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CD161 is a C-type lectin-like receptor expressed on the majority of natural killer (NK) cells; however, the significance of CD161 expression on NK cells has not been comprehensively investigated. Recently, we found that CD161 expression identifies a transcriptional and innate functional phenotype that is shared across various T cell populations. Using mass cytometry and microarray experiments, we demonstrate that this functional phenotype extends to NK cells. CD161 marks NK cells that have retained the ability to respond to innate cytokines during their differentiation, and is lost upon cytomegalovirus-induced maturation in both healthy and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. These pro-inflammatory NK cells are present in the inflamed lamina propria where they are enriched for integrin CD103 expression. Thus, CD161 expression identifies NK cells that may contribute to inflammatory disease pathogenesis and correlates with an innate responsiveness to cytokines in both T and NK cells.

Background and Aims Primary sclerosing cholangitis [PSC] is an idiopathic chronic disorder of the hepatobiliary system associated with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], mainly ulcerative colitis [UC]. Colitis in patients with PSC and UC [PSC-UC] exhibits characteristic features and is linked to increased colon cancer risk. Genetic studies have identified immune-related susceptibility genes that only partially overlap with those involved in IBD. These observations suggest that PSC-UC may represent a distinct form of IBD. It remains to be elucidated whether different immune mechanisms are involved in colitis in these patients. We aimed to evaluate systemic and intestinal T cell and innate lymphoid cell [ILC] responses, previously associated with IBD, in patients with PSC-UC compared with patients with UC and healthy controls. Methods Blood samples and colorectal biopsies were collected from patients with PSC-UC, patients with UC, and healthy controls. T cell and ILC phenotypes were analysed by multicolour flow cytometry. Results Chemokine receptor [CCR] profiling of circulating T cells showed decreased CCR6-CXCR3+ Th1 cells in PSC-UC, but increased CCR6-CCR4+ Th2 cells only in UC, whereas increased CCR6+CCR4+ Th17 cells were found in both patient groups compared with healthy controls. Increased frequencies of IFN-γ secreting T cells were found in the colon of patients with PSC-UC compared with UC. Interestingly, we observed accumulation of ILC in the colon in PSC-UC. Conclusions Our study suggests that PSC-UC represents a different immunological disorder from UC, characterised by increased intestinal Th1 and ILC responses. These results provide further evidence that PSC-UC may represent a distinct form of IBD.

Introducción: La deficiencia de la glucosa 6-fosfato deshidrogenasa (G6PD) es el trastorno enzimático más frecuente del glóbulo rojo (GR). Tanto la disminución como la ausencia de la enzima aumentan la vulnerabilidad del GR al estrés oxidativo provocado por algunos fármacos o la ingesta de habas. Sus manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes son hemolisis aguda, hemolisis crónica, hiperbilirrubinemia neonatal, y una forma asintomática. Objetivo: Presentar el caso de un niño que debutó como crisis hemolítica debida a favismo. Caso clínico: Varón 2 años 7 meses con antecedente de hiperbilirrubinemia en el período neonatal sin causa evidente, sin historia familiar de anemia hemolítica ni de consanguinidad paterna. Debutó con un cuadro de ictericia y anemia severa que requirió transfusión de GR. Como antecedente anamnéstico se detectó la ingesta de habas 48 h previo al inicio de los síntomas. La determinación cualitativa de G6PD fue compatible con deficiencia de esta enzima. Conclusión: La deficiencia de G6PD puede ser muy variable en su expresión clínica, por lo cual es necesario tenerla presente dentro del diagnóstico diferencial de las anemias hemolíticas a toda edad.

Objetivos: Estimar la prevalencia de sífilis y VIH e identificar los comportamientos de riesgo asociados en personas privadas de libertad (PPL). Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal realizado durante el año 1999 en 22 establecimientos penitenciarios peruanos. Se realizó RPR para la detección de sífilis (datos ligados) y ELISA para tamizaje de VIH (datos no ligados), confirmándose con IFI o Western Blot. Se realizó una encuesta estructurada y se analizaron los datos mediante los programas SPSS 9,0 y AMOS 4. Resultados: Participaron 6963 PPL. La prevalencia de VIH fue 1,1% y de sífilis 4,1%. Los comportamientos de riesgo asociados a VIH más significativos fueron: consumo de drogas (OR:2,7), infecciones de transmisión sexual (OR: 2,3), relaciones sexuales entre hombres (OR: 2,2), uso de cocaína (OR: 2,1), úlcera genital (OR: 2,1), haber sido encarcelado previamente (OR: 2) y tener tatuajes (OR: 1,99). Mientras los asociados a sífilis fueron: tener relaciones sexuales entre hombres OR: (2,8), infecciones de transmisión sexual (OR: 2,4), úlcera genital (OR:1,8), haber tenido relaciones sexuales con trabajadora sexual (OR: 1,5) y tener más de dos parejas sexuales (OR: 1,5). Utilizando un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales se asoció VIH con el reporte de tener tatuaje, más de dos parejas sexuales, más de un encarcelamiento previo y úlcera genital. Conclusiones: Se encontraron importantes valores de prevalencia de VIH y sífilis en este grupo de personas, siendo necesario continuar realizando estudios similares que nos permitan conocer las tendencias (vigilancia de segunda generación) y conocer el impacto de posibles intervenciones. Objective: To determine HIV and syphilis prevalence and to identify behavioral risk factors in jail prisoners. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study conducted during 1999 in 22 Peruvian jails. RPR was used to detect syphilis (linked results) and ELISA to screen HIV (non-linked results). Positive results were confirmed with IFI and Western Blot. A structured survey was carried out, resulting data was analized with SPSS 9,0 and AMOS 4. Results: 6 963 PPL participated. HIV and syphilis seroprevalence were 1,1 % and 4,1% respectively.The most significant HIV risks factors were: drug abuse (OR: 2,7), sexually transmitted diseases (OR: 2,3), sexual intercourse between males (OR: 2,2), cocaine use (OR: 2,1), genital ulcer (OR: 2,1), previus incarcelation (OR:2), and having a tattoo (OR: 1,99). The most significant syphilis risks factors were, sexual intercourse between males (OR: 2,8), sexually transmitted diseases (OR: 2,4), genital ulcer (OR: 1,8), sexual intercourse with sex workers (OR: 1,5) and having more than two sexual partners (OR: 1,5). An association between HIV infection and having a tattoo, having more than two sexual partners, more than one previous imprisonment and genital ulcer, was found using a structural equation model. Conclusions: Important rates of HIV and Syphilis prevalence were found among this group, thus making necessary the performace of similar research that may allow the knowledge of new trends (second generation surveillance) and to assess the impact of possible interventions.

Introducción: La deficiencia de la glucosa 6-fosfato deshidrogenasa (G6PD) es el trastorno enzimático más frecuente del glóbulo rojo (GR). Tanto la disminución como la ausencia de la enzima aumentan la vulnerabilidad del GR al estrés oxidativo provocado por algunos fármacos o la ingesta de habas. Sus manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes son hemolisis aguda, hemolisis crónica, hiperbilirrubinemia neonatal, y una forma asintomática. Objetivo: Presentar el caso de un niño que debutó como crisis hemolítica debida a favismo. Caso clínico: Varón 2 años 7 meses con antecedente de hiperbilirrubinemia en el período neonatal sin causa evidente, sin historia familiar de anemia hemolítica ni de consanguinidad paterna. Debutó con un cuadro de ictericia y anemia severa que requirió transfusión de GR. Como antecedente anamnéstico se detectó la ingesta de habas 48 h previo al inicio de los síntomas. La determinación cualitativa de G6PD fue compatible con deficiencia de esta enzima. Conclusión: La deficiencia de G6PD puede ser muy variable en su expresión clínica, por lo cual es necesario tenerla presente dentro del diagnóstico diferencial de las anemias hemolíticas a toda edad. Introduction: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD deficiency) is the most common red blood cell (RBC) enzyme disorder. The decrease as well as the absence of the enzyme increase RBC vulnerability to oxidative stress caused by exposure to certain medications or intake of fava beans. Among the most common clinical manifestations of this condition, acute hemolysis, chronic hemolysis, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and an asymptomatic form are observed. Objective: To analyze the case of a child who presented hemolytic crisis due to favism. Case report: A 2 year and 7 month old boy with a history of hyperbilirubinemia during the newborn period with no apparent cause, no family history of hemolytic anemia or parental consanguinity. He presented a prolonged neonatal jaundice and severe anemia requiring RBC transfusion. An intake of fava beans 48 h prior to onset of symptoms was reported. G6PD qualitative determination was compatible with this enzyme deficiency. Conclusion: G6PD deficiency can be highly variable in its clinical presentation, so it is necessary to keep it in mind during the diagnosis of hemolytic anemia at any age.

Lower limb lymphorrhea secondary to a surgical procedure is a rare but difficult-to-solve complication. In lower limb, this entity is frequently associated with vascular procedures around the inguinal area. We report on a case of a knee lymphocutaneous fistula secondary to a knee revision arthroplasty. To our knowledge, no previous reports regarding this complication have been published.

En el presente trabajo se describe una serie de síntesis de materiales tipo NaMF3 utilizando sales de Co, Ni y Mn como precursores, para ser utilizados como electrodos positivos en una pila de litio, donde se utiliza litio como electrodo negativo. El producto obtenido de síntesis se caracterizo estructuralmente con DRX, la distribución del tamaño de partícula fueron observadas mediante Microscopio Electrónico de Barrido. Para el estudio electroquímico se ensamblo una pila tipo CR2032 a la cual se realizo estudios de comportamiento cíclico de carga y descarga para comprobar si se comporta como una pila secundaria. Los resultados obtenidos muestran ser este método de síntesis propuesto un método rápido y sencillo para la obtención de este tipo de cátodos., In the present work there describes a series of synthesis of materials type NaMF3 using salts of Co, Ni and Mn as precursors, for use as positive electrodes in lithium battery, which uses lithium as the negative electrode. The synthesis product obtained was characterized with structurally DRX, the particle size distribution was observed by scanning electron microscope. For the electrochemical study was assembled a stack type CR2032 which was carried out studies of cyclical behavior of loading and unloading to check if it behaves like a secondary battery. The results obtained show be this synthesis method proposed is a quick and easy method for obtaining this type of cathodes

In the present work there describes a series of synthesis of materials type NaMF3 using salts of Co, Ni and Mn as precursors, for use as positive electrodes in lithium battery, which uses lithium as the negative electrode. The synthesis product obtained was characterized with structurally DRX, the particle size distribution was observed by scanning electron microscope. For the electrochemical study was assembled a stack type CR2032 which was carried out studies of cyclical behavior of loading and unloading to check if it behaves like a secondary battery. The results obtained show be this synthesis method proposed is a quick and easy method for obtaining this type of cathodes En el presente trabajo se describe una serie de síntesis de materiales tipo NaMF3 utilizando sales de Co, Ni y Mn como precursores, para ser utilizados como electrodos positivos en una pila de litio, donde se utiliza litio como electrodo negativo. El producto obtenido de síntesis se caracterizo estructuralmente con DRX, la distribución del tamaño de partícula fueron observadas mediante Microscopio Electrónico de Barrido. Para el estudio electroquímico se ensamblo una pila tipo CR2032 a la cual se realizo estudios de comportamiento cíclico de carga y descarga para comprobar si se comporta como una pila secundaria. Los resultados obtenidos muestran ser este método de síntesis propuesto un método rápido y sencillo para la obtención de este tipo de cátodos.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD deficiency) is the most common red blood cell (RBC) enzyme disorder. The decrease as well as the absence of the enzyme increase RBC vulnerability to oxidative stress caused by exposure to certain medications or intake of fava beans. Among the most common clinical manifestations of this condition, acute hemolysis, chronic hemolysis, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and an asymptomatic form are observed.To analyze the case of a child who presented hemolytic crisis due to favism.A 2 year and 7 month old boy with a history of hyperbilirubinemia during the newborn period with no apparent cause, no family history of hemolytic anemia or parental consanguinity. He presented a prolonged neonatal jaundice and severe anemia requiring RBC transfusion. An intake of fava beans 48 h prior to onset of symptoms was reported. G6PD qualitative determination was compatible with this enzyme deficiency.G6PD deficiency can be highly variable in its clinical presentation, so it is necessary to keep it in mind during the diagnosis of hemolytic anemia at any age.

Sera samples from 113 llamas (Lama glama) and 127 alpacas (Lama pacos) from the IX and V Regions, respectively, of Chile were tested forToxoplasma gondiiantibodies. The modified agglutination test (MAT) was used in both species and titers 1:25 were considered diagnostically significant based in previously published data. Sera from 49 lamas (43.3%) and 15 alpacas (11.8%) were positive toT. gondii. Percentaje seropositivity in serum dilutions of 1:25, 1:50, 1:500 and 1:5000 was 17.6%; 7.9%; 14.1% and 3.5% in lamas and 0%; 2.3%; 0.7% and 8.6% in alpacas, respectively. The rather low prevalence in alpacas may be associated with geographical conditions, management practices or contacts with cats rather than different species susceptibility. As expected, older animals showed higher reactivity ofT. gondiithan young animals. &nbsp, Se obtuvieron 113 sueros de llamas y 127 de alpacas de criaderos ubicados en la IX y V Regiones del país respectivamente para determinar la presencia de infección deT. gondii. Para el análisis de los sueros se utilizó el “test” modificado de aglutinación (MAT) a diluciones 1:25; 1:50, 1:500; 1:5000. Del total de 113 sueros de llamas estudiados 49 (43,3%) de ellas presentaron anticuerpos contraT. gondii, mientras que en las alpacas 15 de las 127 (11,8%) fueron positivas. El número de animales positivos en las diluciones 1/25; 1/50; 1/500; 1/5000 fue de 20 (17,6%); 9 (7,9%); 16 (10,6%); 4 (3,5%) en las llamas, respectivamente. En las alpacas los valores fueron de 0 (0%); 3 (2,3%); 1 (0,7%); 11 (8,6%), respectivamente. Aunque no existen antecedentes clínicos de la infección en los establecimientos estudiados, su potencial implicancia en este tipo de patología debería ser considerada a base de los resultados del presente trabajo que demuestra que llamas y alpacas del centro-sur de Chile son reaccionantes a la infección porT. gondii. &nbsp

El curso continúa. Acá presentamos la fórmula de Ito extendida a n dimensiones y el concepto de Ecuación Diferencial Estocástica, en forma Matricial-vectorial. Se resuelve el caso lineal como caso especial y se aplica a la solución del modelo de Solow. Se añade un apéndice sobre la teoría de los sistemas de ecuaciones lineales con el fin de ayudar a entender la última parte.

RESUMENObjetivo: Conocer las variables clinicas y de laboratorio de mas frecuente presentacion en pacientescon preeclampsia (PE) de dos hospitales de la Quinta Region. Pacientes y Metodos: Estudio prospectivocaso-control. Se estudiaron 44 mujeres con PE sin patologia asociada divididas en dos grupos; uno con25 embarazadas con PE moderada (PEM) y otro de 19 con PE severa (PES), y grupo control de 30embarazadas normales. Resultados: El indice de masa corporal basal fue de 24,1 ± 4 para el grupocontrol, 25,8 ± 5 para el grupo con PEM y 26,1 ± 4 para el grupo PES, diferencias no significativas. Lasintomatologia clinica fue mas frecuente en las pacientes con PES. Los valores de transaminasas yuricemia de ambos grupos con PE fueron mayores y los de plaquetas significativamente menores a los delgrupo control. No hubo diferencia significativa en los valores de creatininemia y hematocrito. La proteinuriafue mayor en las pacientes con PES pero en la mayoria de estos se situo en rangos de 0,35 a 1,5 g/l. ElApgar de los recien nacidos fue similar en todos los grupos. Conclusiones: La sintomatologia clinica esutil para la deteccion de PES. Valores de uricemia mayores de 4 mg/dl mas cifras tensionales elevadas sonaltamente sugerente de PE. Un numero importante de pacientes con PES presento proteinuria inferior a3 g/l, por lo que la ausencia de cifras mayores no debiera excluir la presencia de PES. .PALABRAS CLAVES: Preeclampsia, hipertension gestacional, proteinuria, plaquetas, uricemiaSUMMARYObjective: The purpose of this study was to know the most frequent clinical profile and biochemicalmarkers associated with preeclampsia (PE) in two Regional Hospitals of Chile. Study design: Prospectivecase control study. The studied subjects were 44 women with PE without any other comorbidities, and 30healthy pregnant women (Control Group). The patients with PE were separated in two groups; mild PE(n=25) and severe PE (n=19). Results: The baseline body mass index was 24.1 ± 4 for the control group,25.8 ± 5 for the patients with mild PE and 26.1 ± 4 for the patients with severe PE without significantdifference between groups. Clinical symptomology was significantly more frequent in women with severePE than women with mild PE. Values of liver enzymes activities and uricemia were significantly higher forboth PE groups; platelet count was significantly lower in both PE groups. Proteinuria values were higherin patients with severe PE but in most of them values of proteinuria were between 0.35 and 1.5 g/l. Nosignificant differences were observed in serum creatinine level and hematocrit between groups. Apgar

Objetivo: Conocer las variables clínicas y de laboratorio de más frecuente presentación en pacientes con preeclampsia (PE) de dos hospitales de la Quinta Región. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio prospectivo caso-control. Se estudiaron 44 mujeres con PE sin patología asociada divididas en dos grupos; uno con 25 embarazadas con PE moderada (PEM) y otro de 19 con PE severa (PES), y grupo control de 30 embarazadas normales. Resultados: El índice de masa corporal basal fue de 24,1 ± 4 para el grupo control, 25,8 ± 5 para el grupo con PEM y 26,1 ± 4 para el grupo PES, diferencias no significativas. La sintomatología clínica fue más frecuente en las pacientes con PES. Los valores de transaminasas y uricemia de ambos grupos con PE fueron mayores y los de plaquetas significativamente menores a los del grupo control. No hubo diferencia significativa en los valores de creatininemia y hematocrito. La proteinuria fue mayor en las pacientes con PES pero en la mayoría de estos se situó en rangos de 0,35 a 1,5 g/l. El Apgar de los recién nacidos fue similar en todos los grupos. Conclusiones: La sintomatología clínica es útil para la detección de PES. Valores de uricemia mayores de 4 mg/dl más cifras tensionales elevadas son altamente sugerente de PE. Un número importante de pacientes con PES presentó proteinuria inferior a 3 g/l, por lo que la ausencia de cifras mayores no debiera excluir la presencia de PES. Objective: The purpose of this study was to know the most frequent clinical profile and biochemical markers associated with preeclampsia (PE) in two Regional Hospitals of Chile. Study design: Prospective case control study. The studied subjects were 44 women with PE without any other comorbidities, and 30 healthy pregnant women (Control Group). The patients with PE were separated in two groups; mild PE (n=25) and severe PE (n=19). Results: The baseline body mass index was 24.1 ± 4 for the control group, 25.8 ± 5 for the patients with mild PE and 26.1 ± 4 for the patients with severe PE without significant difference between groups. Clinical symptomology was significantly more frequent in women with severe PE than women with mild PE. Values of liver enzymes activities and uricemia were significantly higher for both PE groups; platelet count was significantly lower in both PE groups. Proteinuria values were higher in patients with severe PE but in most of them values of proteinuria were between 0.35 and 1.5 g/l. No significant differences were observed in serum creatinine level and hematocrit between groups. Apgar scores in the newborns were similar in all groups. Conclusions: Clinical symptomatology is useful to detect severe PE. Plasma levels of uricemia over 4mg/dl plus and elevated blood pressure pattern is strongly suggestive for PE. A significant number of patients with severe PE had 24 hour urine protein values lower than 3 g/L so the absence of higher levels of proteinuria shouldn´t be used to exclude a severe PE

To characterize phenotypically the macrophages from nocturnal peritoneal effluent (NPE) in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), and to determine the influence of the length of this therapy on macrophage (M phi) function.Cross-sectional descriptive study.Fifty-five patients on CAPD who were classified into short-, medium-, and long-term groups according to their time on CAPD. Peritoneal macrophages (PM phi) were also characterized in 7 patients at the time of catheter placement, and there were 13 normal controls.Macrophages were collected from NPE by centrifugation.Membrane receptor expression was evaluated by flow cytometry analysis.Flow cytometry analysis revealed that the expression of CD11b, CD16, CD64, and CD14 on NPE macrophages was reduced during the course of CAPD treatment, reaching levels which represented a 40%-50% reduction of the cell surface expression detected at the start of the treatment or on normal control macrophages. Both normal and CAPD PM phi expressed CD4, CD69, and CD71 very weakly and lacked CD25. No changes in HLA-DR or in other adhesion protein (CD11a, CD11c, CD18, CD54) expression were detected, and levels were similar in both patients and normal controls.Our results show that long-term CAPD might affect Fc gamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis by reducing the expression of CD16, CD64, and CD11b. Lower CD11b and CD14 expression would also impair PM phi adhesion to mesothelial structures.