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The aim of the present paper is to investigate the starlikeness, convexity, and close-to-convexity of some partial sums of the generalized Koebe function. Furthermore, we give some special results related with special cases of c constant. The results, which are presented in this paper, would generalize those in related works of several earlier authors.

The aim of this research was to determine the adsorption behavior of coffee as green and roasted beans and ground. For this aim, the static gravimetric method was used and samples were kept in the different water activity levels between 0.01 and 0.91 at 25°C for 7 days. The data were evaluated using the BET (Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller), GAB (Guggenheim, Anderson and deBoer), Halsey, and Peleg sorption equations. The constants m₀ and C of BET and GAB equations were determined to be between 2.13 and 6.61 g water/100 g of dry matter and 30.05–429.60, respectively. The isotherms of all coffee samples were defined as Type II because the C constant of the GAB equation was higher than 2. Additionally; the BET, GAB, and Peleg equations were determined to fit better than the Halsey for adsorption properties of coffee because E% values were lower than 10% and the coefficient of regression values approached the 1.00. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The obtained results with that research could be useful for understanding the physicochemical relationship between water and dry matter of coffee. Because this relationship is quite important in foods that have easily changing characteristics and quality like coffee, and determination of their sorption characteristics ensures maintaining the physical, chemical, biochemical, and microbiological quality stability of food during processing, packaging, and storage.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of constant C for ray tracing-assisted intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation in patients with different refractive power, we compared the refractive outcome of the ray tracing method based on constant C and conventional IOL calculation. Methods: 215 eyes which underwent phacoemulsification and IOL implantation were enrolled in the study. According to the average corneal power, patients were divided into 3 groups: high corneal power (K >45 D) group, medium corneal power (43 ≤ K ≤ 45 D) group, and low corneal power (K Results: On the basis of the corneal refractive power, there were 65 eyes of K >45 D (30.23%), 96 eyes of 43 ≤ K ≤ 45 D (44.65%), and 54 eyes of K p = 0.010). In each group, the value of MAE was smallest in the ray tracing group; for the proportions of AEs p = 0.006). Conclusions: Compared with the conventional formulas, C constant of the ray tracing-assisted IOL power calculation has more accuracy for the patients with different corneal refractive powers. Ray tracing could provide better guidance for IOL selection clinically.

This study aimed to determine the effect of dietary creeping wood sorrel powder (Oxalis corniculata) and chromium supplemented to broilers (1-42 days) exposed to heat stress, on their performance and on the intestinal and caecal microbiota.Area of study: Ilfov, RomaniaMaterial and methods: The feeding trial was conducted on 60, day-old Cobb 500 broilers, divided equally in two groups, each group with six replicates (5 chicks/ replicate). The broilers were housed in an experimental hall at 32° C constant temperature and 23h light regimen. Unlike the dietary control diet (C), the experimental diet (E) was supplemented with 1% creeping wood sorrel powder and 20 mg chromium picolinate/ kg premix. One bird from each replication was slaughtered on days 28 and 42, and samples of caecal and intestinal content were collected for bacteriological analysis.Main results: The dietary creeping wood sorrel powder and chromium supplements for heat-stressed broilers had no significant influence on their growth performance (1-42 d). Overall, E diet had a beneficial effect on the balance of the caecal microflora; however, in the intestine, E diet had a positive influence on the balance of the intestinal microflora, only for the samples collected at 28 days.Research highlights: Dietary creeping wood sorrel powder and chromium supplements can be an efficient tool for maintaining a proper balance of intestinal microflora in heat-stressed broilers.

We discuss the length L c , n of the longest cycle in a sparse random graph G n , p , p = c / n , c constant. We show that for large c there exists a function f ( c ) such that L c , n / n → f ( c ) a.s. The function f ( c ) = 1 − ∑ k = 1 ∞ p k ( c ) e − k c where p k ( c ) is a polynomial in c. We are only able to explicitly give the values p 1 , p 2 , although we could in principle compute any p k . We see immediately that the length of the longest path is also asymptotic to f ( c ) n w.h.p.

In this paper, an initial-value problem for the modified Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV) equation is addressed. Previous numerical simulations of the solution of \[ u_{t} - 6u^{2} u_{x}+u_{xxx}=0, \quad -\infty0, \] where x and t represent dimensionless distance and time respectively, have considered the evolution when the initial data is given by \[ u(x,0)=\tanh ( Cx ), \quad -\infty for C constant. These computations suggest that kink and soliton structures develop from this initial profile and here the method of matched asymptotic coordinate expansions is used to obtain the complete large-time structure of the solution in the particular case C = 1/3. The technique is able to confirm some of the numerical predictions, but also forms a basis that could be easily extended to account for other initial conditions and other physically significant equations. Not only can the details of the relevant long-time structure be determined but rates of convergence of the solution of the initial-value problem be predicted.

A proper 2-tone $k$-coloring of a graph is a labeling of the vertices with elements from $\binom{[k]}{2}$ such that adjacent vertices receive disjoint labels and vertices distance 2 apart receive distinct labels. The 2-tone chromatic number of a graph $G$, denoted $\tau_2(G)$ is the smallest $k$ such that $G$ admits a proper 2-tone $k$ coloring. In this paper, we prove that w.h.p. for $p\ge Cn^{-1/4}\ln^{9/4}n$, $\tau_2(G_{n,p})=(2+o(1))\chi(G_{n,p})$ where $\chi$ represents the ordinary chromatic number. For sparse random graphs with $p=c/n$, $c$ constant, we prove that $\tau_2(G_{n,p}) = \lceil{{\sqrt{8\Delta+1} +5}/{2}}\rceil$ where $\Delta$ represents the maximum degree. For the more general concept of $t$-tone coloring, we achieve similar results., Comment: 13 pages

The possibility of parameterization of hot tensile data together with creep data is investigated, for commercially pure copper, according to a recent criterion that pro-poses an equivalence for both kinds of tests. Four different parameterization methods are considered, which are commonly mentioned in the traditional literature for data extrapolation. The hot tensile data shows good compatibility with creep data when the analysis is performed by the Orr-Sherby-Dorn, Manson-Succop and Manson-Haferd procedures. The Manson-Haferd method rationalizes the results so well that make the distinction between both kinds of data almost impossible, producing a remarkably good quality reference curve. On the other hand, the more popular Larson-Miller method is not able to generate a consistent reference curve by the use of a single C constant for both data.

The Larson-Miller parameter (LMP=T(C+log t)) with the determined C-value is suitable to describe the high-temperature ageing behaviour of pearlitic heat resistant steels, such as 12Cr1MoV with C of 20.62, and 15CrMo 20.30. The heat strength parameter Pc was proposed as one property of materials, and heat processing factor P as temperature-time processing parameter. In addition, the relationship between Pc and P was discussed. Then, based on the calculation of valence electron structures by the Empirical Electron Theory of Solid and Molecules (EET), the physical nature and microscopic meaning of C constant in LMP were analyzed, including the effects of carbon content on C-value.

Doveweed is becoming more common in agronomic crops in North Carolina. Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of temperature and seed burial depth on doveweed germination and emergence. Germination of lightly scarified seed at constant temperature was well described by a Gaussian model, which estimated peak germination at 28 C. Similar maximum percentage of germination was observed for optimal treatments under both constant and alternating temperatures. Among alternating temperatures, a 35/25 C regime gave greatest germination (77%). In spite of similar average daily temperatures, germination was greater with alternating temperature regimes of 40/30 and 40/35 C (65 and 30%, respectively) than constant temperatures of 36 and 38 C (4 and 0%, respectively). No germination was observed at 38 C constant temperature or for alternating temperature regimes of 20/10 and 25/15 C. Light did not enhance germination. Greatest emergence occurred from 0 to 1 cm, with a redu...

Assuming the IC conjecture, we show that, for any faithful scoring rule, when the number of participating agents n tends to infinity, the probability that a random profile will be manipulable for a coalition of size Cn α , with 0≤ α C constant, is of order O (1/ n 1/2− α ).

While photoperiod responses have been studied in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] isolines, identification of temperature and photothermal responses are lacking in early-maturing soybean. This study was conducted to quantify photoperiod and temperature responses of early-maturing soybean. Six 'Harosoy' isolines with different combinations of alleles at the E1, E3, E4, and E7 loci were grown in growth cabinets with 10-, 12-, 14-, 16-, and 20-h photoperiods and with either 18 or 28 degrees C constant temperature. Under the most inductive conditions (10 and 12 h, 28 degrees C), all isolines flowered in about 26 d. Under the least inductive conditions (20 h, 28 degrees C), there was a 50 d difference in flowering time between the early- and late-flowering isolines. Interestingly, the late-flowering isolines flowered earlier under cool than under warm temperatures. A mathematical model was developed to quantify the effects of temperature and photoperiod on days to first flower. This model related the rate of phenological development from planting to flowering to temperature, photoperiod and the interaction between temperature and photoperiod. The equation was integrated analytically, resulting in an inverse time (1/time) equation, or numerically resulting in the development of a Growing Photothermal Day (G(PTD)) similar to a heat unit. The model had a base temperature (5.8 degrees C) below which the rate of phenological development was zero, a critical or base photoperiod (13.5 h) below which photoperiod had no effect, and two genetic coefficients, one of which varied with isoline. The isoline photoperiod sensitivity coefficient was linearly related to the number of dominant (late flowering, photoperiod sensitive) alleles. The model fit the observed data well (R2 = 0.96).

Protein-fed Calliphora vicina, F1 offspring of wild flies in two cages with lower and higher fly densities showed variable delay in starting oocyte vitellogenesis at ambient semi-natural temperatures in warm July-August weather in 1996 and 1997 at Durham in northern England (54 degrees 45' N). The high-density flies in 1996 showed no delay, in that the thermal sum (degree-days) experienced was 133, comparable to 18 degrees C constant, assuming the lower threshold for egg maturation to be 5 degrees C. Low-density cages and flies in a large outdoor cage (2 m3) in both years showed delays in production of first eggs of 34 days (thermal sum 293 degree-days) in 1996 and 32 days (396 degree-days) in 1997, and longer delays for other individuals. Delays in egg production at low densities relative to high densities seem to be a group effect of unknown mechanism.

Es wurde das Schwingfestigkeitsverhalten von Turbinenradern und die lebensdauerbestimmenden Einflusgrosen (Temperatur, Haltezeit, Beanspruchungsgeschwindigkeit, Lastfolge Hot Turbistan) am Beispiel der Nickelbasis-Legierung IN 713 C unter konstanten und veranderlichen Beanspruchungsamplituden untersucht. Dazu wurden axial dehnungsgesteuerte Versuche an ungekerbten Rundproben sowie lastgesteuerte Versuche an Kerbstaben unter Biegebelastung durchgefuhrt, um die Ubertragbarkeit der an ungekerbten Proben ermittelten Schwingfestigkeitskennwerte auf das Bauteil, fur das als Vorstufe der Kerbstab stehen soll, zu uberprufen. Zur Erfassung des Kurzrisverhaltens wurde die Lastmarkierungsmethode angewandt. Weiterhin wurde das Risfortschrittsverhalten von langen Rissen in CT-Proben untersucht. Mit den ermittelten Ergebnissen und entsprechenden Sicherheitsbetrachtungen kann eine verbesserte Lebensdauervorhersage fur Turbinenrader unter Anwendung der im Gasturbinenbau ublichen Safe-Life-, Damage-Tolerance- und Total-Life-Konzepte erfolgen. Life Assessment for Integral Turbine Wheels in Consideration of Short Cracks on Example of the Nickel Base Alloy IN 713 C Constant and variable amplitude fatigue tests on unnotched specimens under strain controlled axial loading and on notched specimens under load controlled bending were carried out in order to investigate the transferability of unnotched specimens data to components. In this case the notched specimen represents the component, the turbine wheel. The operational conditions of a turbine wheel, high temperatures, hold times, different loading rates and the fatigue sequence Hot Turbistan, were included in the investigations. Short crack propagation was measured in a scanning electron microscope by identification of load markers on the rupture surface. Additionally CT-specimens were tested in order to determine crack propagation of long cracks. Using these test results and corresponding safety factors a better life assessment for turbine wheels is possible, if the concepts of Safe-Life-, Damage-Tolerance and Total-Life are applied.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of the C constant for ray tracing-assisted intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Public university hospital and private clinic. METHODS: Preoperatively, all intraocular distances were measured using laser biometry. Various IOL designs were studied; powers ranged from -5.0 diopters (D) to +38.0 D. The IOL power calculation was performed with the Olsen formula using the C constant and compared with the Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, and the SRK/T formulas on optimized datasets. Outcome measures were the error of the prediction, expressed as the arithmetic error, and the absolute error between the observed refraction and the predicted refraction. RESULTS: Two thousand forty-three cases from the 2 centers were studied. No significant differences were found between the Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, and SRK/T formulas with the exception of the SRK/T formula, which performed better than the other thin-lens formulas in eyes with an axial length (AL) greater than 27.0 mm (P1.0 D) for the 2 series, respectively (P CONCLUSION: The C constant is a promising concept for ray tracing-assisted IOL power calculation.

An understanding of the mechanistic hasis of adverse environmental effects on cotton fiber development is a prerequisite to future improvement through genetic engineering and aids in field management to minimize such adverse effects. In order to clarify previous results from field studies on the effects of cool temperatures on initiation, early elongation, and later elongation of cotton fibers, cotton ovules (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultured in vitro were used as a manipulable and reproducible experimental system based on previous evidence that they provide a valid model. Culture temperature varied from a control of 34 o C constant to 34/15 o C cycling (12/12 h) to mimic a typical diurnal temperature cycle

Two studies were conducted to examine effects of cycling high environmental temperature during the growing period on subsequent carcass yield. Commercial broilers were reared form 23 to 49 days of age at either 23.9 C constant temperature or 23.9 to 35 C cycling high temperature. Birds in the heat stress environment were exposed to 8 h of 23.9 C, 4 h of 23.9 to 35 C, 4 h of 35 and 8 h of 35 to 23.9 C. Birds grown at elevated temperatures weighed up to 21% less (P

This study examined two hypotheses, (1) that there is a positive relationship between involvement and the length of the replacement cycle and (2) that there is a negative relationship between involvement and the replacement rate. A Pearson product-moment correlation of .806 confirmed the first hypothesis and a decrease in the c constant in the logistics equation confirmed the second hypothesis. 124 undergraduate business school students served as subjects and the stimulus object was athletic shoes.

The concept of the characteristic curve in physical adsorption and the rule of its temperature invariance is traced from the potential theory of adsorption by Polanyi to the Frenkel–Halsey–Hill equation, the theory of volume filling of micropores by Dubinin et al. and the theory of adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces. A computer simulation of an irregular atomic configuration at the surface of amorphous carbon is presented. In the submonolayer region, the isotherms of argon adsorption simulated on that surface are shown to correspond to the Freundlich equation and are close to the experimental isotherms on a diamond dust sample. Simulated isosteric heats of adsorption are also reasonably close to the experimental data for argon on a real carbon black. The BET C constant for the simulated isotherm is lower than for the real isotherm on untreated carbon black. However, the isotherms at two temperatures can be described by one absolute isotherm of adsorption.

The dependence of the C constant in the BET equation on the amount of pre-adsorbed water has been investigated by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption on activated carbon containing different amounts of water pre-adsorbed at the same relative water vapour pressure. It is suggested that the rapid decrease in the surface area as determined by the BET method in comparison with the C value in cases of low degrees of sorption volume filling is associated with blocking of part of the carbon texture and the parallel formation of extremely narrow micropores.

Influence of micropore volume on the value of C-constant of BET-isotherm was studied for series of different zeolites with mesoporous alumina. Results showed the great sensitivity of Cbet value on micropore content especially in the range up to about 7–12 % wt of zeolite, where it increases to extremely high, nonrealistic values (over 10002000).

Two trials were conducted to study the effects of heat stress during rearing (trial 1) and crating (trial 2) on broiler stress parameters and fear, breast meat quality, and nutrient composition. The relationships between stress parameters and meat quality traits were also determined. Trial 1 consisted of 3 temperature treatments from 3 to 7 wk: control (temperature was 22 degrees C); diurnal cyclic temperature (temperature was 28 degrees C from 1000 to 1700 h and 22 degrees C from 1700 to 1000 h); and constant high temperature (34 degrees C; temperature was 34 degrees C). In trial 2, broilers from the control and 34 degrees C groups in trial 1 were used. Broilers in each group were placed in transport cages. The 9 cages from the control group were divided into 3 groups and placed into 3 rooms at 15, 22, or 34 degrees C for 2 h. The 3 cages from the 34 degrees C group were also held in the room at 34 degrees C (34-34 degrees C). Diurnal cyclic temperature had no effect on BW up to 5 wk of age. The effect of 34 degrees C constant temperature on BW of broilers increased with age. Plasma levels of glucose and albumin increased by 34 degrees C, but no dramatic change in levels occurred when those broilers were crated at 34 degrees C. The heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) was higher for the 34-34 degrees C broilers and the control broilers in the 34 degrees C room than those from the 22 and 15 degrees C room. Breast muscle glycogen level decreased in broilers reared under diurnal cyclic or high temperatures. A lower pH and higher lightness (L*) and redness values and redness:yellowness were found in meat for broilers from both 34 degrees C and 34-34 degrees C groups. Higher H:L was associated with breast muscle pH according to first-order polynomial regression. The H:L had a significant effect on L* values, which were described by a second-order polynomial regression. Blood glucose level was positively correlated with L* and redness values. Duration of tonic immobility was neither influenced by rearing and crating temperatures nor associated with meat quality parameters.

Summary Analysis of laboratory measurements of 301 core samples found in the literature for different lithologies, clay content, porosities and pressures was employed to constrain the C constant that accounts for the frame properties of the rock in the AVO inversion method proposed by Batzle et al. (2001). The results showed that C varies for sandstones between 2 and 2.9 and for carbonates between 2.5 and 3.5. If clay content increases C decreases, and if cementation (carbonates) and porosity increases C increases. We applied this method to a small 3D seismic volume corresponding to the King Kong field in Gulf of Mexico in order to estimate the fluid properties of the reservoir (gas sandstones) and the water bearing sandstones. Specifically we used this method to estimate the fluid term, which is composed by density of the rock and the fluid bulk modulus (ρKf). The results successfully discriminate two pay sands intervals from the background; however absolute values of fluid bulk modulus are not comparable to the results yield by well-log data available of the prospect. Probable causes are tuning effect and calibration of seismic amplitudes with well-log data.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the application of one type of time-temperature integrator (TTI) to monitor the microbiological quality of ice-packed raw chicken drumsticks as a function of temperature exposure. A kinetics-based model was used to correlate the TTI chroma response to the number of bacteria on the drumstick surface under constant- and variable-temperature conditions. Two constant-temperature studies (4 and 15 degrees C) and one variable-temperature study (4 degrees C for 24 h, 15 degrees C for 24 h, 4 degrees C constant) were conducted to evaluate the applicability of the TTI under ideal and worst-case situations. During the constant-temperature studies, quality predictions made at the midpoint of the product shelf life were accurate within 15% for the observed bacterial populations. The accuracy of the TTI was marginal in the initial and final stages of the response period. During the variable-temperature study, the TTI response demonstrated positive history effects, whereby the observed rate constant is affected by previous temperature exposure. After the TTIs had been held at 15 degrees C for 24 h, the TTI response rate constant observed during subsequent storage at 4 degrees C was higher than what would be predicted for 4 degrees C. Further work will be needed to develop a continuous TTI-based quality monitoring system. However, because the microbiological quality of fresh poultry could be reliably predicted with kinetic models, fresh poultry products would be excellent candidates for a TTI-based quality monitoring system.

Two experiments, each consisting of three trials and using 3- to 4-wk-old newly weaned pigs, were conducted to evaluate the effects of two reduced nocturnal temperature regimens on weaned pig and subsequent growing-finishing performance and nursery energy (propane and electricity) use. In Exp. 1, nursery treatments were 1) a control temperature (CT) regimen of 30 degrees C constant air temperature lowered 2C degrees/wk and 2) a regimen for pigs in pens with hovers (MRNT-H) in which the temperature from 1900 to 0700 beginning 1 wk after weaning was lowered 6 C degrees from the 0700 to 1900 temperature setting, which was 3C degrees lower than CT. The nursery temperature treatments in Exp. 2 were 1) CT and 2) a 10C degrees reduction in air temperature (MRNT10) from 1900 to 0700 from CT beginning 1 wk after weaning. In addition, within each temperature, diet sequences of 1.2% lysine for 3 wk followed by 1.0% lysine vs 1.15% lysine offered continuously were evaluated. In Exp. 1, there was no effect (P greater than .1) of temperature on feed intake but ADG decreased (P less than .001) in two of the three trials for MRNT-H vs CT and feed/gain worsened (P less than .05) in all trials. In Exp. 2, there was no difference between MRNT10 and CT for ADG and feed/gain. No interaction was observed between nursery diet and temperature regimen for weaned pig performance. There was no effect (P greater than .1) in either experiment of nursery temperature on subsequent growing-finishing performance. Overall energy savings comparing the MRNT-H and CT treatments were 68 MJ per weaned pig. Energy savings for Exp. 2 were 79 MJ per weaned pig. Application of cyclical temperatures in a controlled manner can result in energy savings of approximately $50 per pig weaned under the conditions of these experiments.

Magnetic properties of RMn2Si2 and RMn2Ge2 compounds, where R is a rare earth metal, have been investigated by magnetometric measurements. RMn2Ge2 (where R is a light rare earth) and LaMn2Si2 are ferromagnets. Remaining compounds have antiferromagnetic properties. DyMn2Si2 and ErMn2Si2 show ferromagnetic properties at low temperatures. It was confirmed that the value of Curie (or Neel) temperature for the Mn sublattice decreases with increasing c constant.

The BET method of calculating specific surface areas of solid powders from measurements of the adsorption isotherm is reviewed. The theoretical background to the BET theory is outlined and a critical examination made of the two parameters calculated from this theory — the BET C constant and the monolayer capacity. Experimental methods are also reviewed, with special emphasis given to the calculation of surface area from a single adsorption point. The use of the BET equation in some methods of comparing adsorption isotherms is stressed, as it is often overlooked that these methods depend on the location of the monolayer, which ultimately is performed by the use of the BET equation.

The shape parameter, A, has been used to assess hypoxic sensitivity (ventilatory response, VE, to lowered alveolar oxygen tension, PAO2) in the model of the form VE = VEO + A/(PAO2 - C) where C is held constant at 32. In this paper we examine the consequence of holding C constant versus estimating both A and C from the data. Using computer-simulated data from 59 subjects whose A and C values had been previously determined, we indicate that when the actual C value is substantially different from 32, the model with C = 32 does not fit the data. In this case, the estimated A value with C = 32 is highly dependent upon the lowest value of PAO2 obtained in the experimental protocol and can be markedly different from the actual A value. In contrast, when C is also estimated from the subject's data the model fits the data and the estimate of A is unbiased but the precision may be diminished when the actual value of C is low. To improve this precision, we propose a Bayesian estimation scheme that adds a "soft" constraint on C.

Experiments were conducted to determine effects of restraint and thermal stressors on plasma prolactin (PRL) in castrated male pigs. A single 20-min restraining period in a restraining cage which prevented both movement and injury increased (P less than 0.05) plasma PRL when applied at either 0800 or 1600 hr. Exposure to 32 degrees C at 0800-1000 hr or at 1600-1800 hr produced more moderate increases (P less than 0.05). A combination of 20 min restraint and 2 hr at 32 degrees C produced a response similar to restraint alone. Twenty minutes after stressor application plasma PRL concentrations in pigs exposed to restraint or restraint +32 degrees C at 1600 h were greater (P less than 0.05) than concentrations measured in all other treatment groups at that time interval. However, there were no statistically significant differences in additional quantitative indices of the plasma PRL responses (maximal level, maximal change, or integrated response above basal levels) among restraint, 32 degrees C, or restraint +32 degrees C, nor between morning and afternoon applications of treatment. Such data do not provide, therefore, any strong evidence for stressor-dependent or circadian differences in plasma PRL response. A second study subjected castrated male pigs to 20 degrees C (controls), 20 +/- 12 degrees C (cyclic temperature, sine wave variation), 5 degrees C constant, and 5 +/- 12 degrees C cyclic for 20 days. After 6 days exposure to 5 degrees C constant or 5 +/- 12 degrees C cyclic there were decreases (P less than 0.05) of 59 and 67% respectively in plasma PRL when compared either with pretreatment levels or with levels in pigs at 20 or 20 +/- 12 degrees C. There were no differences in PRL responses between cyclic vs constant temperatures. These results are the first to indicate that plasma PRL in pigs is affected by acute restraint and thermal stressors.

Nitrogen adsorption isotherms have been determined on a microporous rutile sample before and after preadsorption of nonane. Analysis of the isotherms by the αs method, using different standard adsorption data, shows that the experimental phenomena can only be explained rationally using a standard isotherm based on a material of the same chemical composition as the material under study, rather than one with the same BET C constant.

Hyperfine structure for several E(0g+)–B(0u+) rovibrational transitions has been measured for the first time. Two single frequency lasers were used to excite E(0g+)(υ*, J*)–B(0u+)(υ′, J′) – X(1Σg+)(υʺ, Jʺ) transitions which result in Doppler-free E(0g+)(υ*, J*)–B(0u+)(υ′, J′) fluorescence excitation spectra. Hyperfine parameters are obtained for E(0g+)υ = 11 (eQq = +483±4 MHz, C = –210±3 kHz) and E(0g+)υ = 8 (eQq = +492.3±2.5 MHz, C = –205±3 kHz). The non-zero C constant is shown to arise from mixing with a nearby 1g state and the eQq constant shows the 3P2(I+) origin of the E(0g+) state.

Three experiments of 5 wk duration were conducted to evaluate the effect of reduced nocturnal temperatures (RNT) on weaned pig performance. Treatments were 1) a control regimen (CR) of 30 C constant air temperature lowered 2 C/wk and 2) a regimen where the temperature from 1900 to 0700 h was lowered to 25 C for three nights followed by 20 C for four nights during the first week and then lowered 1 C/wk thereafter (RNT). Weaned pigs averaging 23  2 d of age at the start of the experiments gained faster (P

The specific surface areas of 12 nonporous materials were measured using both nitrogen and n -butane as adsorbates. In order to bring the surface areas measured with butane into conformity with the nitrogen areas, the cross-sectional area values of n -butane had to be revised. It was found that the revised cross-sectional areas increased hyperbolically as the BET C constant decreased. A relationship has also been established between the fraction of surface covered by the adsorbate ( θ 0 ) m and the C constant. Since ( θ 0 ) m can be obtained from a BET plot, the cross-sectional area of an adsorbate relative to nitrogen can be predicted.

Die Cadmiumapatite Cd5(PO4)3OH und Cd5(PO4)3F sowie der bisher nicht bekannte Jodapatit Cd5(VO4)3J wurden in Form von Kristallen erhalten. Die Substanzen wurden mit rontgenographischen Pulver- und Einkristallmethoden untersucht. Alle Ein-kristalldiagramme weisen hexagonale Symmetrie auf. Die Jodverbindung hat eine so niedrige c-Konstante (etwa 6,5 A), das eine Diskussion der Halogenidlagen in der Struktur notwendig erscheint. Die Reflexe von C5(PO4)3F zeigen Aufspaltungen, die fur eine trikline Verzerrung der Apatitstruktur und fur Zwillingsbildung sprechen. Im Temperaturbereich von etwa 150 bis 350°C verschwindet die Deformation reversibel. Cd5(AsO4)3F und Cd5(VO4)3F sowie die entsprechenden OH-Verbindungen konnten nicht erhalten werden. Dagegen wurden die neuen isotypen Verbindungen Cd2XO4F (X = P, As, V) auf thermischem und hydrothermalem Wege dargestellt. Einkristalluntersuchungen und die Morphologie von Cd2PO4F ergaben die Raumgruppe C2/c. Es bestehen strukturelle Beziehungen zu den Mineralen der Wagnerit-Gruppe. Im Zusammenhang mit der Synthese von Cd2XO4F wird die relative Stabilitat verschiedener Apatite diskutiert. The Cadmiumapatites Cd5(PO4)3OH und Cd5(PO4)3F as well as the yet unknown iodoapatite Cd5(VO4)3I were synthesized and investigated by X-ray powder and single crystal methods. All single crystal diagrams exhibit hexagonal symmetry. The iodine compound has such a low c constant (about 6.5 A) that is seems essential to discuss the halide positions in the structure. The reflexions of Cd5(PO4)3F show splitting which is indicative of a triclinic distortion of the apatite structure and of twinning. At about 150–350°C the deformation disappears reversibly. Cd5(AsO4)3F, Cd5(VO4)3F and the corresponding OH-compounds could not be prepared, but the new isotypic compounds Cd2XO4F (X = P, As, V) were synthesized by thermal and hydrothermal reactions. Single crystal investigations and the morphology of Cd2PO4F proved the space group C2/c. There are structural relations to the minerals of the wagnerite group. In connexion with the synthesis of Cd2XO4F a discussion of the relative stabilities of different apatites is given.

From previous results and from 16 additional trials relating Bray acid-soluble plus adsorbed phosphorus to the phosphorus fertilizer requirement of the tomato crop in Prince Edward County, Ontario, the mean c1 constant for 66 trials was 0.00410, and the mean c constant for 40 comparisons was 0.00428. The standard error was ± 0.00027 for the mean c1 value and ± 0.00031 for the mean c value. The mean c1 value for trials conducted in a single year differed from the mean for all trials in only one of six years. The mean c value for each of three years did not deviate significantly from the general mean.The use of the established constants in estimating the amounts of phosphorus required for 95 per cent of maximum yield in the area is illustrated for a range of soil test values. When recommended amounts of phosphorus for 95 per cent of maximum yield were used in the 16 trials, the mean value obtained for percentage of maximum yield was 96. With less than the recommended amounts, the values for percentage yield tended to decrease, the mean value for three-quarters of that recommended being 89 per cent.

In an isentropic expansion of a real gas, the relationship pvγ = C (γ, C constant) is not exact. A development is given for an accurate exponent ᾱ (the effective ``gamma''), related to the ratio of specific heats, which permits the use of the relationship p0v0ᾱ = p1v1ᾱ for an isentropic expansion between any two pressures. The exponent may be computed from the initial conditions of the gas, the expansion ratio, equation of state data, and data on the variation of specific heat with temperature.

1. Acicular crystals of FeB and Fe2B formed on borided iron show preferred orientation. The axis of FeB crystals is parallel to the [001] and [100] directions. The axis of the Fe2B crystals is parallel to the [111] direction. 2. The preferred orientation is due to the easier diffusion of boron into the boride through the channel in the lattice. 3. In places of conjuction of the lattices of FeB and Fe2B the c constant of the Fe2B lattice decreases significantly, which apparently is associated with the adaptation of the Fe−Fe spacings in the nucleation of the FeB phase.

Groups of 18 hens, 230 days of age, were housed in each of three climatic chambers with light schedules of 14L:10D. One was maintained at a constant temperature of 23.9 C, the second was cycled between 15.6 and 37.7 C (mean, 26.7 C), and the third was cycled between 21.1 and 37.7 C (mean, 29.4 C). In Experiment 1, the high temperature peaked during the dark period at 0200 hr and in Experiment 2, the high temperature peak was at 1400 hr during the light period. The birds had free access to a commercial breeder feed in these two experiments. The results from three 2-week observation periods indicated no significant differences in percent hen-day production, grams of feed per gram of egg mass, or overall body weight change but feed intake per day, egg weight, and shell thickness were significantly reduced by mean temperatures of 26.7 and 29.4 C in cycling chambers. The pair-feeding of birds in the 23.9 C constant chamber compared with those in the cycling 29.4 C chamber resulted in production of significantly heavier eggs with thicker shells without significantly influencing any of the other parameters. The reductions in egg weight and shell thickness observed at cyclic temperatures were not simply a result of a reduction in nutrient intake at high temperatures but also the direct effect of heat stress on the hens. In the 23.9 C constant temperature chambers, a reduction in AME of the feed for the hens fed ad libitum was observed but not for hens pair-fed to hens in the 29.4 C cyclic chamber.

A four-trial experiment utilizing 3- to 4-wk-old newly weaned pigs was conducted to evaluate the effect of a modified reduced nocturnal (MRNT) nursery temperature regimen on weaned pig and subsequent grower-finisher performance. Nursery treatments were 1) a control temperature (CT) regimen of 30 degrees C constant air temperature lowered 2 degrees C/wk and 2) a regimen beginning 1 wk after weaning in which the temperature from 1900 to 0700 was lowered 6 degrees C from CT. Weaned pigs gained faster (P less than .01) in the MRNT treatment than in the CT treatment, with gains in Trials 1, 2, 3 and 4 being .39 vs .37, .28 vs .27, .38 vs .37 and .39 vs .36 kg/d, respectively. This improvement in gain was due to an increase (P less than .005) in feed intake for the same periods (.60 vs .58; .48 vs .42; .59 vs .58; .63 vs .58 kg/d). There was no difference in feed conversion (P greater than .1). There was no effect (P greater than .1) of MRNT vs CT on subsequent performance to slaughter weight for average daily gain (.69 vs .69 kg/d), average daily feed (2.22 vs 2.23 kg/d) or gain/feed (.31 vs .31). These results support the conclusions that weaned pigs eat more feed and gain faster with a reduced nocturnal temperature scheme and that there are no carry-over effects during the growing-finishing phase.

In Trial 1, blood was collected from 120 hens after 12 weeks of exposure to an environment of either 21 C constant (21 Co), 31 C constant (31 Co) or 26.7 to 35.6 C cyclic (31 Cy). Relative humidity was 50% in all environments. Subgroups of 20 hens in each environment were fed either a typical corn-soy laying diet or a “High Nutrient Density” diet (HND) which contained an additional 25% of all nutrients except energy which was increased 10%. In Trial 2, one week after Trial 1, blood was collected four times at 2-hr intervals from 35 hens divided among two diets and two environments (21 Co and 31 Cy). Progesterone and estradiol-17β were measured in blood plasma from both trials by radioimmunoassay (RIA) after initial extraction with diethyl ether. Testosterone was measured by RIA in Trial 1 after isolation from progesterone and other steroids by column chromatography. Concentrations of progesterone, estradiol-17β, and testosterone across environments were higher in the hens fed HND. Across diets these steroids were elevated at 31 Co as compared to 21 Co. The 31 Cy environment was intermediate. In Trial 2, environment was a more important variable than diet and it affected primarily hens that ovulated during the day of sampling rather than anovulatory hens. In ovulatory hens, progesterone was about three-fold higher in 31 Cy than in 21 Co and estradiol also was elevated at each of five periods prior to ovulation (from >6.5 hr to

Consider the linear purely dynamic system described by the mathematical model $$ \underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{\dot x} = A\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{x} + B\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{u} $$ (2.1.1) (2.1.2) , where x ∈ Rn is the state vector, u ∈ Rm the input vector, y ∈ Rs the output vector; A, B, C constant n×n, n×m and s×m matrices.

The l -type doubling transitions of PF 3 in the ν 4 state are reanalyzed by taking into account the third-order terms, while keeping the centrifugal distortion constants the same as those in the ground state. An equally good fitting is obtained, and other parameters are not influenced very much, except for the C constant.

The ordered distribution of aluminium or gallium atoms in the framework of zeolite L has been determined by analysing 29Si magic-angle-spinning (m.a.s.) n.m.r. spectra. As a first step, an ideal crystal with no defects was investigated; subsequently a small number of defect atoms were introduced and a best fit was obtained between calculated and observed 29Si n.m.r. spectra. Zeolite L has a doubled c constant and belongs to the space group symmetry P63. The proposed model explains the geometries and properties of extra-framework cation sites.

In a recent paper (publis hed in Nachr. T echn. Zeitschr.) Volland proposes an analyti cal model of the earth· ionos phe re waveguid e which is claimed to be in basic agreeme nt with the predictions of t he semi e mpirical transmission formula of L W. Austin for frequ e ncies less than 300 kc/s. In this note, the Rat·earth ass umptions made by Volland are question e d an d any agreement of hi s res u lt with Austin's formula is a ttribut ed to a fortuitou s cancell ation of e rrors. It is rathe r interestin g to n ote that H . Volland [1964] has r ecently publi shed a pa per under th e title "Bemer­ kungen zur Aus tin'schen Forme]" (Re marks on Austin' s formula). This basic radio transmission formula was proposed b y L. W. Austin and pub]jshe d in the Bulletin of th e Bureau of Standards over 50 ye ars ago [Aus tin , 191 5]_ Volland proposes an analyti­ cal model of th e earth-ionospher e waveguid e whi c h i s claimed to be in basic agreement with the predictions of the semi-empirical A us tin formula for frequ en cies less than 300 kc /s. At the same time, Volland sta tes that a fl at-earth ass umption is adequate and he asserts that the curvature of th e earth leads onl y to second­ order correc tion s and, thus, may be neglected. Sin ce this latter state ment is in violent co ntradi c ti on to most of the r ecent th eoreti cal work on VLF and LF mode theory of propagati on, so me comments on Volland's paper are call ed for. To pro perly orient the reader , a bri ef survey of Vol­ land's formulation is giv e n. His model consists of a flat homoge neo us earth with a di electri c constant Ee and conductivity (Te. The ionos phere is r e presented by a reflecting level at a height h above the earth's surface_ His formula, in cylindrical coordinates (p, cp , z), for the vector potential of a vertical dipole source of moment II is given by