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Aim: To study and analyse the clinical findings, pattern, various management and their outcome of bladder calculus in patients visiting VMKVMC hospital. Methodology: In this retrospective study about Fifty patients with bladder calculus were selected and datas like urine examination, ultrasonogram (USG), X ray KUB were noted. The Management performed in those patients were open suprapubic cystolithotomy or transurethral cystolithotripsy or percutaneous cystolithotripsy. Patients’ symptoms, socio- economic status, composition of calculus and post- operative complications were recorded. Results: Out of 50 patients, 30 were male (64%) and 20 were female (36%). Management done was open suprapubic cystolithotomy in 8, transurethral cystolithotripsy in 28 and percutaneous cystolithotripsy in 14 patients. Composition of bladder stones was Caph. CaOx, uric acid in 24, CaOx, uric acid in 3, MAP CaOx uric acid in 16, MAP CaOx in 3, uric acid in 2 and CaOxAmm. Urate in 2 patients. Conclusion: The study revealed that maximum males were affected and transurethral cystolithotripsy was the most common management performed.

Among many countries in the world, India is considered as the greatest agricultural producer. On the other hand, the water consumption in India for agricultural purposes is highest in the world. It leads to water deficit in the country. The development of agriculture in India improves crop yields and reduces water use. Water is the important key factor for any form of life on Earth which includes humans, animals and plants. Among these plants consume more world’s water resources. The amount of water intended for irrigation represents 70% of the total water Irrigation forms one of the primary components of agriculture and food-production. Huge volume of water is wasted in Agriculture due to outdated techniques in Agriculture irrigation field. In order to reduce water consumption without decreasing the crop yields, there are many modern technologies available, Among the many technologies, LoRa technology has many advantages like long rage wireless communication, low power consumption, compact size etc… This project is to present several efficient irrigation systems using “LoRa based wireless sensor networks”, which consists of soil moisture sensor, soil temperature sensor, light sensor, water flow sensor, 3 phase voltage sensor and current sensor.

PurposeIn recent years, fire accidents in engineering structures have often been reported worldwide, leading to a severe risk to life and property safety. The present study is carried out to evaluate the performance of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and fly ash–blended laterized mortars at elevated temperatures.Design/methodology/approachThis test program includes the replacement of natural river sand with lateritic fine aggregates (lateritic FA) in terms of 0, 50 and 100%. Also, the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was replaced with fly ash and GGBS in terms of 10, 20, 30% and 20, 40 and 60%, respectively, for producing blended mortars.FindingsThis paper presents results related to the determination of residual compressive strengths of lateritic fine aggregates-based cement mortars with part replacement of cement by fly ash and GGBS exposed to elevated temperatures. The effect of elevated temperatures on the physical and mechanical properties was evaluated with the help of microstructure studies and the quantification of hydration products.Originality/valueA sustainable cement mortar was produced by replacing natural river sand with lateritic fine aggregates. The thermal strength deterioration features were assessed by exposing the control specimens and lateritic fine aggregates-based cement mortars to elevated temperatures. Changes in the mechanical properties were evaluated through a quantitative microstructure study using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The phase change of hydration products after exposure to elevated temperatures was qualitatively analyzed by greyscale thresholding of SEM images using Image J software.

Intima Media Thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery is an important marker indicating the sign of cardiovascular disease. Automated measurement of IMT requires segmentation of intima media complex (IMC).Traditional methods which use shape, color and texture for classification have poor generalization capability. This paper proposes two models- the pipeline model and the end-to-end model using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and auto encoder–decoder network respectively. CNN architecture is implemented and tested by varying the number of convolutional layer, size of the kernel as well as the number of kernels. Auto encoder–decoder performs pixel wise classification using two interconnected pathways for identifying the boundary of lumen-intima (LI) and media adventitia (MA). This helps in reconstruction of the segmented portion for measurement of IMT. Both methods are tested using a dataset of 550 subjects. The results clearly indicate that end-to-end model has an edge over the pipeline model exhibiting lesser deviation between the automated measurement and the measurement made by the radiologist. The pipeline model however has better segmentation accuracy when the size of the image used for training is small. The convolutional neural network with auto encoder–decoder proves robust through sparse representation, and faster learning with better generalization. Also, the experimental setup is analyzed by interconnecting Tensor flow simulated result with Raspberry PI and the outcomes are analyzed.

PurposeConstruction industry is one of the leading causes of pollution generation in today's context. But the fact that the development of construction industry leads to the country's economic and social development cannot be unobserved. Hence, there is a need to develop a sustainable construction methodology, and while doing so, measures must be considered so as to not disturb the natural habitats. With the greater prominence shown toward the concept of green and sustainable construction developments, various tools have been developed in recent years in order to measure the performance of such sustainable and green buildings. In the Indian context, the assessment tools developed to measure the performance of the green building are found to be scanty in addressing various economic and social impacts.Design/methodology/approachThis study aims at developing a building performance score (BPS) model concerning the sustainability model built on the triple bottom priorities considering all the three vital components, viz. environmental, economic and social factors. In this study, the different phases involved in the complete life cycle of the project are recognized and then all the phases are assessed considering all the three major components mentioned in the BPS model.FindingsThe outcome of this study specifies that various indicators, such as the topographical and climate change, health and safety of the construction workers, project management consultancy, risk management, security measures and solid waste management, form a chief source of a sustainable building, and these indicators are not being assessed in the existing assessment tools. Also, consideration of environmental, economic and social factors is also equally important in construction industry. Moreover, these indicators are also required to be assessed and included in the evaluation process while assessing the performance of the building.Originality/valueThe BPS model developed in the study will assist to improve in assessing the building performance with respect to all indicators in the complete life cycle of the project.

Sclerotium rolfsii is a necrotrophic, soil-borne pathogenic fungus responsible for serious crop losses worldwide. It is one of the major phytopathogens infecting chilli and causes yield losses ranging from 16 to 80%. Among the various approaches to manage S. rolfsii, biological control is an environmentally acceptable alternative over other chemical methods. In this study, 120 endophytic fungal isolates obtained from a medicinal plant, Nothapodytes nimmoniana were evaluated for their in vitro and in vivo antagonism towards S. rolfsii. Among these, one isolate, Alternaria sp. exhibited 46.62% inhibition against S. rolfsii in dual culture assay on PDA. The inhibition was found to be mediated by the mycotoxin, tenuazonic acid, produced by the endophyte. Pre-germinated chilli seeds treated with mycelial suspension of Alternaria sp. reduced the seedling mortality due to S. rolfsii infection. Pretreatment with the endophyte also enhanced seedling growth and biomass compared to untreated seedlings under greenhouse conditions. These results suggest that the endophytic fungus, Alternaria sp. has potential implication for use as a biocontrol against S. rolfsii as well as for promoting growth of chilli.

A Magnetorheological damping has evolved as a potential tool in vibration control. The design of magnetorheological damping involves analysis of fluid flow principles and electromagnetic flux analysis. This research paper involves design and analysis of a magnetorheological damper employed for vibration control. The analysis is carried over by considering the domain as an axisymmetric model. The damping force of the damper depends upon the shear stress due to fluid viscosity and yield stress induced due to magnetic flux applied. The damping force generated by the damper is calculated.

Availability of river sand is becoming scarce, due to rapid increase in infrastructure projects in India. Acute shortage of river sand, has led to indiscriminate sand mining. Adverse effect of sand mining includes river bank erosion, river bed degradation, loss of biodiversity and deterioration of river water quality and ground water availability. To address the above issues, research efforts are on, to find substitutes for river sand to be used as fine aggregate in mortars and concretes. One among the locally available resources is laterite. Laterite is a product of tropical or sub-tropical weathering, which is an abundant soil material in many parts of India. An attempt has been made to characterize the processing technique to obtain good quality lateritic fine aggregates (lateritic FA). Experiments were designed and conducted to study the performance of lateritic FA as replacement to river sand, in cement mortars and concretes. Processed lateritic FA in replacement levels of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 wt% to river sand at all fineness levels (Zone I to Zone IV as per Indian standards) is considered. Microstructure studies were conducted to understand the arrangement of river sand and lateritic FA with cement matrix and their Interfacial Transition Zones (ITZ) using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The workability and compressive strength characteristics of cement mortars and concretes are evaluated. Laterized mortars with Zone III and Zone IV fine aggregates, at all replacement levels, result in the same compressive strengths as those of control mortars. Suitable strength enhancement technique has been attempted to achieve strengths of Zone I and Zone II lateritic fine aggregates based mortars at 100 wt% replacement, to achieve strength at least equal to or more than those of control mortars. Laterized concretes have achieved nearly the same strengths as those of control concretes, at all replacement levels and for all fineness levels (Zone I to Zone IV).

This paper communicates organized work on copper slag drawn from scientific literature which comprises evaluation of physical and chemical characteristics, mechanical and durability properties in the marine environment. Analysis of test data derived from previously available sources reveals that copper slag having similar basic characteristics is an acceptable alternative material to river sand to produce concrete of all grades. The lesser water absorption property of copper slag is very significant peculiarity which attributes to develop high strength in concrete. The behaviour of concrete produced using copper slag to the concrete made corresponding to sand component shows identical behaviour in the fresh and hardened states. As an aggregate, copper slag has an ability to be replaced with fine aggregate, thereby the advance progress in the concrete technology will revolutionize the mixture of different conventional ingredients to uplift the expected properties of concrete to renew its definition. Hence, alternative materials to be used as fine aggregate will reduce the burden on the environment which is being extensively investigated all over the world looking to the significant requirements, quality and properties which have been a global consensus on the materials.

Sand has always been an integral part of construction in our civilization. It has been the most easily available and acceptable source for the same. However, the depletion of river sand availability has started looking at the alternatives including some industrial by-products. One of them is slag obtained from manufacture/refining of metals which would help in the utilization of industrial waste and conservation of natural resources to have a sustainable construction. This paper provides the gist of organized overview involving the evaluation of physical and chemical characteristics, assessment of mechanical and durability properties for the effective utilization of steel slag and processed granulated blast furnace slag (PGBS) that could be modelled from previous researches related to the study. The basic properties of steel slag and PGBS exhibit requisite properties like river sand which is an indication for a possible alternative material to the conventional aggregate. The multiple processing of slag has its influence on strength, durability, and workability of concrete. These recent innovations have made the slag economically viable and environmentally friendly, and also profitable salvaging of processed by-product.

The promotion of green infrastructure as an alternative to traditional concrete, known as grey infrastructure, is not as benign as many people think. In this concern, many alternative materials have been kept in place as a solution for the problems faced by the construction industry. The knowledge of understanding the basic property of a material is significant as the characteristics cannot be directly assumed that it can be compared to FA while mixing concrete. In this work, Copper Slag (CS) is used as a partial replacement for Fine Aggregate (FA), and a major focus is to understand the behaviour of the material based on its particle size, texture shape and surface characteristics as it decides the quality of concrete. Also, the importance of optimizing water/cement ratio (w/c) and dosage of Superplasticizer (SP) is a major consideration in this work which has a great impact on workability and strength parameter as it affects durability performance of concrete. Marsh cone test to decide optimum SP was carried out for PCE-based SP and Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC). Optimal w/c ratio was decided based on the trials carried out using flow test for mortars, and mortar cubes were prepared and tested for 3, 7 and 28 days compressive test. In order to check the behaviour of CS in concrete, cubes were prepared and subjected to compressive strength for 7, 28 and 90 days based on the ideal water–cement ratio (w/c) and SP obtained from various trials conducted to achieve required workability and strength. Test results revealed that CS mortars and concrete exhibited higher strength than the control mix. The chemical reaction between the cement matrixes, incorporation of CS and SP for optimized w/c and dosage of SP not only enhanced the strength but also provided the required workability though CS has less water absorption capacity.

Sand has always been an integral part of construction in our civilization. It has been the most easily available and acceptable source for the same. However, the depletion of river sand availability has led us to start looking at the alternatives including some industrial by-products. Processed Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (PGBS) is an alternative slag sand for fine aggregate which is being extensively utilized. Low density and strength issues concerned with Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBS) have led to the innovation of PGBS. PGBS is considered as an economically viable and environmentally acceptable alternative material for replacing river sand having tremendous economic impact, conservation of natural resources, and gainful recycling of process by-products. In this study, mini slump cone test is conducted for mortars using 10, 20, 30, and 40% partial replacement of Fine Aggregates (FA) (River sand) with PGBS to study the flow behavior and to identify the suitable combinations of water binder ratio (W/B) (0.4, 0.45, and 0.5) and superplasticizer dosage (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, and 2.0).

Currently the upsurge practice of the mineral admixtures as an alternative for cement to cut down the carbonic gas emission, to reduce the cement cost, and to progress some technical recitals is truly the indispensable novelty advanced in construction industry. Mortars with different w/c require the use of appropriate and compatible chemical admixtures to achieve desirable consistency. The principal tactic delivered to contest in contradiction to this exertion is to choose the furthermost effective twosome cement–superplasticizer, facilitating to attain a determined water reduction, an enhanced flow, and an adequate rheology. Processed Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (PGBS) incorporated as partial replacement for Fine Aggregates (FA) along with different types of Superplasticizers (SP) for different dosages, which were chemically based on Lignosulfonate (LS), Sulphonated Naphtha Formaldehyde (SNF), and Polycarboxylate Ether (PCE), was used to check the behavior of flow characteristics in this work. The fusion of Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) along with partial replacement of fine aggregates has resulted to understand the better flow interaction between the cementitious materials and under different water–cement ratio (w/c).

With the growing constructions industries, sand availability has become a headache for the builders and engineers. In this paper an attempt has been made to understand the flow characteristics of partially replaced copper slag (10, 20, 30, and 40%) in mortars with varied water binder ratio (0.35, 0.4, and 0.45) for different percentages of superplasticizers dosage (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, and 2.0). Thus, the test results drawn help to identify the optimum dosage of superplasticizer required for different percentage replacement of fine aggregates and water binder ratio and understand the flow behavior characteristics of mortars.

Major disease causing micro-organisms are bacteria and viruses, which are not visible when it affects the plant at initial stage. The human naked eyes after only the later stage it’s visible and its affected whole parts of plants. Artificial Intelligence is an emerging sector in all fields of works for automation and to improve efficiency. It also included in agricultural sector to improve crop yield by identify the disease affection at early and classify type of disease affected for taking precaution measurements to prevent spreading to other plants in field. This becomes possible by image processing on computer vision and train the model by using VGG-16 architecture which is Convolutional Neural Network algorithms.

Medical image segmentation is a bottleneck for physicians and radiologists in diagnosis of diseases. Deep learning based convolutional neural networks (CNNs) is used to support decision making in medical diagnosis. Three architectures are analyzed for segmentation of affected tissues. CNN with contraction path classifies the each pixel in the image into region of interest and region of non interest. The affected region is then segmented from RoI. Second architecture is developed with contraction and expansion paths (auto-encoders) to extract the spatial information of the pixels from the input image. The deconvolutional layer extracts the spatial information related to corresponding features but still fails to capture contextual dependent information of high-level features. In the third architecture, attention module with U-Net captures the contextual dependent information. Filter size, learning rate and k-fold cross validation are tuned to improve the accuracy and dice similarity coefficient (DSC). Filter size and k-fold cross validation are varied as 3x3, 5x5 and 7x7 and 3-fold, 5-fold and 10-fold respectively. The attention module helps to extract the spatial information of the high level features which are related to low level features. This gives better segmentation output. U-Net with attention module provides an accuracy 99.07 %, sensitivity 98.57 %, specificity 99.5 % and DSC 91.7%.

Antagonism of plant pathogenic fungi by endophytic fungi is a well-known phenomenon. In plate assays, the antagonism could be due to mycoparasitism, competition for space or antibiosis, involving a chemical diffusate, or a volatile organic compound (VOC). In this study, we demonstrate that besides mycoparasitism, VOCs play a major role in antagonism of pathogenic fungi by four endophytic fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma. Using a double-plate assay, we show that all the four endophytic Trichoderma species significantly inhibited mycelial growth of three of the four pathogens, (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum-TSS, Sclerotium rolfsii-CSR and Fusarium oxysporum-CFO), while that of Macrophomina phaseolina-CMP was not affected. GC-MS analysis of the pure cultures of one of the endophytic fungi studied, namely, Trichoderma longibrachiatum strain 2 (Acc. No. MK751758) and the pathogens, F. oxysporum-CFO and M. phaseolina-CMP revealed the presence of several VOCs including hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, acids, ethers and different classes of terpenes. In mixed double plates, where the endophyte was grown along with either of the two plant pathogens, F. oxysporum-CFO or M. phaseolina-CMP, there was an induction of a number of new VOCs that were not detected in the pure cultures of either the endophyte or the pathogens. Several of these new VOCs are reported to possess antifungal and cytotoxic activity. We discuss these results and highlight the importance of such interactions in endophyte-pathogen interactions.

Ultrasound images(US) of carotid artery aid in the detection and diagnosis of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD). Traditional methods for analysis of US images employ hand crafted features to classify images, which need expert knowledge for careful design and lack robustness to variations, leading to low sensitivity in clinical applications. Intima Media Thickness (IMT) and elasticity are the predominant markers used for carotid artery (CA) atherosclerotic plaque detection. This paper proposes to address the problem by building Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for segmentation of intima media complex (ie) Region of Interest (RoI). A dataset consisting of 450 subjects is used to train and validate the proposed CNN. Segmentation is done in the far wall region of the artery from the longitudinal B-mode images enabling atleast 24 RoIs and RoNIs (Region of Non Interest) for each image. The result of 10-fold cross validation shows accuracy of 99.54%. Mean deviation of IMT from manual tracings is found to be 0.06645mm.

Topology optimization is now becoming the effective method for solving various problems related to engineering. Optimization is a mathematical method to find the optimum solution by satisfying all the constraints associated with that problem, while topology optimization is a branch of structural optimization as it finds optimum material layout within the given boundary. This study focuses on the topology optimization of concrete dapped beams with various constraints to ensure the applicability of topology optimization during the design phase of structures. Compliance minimization with three different constraints along with volume constraint has been selected to derive the truss-like pattern for beams. To derive a lightweight structure with stress constraint, volume-based topology optimization has adopted. Strut-and-tie modeling (STM) of concrete members has been identified as a powerful method for modeling discontinuity regions within the structural member. Topology optimization can be used as a supporting method for developing more reliable strut-and-tie models.

A. nilotica (L.) leaf extract was subjected to fractional extraction to isolate potential antioxidant compound ethyl gallate. A. nilotica (L.) leaf extract was fractionated with different solvents and was investigated for antioxidant activity. Based on the results, the pure compound obtained from Fr. Y with low IC50 was further characterized by UV–Vis spectra, IR, 1D, 2D-NMR spectra. Pure ethyl gallate showed 75% antioxidant activity. As ethyl gallate is an approved food additive and an emerging anticancer agent, this paper will be of major importance for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Large quantity of the quarry dust gets produced annually in the quarries during the extraction of the crushed coarse aggregate. As a result, disposal problems of this material gain significant momentum as these disturb environmental systems also. Now-a-days many of the countries like India is facing problems of ban on the extraction of sand and lacunae in procuring of fine aggregate, which is important constituent of the concrete. To overcome this problem, present study is focused on the suitability to utilize the quarry dust in Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) partially as fine aggregate with the natural fine aggregates. In this work, quarry dust is used as replacement of sand in a different level (0%, 15%, 30%, 45% and 60%) for producing the SCC. Fresh properties such as slump flow and V-funnel time have been measured for all mixes and hardened properties as compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of the concrete have been checked for all the mixes and it has been found that optimum utilization of quarry dust up to 30% can been done to produce SCC without compromising with its properties.

Production of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) requires huge quantity of natural resources and energy and it releases large amount of carbon - di - oxide to the environment. Therefore, enormous studies have been carried out throughout the world to establish geopolymer as an alternative binder material for the replacement of OPC to protect the environment. This study intends to explore the effects of alkaline solution on the properties of geopolymer produced with ground granulated blast furnace slag. Properties such as Standard consistency, setting time of slag based geopolymer paste has been determined using Vicat’s apparatus (according to the guidelines given by Indian Standards for OPC). In order to determine the effects of alkaline solution on the properties of geopolymers, the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution has been varied from 6M to 16M and the ratio of sodium silicate solution to sodium hydroxide solution is also varied from 1.0 to 2.0. Results indicate higher standard consistency and significant less setting time for slag based geopolymer paste than that of OPC paste. Compressive strength of the geopolymer paste and mortar cube samples, cured in ambient conditions till the day of testing, is increasing with the increase of the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution. Highest compressive strength is obtained for the samples prepared with alkaline solution having the ratio of sodium silicate solution to sodium hydroxide solution as 1.5. But when the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution is beyond 14M, decreasing trend in compressive strength is observed.

Performance-based seismic design (PBSD) is an approach, in which the design aim is to deliver a structure capable of meeting certain predictable performance objectives under different levels of earthquake motions. In order to ensure the desirable performance of buildings or structures, the structural parameters such as strength, stiffness and ductility or deformability should be reasonably proportioned. Conventional methods of seismic design have the objectives to provide life safety (strength and ductility) and damage control (serviceability drift limits). However, little information is available on how the building reacts to a seismic hazard. The basic concept of PBSD is to provide the engineers with the capability to design buildings that have a predictable and reliable performance in case of a seismic hazard. This procedure compares the capacity of a structure (in the form of a pushover curve), with the demand imposed by the earthquake on the structure (in the form of response spectra).The present paper determines the performance point of the structure, using Capacity Spectrum Method (CSM). A 7-storey building has been considered for this purpose and pushover analysis is carried out. An attempt has been made to perform the seismic analysis for the building, to obtain the performance point.

Landfill gases are produced due to biodegradation of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) when water comes into contact with buried wastes under prevailing anaerobic conditions. To minimize the percolation of water in landfills, the conventional approaches such as clay capping is still practised in India. As landfill gas extraction system is an expensive technique,'Phytocapping' to mitigate landfill gases and to minimize percolation of water into the landfill can be one of the attractive alternatives. The present study aimed to determine efficiency of a laboratory-scale phytocap in terms of methane emissions, heavy metals' remediation and plant-soil interactions in Indian climatic conditions using six native plants in five planters (30 cm × 30 cm × 25 cm) with 5 kg of MSW. Overall methane oxidation due to vegetation was observed throughout the vegetated planters when compared to non-vegetated planters. Root zone methane concentrations were also monitored for the plant species, with the highest reduction occurring in root zones of Agave sisalana and Bambusa sulfurea and highest trace elements' remediation potential was observed in Brassica juncea and Helianthus annus plants. 96-98% of CH4 oxidation and 85-89% of heavy metals remediation was achieved through the study.

Background: Oldenlandia umbellata L. (Indian madder) is an antique Ayurvedic Indian herb and a source of various anthraquinone derivatives. The red dye from its roots has been used in diverse applications since ancient times. Objectives: To establish reliable and effective protocols for in vitro flowering of O. umbellata. Materials and methods: For in vitro flowering, organogenic calli were subcultured onto Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations of Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (0.15–1.0 mg/l) and Benzyladenine(BA) (0.5–1.5 mg/l) with and without 0.4% of coconut milk (CM). Results: The highest number of in vitro flowers (22.8%) and best response (92.73%) was achieved on MS medium supplemented with 0.7 mg/l NAA + 1.5 mg/l BA with 0.4% CM. It was found that MS medium devoid of BA promoted best root development (47.3 per calli) as well as response (100%). It was also observed that when embryogenic calli grown in depletion of required nutrition transferred to fresh media induced more flowering. In vivo and in vitro floral comparative analysis revealed that in vitro flower induction was required for short time duration (20.67 days) than in vivo flower. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on in vitro flowering and this study will help to overcome problems associated with flower development and seed production. As a result, this study may be a potent conservation tool to restore innate population size in its natural habitat. Keywords: Oldenlandia umbellata, Plant dyes, In vitro flowering