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Periodontitis is intricate & multi-factorial lesion. It is characterized by a group of inflammatory conditions in the periodontium which is caused by bacteria. Chronic inflammation is precise by B and T cells by the initiation in cytokine secretion, then osteoclastogenesis is modulated. The objective of the article briefly reviews the recent research and the consequence in B cell & T lymphocytes subsets, and the expression of cytokine seen in the morbific of the periodontitis. Gingival homeostasis is maintained by T reg (T regulatory), CD8+ T, and tissue-resident γδ, T cells plays a vital role in gingival hemostasis. Clinically healthy periodontium has a low percentage of memory B cells, evade bone damage due to subclinical inflammation. The RANKL -dependent method makes an alveolar bone loss and causes periodontitis. Stimulation of T and B lymphocytes subunits is one that causes either the seditious lesion will alleviate in chronic gingivitis or it may advance to a tissue destructive periodontitis.

The hallmarks of cancer are concept of prying system for extensive development for cancer. Cancer metabolism has now become more complicated thus it needs budding clarification for better refinement. Also non-mutational transition and complex system of micro biota both synergistically enables the addition of various hallmarks in cancer development. In addition to this, senescent cells simultaneously act in tumor microenvironment which is important for maintaining functionally ability.

Melanins are group of pigments found in almost all organisms. In humans and animals, it is chiefly responsible for the color of skin, hair, and eyes. It is synthesized by specific cell called as melanocyte, which are heterogeneous in distribution. Apart from imparting color, it also executes various functions. This review explains the basics of melanin pigment, its biosynthesis, functions, and related pathological conditions in oral cavity. This article also explains the histopathological identification of melanin in tissues including the immunohistochemical markers.

Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disorder of multiple organs, with lungs and lymphatic systems being the most frequently affected sites of the body. It was first reported in 1877 and has continued to engross both clinicians and scientists since that time. Because sarcoidosis being a diagnosis of exclusion, it demands the physician to rule out all the possible diagnosis. Most of the patients remain asymptomatic and this makes the disease remain unnoticed for a prolonged period. Later after years, the disease could be diagnosed after witnessing the patient being symptomatic or suffering from organ failures. It could affect middle aged people of any sexes, often its clinical features correlate with tuberculosis. On immunological and histopathological examination, it reveals noncaseating granuloma in simple terms. Glucocorticoids remain the standard drug now and then. Further research has to be done to know the exact pathogenesis, early detection and betterment in treatment plan of sarcoidosis. The current review article gives a brief knowledge about etiopathogenesis, Clinical features, upgraded diagnostic methods such as biomarkers detection and the organized treatment plan to treat sarcoidosis.

In the present days the development of efficient green synthesis of metal nanoparticles has become a major focus of researchers. It was aimed in order to find a safe, economic and eco-friendly technique for the production of well characterized nanoparticles. The present study reports the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles using plant extract (pepper leaf extract) and a copper salt (copper chloride, CuCl2). Copper nanoparticles are produced by the reduction of CuCl2, while the aqueous leaf extract act as reducing agent. The formation of copper nanoparticles was recognized by the change of colour from blue to black. The synthesized nanoparticles were then characterized through EDAX, XRD, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. EDAX confirmed the formation of copper nanoparticles. The UV-Vis spectrophotometer analysis confirmed the absorption peak of copper nanoparticles at wavelength of 500-700 nm. XRD analysis revealed three sharp peaks specifically referred to face centered cubic structure of metallic copper. This work was also carried out the optical studies of copper nanoparticles which were exposed to direct sunlight. This study reflected the effect of sunlight intensity on the absorption peak of copper nanoparticles.

Different types of DC-DC converters are widely used in applications like fuel cells, electric vehicles and to transfer renewable energy, which is a low voltage, to different loads. In high voltage applications, these DC-DC converters are not appropriate due to low gain. To meet such applications, different types of voltage boosting techniques or high gain converters shall be used. A comparative analysis of two quadratic gain DC-DC converters is carried out considering their operation, voltage gain, and characteristics. A 48V-220V, 500W system was developed for each converter and the results were verified through MATLAB based simulation

In the last decade the development of efficient Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles has become a major focus of researchers. It was aimed in order to find a safe, economic and eco-friendly technique for the production of well characterized Nanoparticles. The present study reports the green synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles using plant extract (Pepper leaf extract) and a Copper Salt (Copper Chloride, CuCl2). Copper nanoparticles are produced by the reduction of CuCl2, while the aqueous leaf extract act as a reducing agent. The formation of Copper nanoparticles was recognized by the change of colour from blue to black. The synthesized Nanoparticles are then characterized through EDAX, XRD, and UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. EDAX confirmed the formation of Copper nanoparticles. The UV Vis spectrophotometer analysis confirmed the absorption peak of CuCl2 particles at wavelength of 300-400 nm. XRD analysis revealed four sharp peaks specifically referred to face cantered cubic structure of Metallic copper.

Odontogenic myxomas are rare benign neoplasm of mesenchymal origin, comprising 3-6% of all odontogenic tumors. They are slow growing, non-metastasizing, often asymptomatic with local aggressiveness due to its infiltrative nature and hence high recurrence rate, with a high incidence of occurrence in the mandible. Most frequently occurs in second to third decade of life, seldom occurs beyond these age groups. Hereby, we present a case of odontogenic myxoma occurring in the maxilla in a 65-year-old female managed by partial maxillectomy.

The diode-clamped multilevel topology has the problem of voltage unbalance of dc link capacitors. This can be solved by using separate DC sources, or adding auxiliary circuits or adopting space vector modulation control in three-level inverter applications. For higher level applications, the use of separate DC sources is not viable and the control techniques for other two methods will be more complicated to implement. Hence the Hybrid Multilevel Inverter Based on Switched-Capacitor and Diode-Clamped units can be used for higher levels. This topology can balance the capacitor voltage and also step up the output voltage. The boosting of output voltage contributes to lessen the transformation ratio of the input transformer or even eliminate it, thereby reducing the cost, which will benefit the design of converters in medium–high voltage applications. The topology is simulated using MAT lab simulink software and compared with other voltage balancing techniques.

Aim: The aim of this study is to identify and evaluate Langerhans cell (LC) in lichen planus (LP), lichenoid mucositis (LM) and normal mucosa (NM) using CD1a monoclonal antibody immunohistochemically. Materials and Methods: A total of 15 cases of oral lichen planus and 15 cases of LM were selected based on clinical examination and confirmed by histopathological analysis. The biopsies from the 10 patients were taken from normal buccal mucosa as control. Paraffin blocks of tissue were made, which are used for routine hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining using biotin streptavidin methods (CD1a monoclonal antibody). Analysis of CD1a expression was performed by evaluating the labeling index (LI) for each slide. Results: The mean CD1a LI for LP was significantly higher than that of LM and NM in the basal and supra basal layer. The mean CD1a positive cells in the connective tissues for LP were higher than that of LM and NM. Conclusion: This study clearly demonstrates a statistically significant increase in number of LC in LP than in LM, indicating the possible different immunopathogenic mechanisms.

Peripheral odontogenic fibroma (POdF) is a rare benign odontogenic neoplasm. It represents the soft tissue counterpart of central odontogenic fibroma. The embryonic source of POdF has been suggested by many as arising from the rest of dental lamina that has persisted in the gingiva following its disintegration. It presents clinically as a firm, slow growing and sessile gingival mass, which is difficult to distinguish with more common inflammatory lesions. Very few cases of recurrence have been documented. It has been stated that histological budding of basal cell layer of the surface squamous epithelium is associated with higher recurrence and the presence of calcification in direct apposition to the epithelial rest is associated with lower recurrence. Hereby, we present a case which histologically exhibited budding of the basal cell layer, which could have been the reason for its recurrence.

The main goal of an investigator in Cyber forensics methodology is to extract evidence related to the crime from the suspect's computer. In some cases, the task become more tedious if the suspect wiped out the evidence associated with the crime. Volume Shadow Copy is one of the key areas where evidence can be extracted even after wiping of previous information from the disk. Volume Shadow Copy is a windows operating system specific technology that creates snapshots of disk volumes. Although the suspect removes the information related to a crime, it may be possible to find out the traces by decoding and analyzing the volume shadow copies snapshots. This paper explains how to decode and analyze the Volume Shadow Copy files and obtain forensic related artifacts from windows 7 OS installed partition image by constructing shadow copy of the volume.

Classification of neoplasms of any organ should be predicted on the patterns of differentiation that reflect the organization and cell types of the parental tissue. The ability to classify a neoplasm instills confidence in its predicted biologic behavior and the selection of treatment. There has not been a single universally used classification system for salivary gland tumor. Histogenetic and morphogenetic concepts and the developing information on various molecular parameters will have significant influence on the classification of salivary glands tumors. In this article we would highlight the histogenetic and morphogenetic concepts in salivary gland neoplasms and elaborate on the taxonomic system of classification of salivary gland neoplasms.

The diode-clamped multilevel topology has the problem of voltage unbalance of dc link capacitors. This problem can be solved by different methods such as using separate dc sources instead of dc link capacitors, or adding auxiliary circuits to the conventional diode clamped inverter or adopting space vector modulation control, up to three-level inverter applications. For more level applications, the use of separate dc sources is not viable and the control techniques for other two methods will be more complicated to implement. Hence the Hybrid Multilevel Inverter Based on Switched-capacitor and Diode-clamped units can be used for higher levels. This topology can balance the capacitor voltage and also boost the terminal voltage in the output with the help of switched capacitor converter. The boosting of output voltage reduces the transformation ratio of the input transformer or avoids it in low power applications, thereby reducing the cost and design complication of converters. The simulation of this topology is done using MAT lab simulink software and compared with other voltage balancing techniques.

Nowadays, low Power Factor (PF) is a serious problem that gained more importance in power electronics area. In this paper, single phase PFC using Buck-Boost circuit topology under linearization voltage control is realized. Here the nonlinear load considered is the diode bridge rectifier, and a Buck-Boost converter is connected to its back end for PFC. The switching of buck-boost converter is done by comparing the dc control signal with a saw tooth wave and its switching frequency is set to 100 kHz. The simulation analyses are carried out in Matlab/Simulink software. The effect of PFC Buck-Boost circuit on PF and the sinusoidal nature of line current are analyzed by the simulation results. Its effectiveness is experimentally validated by means of a self designed prototype. Experimental results show that, Buck-Boost circuit topology have an excellent ability for PFC. It makes the supply voltage and current in phase to each other and thus approximate the PF to unity.

Orthokeratinised odontogenic cyst (OOC) denotes the odontogenic cyst that microscopically has an orthokeratinised epithelial lining. OOC is characterised by a less-aggressive behaviour and a low rate of recurrence. This report describes a case of OOC involving posterior part of the mandible that mimicked periapical cyst in a 14-year-old boy. The initial clinical diagnosis was given as periapical cyst based on the clinical and radiographical features. Enucleation of the cyst was performed and the specimen was sent for histopathological examination. A definite diagnosis of OOC was made by histopathological examination of the biopsy specimen. This case emphases on including OOC in the differential diagnosis of radiolucencies occurring in the periapical region of non-vital tooth.

Multilevel technology permits the achievement of high power ratings with voltage limited devices. Voltage source multilevel inverter has become more and more popular, thanks to their capability to meet the increasing demand of power ratings and power quality associated with reduced harmonic distortion and lower electromagnetic interference. Pulse width modulation based on space vectors (SVPWM) technique has become the most popular and important PWM technique for three phase voltage source inverter. The dwell time of the neighbouring voltage space vectors in SVPWM is considered according to volt-second balancing principle. Three switching points are obtained from the dwell times. According to the compared results and location of the triangle, that the reference vector falls in the switching sequence can be changed. The corresponding simulation model is build using Matlab/Simulink and the simulation result shows the correctness and feasibility of the algorithm.

Forensic odontology is the application of dental principles to legal issues. Sex determination is a subdivision of forensic odontology and it is very important especially when information relating to the deceased is unavailable. Sex determination becomes the first priority in the process of identification of a person by a forensic investigator in the case of mishaps, chemical and nuclear bomb explosions, natural disasters crime investigations, and ethnic studies. This article reviews upon the various methods used in sex determination.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of plasma cell origin. It often has a multicentric origin within the bone. It makes about 1% of all malignancies and 15% of all hematologic malignancies. There is a monoclonal proliferation of abnormal plasma cells in this disease that arise from a single malignant precursor that has undergone uncontrolled mitotic division. These cells in turn produce one type of immunoglobulin light chain, either kappa or lambda. Unifocal, monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells is called plasmacytoma. Hereby, we present a case of a 65-year-old female patient who presented with a swelling of the mandible. The uniform sheets of plasma cells in the histopathology punched out radiolucencies in skull radiograph and the blood picture of anemia and hypercalcemia, confirmed the case as MM.

Pigmentations are commonly found in the mouth. They represent in various clinical patterns that can range from just physiologic changes to oral manifestations of systemic diseases and malignancies. Color changes in the oral mucosa can be attributed to the deposition of either endogenous or exogenous pigments as a result of various mucosal diseases. The various pigmentations can be in the form of blue/purple vascular lesions, brown melanotic lesions, brown heme-associated lesions, gray/black pigmentations.