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La Commissione Europea (CE) ha inserito ad oggi 36 taxa esotici vegetali nella lista delle specie esotiche invasive di rilevanza unionale ai sensi del Regolamento (UE) n. 1143/2014 del Parlamento Europeo e del Consiglio, recante disposizioni volte a prevenire e gestire l’introduzione e la diffusione delle specie esotiche invasive. La lista delle specie di rilevanza unionale viene periodicamente aggiornata e include quelle specie che rappresentano una grave minaccia per la biodiversità, ma anche per la salute dei cittadini e le attività economiche nei territori dell’Unione Europea e che necessitano di una gestione concertata a livello comunitario. La CE vigila sullo stato di ogni taxon grazie anche a periodiche rendicontazioni da parte dei paesi dell'Unione. In vista di tali report, tra il 2020 e il 2021 è stata definita e integrata la distribuzione di queste specie in Italia.

Lipid nanocarriers are among the most employed systems for drug delivery purposes in several research and industrial sectors, since their favorable properties ensure broad applicability. The design and characterization of these nanosystems are of paramount importance to obtain controlled outcome, since the supramolecular structure and molecular interactions deeply impact the functionality of the resulting aggregates. The choice of the most appropriate formulation for the target of interest relies on in-depth physico-chemical characterization in order to optimize stability, loading rates and sustained release. Several supramolecular architectures suited for carrier development can be obtained from lipid building blocks, by varying lipid composition and packing parameter. In particular, cubosome and liposome aggregates are often used as drug vectors thanks to their high cargo capability and biocompatibility. Moreover, the possibility to employ lipids from natural sources i.e. biomasses to prepare nanosystems makes them especially attractive. In this work, two aggregate types were characterized and compared as drug vectors for poorly water-soluble antioxidants, particularly curcumin and two adjuvants (i.e. tocopherol and piperine). The nanovectors were obtained by extracting lipids from algal biomasses with different lipid composition, and characterized by advanced structural (DLS, SAXS, Cryo-TEM) techniques, spectroscopy (NMR) and calorimetry (ITC). Finally, the structural stability of both aggregate types was evaluated.

In recent years, depopulation and abandonment of traditional practices in the mountainous areas have affected the land use and land cover inducing the modification of the landscape mosaic. These processes have consequently facilitated the forest expansion, sometimes altering the floristic composition of the original vegetation in forests and other wooded lands. Forest expansion processes modified the structure, the stand density and the regeneration capacity of forests, thus altering the ecosystems’ functionality and resilience. These processes can be considered as a form of landscape degradation, which represents an emerging and common issue in the Mediterranean mountainous ecosystems. This study presents an overview of the main landscape dynamics occurring in the last two decades in the “Collemeluccio-Montedimezzo Alto Molise” Man and Biosphere Reserve, located in Central Italy. The results here obtained deeply describe the main effects induced by forest cover changes, such as those related to t...

Organized transhumant pastoralism has contributed to shaping the cultural landscape of many countries. It has affected areas designated for grazing, temporary and permanent shelters, and towns. Through the analysis of historical maps and recent information, in a temporal range from 1652 to 2014, this study focused on changes in land cover and conservation status of one of the main Italian transhumance paths, namely the Tratturo Castel di Sangro-Lucera. Although there are some areas where this drove road is still recognizable, it is mostly identifiable only through a few tangible signs. The methodological approach, which we present in this study, allowed us to compare historical and recent cartographies as well as archive documentation. The resulting virtual reinstatement is proposed as an efficient method for the conservation and management of material cultural heritage and can be applied in other countries with transhumance drove roads (e.g., France, Portugal).

The importance of taking into account ecosystems, plant communities and habitats for the development of biodiversity conservation strategies is increasingly acknowledged. Recently, the first ever European Red List of Habitats was produced, which provided an evaluation of the extinction risk of EUNIS-based natural and semi-natural habitats in Europe. As assessment unit, it used the habitat intended as a plant community, thus representing a landmark for the role of vegetation science in nature conservation. In the present paper, the results of the European Red List of Habitats are analyzed at the national scale with specific reference to the terrestrial and freshwater habitat types occurring in Italy. More than three-quarters of the assessed European habitat types were recognized for the Italian territory. The distribution of the threat categories reflects approximately the situation at the EU28 level. About 35% of the assessed habitat types are referred to a threat category; no critically endangered habitat is present in Italy. The most frequently used criteria are those related to a reduction in quantity. Some critical issues arising from the analyses are discussed. In particular, the presence of knowledge gaps is pointed out, with remarkable reference to the poor availability of spatial and quantitative data, severely affecting the application of the criteria adopted for the assessment. Descriptions of habitat types from Italy are reported, some of which are representative, emblematic or even exclusive to the Italian territory. The outcomes of the analysis represent the starting point for the future development of a national-scale Red List of Habitats. Results also emphasized how habitat types with a too broad definition pose a limit to a proper evaluation of the regional biogeographic variability, often very high in Italy, with local floristic and phytocoenotic peculiarities which do not find room in the adopted European typology. This is the reason why the development of national subtypes stands as a necessary step for the development of a realistic and effective assessment at the national scale.

The conservation of semi-natural habitats represents a primary challenge for European nature conservation due to their great species diversity and their vulnerability to ongoing massive land-use changes. As these changes rapidly transform and phase out semi-natural habitats, conservation measures should be prompt and specifically focused on a sound assessment of the degree of conservation. Here we develop a methodological strategy for the assessment of the degree of conservation of semi-natural grasslands based on well-defined criteria rather than on expert opinion. Through mixed effect models, we tested ten potential indicators, encompassing proxies of species composition, habitat structure, and landscape patterns, against a measure of compositional change from habitat favourable condition, i.e., an inverse proxy of conservation status. This measure derives from the re-visitation of 132 sampling units historically sampled between 1966 and 1992 along the Apennines. The compositional change was quantified as the dissimilarity between historical habitat species pools and the composition of current communities. The compositional change was significantly related to the number of habitat diagnostic species and the relative cover of woody species with opposite sign (positive and negative, respectively). We classified and combined the classes of these two indicators in each sampling unit to assess the habitat degree of conservation at the plot and at the Natura 2000 site level. At the plot level, our assessment was in good agreement with the occurrence of species of conservation concern. On the other hand, at the site level, our assessment was not always harmonic with the habitat conservation assessment officially reported for the site investigated.

In recent decades, the conservation of biodiversity has become one of the main areas under consideration in managing forests in an ecologically sustainable way. Forest management practices are primary drivers of diversity and may enhance or decrease forest biodiversity, according to the measures applied (thinning options). We have focused on three beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests across a latitudinal gradient in Italy, characterised by different structures resulting from dissimilar management. We tested the short-term effects of differently-based silvicultural intervention vs. stands where no silvicultural practices were applied on biodiversity indicators and related proxies: deadwood amounts, microhabitat density, floristic richness and life form abundance. In each study area, the occurrence of the above indicators and proxies was evaluated before and after the implementation of crop tree thinning (CTT) and thinning from below (LT) methods, comparing them with control areas where no interventions were performed. After two years, the management options resulted in different responses of the investigated parameters. The CTT increased deadwood amounts in comparison with the LT ones, while stumps increased significantly after the LT thinning. Microhabitats increased significantly where intervention was not undertaken. On the contrary, they remained unaltered after the LT treatments. CTT thinning created favourable conditions for the development of microhabitats and their proliferation in the long term. Two years after the application of the CTT thinning treatment, all forest stands demonstrated a significant increase in their floristic richness and herb layer cover. Significant differences were also found in both the frequency and cover of life forms in relation to silvicultural treatment. These findings provide a better understanding of short-term effects of silvicultural treatment useful for maintaining biodiversity in mountain beech forests.

The new alliance Cerastio tomentosi-Globularion meridionalis and the new association Helianthemo alpestris-Globularietum meridionalis are here proposed as a contribute to the prodrome of Italian vegetation. The new syntaxa are related to the chamaephytic high-mountain vegetation and they are characterized by a wide presence of endemics, southern European orophytes, mountain-Mediterranean, and amphi-Adriatic species. The proposal aims to differentiate, on a structural basis, the high-mountain vegetation of the Apennines at higher syntaxonomical levels.

During the last 50 years, the Italian landscape has been subjected by different land use and land cover changes (LULCC). The IUTI inventory (Inventario dell’Uso delle Terre d’Italia) is proved to be acheaper, fast and statistically accurate method for LULCC monitoring. The aim of this study is to summarize the LULCC trends at national level, in Italy, focusing on natural reforestation processes at macroregions level. Some of the LULCC effects on ecosystem services provisioning (carbon storage and sequestration,and biodiversity conservation) have been also analysed. Although on one side the forest re-growth represents a positive opportunity in terms of mitigation strategies due to the enhancement of potential carbon sinks,on the other side, the abandonment of agro-pastoral practices, has several potential negative impacts from an environmental, economic and social perspective.

We propose a procedure to detect significant changes in forest spatial patterns and relevant scales. Our approach consists of four sequential steps. First, based on a series of multi-temporal forest maps, a set of geographic windows of increasing extents are extracted. Second, for each extent and date, specific stochastic simulations that replicate real-world spatial pattern characteristics are run. Third, by computing pattern metrics on both simulated and real maps, their empirical distributions and confidence intervals are derived. Finally, multi-temporal scalograms are built for each metric. Based on cover maps (1954, 2011) with a resolution of 10 m we analyze forest pattern changes in a central Apennines (Italy) reserve at multiple spatial extents (128, 256 and 512 pixels). We identify three types of multi-temporal scalograms, depending on pattern metric behaviors, describing different dynamics of natural reforestation process. The statistical distribution and variability of pattern metrics at multiple extents offers a new and powerful tool to detect forest variations over time. Similar procedures can (i) help to identify significant changes in spatial patterns and provide the bases to relate them to landscape processes, (ii) minimize the bias when comparing pattern metrics at a single extent and (iii) be extended to other landscapes and scales.

The research involved the application of CORINE Land Cover categories in order to analyse changes in land cover and in the socio-economic system over the last 50 years in Molise (Southern Italy). The boundaries of the study area corresponded to those of six local councils: Guglionesi, Montecilfone, Montenero di Bisaccia, Petacciato, San Giacomo degli Schiavoni and Termoli. It is an area which has undergone a great anthropic agricultural impact after the II World War, but, however, still has natural settings worth preserving, as can be seen by the presence of seven Sites of Community Interest (sensu “Habitat Directive” 92/43/EC). For the analyses of the land cover changes, geo-databases were consulted or specially constructed. The aerial photographs from GAI 1954-55 flight, appropriately georectified, and the aerial photograph ITA2000 and AGEA 2004 flights were adopted to draw up the land use/cover maps at a scale of 1.10.000.The study of vegetation was performed using the phytosociological method. In brief, the results show that the landscape of the study area has become more fragmented due mostly to effects of continuous human disturbances and agricultural improvement during the study period. Overall, the landscape is today characterised by the predominance of agricultural use and the sparse colonization of the natural vegetation, mainly by linear vegetational formations (mainly riparian woods).

Degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) line shapes and signal intensities are measured experimentally in well-characterized hydrogen-air flames operated over a wide range of equivalence ratios. We use both low (perturbative) and high (saturating) beam intensities in the phase-conjugate geometry. Resonances in the A 2Sigma+ -X 2II (0,0) band of OH are probed with multiaxial-mode laser radiation. The effects of saturation on the line-center signal intensity and the resonance linewidth are investigated. The DFWM signal intensities are used to measure OH number densities in a series of near-adiabatic flames at equivalence ratios ranging from 0.5 to 1.5. Use of saturating pump intensities minimizes the effects of beam absorption, providing more-accurate number density measurements. The saturated DFWM results are in excellent agreement with OH absorption measurements and equilibrium calculations of OH number density. The polarization dependence of the P(1)(2) and R(2)(1) resonances is investigated in both laser intensity regimes. There is a significant change in relative reflectivities for different polarization configurations when saturated.

Degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) spectroscopy is a promising diagnostic technique [1-3], but significant questions remain regarding its application for quantitative concentration measurements in combustion environments with typical laser systems. In this paper we present a summary of two numerical investigations with the goal of quantifying the measurement technique for common experimental situations. Specifically, we investigate both (1) probing a degenerate-level (multistate) resonance with a single-mode laser and (2) probing a two-state resonance with a multimode laser. DFWM signal levels are calculated by solving the time-dependent density matrix equations using direct numerical integration (DNI) [4, 5] for a two or more level system interacting with three laser beams.

Differential scanning calorimetry can be used as an interesting tool to study protein-ligand interactions, with the aid of suitable thermodynamic models. This review analyzes and discusses results recently obtained in our laboratory with regard to the binding equilibrium of 2' and 3' cytidine monophosphate to RNAase A, the interaction of S-peptide with S-protein, the binding of D-glucose to yeast hexokinase and the thermal stability of respective complexes.

G. Russo, J. Anastassopoulou, G Barone Eds.

The effects of multifrequency-mode laser radiation on polarization-spectroscopy signal generation are investigated by direct numerical integration of the time-dependent density-matrix equations. The numerical solution of the density-matrix equations allows us to incorporate a physically reasonable model for pulsed dye-laser radiation in our analysis of the laser–resonance interaction. The laser radiation is modeled as the sum of electric fields from a finite number of modes that are assumed to have random pulse-to-pulse phases and exponentially distributed amplitudes. Calculations are performed for a homogeneously broadened resonance (only collisional broadening) and for a resonance that is both collision and Doppler broadened. The effect of the multimode laser radiation on polarization-spectroscopy line shapes and saturation curves is investigated for different values of the laser bandwidth and mode spacing and resonance collision and Doppler widths. The saturation parameter for the resonance is strongly dependent on the ratio of the laser bandwidth to the resonance collision width when the laser bandwidth is greater than the collision width. The pulse-to-pulse fluctuations in polarization-spectroscopy signal levels are found to decrease substantially for saturating pump intensities. The inclusion of the multimode laser structure into our density-matrix equations represents a significant advance in modeling the nonlinear interaction of laser radiation with atomic or molecular resonances.

Polarization-spectroscopy (PS) line shapes and signal intensities are measured in well-characterized hydrogen–air flames operated over a wide range of equivalence ratios. We use both low (perturbative) and high (saturating) pump beam intensities in the counterpropagating pump–probe geometry. The effects of saturation on the line-center signal intensity and the resonance linewidth are investigated. The PS signal intensities are used to measure relative OH number densities in a series of near-adiabatic flames at equivalence ratios (ϕ) ranging from 0.5 to 1.5. The use of saturating pump intensities minimizes the effect of pump beam absorption, providing more accurate number density measurements. When calibrated to the calculated OH concentration in the ϕ = 0.6 flame, the saturated PS number density measurements probing the P1(2) transition are in excellent agreement with OH absorption measurements, equilibrium calculations of OH number density, and previous saturated degenerate four-wave mixing OH number density measurements.

13 patients with psycho-organic syndrome (POS) and 10 patients with dementia (senile, Alzheimer, multi-infarct) were treated with drugs considered to influence the neuronal turnover of acetylcholine (Phosphatidylcholine, piracetam, S-adenosylmethionine) for 30 days and compared in respect of CSF ACh levels, reaction times to simple visual stimuli (TRS-V) and to simple hearing stimuli (TRS-H) and scores on the Sandoz Clinical Assessment Geriatric (SCAG) rating scale. The POS patients presented higher CSF ACh levels, shorter TRS-V and TRS-H times and lower SCAG scores than the demented patients before treatment. During treatment the CSF ACh values fell in the POS but not in the demented patients. All the other values improved in both groups but more markedly in the POS group. The CSF ACh variations in the latter appear to correlate with the variations in TRS-V and TRS-H times and SCAG scores. The monitoring of CSF ACh would seem to be useful in assessing both the degree of decline in dementia and the possibilities of treatment in individual patients.

A report is presented on 58 patients (46 males, 12 females) all suffering from post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) and followed up for a minimum of 1 year to maximum of 23 years after the injury (mean 6.3 years). The type and site of the head injury, the nature of the brain lesions, the time elapsing before the first critical manifestation, the clinical character of the epileptic attacks, EEG, cerebral CAT and RMN data were performed are given for all patients. The therapeutic and prophylactic strategies adopted are then described in detail with particular emphasis on the use of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and barbexaclone. The latter drug, used for the last 3 years was found to be particularly useful in the treatment of patients suffering from a post-traumatic psycho-organic syndrome in addition to the PTE.

The clinical study of encephalic ependymoma shows that cases present with polymorphous clinical pictures depending on intra and/or periventricular tumoural growth, generally such as to hinder precise diagnosis during life, unless under direct control, or, currently, using computerized axial tomography. The reported case, completed by macro and microscopic autoptic study, takes on particular importance because the neoplasia involved all encephalic ventricular cavities. This exceptional localisation and extension, only gave an aspecific clinical picture, dominated by the presence of a slight internal communicating type hydrocephalus and immediate general convulsive signs.

Involutional depression is often the first symptom of a psycho-organic syndrome or dementia and may not present overt symptoms itself; these depressive states have been variously classified by different schools in various countries. The hypothesis of catecholamine and indolamine in the aetiopathogenic agent is oversimplistic and the theory that abnormal receptor hypersensitivity is the cause of the condition is more convincing. On the basis of this hypothesis numerous studies have been conducted into the efficacy of various antidepressants in the treatment of this hypersensitivity. Involutional depressions are more common among women and are found in about 10% of 60-65 year olds. This report claims that combined viloxazine-piracetam is the most appropriate treatment for involutional depression. This approach (200 mg oral viloxazine and 9 g oral piracetam a day) was adopted for 3 months in 33 out patients about 64 years old who were subsequently put on maintenance doses (100 mg viloxazine, 3 g piracetam a day). The various Hamilton scale parameters were assessed as were reaction times to auditory and visual simple stimuli. Result sat the start and end of treatment were then compared. About three quarters of the patients showed improvement in both depression and psycho-organic syndrome symptoms, while total remission or lasting improvement in both pathologies was obtained in about 50%.

Per un “genere” di città e di governo del territorio: l’esempio di Napoli e della Campania Le tesi di F. Choay, studiosa dei fenomeni urbani e critico d’arte con importanti contributi sulle città e le metropoli, hanno sgomberato il cielo della scienza urbanistica maschile da molti luoghi comuni e dalle analisi quantitative e meccanicistiche sul funzionamento delle città e delle metropoli nell’età delle loro trasformazioni in megalopoli e nebulose urbane e megalopolitane fino alla metropolizzazione del Pianeta. Luoghi comuni e spirito competitivo che tuttora persistono e sono i principali motori delle speculazioni edilizie attuali contro le esigenze di vivibilità e di rispetto dei diritti dei cittadini e delle cittadine di ogni grande centro urbano o metropoli del Mondo. Ma in quale genere di città immaginiamo oggi di vivere desideriamo svolgere le nostre attività di lavoro o del tempo libero e della cura? La città è la madre di tutti i cittadini; “Città e Terra Madre” sono i luoghi in cui trascorre la vita degli individui dalla loro nascita fino alla loro morte; sono entrambe generatrici e custodi della vita e dell’esistenza umana; sono simboli femminili e racchiudono i significati della fertilità e della protezione. Questa concezione di città si contrappone alla considerazione che le città e le metropoli del futuro saranno gli spazi principali di produzione di sviluppo economico e di ricchezza oltre che di concentrazione della maggior parte della popolazione mondiale. La metropolizzazione del Mondo del terzo millennio, tuttavia, coincide con le nuove forme di schiavitù che sono alimentate dalla prepotente affermazione del neoliberismo e del capitalismo finanziario globalizzato contemporaneo. Meno del 10 % della popolazione della Terra possiede quasi il 90% delle ricchezze globali. Accesso alle risorse naturali ed energetiche del Pianeta e distribuzione delle ricchezze coniugati al responsabile e libero contenimento dell’incremento demografico e urbano rappresentano la sfida dei prossimi anni. Le osservazioni e le riflessioni di pensatori, utopisti e teorici della città si ricompongono nello scenario moderno e contemporaneo secondo due filoni predominanti che hanno radici nella visione della città giardino di Haward e nella città industriale di Garnier. La prima oggi approda alle teorie del decentramento delle funzioni urbane per una compatibilità tra fragilità dei territori e capacità biologica del Pianeta all’impatto antropico, mentre, la seconda persegue l’obiettivo della densificazione urbana e della concentrazione della popolazione mondiale nelle metropoli post-industriali che oggi si traducono nelle megalopoli di favelas e baraccopoli. La città dei nostri giorni spesso non è più percepita dagli individui che la abitano come un luogo bello, sicuro e, in sintesi, familiare ma, al contrario, come un luogo inospitale, difficile, insicuro e sconosciuto. La crescita inarrestabile delle città contemporanee equivale alla dissoluzione della città stessa e quindi alla sua morte, gli uomini distruggendo la città è come se uccidessero la loro stessa madre. Lo studio della città contemporanea si articola, dunque, in due aspetti assai differenti tra loro, che rimandano a tesi contrapposte, decentramento e densificazione, pur essendo generate queste ultime dalla riflessione sullo squilibrio tra la sovrappopolazione da un lato e la sovra urbanizzazione dall’altro. Nel primo caso gli studi sono più descrittivi e si analizzano i fenomeni urbani con un approccio tecnico e distaccato, si cerca di ordinare tali fenomeni secondo criteri quantitativi e sulla base di dati. Nel secondo caso a questa posizione analitica si oppone l’orientamento di quanti si sentono a disagio per la realtà delle grandi città industriali e ne percepiscono empaticamente lo straniamento e l’isolamento dell’individuo stesso.

Vedere / Vedere oltre / Vedere dentro le cose La storia di Fiume di Pietra: come nasce un’esperienza di aggregazione all’ombra del Vesuvio Osservare ciò che è accaduto a Napoli tra le pendici del Vesuvio e la città metropolitana, tra la fine del ’900 e l’inizio del nuovo secolo, in un momento in cui sembrava ormai possibile raccogliere i frutti dell’impegno politico e sociale vissuto coralmente e non limitato a eventi e manifestazioni di pratiche divenute abituali ed epidermiche, significa portare l’attenzione su fatti e persone che hanno in maniera emblematica rappresentato la vitalità, la creatività, la capacità di riflettere su come realizzare la comunità ed essere protagonisti del cambiamento. Vi ricordate i containers? Il terremoto dell’80 non scuote solo le mura ma l’intera struttura umana della Campania. A tredici anni dall’evento sismico, i containers erano ancora a bruciare sotto il sole ai piedi del Vesuvio, il grande gigante addormentato. Luigi Castellano/Luca chiamava a raccolta artisti, poeti, scrittori, per ricucire il vuoto e la lacerazione del tessuto civile e per combattere la crisi voluta nei territori del cratere «attraverso stagionalità politiche precostituite in termini di “vacanza” civile, morale e politica». Da tale tensione morale, nasce la Federazione Territoriale Città del Monte con l’intento «di cambiare e incidere costruttivamente sui problemi di governo e gestione dell’area vesuviana. I “vesuviani”, da tempo condannati ed esclusi, non possono continuare a reinventare la loro sopravvivenza». Paola Acampa, fattasi interprete del pensiero di Luca e delle necessità vitali del territorio vesuviano, rende possibile, attraverso l’incessante incontro di forze culturali, l’esplicitazione di uno spirito collettivo e l’affermarsi delle idee del cambiamento. Negli stessi anni l’esperienza della Federazione Territoriale Città del Monte non è stata un’esperienza isolata, infatti, contemporaneamente con Schermo ’93 le attività del cineforum al Roma di Portici si ampliano con performance ed esposizioni di artisti contemporanei appartenenti per la maggior parte al territorio. L’intreccio tra associazionismo e istituzioni è poi sancito dall’apertura del cineforum alle scuole non solo di Portici ma di tutte le città del Miglio d’Oro. Città del Monte, cineforum, mostre, alimentano magicamente una nuova dimensione data dal vedere e guardare insieme i problemi del territorio e il fare cultura è inteso come agire collettivo e non atto individuale. Guardare insieme significa anche scambiare idee e trovare soluzioni partecipate per la crescita socio-culturale ed economica; insomma coscienza e azione collettiva costituiscono l’humus di nuove creazioni artistiche e il consolidarsi d’incontri in un luogo privilegiato: Fiume di Pietra che testimonia non solo uno spazio condiviso ma la capacità di condividere il proprio tempo e l’inconscio collettivo nello spazio stratificato della memoria del vulcano. Gli anni ’90 sono anche gli anni in cui è forte la volontà di riscatto del Miglio d’Oro per il superamento del degrado ambientale e sociale amplificatosi nel dopo-terremoto. È istituito l’Ente per le Ville Vesuviane e incominciano i restauri. Le attività promosse da Paola “I luoghi negati del Miglio d’Oro” sono tese a promuovere la partecipazione di cittadini e studenti in un processo di riappropriazione e di sensibilizzazione alla tutela del patrimonio storico e artistico, quando ancora non era possibile neanche visitare tali beni.

Targeting double-stranded DNA with homopyrimidine PNAs results in strand displacement complexes PNA/DNA/PNA rather than PNA/DNA/DNA triplex structures. Not much is known about the binding properties of DNA-PNA chimeras. A 16-mer 5′-DNA-3′-p-(N)PNA(C) has been investigated for its ability to hybridize a complementary duplex DNA by DSC, CD, and molecular modeling studies. The obtained results showed the formation of a triplex structure having similar, if not slightly higher, stability compared to the same all-DNA complex. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004