is the property of Konstantin Preslavsky University of Shumen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...

Copyright of Studia Academica Šumenensia is the property of Konstantin Preslavsky University of Shumen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...

Copyright of Studia Academica Šumenensia is the property of Konstantin Preslavsky University of Shumen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...

Copyright of Studia Academica Šumenensia is the property of Konstantin Preslavsky University of Shumen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...