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Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:12:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-12-01 Spodoptera frugiperda is a pest of economic importance for several crops with resistance reports to Bt crops and pesticides. Eco-friendly Bt biopesticides may be an alternative to chemical insecticides due to their selectivity and specificity. However, the efficacy of Bt biopesticides may be influenced by the association with other chemicals, such as adjuvants. This study evaluated the compatibility and toxicity of Bt biopesticides mixed with adjuvants for the control of S. frugiperda. The treatments included the association of Dipel SC and Dipel PM with adjuvants. Compatibility tests were used to evaluate the Bt mixture. Bt suspensions obtained from mixtures of Bt and adjuvants at 106 and 3 × 108 spores/mL−1 were used to evaluate S. frugiperda mortality and distilled water was used as the control. The addition of the adjuvant LI increased growth and sporulation, indicating compatibility with Bt biopesticides. The other adjuvants were toxic to reducing Bt growth and sporulation. Only the mixture of Bt with LI and Bt alone was effective to S. frugiperda. The addition of adjuvants to Bt biopesticide affect the Bt sporulation, growth and mortality. PhD in Agricultural Entomology Department of Plant Health São Paulo State University (Unesp) School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences PhD Student in Agricultural Entomology Department of Plant Health São Paulo State University (Unesp) School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences Student in Agronomy Department of Plant Production São Paulo State University (Unesp) School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences Department of Plant Health São Paulo State University (Unesp) School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences PhD in Agricultural Entomology Department of Plant Health São Paulo State University (Unesp) School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences PhD Student in Agricultural Entomology Department of Plant Health São Paulo State University (Unesp) School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences Student in Agronomy Department of Plant Production São Paulo State University (Unesp) School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences Department of Plant Health São Paulo State University (Unesp) School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:28:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01 In agriculture, the mixing of pesticides in tanks is a common practice. However, it is necessary to previse possible physical-chemical implications of this practice, which may affect the efficiency of the treatments performed. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of acaricide to insecticidal spray mixtures on the formation of spray droplets and the interaction with citrus leaves. The experimental design was totally randomized, in a (2 × 3 + 1) factorial scheme for seven treatments. Factor A corresponded to the spray mixture used (isolate or in the mixture). Factor B corresponded to the insecticides tested (lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam, phosmet, and imidacloprid) and the control consisted of a spray mixture with spirodiclofen only. Nine replications were performed for characterization of the spray droplet size spectrum and four replications for the analysis of the surface tension and the contact angle. The mixture of pesticides showed positive results in terms of application safety. The addition of acaricide to insecticide spray mixtures reduced the surface tension and contact angle of droplets on the adaxial surface of orange leaves. There was an increment in volume median diameter (VMD), a significant reduction in the volume of droplets with drift-sensitive size and improvement in the uniformity of droplet size. Therefore, the addition of acaricide to an insecticide spray mixture positively influenced spray droplet formation and the interaction with citrus leaves providing better coverage and droplet size fractions with an appropriate size for safe and efficient application. Department of Crop Protection São Paulo State University Department of Crop Protection São Paulo State University

O algodoeiro é atacado por pragas sugadoras que têm sido controladas com inseticidas químicos, causando problemas à saúde do aplicador e poluição do meio ambiente, mas o uso de produtos botânicos como o nim vem sendo estudado nos últimos anos. O efeito do intervalo de aplicação do inseticida Azamax® foi avaliado sobre pragas sugadoras e seus inimigos naturais. O estudo foi conduzido na Embrapa Algodão em Barbalha, Ceará. O Azamax® foi aplicado em dois intervalos de aplicação (sete e 15 dias), em cobertura total das plantas com pulverizador costal manual com bico cônico. As amostragens foram realizadas semanalmente em 40 plantas por parcela dos 13 aos 90 dias após a emergência das plantas. Pulgão, tripes e a cochonilha foram amostrados nos ponteiros das plantas, a mosca branca na folha do 5º nó e o ácaro vermelho na parte mediana, enquanto os inimigos naturais, nos locais onde as pragas foram amostradas. O Azamax® aplicado aos sete e 15 dias reduz a taxa de infestação do pulgão Aphis gossypii, assim como, a mosca branca Bemisia tabaci biótipo B e a cochonilha Planococcus minor, não tendo efeito no ácaro vermelho, para os dois períodos de aplicação. Não foi observado efeito direto do Azamax® sobre a população dos inimigos naturais das principais pragas sugadoras do algodoeiro.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:30:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-12-01 The weeds are important in agricultural and livestock areas because these plants can cause several damages, especially in the yield. The herbicide pulverization for weed control is the most used, but the efficiency of the control can be dependent the several factors, for example, the correct chose the herbicide and the mixture or not with adjuvant. This study aimed to evaluate the contact angle of herbicide solution droplets associated with adjuvant when deposited on the leaf surface of different weed species and their relationship with chemical control. For the contact angle experiment, the design was completely randomized, with four repetitions, while for the control experiment, a randomized block design was used, both experiments were arranged in a factorial (4 × 2 + 1) design. Factor A corresponded to four spray solutions containing the herbicide no addition of adjuvants and herbicide associated with adjuvants (vegetable oil, mineral oil, and lecithin), factor B to two herbicide dosages, and additional treatment corresponded to water. The contact angle was determined in six weed species: Crotalaria incana, Lantana camara, Ipomoea grandifolia, Asclepias curassavica, Sida obtusifolia, and Ricinus communis, on the adaxial and abaxial surface of each species, and an artificial surface. For the weed control experiment was used two weed species: C. incana and L. camara. The multivariate analysis allowed the understanding of the behavior of the contact angle of the different groups on the natural and artificial surfaces, due to the formation of factors. For all plants, except for the abaxial surface of I. grandifolia and the adaxial surface of A. curassavica, the association of herbicide and adjuvants reduced contact angle on the surfaces. The chemical control resulted in an indirect relation with contact angle, where smaller contact angles of the herbicide solution resulted in a higher percentage of plant intoxication. Therefore, for this situation, it is recommended to use the herbicide aminopyralid + fluroxypir associated with lecithin. Department of Plant Production School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Plant Production School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP)

The spraying of herbicides in crops has become the main form of weed control. Although it means unexpected effects on non-target plants resulted by spraying drift. Thus, improvements in application techniques, as the best selection of spray nozzles and adjuvant, are essential to avoid environmental contamination and economic losses. On this work, we evaluate how much adjuvant associated with nozzles can reduce the spray drift. The nozzles used at experiment were air induction flat tip, hollow cone and twinjet and the spray liquids, which were composed of herbicide glyphosate and phosphatidylcholine + propionic acid adjuvant. Measurements were made at wind tunnel and droplet sizer, at laser diffraction method. The models of nozzles influence in droplet size characteristics and in occurrence of spray drift. The use of adjuvants reduces the spray drift only combined with the twinjet nozzle, while for the other models the adjuvant did not reduce the global spray drift at significant levels. The adjuvant reduced the spray drift until 39%, while the nozzles model reduced until 74%. Both techniques when combined were able to reduce until 80%. The model of nozzle has the biggest result on drift mitigation and the use of adjuvants can increase the drift mitigation specially with nozzles that produces smallest droplets.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T17:19:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-12-01 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is the main bacterium used in the formulation of bioinsecticides because it produces toxins and spores that are toxic to several orders of insects. The efficacy of Bt bioinsecticide is influenced by the quality of its application. The association with other crop protection products, such as adjuvants, can affect the physical and chemical parameters of the mixture. This study evaluated the physical and chemical parameters, volume median diameter (VMD), uniformity coefficient of droplets (SPAN), percentage of volume in drift droplets (%V

Os Diptera podem ser hematófagos, detritívoros, vetores de doenças, pragas importantes de plantas cultivadas, predadores ou parasitoides de insetos-praga. Algumas espécies polinizam plantas importantes e outras atacam ervas daninhas. Objetivando verificar a análise faunística e a flutuação populacional desses insetos nos ecossistemas da Área de Proteção Ambiental do Araripe, em Barbalha-CE, foram realizadas coletas semanais na estação seca e chuvosa, por meio da armadilha McPhail, iscada com suco de goiaba. Os Sarcophagidae e Drosophilidae são as famílias mais abundantes tanto na estação seca como na chuvosa, nos quatro ecossistemas da Área de Proteção Ambiental do Araripe. Os Sarcophagidae dominam e ocorrem frequente e constantemente em todos os ecossistemas da estação seca da Área de Proteção Ambiental do Araripe, enquanto que os Drosophilidae apesar de dominarem e ocorrerem constantemente, são mais frequentes na área agrícola e no Arajara Park devido à ação antrópica que altera esses ecossistemas para a implantação de culturas agrícolas e áreas de lazer. Os Drosophilidae dominam e ocorrem frequente e constantemente em todos os ecossistemas da estação chuvosa da Área de Proteção Ambiental do Araripe, enquanto que os Sarcophagidae, apesar de dominarem e ocorrerem constantemente, são mais frequentes na área agrícola e na mata úmida devido à ação antrópica obtida pelas irrigações das culturas agrícolas da área agrícola associada com maior umidade pelo microclima favorável encontrado na mata úmida. Os picos populacionais dos dípteros que predominam nos ecossistemas da Área de Proteção Ambiental do Araripe ocorrem nos meses chuvosos associados a baixas temperaturas.Faunal Analysis and Populational Fluctuation of Dipterofauna of Ecosystems from Área de Proteção Ambiental do AraripeAbstract. Diptera can be hematophagous, scavenger, and transmitter diseases, important pest to cultivated plants, predators or parasitoids of pest-insects. Some are pollinate important plants and others attack weeds. Aiming to evaluate the faunal analysis and populational fluctuation of these insect at ecosystems of “Área de Proteção Ambiental do Araripe” in Barbalha-CE, weekly surveys were been realized during dry and wet season using McPhail traps, using guava juice as a bait. Sarcophagidae and Drosophilidae were more abundant in dry and rainy season, with a major number of individuals collected during a rainy season in each ecosystem of the “Área de Proteção Ambiental do Araripe”. The Sarcophagidae family dominates and occurs frequently and constantly in all ecosystems of dry season, while individuals of Drosophilidae, despite of be dominant and occurs constantly, are more frequent in agricultural area and Arajara Park due to anthropogenic action which changes these ecosystems for insert agricultural cultures and recreational areas. Drosophilidae dominates and occurs frequently and constantly in all ecosystems during rainy season, while Sarcophagidae in despite of dominate and occurs constantly, are more frequent at agricultural area and humid forest due anthropogenic action got by irrigations associated with a major humidity caused by favorable microclimate founded in rainforest. The Diptera populations picks predominate in all ecosystems of the “Área de Proteção Ambiental do Araripe” occurs at rainy months associated if low temperatures.

RESUMO: Com o objetivo de determinar o tamanho ideal dos frutos para serem ensacados e avaliar a eficiência de diferentes ensacamentos no controle de moscas-das-frutas, bem como sua correlação com a qualidade das goiabas do Cariri cearense, realizou-se esta pesquisa no Crato, Ceará, no período de 13 de outubro de 2011 a 16 de abril de 2012 em um pomar comercial de goiaba da variedade Paluma. Foram avaliados sacos de pipoca, papel manteiga, jornal, plástico microperfurado, TNT e a testemunha; e quatro grupos de diâmetro dos frutos: 1º grupo (2,0 a 3,0 cm), 2º grupo (3,1 a 4,0 cm), 3º grupo (4,1 a 5,0 cm) e 4º grupo (5,1 a 6,0 cm). Os frutos foram colhidos à medida que atingiam a maturação e após cada colheita eram levados ao Laboratório de Entomologia da Universidade Federal do Cariri, Campus do Crato, para avaliar o ataque das moscas-das-frutas e os parâmetros físico-químicos dos frutos. O ensacamento dos frutos é eficiente no controle das moscas-das-frutas independente do tipo de saco utilizado, recomendando-se ensacar quando as goiabas estiverem com diâmetro igual ou inferior a 2,0 cm. O jornal favorece o aumento do peso, comprimento e ºBrix quando os frutos são ensacados com diâmetros de 4,1 a 5,0 cm. Já para obter frutos com maiores diâmetros, recomenda-se ensacar com 5,1 a 6,0 cm de diâmetro. ABSTRACT: This research aimed to determine the optimal size of guava fruits to be bagged, and to evaluate the efficiency of different bagging at the control of fruits flies, as well as their correlation with the fruit quality. The work was conducted in a commercial guava orchard of Paluma variety at the municipality of Crato, in Cariri region, Ceará, Brazil, from October 2011 until April 2012. Popcorn bags, parchment paper bags, newspaper bags, micropierced plastic bags, TNT and the control were tested in four groups of fruits diameters: first group (2.0 to 3.0 cm), second group (3.1 to 4.0 cm), third group (4.1 to 5.0 cm) and fourth group (5.1 to 6.0 cm). Fruits were collected when they became mature and after each collect they were transferred to the Laboratory of Entomology of the Federal University of Cariri in order to evaluate the fruit flies attacks and the physicochemical parameters of the fruits. Bagging the guava is effective to avoid attacks from fruit flies, regardless of the type of bag used. Moreover, one can recommend bagging the guava with diameter less than 2 cm. Fruits were heavier, larger in length and with better Brix degrees when bagged in newspaper bags, with diameters ranging from 4.1 to 5.0 cm. On the other hand, to obtain fruits with larger diameters, one can recommend bagging the fruits with 5.1 to 6.0 cm in diameter.

O algodão já foi a principal cultura cultivada no Nordeste, a sua produção alavancou o desenvolvimento de muitas cidades e contribuiu para o desenvolvimento da região semiárida. Ataque de pragas, baixas produtividades, alto custo de produção e baixa nos preços no mercado internacional, aliado a falta de assistência técnica adequada, contribuíram para o declínio da cultura. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os inseticidas naturais: extrato aquoso da pimenta malagueta, caulim, Azamax®, Rotenat® e Pironat® no manejo agroecológico das principais pragas e seus inimigos naturais do algodoeiro consorciado com as culturas do milho, feijão-caupi e gergelim. Os estudos foram desenvolvidos no campo experimental da Embrapa Algodão em Barbalha, Ceará, onde instalou-se o experimento para avaliação dos produtos naturais, com o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso e com quatro repetições, representado por seis tratamentos: T1-Testemunha (sem aplicação), T2-Pimenta malagueta, T3 Caulim, T4-Azamax®, T5- Rotenat® e T6-Pironat®. Os produtos foram aplicados a cada sete dias, seguidos de avaliações também semanais, considerando-se o efeito dos tratamentos sobre a ocorrência dos insetos pragas do algodoeiro e seus inimigos naturais. O Caulim é o produto natural mais eficiente no controle do bicudo do algodoeiro, Anthonomus grandis . A pimenta malagueta não é eficiente no controle das principais pragas do algodoeiro. Os produtos naturais aplicados a cada 7 dias em pulverizações nas folhas do algodoeiro não interferem na presença de inimigos naturais. Cotton was once the main crop grown in the northeast of Brazil; its production boosted the development of many cities and contributed to the development of the semi arid region. Attacks by pests, low productivity, high production costs and low prices on the international market, coupled with a lack of adequate technical assistance, contributed to the decline of the crop. The aim of this study was to evaluate the natural insecticides: aqueous extract from the malagueta pepper, kaolin, Azamax®, Rotenat® and Pironat®, on the agroecological management of the principal pests, with their natural enemies, of cotton intercropped with maize, cowpea and sesame crops. The studies were carried out at the experimental area of Embrapa Algodão, in Barbalha, in the state of Ceará, Brazil (CE), where an experiment was set up to evaluate these natural products, in an experimental design of randomised blocks with four replications, represented by six treatments: T1-Control (no application), T2-Malagueta pepper, T3-Kaolin, T4 Azamax®, T5-Rotenat® and T6- Pironat®. The products were applied every seven days, followed by weekly assessments, considering the effect of the treatments on the occurrence of insect pests of the cotton plant, and on their natural enemies. Kaolin is the most effective natural product in controlling the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis. Malagueta pepper is not effective in controlling the principle pests of the cotton plant. Natural products applied by spraying the leaves of the cotton plant every 7 days do not interfere with the presence of natural enemies.

Realizou-se uma análise faunística e da sazonalidade dos insetos edáficos coletados em quatro ecossistemas da Área de Proteção Ambiental do Araripe, Barbalha-CE. Coletas semanais foram conduzidas em mata úmida, Arajara Park, área agrícola e fragmento de mata, de 03 de setembro de 2010 a 22 de fevereiro de 2011 (estação chuvosa) e de 01 de março a 30 de agosto de 2011 (estação seca), em Barbalha, Ceará, utilizando a armadilha pitfall. A fauna encontrada nos diferentes ecossistemas foi caracterizada por meio dos índices de frequência, dominância, abundância, constância e riqueza. Os insetos edáficos ocorrem com maior abundância na estação chuvosa da Área de Proteção Ambiental do Araripe, com maior concentração na mata úmida, sendo que os Coleoptera são mais ricos em número de famílias e espécimes nos quatro ecossistemas, tanto na estação chuvosa como na seca. Já os Hymenoptera, da família Formicidae, ocorrem frequentemente em todos os ecossistemas, predominando na área agrícola da estação chuvosa as formigas cortadeiras, enquanto que os Orthoptera Gryllidae e os Hemiptera Cydnidae predominam no fragmento de mata, onde os grilos ocorrem tanto na estação chuvosa como seca na mesma frequência, e os percevejos castanhos ocorrem com maior frequência somente na estação chuvosa. Os Coleoptera Nitidulidae predominam na mata úmida da estação chuvosa devido à presença de frutos silvestres em processo de fermentação, enquanto que os Coleoptera Bostrichidae predominam no Arajara Park, na estação chuvosa, devido à presença de madeiras e árvores caídas utilizadas na construção das instalações do balneário.