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The C-shaped configuration of the root and root canal system is an unusual anatomical variation in mandibular first and second premolars. It is categorised as a 'C' due to the transverse morphology of the root and the root canal. The main anatomical characteristic is the presence of an invagination groove caused by Hertwig epithelial sheath faults during root development. This case report describes the root canal treatment of a C-shaped configuration of a mandibular first premolar, identified by means of cone beam computed tomography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case report deals with the endodontic management of a mandibular second premolar with a category 3 C-shaped root canal configuration, aided with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for the proper diagnosis and clinical management planning of the case. It also discusses use of a rotary file system such as XP-Endo that respects the root canal anatomy and the possible role of calcium hydroxide in the healing of a large apical lesion - all of this proven by periodic evaluations with radiographs and post-treatment CBCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to clarify the relationship between the panoramic radiographic appearance and the longitudinal cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) classification of root configurations of the mandibular second molar. Methods: Panoramic radiographs of 1058 mandibular second molars were classified into five types according to the number and configuration of the roots. These molars were also examined with CBCT at four levels between the pulp chamber and the root apex, and axial images perpendicular to the root axis were categorized into three patterns: single (fused root with small grooves on both buccal and lingual sides or a round root with one canal); double (two separate roots with a trabecular appearance between them); and C-shaped (root with a deep groove opening only on the lingual or buccal side relative to the opposite side). Based on these patterns and their scan levels, the CBCT root morphology appearance in each tooth unit was classified into seven groups. Relationships were investigated between these seven CBCT groups and the five panoramic root types. Results: In panoramic types 1 and 2 (with separate roots), 85% had roots with a double pattern (groups II and III) on the CBCT images. In panoramic types 3 and 4 (with fused roots), 85% had C-shaped CBCT patterns at the lower scan levels. Conclusions: When panoramic images show fused root types, CBCT examinations should be planned to clarify the root canal configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first, second and third mandibular molars (M1, M2, M3) show variations in the number of cusps and some distinction in size, occlusal design, and the relative lengths and number of roots. However, there are also genetic and racial related variations within them. This study determined the tooth length and related root-to-crown ratio (RCR), and root morphology variations in M1 and M2. We also determined the root length relative to the mandibular height of these teeth. Sixty-one conebeam computed tomography (CBCT) images of patients who had a good set of lower teeth with no sign of mandibular pathology or defect were included. Relevant measurements were made along the axes of the mesial and distal roots of these mandibular molars. The measurements obtained were used to calculate RCR and root-to-mandible (R/M) ratio. The crowns of 226 teeth and 465 roots were reviewed in 61 CBCTs of Malay patients. M1 and M2 were 19.41 mm and 18.15 mm long. The respective anatomical RCR and clinical RCR were 1.90 and 1.59 for M1, and 1.86 and 1.60 for M2. Thirteen molars (5.8%) presented with three roots, with twice the number affecting M1 than M2. More M1 (4.3%) had C-shaped morphology than M2 (1.8%). The R/M ratio at M1 was 42.32% and, at M2 this was 43.94 %. In summary, the morphometric measurements of M1 and M2 in Malay were established. These teeth did not have a high prevalence of supernumerary roots, but there is a high prevalence of C-shaped morphology in M1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The C-shaped root canal constitutes an unusual root morphology that can be found primarily in mandibular second permanent molars. Due to the complexity of their structure, C-shaped root canal systems may complicate endodontic interventions. A thorough understanding of root canal morphology is therefore imperative for proper diagnosis and successful treatment. This review aims to summarize current knowledge regarding C-shaped roots and root canals, from basic morphology to advanced endodontic procedures. To this end, a systematic search was conducted using the MEDLINE, BIOSIS, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Web of Science, PLoS and BioMed Central databases, and many rarely cited articles were included. Furthermore, four interactive 3D models of extracted teeth are introduced that will allow for a better understanding of the complex C-shaped root canal morphology. In addition, the present publication includes an embedded best-practice video showing an exemplary root canal procedure on a tooth with a pronounced C-shaped root canal. The survey of this unusual structure concludes with a number of suggestions concerning future research efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: To analyze the cross-sectional morphology of the root canal system in mandibular first premolars with C-shaped root and measure the minimum canal wall thickness. METHODS: 44 mandibular first premolars with C-shaped root were selected. The specimens were scanned by cone-beam computed tomography and 3D images of each specimen were reconstructed. The distribution of cross-sectional morphology of root canals in different portion of the roots was analyzed and compared. And measurement of the minimum canal wall thickness in the radicular groove aspect and the opposite aspect in different portion of the roots was taken. SPSS13.0 software package was used to perform the statistical analysis. RESULTS: The distribution of cross-sectional morphology of root canals was complex in the middle 1/3 and apical 1/3, mainly in types C2, C3 and C4, which was different from that of cervical l/3(P<0.05). The minimum canal wall thickness in the radicular groove aspect was thinner than that in the opposite aspect of both middle 1/3 and apical 1/3 (P< 0.05). And the value of the minimum canal wall thickness in both middle 1/3 and apical 1/3 was less than 1mm. CONCLUSIONS: Morphology of root canals in mandibular first premolars with C-shaped root was complex in apical 2/3 of the roots and the canal wall thickness was thinner in the radicular groove aspect. These factors should be considered in clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the root/number of roots and morphology of mandibular premolars and molars in a Korean population, and to evaluate the prevalence of three-rooted mandibular first molars having distolingual (DL) roots, three-rooted mandibular second molars, and C-shaped roots in mandibular second molars., Methods: Serial axial cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of the mandibles were collected from 430 Korean patients. The total number of roots in the mandibular premolars and molars was counted, and the incidence and the correlations between left- and right-side occurrences and between males and females were analyzed., Results: The majority of mandibular first premolars and second premolars had one root (99.9% and 99.4%, respectively). Three-fourth of first molars (77.4%) had one mesial and one distal root, and the incidence of a three-rooted tooth having DL root was 22.3%. A little more than half the number of mandibular second molars (54.5%) were two-rooted. Finally, 2.3% of the second molars had three roots having one DL root, and 41.3% had C-shaped roots., Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of three-rooted mandibular first molars and C-shaped roots in mandibular second molars among a Korean population, detected using CBCT, and the results showed similarities with previous reports about other Asian populations. It may be suggested that CBCT is a practical method of evaluating the number and shape of teeth. Data regarding the occurrence and morphology of the roots may provide useful information to dental practitioners.