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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a global health threat with the potential to cause severe disease manifestations in the lungs. Although COVID-19 has been extensively characterized clinically, the factors distinguishing SARS-CoV-2 from other respiratory viruses are unknown. Here, we compared the clinical, histopathological, and immunological characteristics of patients with COVID-19 and pandemic influenza A(H1N1). We observed a higher frequency of respiratory symptoms, increased tissue injury markers, and a histological pattern of alveolar pneumonia in pandemic influenza A(H1N1) patients. Conversely, dry cough, gastrointestinal symptoms and interstitial lung pathology were observed in COVID-19 cases. Pandemic influenza A(H1N1) was characterized by higher levels of IL-1RA, TNF-α, CCL3, G-CSF, APRIL, sTNF-R1, sTNF-R2, sCD30, and sCD163. Meanwhile, COVID-19 displayed an immune profile distinguished by increased Th1 (IL-12, IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13) cytokine levels, along with IL-1β, IL-6, CCL11, VEGF, TWEAK, TSLP, MMP-1, and MMP-3. Our data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 induces a dysbalanced polyfunctional inflammatory response that is different from the immune response against pandemic influenza A(H1N1). Furthermore, we demonstrated the diagnostic potential of some clinical and immune factors to differentiate both diseases. These findings might be relevant for the ongoing and future influenza seasons in the Northern Hemisphere, which are historically unique due to their convergence with the COVID-19 pandemic.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633297.].

The C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 17 (CXCL17) is chemotactic for myeloid cells, exhibits bactericidal activity, and exerts anti-viral functions. This chemokine is constitutively expressed in the respiratory tract, suggesting a role in lung defenses. However, little is known about the participation of CXCL17 against relevant respiratory pathogens in humans. Here, we evaluated the serum levels and lung tissue expression pattern of CXCL17 in a cohort of patients with severe pandemic influenza A(H1N1) from Mexico City. Peripheral blood samples obtained on admission and seven days after hospitalization were processed for determinations of serum CXCL17 levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of CXCL17 was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHQ) in lung autopsy specimens from patients that succumbed to the disease. Serum CXCL17 levels were also analyzed in two additional comparative cohorts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients. Additionally, the expression of CXCL17 was tested in lung autopsy specimens from COVID-19 patients. A total of 122 patients were enrolled in the study, from which 68 had pandemic influenza A(H1N1), 24 had COVID-19, and 30 with PTB. CXCL17 was detected in post-mortem lung specimens from patients that died of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) and COVID-19. Interestingly, serum levels of CXCL17 were increased only in patients with pandemic influenza A(H1N1), but not COVID-19 and PTB. CXCL17 not only differentiated pandemic influenza A(H1N1) from other respiratory infections but showed prognostic value for influenza-associated mortality and renal failure in machine-learning algorithms and regression analyses. Using cell culture assays, we also identified that human alveolar A549 cells and peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages increase their CXCL17 production capacity after influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 virus infection. Our results for the first time demonstrate an induction of CXCL17 specifically during pandemic influenza A(H1N1), but not COVID-19 and PTB in humans. These findings could be of great utility to differentiate influenza and COVID-19 and to predict poor prognosis specially at settings of high incidence of pandemic A(H1N1). Future studies on the role of CXCL17 not only in severe pandemic influenza, but also in seasonal influenza, COVID-19, and PTB are required to validate our results.

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This paper intends to describe the meaning given by fathers to the gestation of their child-to-be. The research applied a qualitative methodology with a design of descriptive-analytical nature based on the supporting theory. Eight first-time fathers residing over in the city of Bogotá participated in the research. The collection of theoretical information was achieved through in-depth interviews; five categories of analysis were determined: pertinence, changes, anticipation, needs and paternal referents; which were interrelated by means of a constant comparison that allowed for identifying that “gestation is the fundamental period for the birth and growth of the paternal bond”.El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir el significado que el padre asigna al proceso de gestación de su hijo por nacer. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa con un diseño de carácter descriptivo-analítico, basado en la teoría fundamentada. Participaron ocho padres primigestantes residentes de la ciudad de Bogotá, con los cuales se logró la saturación teórica de la información, por medio de la entrevista a profundidad; se establecieron cinco categorías de análisis: la pertenencia, los cambios, la anticipación, las necesidades y los referentes paternos; las cuales se relacionaron entre sí por medio de la comparación constante y permitieron identificar que “la gestación es el periodo fundamental para el nacimiento y el desarrollo del vínculo paterno”.Esta pesquisa visa descrever o significado que o pai atribui ao processo de gestação do seu filho por nascer. Utilizou-se uma metodologia qualitativa com um desenho de caráter descritivo-analítico, baseado na teoria fundamentada A pesquisa contou com a participação de oito pais primigestantes residentes na cidade de Bogotá, com os quais se conseguiu a saturação teórica da informação, por meio de entrevistas aprofundadas; estabeleceram-se cinco categorias de analise: a pertinência, as mudanças, a antecipação, as necessidades e os referentes paternos que foram relacionados através da comparação constante e permitiram identificar que “a gestação é o período fundamental para o nascimento e o desenvolvimento do vínculo paterno”.

Para la recolección y análisis de la información se utilizaron la Etnografía focalizada y la técnica de Spradley y la teoría de la diversidad y la universalidad de los cuidados culturales de Leininger se tomó como referente teórico. Su objetivo fue describir los cuidados que brindaban las parteras tradicionales a partir de creencias y prácticas en las mujeres durante el parto en la zona rural de la región del valle del río Cimitarra, Magdalena Medio. El estudio se desarrolló en el valle del río Cimitarra y la ciudad de Barrancabermeja. Participaron siete parteras tradicionales y se recolectaron los datos mediante entrevista etnográfica y observación participante entre los años 2007 y 2008. El tema central es “El saber de la partera tradicional del valle del río Cimitarra: cuidando la vida” y cinco dominios culturales: alistarse para la atención del mismo, identificar el momento del parto, ayudar a la mujer a parir, proteger al bebé después del nacimiento y proteger a la mujer después del nacimiento. Cuidar la vida se relaciona con la necesidad de “sobrevivir” a pesar de la guerra, la violencia y el abandono estatal. Las acciones de cuidado se fundan en creencias culturales, la cotidianidad del trabajo del campo, la tradición oral y la invocación divina en medio del complejo contexto ambiental, la incertidumbre del conocimiento y el miedo a problemas legales.Focalized ethnography and Spradley’s technique were used to collect and analyze information. Diversity and universality stated in Leninger’s study of culture were regarded as a theoretical reference. The objective was to describe care given by traditional midwives, using their traditional beliefs and practices, on women during delivery in the rural area of the Cimitarra river valley, Mid Magdalena river basin. It took place in the Cimitarra River and in the town Barrancabermeja, where seven traditional midwives participated. Data was collected using ethnographic interview and participative observation during 2007 and 2008. Spradley’s technique was used for the analysis of the information. “Traditional midwifery knowledge in the Cimitarra River Valley. Taking care of life” emerges as a core subject, plus it contains five separate cultural domains: preparation for birth, identify the moment of birth, assist the woman during delivery, the health of the mother and child after delivery. General health care is connected to the need to “survive” despite war, violence and state abandonment. In this region, health care practices are based on cultural and religious beliefs, daily rural work and oral traditions and invoking religious beliefs; These factors are all set amidst the complex environmental context, in which there is uncertainty due to lack of knowledge and fear of potential legal issues.A compilação e a análise da informação estiveram baseadas no uso de etnografia focalizada e da técnica de Spradley. A teoria da diversidade e universalidade dos cuidados culturais de Leininger tomou-se como marco teórico. O objetivo do levantamento era descrever os cuidados providenciados por parteiras tradicionais, a partir das crenças e práticas, às mulheres durante o parto na zona rural da região do vale do rio Cimitarra - Magdalena Médio. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no vale do Rio Cimitarra e na cidade de Barrancabermeja. O estudo inclui a participação de sete parteiras tradicionais. A compilação dos dados foi realizada através de entrevistas etnográficas e de observação participante entre os anos 2007 e 2008. Para analisar a informação, utilizou-se a técnica de Spradley. Emerge como tema central “O saber da parteira tradicional do vale do Rio Cimitarra: cuidando a vida” e cinco domínios culturais: preparação para a atenção do parto, identificação do momento do parto, ajudar à mulher no parto, cuidado do bebê depois do nascimento e cuidado da mulher depois do nascimento. O cuidado da vida está relacionado com a necessidade de “sobreviver” apesar da guerra, a violência e o abandono estatal. As ações de cuidado se suportam nas crenças culturais, a cotidianidade do trabalho de campo, a tradição oral e a invocação divina em médio do complexo contexto ambiental, a incerteza do conhecimento e o medo a problemas legais.

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue describir el significado de las prácticas de cuidado que tienen las adolescentes gestantes y su hijo por nacer a partir de sus creencias, prácticas y valores. Es un estudio cualitativo etnográfico basado en la metodología de etnoenfermería propuesta por Madeleine Leininger. La investigación se desarrolló con la participación de ocho adolescentes gestantes con edades que oscilan entre 10 y 20 años, que pertenecen al régimen de salud subsidiado o vinculado y asistieron a consulta de control prenatal de bajo riesgo en la Unidad Primaria de Atención (UPA) Candelaria del Hospital Vista Hermosa de primer nivel, localidad 19, Ciudad Bolívar, de Bogotá, durante marzo a junio de 2007,quienes,con su nueva experiencia de vida, compartieron sus conocimientos y prácticas de manera natural y espontánea con la investigadora. De esta investigación se plantea el tema "Si protegemos la vida y la salud durante la gestación, construimos para los dos un futuro saludable", del que surgen cuatro dominios culturales: protección a la madre, protección al bebé, cuidarse en la alimentación, prepararse para el parto. Para las gestantes de esta investigación las prácticas de cuidado en la etapa prenatal a partir de creencias y valores se orientan hacia la protección de ellas y sus hijos por nacer, pensando siempre en el futuro, convirtiéndose en una garantía de bienestar para los dos. Así mismo nos deja ver cómo la mayoría de las prácticas de cuidado se soportan en un conocimiento y en un comporta-miento cultural.T he purpose of this research was to write on the meaning of care practices held by pregnant teenagers and their unborn child based on their beliefs, practices and values. It is a qualitative ethnographic study base on the ethnonursing method proposed by Madeleine Leininger. The research was developed with the participation of eight pregnant teenagers between 10 and 20 years of age who belong the subsidized or affiliated health regime and who attend low risk prenatal controls in the UPA (Primary Care Unit) Candelaria of Vista Hermosa first level Hospital, district 19, Ciudad Bolívar, Bogotá, from March to June 2007. They, based on their new life experience, shared naturally and spontaneously their knowledge and practices with the researcher. From the research comes the statement "If we protect life and health during pregnancy, we build a healthy future for both ourselves and our babies", from which four cultural do-mains arise: protecting the mother, protecting the baby, good nutrition, preparing for birth. For the pregnant women of this study care practices in the prenatal stage based on their beliefs and values are oriented towards protecting themselves and their unborn child, always thinking on the future, which turns into a guarantee of wellbeing for both. In the same way, it shows us how the majority of care practices are based on cultural knowledge and behavior.O objetivo da presente pesquisa conseguiu escrever o significado das práticas de cuidado das adolescentes gestantes e seu futuro filho com base em suas crenças, práticas e valores. Ele constitui um estudo qualitativo etnográfico baseado na metodologia de etnoenfermagem proposta por Madeleine Leininger. A pesquisa foi realizada com a participação de oito adolescentes gestantes com uma faixa etária de 10 a 20 anos, afiliados ao sistema de saúde subsidiado ou vinculado e que compareceram a consulta pré-natal de baixo risco na UPA (Unidade Primária de Atenção) Candelaria do Hospital Vista Hermosa de primeiro nível, localidade 19, Ciudad Bolívar, Bogotá, durante os meses de março e junho de 2007, os quais, a partir dessa nova experiência de vida, compartilharam seus conhecimentos e práticas de forma natural e espontânea com a pesquisadora. A pesquisa levanta a questão "A proteção da vida e da saúde durante a gestação garante a construção de um futuro saudável para mãe e filho", que abrange quatro domínios culturais: proteção para a mãe, proteção para o bebê, cuidado alimentício, preparação para o parto. Para as gestantes desta pesquisa as práticas de cuidado na etapa pré-natal com base nas crenças e valores estão dirigidas à proteção da mãe e o filho, pensando sempre no futuro e tornando-se uma garantia para seu bem-estar. Igualmente, permite-nos enxergar como a maioria das práticas de cuidado está fundada em um conhecimento e comportamento cultural.

The objective is "to interpret the experiences of the new-born's parents about nursing care received by their children in the newborn unit (UCIN) of la Samaritana University Hospital (HUS)". In a quantitative, descriptive and exploratory study, a semi structured interview was used which served as guide to obtain testimonies of fathers and mothers of hospitalized newborns. From the analysis of the information obtained from each one of the questions substantive codes were identified, which were grouped to form categories. The result was five categories: 1. Difficulties in the performance of the parents' role. 2. Impact due to the newborn hospitalization. 3. Expectations from the parents in relation with the newborn's care. 4. Assertive communication. 5. Parents learn from female/male nurse(s). The testimonies and analysis of each one of these strategies allow an approach to the interpretation of nursing care for parents of hospitalized newborns, based on their experiences. In the authors' opinion, the rise of two categories which are very important for nursing, can be highlighted, these have to continue being explored in other type of research: "parents learn from the nurses" and "assertive communication".El objetivo es "interpretar las experiencias y vivencias de los padres de los neonatos acerca del cuidado de enfermería que reciben sus hijos en la unidad de neonatos (UCIN) del Hospital Universitario de la Samaritana (HUS)". Es un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, exploratorio. Se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada la cual sirvió como guía para obtener los testimonios de los padres y madres de los neonatos hospitalizados. Del análisis de la información obtenida de cada una de las preguntas se identificaron códigos sustantivos, los cuales se agruparon con el fin de formar las categorías. Surgieron cinco categorías: 1. Dificultades en el desempeño del rol de padres. 2. Impacto ante la hospitalización del neonato. 3. Expectativas de los padres frente al cuidado del neonato. 4. Comunicación asertiva. 5. Los padres aprenden de las(os) enfermeras(os). Los testimonios y el análisis de cada una de estas categorías permiten un acercamiento a la interpretación de lo que es el cuidado de enfermería para los padres de los neonatos hospitalizados, a partir de sus experiencias y vivencias. En opinión de los autores, resalta el surgimiento de dos categorías muy importantes para enfermería, que se deben seguir explorando en otro tipo de investigaciones: "los padres aprenden de las enfermeras" y "comunicación asertiva".O objetivo é "interpretar as experiências e vivências dos pais dos neonatos em torno ao cuidado de enfermagem fornecido aos filhos na unidade de cuidado intensivo neonatal (UCIN) do Hospital Universitário da Samaritana (HUS)". Esse é um levantamento qualitativo, descritivo e experimental. Utilizou-se uma entrevista semi-estruturada que serviu como orientação para obter os testemunhos dos pais e mães dos neonatos hospitalizados. Da análise da informação coletada com base em cada uma das perguntas, identificamos códigos substantivos, que foram compilados objetivando a formação de categorias. Dessa compilação saíram cinco categorias: 1. Dificuldades no desempenho das funções dos pais. 2. Impacto ante a hospitalização do neonato. 3. Expectativas dos pais a respeito do cuidado do neonato. 4. Comunicação assertiva. 5. Os pais aprendem das(os) enfermeiras(os). Os testemunhos e a análise de cada uma das categorias permitem atingir uma abordagem no tocante à interpretação do significado de cuidado de enfermagem para os pais dos neonatos hospitalizados, baseado em suas experiências e vivências. Na opinião dos autores, é importante salientar o surgimento de duas categorias muito relevantes para a enfermagem, que devem continuar sendo levantadas em outro tipo de pesquisas: "os pais aprendem das enfermeiras" y "comunicação assertiva".

This research concentrates on the displaced population of our country, specifically pregnant displaced women, and along the research line of Prenatal Maternal Care from the nursing Faculty of the National University, i.e. from the "Enfermería Transcultural de la Facultad de Enfermería, of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia". We followed Leininger's which sees thehuman being asa subjectimmerseinanetworkofsocialrelations andinthe midst of a specific context, where such aspects permeate into behavior, i.e. that culture in which the subject believes and lives is part of the care practices. We used the ethnic nursing method proposed by Leininger (1985), with the intent of exploring the meaning of care for the pregnant displaced women and her unborn child, from the émic (native perspective), in Bogotá (sub municipalities of Suba and Ciudad Bolívar). The participants were displaced people from the Provinces of Tolima, Arauca, Cundinamarca, Caquetá, Bolívar, Guainía and Cauca. Their ages varied from 14 to 34 years, and the time of displacement was between two months and a year. Data was gathered via individual and group interviews (twelve participants) and via observation, and we applied Spradley's (1980) ethnographic analysis: domains (categories of meaning that include other minor categories) with the systematic relations, taxonomy (set of categories), component analysis (the search for associated attributes with cultural symbols) and issues (of the highest abstraction level). We obtained theissueofresilienceofhopeinthe midstofthe difficulty of being displaced and pregnant with the sub components of: the loss and abandonment as well as the way forward.Esta investigación se basa en la problemática de la población desplazada de nuestro país, específicamente de mujeres gestantes desplazadas, y en la línea de investigación Cuidado Materno Perinatal desde la Enfermería Transcultural de la Facultad de Enfermería, de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Setuvoencuentalateoríadel cuidadotransculturaldeLeininger (1978),lacualconsidera queelser humano está inmerso en una red de relaciones sociales y situado en un determinado contexto, aspectos estos que permean su comportamiento, es decir, la cultura en la cual él crece y vive hace partedesus prácticasdecuidado. Se usó el método de la etnoenfermería propuesto por Leininger (1985), con el objetivo de explorar el significado que tienen las gestantes desplazadas del cuidado de sí y de su hijo por nacer, desde lo émic punto de vista del nativo), en Bogotá (Localidades de Suba y Ciudad Bolívar). Las participantes fueron desplazadas de los departamentos de Tolima, Arauca, Cundinamarca, Caquetá, Bolívar, Guainía y Cauca, cuyas edades oscilaron entre los 14 y los 34 años, y el tiempo de desplazamiento estuvo entre los dos meses y un año. Los datos se obtuvieron por entrevista individual y grupal (doce participantes) y por observación, y se aplicó el análisis etnográfico de Spradley (1980): dominios (categorías de significado que incluye otras categorías menores) con sus relaciones semánticas, taxonomía (conjunto de categorías), análisis componencial (búsqueda de atributos asociados con símbolos culturales) y temas (el más alto nivel de abstracción). Se obtuvo el tema El surgimiento de la esperanza en medio de la dificultad del desplazamiento de la gestante, con los subtemas: La pérdida y el abandono y El camino a seguir.

Background: Type II diabetes mellitus is one of the preventable diseases with a high incidence today. In addition, it is one of the most frequent problems in the country, in which having a healthy lifestyle such as a good diet, physical activity and exercise, knowledge of the disease, a positive emotional state and adherence to treatment is essential to maintain this healthy lifestyle. To control the disease and not show complications that put health at risk; as well as the well-being of the individual. Objective: The objective that was raised in the thesis was to determine the lifestyle in adults with type II diabetes mellitus who attend the Pumapungo Health Center in the city of Cuenca, period 2022-2023. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive quantitative study was carried out. The sample consisted of 241 adults between 25 and 64 years of age with type II diabetes mellitus from the Pumapungo Health Center. For the collection of sociodemographic data, a document was used and to determine lifestyles, the IMEVID test was applied. For the analysis and tabulation of the results, the following programs were used: Excel 2019 and the statistical software IBM SPSS Statistics version 25.0; using descriptive statistics with tables and multivariable association statistics based on chi-square and p-value. Results: When analyzing the results found, it was shown that adults who attend the Pumapungo Health Center in the city of Cuenca that have an inadequate lifestyle in 67.6% because they do not practice healthy habits. In conclusion, type II diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease in which, if healthy lifestyles are not maintained, systemic complications can developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most prevalent neoplasm in women worldwide and nationally, so there is a need to investigate the changes that are generated in the life of the cancer patient at the physical, psychological and social levels. Objective: Determining body image and self-esteem in women with breast cancer treated at the "José Carrasco Arteaga" Specialty Hospital, Cuenca 2022 -2023. Methodology: A quantitative study, cross-sectional analytical design was carried out with a sample of 141 women with breast cancer treated at the "José Carrasco Arteaga" Specialty Hospital. A direct interview was carried out with the participants of the study applying a questionnaire with sociodemographic and clinical data elaborated by the authors, the Hopwood Body Image scale and the Rosenberg Self -Esteem scale. The analysis was performed with the SPSS v24.0 program using descriptive and inferential statistics, considering statistically significant results at p<0.05 values. Results: Of the study participants, 70.9% have a high body image disturbance and 17.7% have a low degree of self-esteem. In addition, a statistically significant association is identified between body image disturbance and the sociodemographic variables, age (p-value=0.000), marital status (p-value=0.039), and employment status (value= 0.011). Similarly, there is a significant association between self-esteem and type of treatment with a p-value = 0.048. Conclusion: In the study a dissatisfaction with body image is evident in most women, however, they presented a high degree of self -esteem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Social determinants influence the different conditions of life, and in the case of gender violence they allow to analyze, reflect and look holistically at the problem that is considered a global, public health and human rights epidemic that is present in all societies with serious consequences on the mental health of the victims. Objective: To describe the social determinants of health in a group of women who experience gender violence and attend a specialized care center. Materials and methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of 610 participants who signed the informed consent form. Results: The women reported living in an inadequate physical ecological environment (61.6%) and physical social environment (61.3%), while 56.7% reported an adequate physical family environment. As for satisfaction with violence preventive health actions related to the perception of violence in the home, it is shown to be statistically significant (p=0.0001). Conclusions: The importance of including social determinants for the analysis of gender violence and thus thoroughly addressing the problem is highlighted. Gender violence is present in all family, community and social spaces, and is perceived as a normal occurrence, which is why the problem should be made visible with the magnitude it requires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]