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1. Measurement of energy resolution with the NEXT-White silicon photomultipliers

Author

The NEXT collaboration, T. Contreras, B. Palmeiro, H. Almazán, A. Para, G. Martínez-Lema, R. Guenette, C. Adams, V. Álvarez, B. Aparicio, A. I. Aranburu, L. Arazi, I. J. Arnquist, F. Auria-Luna, S. Ayet, C. D. R. Azevedo, K. Bailey, F. Ballester, M. del Barrio-Torregrosa, A. Bayo, J. M. Benlloch-Rodríguez, F. I. G. M. Borges, A. Brodolin, N. Byrnes, S. Cárcel, A. Castillo, S. Cebrián, E. Church, L. Cid, C. A. N. Conde, F. P. Cossío, E. Dey, G. Díaz, T. Dickel, C. Echevarria, M. Elorza, J. Escada, R. Esteve, R. Felkai, L. M. P. Fernandes, P. Ferrario, A. L. Ferreira, F. W. Foss, Z. Freixa, J. García-Barrena, J. J. Gómez-Cadenas, R. González, J. W. R. Grocott, J. Hauptman, C. A. O. Henriques, J. A. Hernando Morata, P. Herrero-Gómez, V. Herrero, C. Hervés Carrete, Y. Ifergan, B. J. P. Jones, F. Kellerer, L. Larizgoitia, A. Larumbe, P. Lebrun, F. Lopez, N. López-March, R. Madigan, R. D. P. Mano, A. P. Marques, J. Martín-Albo, M. Martínez-Vara, R. L. Miller, K. Mistry, J. Molina-Canteras, F. Monrabal, C. M. B. Monteiro, F. J. Mora, K. E. Navarro, P. Novella, A. Nuñez, D. R. Nygren, E. Oblak, J. Palacio, I. Parmaksiz, A. Pazos, J. Pelegrin, M. Pérez Maneiro, M. Querol, A. B. Redwine, J. Renner, I. Rivilla, C. Rogero, L. Rogers, B. Romeo, C. Romo-Luque, F. P. Santos, J. M. F. dos Santos, M. Seemann, I. Shomroni, P. A. O. C. Silva, A. Simón, S. R. Soleti, M. Sorel, J. Soto-Oton, J. M. R. Teixeira, S. Teruel-Pardo, J. F. Toledo, C. Tonnelé, J. Torrent, A. Trettin, A. Usón, P. R. G. Valle, J. F. C. A. Veloso, J. Waiton, and A. Yubero-Navarro

Subjects
Dark Matter and Double Beta Decay (experiments), Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Abstract The NEXT-White detector, a high-pressure gaseous xenon time projection chamber, demonstrated the excellence of this technology for future neutrinoless double beta decay searches using photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) to measure energy and silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) to extract topology information. This analysis uses 83m Kr data from the NEXT-White detector to measure and understand the energy resolution that can be obtained with the SiPMs, rather than with PMTs. The energy resolution obtained of (10.9 ± 0.6)%, full-width half-maximum, is slightly larger than predicted based on the photon statistics resulting from very low light detection coverage of the SiPM plane in the NEXT-White detector. The difference in the predicted and measured resolution is attributed to poor corrections, which are expected to be improved with larger statistics. Furthermore, the noise of the SiPMs is shown to not be a dominant factor in the energy resolution and may be negligible when noise subtraction is applied appropriately, for high-energy events or larger SiPM coverage detectors. These results, which are extrapolated to estimate the response of large coverage SiPM planes, are promising for the development of future, SiPM-only, readout planes that can offer imaging and achieve similar energy resolution to that previously demonstrated with PMTs.

Published
2024
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2. Demonstration of event position reconstruction based on diffusion in the NEXT-white detector

Author

J. Haefner, K. E. Navarro, R. Guenette, B. J. P. Jones, A. Tripathi, C. Adams, H. Almazán, V. Álvarez, B. Aparicio, A. I. Aranburu, L. Arazi, I. J. Arnquist, F. Auria-Luna, S. Ayet, C. D. R. Azevedo, K. Bailey, F. Ballester, M. del Barrio-Torregrosa, A. Bayo, J. M. Benlloch-Rodríguez, F. I. G. M. Borges, A. Brodolin, N. Byrnes, S. Cárcel, J. V. Carrión, S. Cebrián, E. Church, L. Cid, C. A. N. Conde, T. Contreras, F. P. Cossío, E. Dey, G. Díaz, T. Dickel, M. Elorza, J. Escada, R. Esteve, R. Felkai, L. M. P. Fernandes, P. Ferrario, A. L. Ferreira, F. W. Foss, E. D. C. Freitas, Z. Freixa, J. Generowicz, A. Goldschmidt, J. J. Gómez-Cadenas, R. González, J. Grocott, K. Hafidi, J. Hauptman, C. A. O. Henriques, J. A. Hernando Morata, P. Herrero-Gómez, V. Herrero, C. Hervés Carrete, Y. Ifergan, L. Labarga, L. Larizgoitia, A. Larumbe, P. Lebrun, F. Lopez, N. López-March, R. Madigan, R. D. P. Mano, A. P. Marques, J. Martín-Albo, G. Martínez-Lema, M. Martínez-Vara, Z. E. Meziani, R. L. Miller, K. Mistry, J. Molina-Canteras, F. Monrabal, C. M. B. Monteiro, F. J. Mora, J. Muñoz Vidal, P. Novella, A. Nuñez, D. R. Nygren, E. Oblak, J. Palacio, B. Palmeiro, A. Para, I. Parmaksiz, J. Pelegrin, M. Pérez Maneiro, M. Querol, A. B. Redwine, J. Renner, I. Rivilla, J. Rodríguez, C. Rogero, L. Rogers, B. Romeo, C. Romo-Luque, F. P. Santos, J. M. F. dos Santos, I. Shomroni, A. Simón, S. R. Soleti, M. Sorel, J. Soto-Oton, J. M. R. Teixeira, J. F. Toledo, J. Torrent, A. Trettin, A. Usón, J. F. C. A. Veloso, J. Waiton, and J. T. White

Subjects
Astrophysics, QB460-466, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Abstract Noble element time projection chambers are a leading technology for rare event detection in physics, such as for dark matter and neutrinoless double beta decay searches. Time projection chambers typically assign event position in the drift direction using the relative timing of prompt scintillation and delayed charge collection signals, allowing for reconstruction of an absolute position in the drift direction. In this paper, alternate methods for assigning event drift distance via quantification of electron diffusion in a pure high pressure xenon gas time projection chamber are explored. Data from the NEXT-White detector demonstrate the ability to achieve good position assignment accuracy for both high- and low-energy events. Using point-like energy deposits from $$^{83\textrm{m}}$$ 83 m Kr calibration electron captures ( $$E\sim 45$$ E ∼ 45 keV), the position of origin of low-energy events is determined to 2 cm precision with bias $$< 1~$$ < 1 mm. A convolutional neural network approach is then used to quantify diffusion for longer tracks ( $$E\ge ~1.5$$ E ≥ 1.5 MeV), from radiogenic electrons, yielding a precision of 3 cm on the event barycenter. The precision achieved with these methods indicates the feasibility energy calibrations of better than 1% FWHM at Q $$_{\beta \beta }$$ β β in pure xenon, as well as the potential for event fiducialization in large future detectors using an alternate method that does not rely on primary scintillation.

Published
2024
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3. Cosmogenic background simulations for neutrinoless double beta decay with the DARWIN observatory at various underground sites

Author

DARWIN Collaboration, M. Adrover, L. Althueser, B. Andrieu, E. Angelino, J. R. Angevaare, B. Antunovic, E. Aprile, M. Babicz, D. Bajpai, E. Barberio, L. Baudis, M. Bazyk, N. Bell, L. Bellagamba, R. Biondi, Y. Biondi, A. Bismark, C. Boehm, A. Breskin, E. J. Brookes, A. Brown, G. Bruno, R. Budnik, C. Capelli, J. M. R. Cardoso, A. Chauvin, A. P. Cimental Chavez, A. P. Colijn, J. Conrad, J. J. Cuenca-García, V. D’Andrea, M. P. Decowski, A. Deisting, P. Di Gangi, S. Diglio, M. Doerenkamp, G. Drexlin, K. Eitel, A. Elykov, R. Engel, S. Farrell, A. D. Ferella, C. Ferrari, H. Fischer, M. Flierman, W. Fulgione, P. Gaemers, R. Gaior, M. Galloway, N. Garroum, S. Ghosh, F. Girard, R. Glade-Beucke, F. Glück, L. Grandi, J. Grigat, R. Größle, H. Guan, M. Guida, R. Hammann, V. Hannen, S. Hansmann-Menzemer, N. Hargittai, T. Hasegawa, C. Hils, A. Higuera, K. Hiraoka, L. Hoetzsch, M. Iacovacci, Y. Itow, J. Jakob, F. Jörg, M. Kara, P. Kavrigin, S. Kazama, M. Keller, B. Kilminster, M. Kleifges, M. Kobayashi, A. Kopec, B. von Krosigk, F. Kuger, H. Landsman, R. F. Lang, I. Li, S. Li, S. Liang, S. Lindemann, M. Lindner, F. Lombardi, J. Loizeau, T. Luce, Y. Ma, C. Macolino, J. Mahlstedt, A. Mancuso, T. Marrodán Undagoitia, J. A. M. Lopes, F. Marignetti, K. Martens, J. Masbou, S. Mastroianni, S. Milutinovic, K. Miuchi, R. Miyata, A. Molinario, C. M. B. Monteiro, K. Morå, E. Morteau, Y. Mosbacher, J. Müller, M. Murra, J. L. Newstead, K. Ni, U. G. Oberlack, I. Ostrovskiy, B. Paetsch, M. Pandurovic, Q. Pellegrini, R. Peres, J. Pienaar, M. Pierre, M. Piotter, G. Plante, T. R. Pollmann, L. Principe, J. Qi, J. Qin, M. Rajado Silva, D. Ramírez García, A. Razeto, S. Sakamoto, L. Sanchez, P. Sanchez-Lucas, J. M. F. dos Santos, G. Sartorelli, A. Scaffidi, P. Schulte, H.-C. Schultz-Coulon, H. Schulze Eißing, M. Schumann, L. Scotto Lavina, M. Selvi, F. Semeria, P. Shagin, S. Sharma, W. Shen, M. Silva, H. Simgen, R. Singh, M. Solmaz, O. Stanley, M. Steidl, P.-L. Tan, A. Terliuk, D. Thers, T. Thümmler, F. Tönnies, F. Toschi, G. Trinchero, R. Trotta, C. Tunnell, P. Urquijo, K. Valerius, S. Vecchi, S. Vetter, G. Volta, D. Vorkapic, W. Wang, K. M. Weerman, C. Weinheimer, M. Weiss, D. Wenz, C. Wittweg, J. Wolf, T. Wolf, V. H. S. Wu, M. Wurm, Y. Xing, M. Yamashita, J. Ye, G. Zavattini, and K. Zuber

Subjects
Astrophysics, QB460-466, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Abstract Xenon dual-phase time projections chambers (TPCs) have proven to be a successful technology in studying physical phenomena that require low-background conditions. With $$40\,\textrm{t}$$ 40 t of liquid xenon (LXe) in the TPC baseline design, DARWIN will have a high sensitivity for the detection of particle dark matter, neutrinoless double beta decay ( $$0\upnu \upbeta \upbeta $$ 0 ν β β ), and axion-like particles (ALPs). Although cosmic muons are a source of background that cannot be entirely eliminated, they may be greatly diminished by placing the detector deep underground. In this study, we used Monte Carlo simulations to model the cosmogenic background expected for the DARWIN observatory at four underground laboratories: Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS), Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF), Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane (LSM) and SNOLAB. We present here the results of simulations performed to determine the production rate of $${}^{137}$$ 137 Xe, the most crucial isotope in the search for $$0\upnu \upbeta \upbeta $$ 0 ν β β of $${}^{136}$$ 136 Xe. Additionally, we explore the contribution that other muon-induced spallation products, such as other unstable xenon isotopes and tritium, may have on the cosmogenic background.

Published
2024
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4. Erratum to: Sensitivity of the DARWIN observatory to the neutrinoless double beta decay of $$^{136}$$ 136 Xe

Author

F. Agostini, S. E. M. Ahmed Maouloud, L. Althueser, F. Amaro, B. Antunovic, E. Aprile, L. Baudis, D. Baur, Y. Biondi, A. Bismark, P. A. Breur, A. Brown, G. Bruno, R. Budnik, C. Capelli, J. Cardoso, D. Cichon, M. Clark, A. P. Colijn, J. J. Cuenca-García, J. P. Cussonneau, M. P. Decowski, A. Depoian, J. Dierle, P. Di Gangi, A. Di Giovanni, S. Diglio, J. M. F. dos Santos, G. Drexlin, K. Eitel, R. Engel, A. D. Ferella, H. Fischer, M. Galloway, F. Gao, F. Girard, F. Glück, L. Grandi, R. Größle, R. Gumbsheimer, S. Hansmann-Menzemer, F. Jörg, G. Khundzakishvili, A. Kopec, F. Kuger, L. M. Krauss, H. Landsman, R. F. Lang, S. Lindemann, M. Lindner, J. A. M. Lopes, A. Loya Villalpando, C. Macolino, A. Manfredini, T. Marrodán Undagoitia, J. Masbou, E. Masson, P. Meinhardt, S. Milutinovic, A. Molinario, C. M. B. Monteiro, M. Murra, U. G. Oberlack, M. Pandurovic, R. Peres, J. Pienaar, M. Pierre, V. Pizzella, J. Qin, D. Ramírez García, S. Reichard, N. Rupp, P. Sanchez-Lucas, G. Sartorelli, D. Schulte, M. Schumann, L. Scotto Lavina, M. Selvi, M. Silva, H. Simgen, M. Steidl, A. Terliuk, C. Therreau, D. Thers, K. Thieme, R. Trotta, C. D. Tunnell, K. Valerius, G. Volta, D. Vorkapic, C. Weinheimer, C. Wittweg, J. Wolf, J. P. Zopounidis, K. Zuber, and DARWIN Collaboration

Subjects
Astrophysics, QB460-466, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Abstract We correct an overestimation of the production rate of $$^{137}$$ 137 Xe in the DARWIN detector operated at LNGS. This formerly dominant intrinsic background source is now at a level similar to the irreducible background from solar $$^8$$ 8 B neutrinos, thus unproblematic at the LNGS depth. The projected half-life sensitivity for the neutrinoless double beta decay ( $$0\nu \beta \beta $$ 0 ν β β ) of $$^{136}$$ 136 Xe improves by $$22\%$$ 22 % compared to the previously reported number and is now $$T^{0\nu }_{1/2}= {3.0\times 10^{27}} \hbox { yr}$$ T 1 / 2 0 ν = 3.0 × 10 27 yr (90% C.L.) after 10 years of DARWIN operation.

Published
2023
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5. Demonstration of neutrinoless double beta decay searches in gaseous xenon with NEXT

Author

The NEXT collaboration, P. Novella, M. Sorel, A. Usón, C. Adams, H. Almazán, V. Álvarez, B. Aparicio, A. I. Aranburu, L. Arazi, I. J. Arnquist, F. Auria-Luna, S. Ayet, C. D. R. Azevedo, K. Bailey, F. Ballester, M. del Barrio-Torregrosa, A. Bayo, J. M. Benlloch-Rodríguez, F. I. G. M. Borges, S. Bounasser, N. Byrnes, S. Cárcel, J. V. Carrión, S. Cebrián, E. Church, L. Cid, C. A. N. Conde, T. Contreras, F. P. Cossío, E. Dey, G. Díaz, T. Dickel, M. Elorza, J. Escada, R. Esteve, A. Fahs, R. Felkai, L. M. P. Fernandes, P. Ferrario, A. L. Ferreira, F. W. Foss, E. D. C. Freitas, Z. Freixa, J. Generowicz, A. Goldschmidt, J. J. Gómez-Cadenas, R. González, J. Grocott, R. Guenette, J. Haefner, K. Hafidi, J. Hauptman, C. A. O. Henriques, J. A. Hernando Morata, P. Herrero-Gómez, V. Herrero, C. Hervés Carrete, J. Ho, P. Ho, Y. Ifergan, B. J. P. Jones, L. Labarga, L. Larizgoitia, A. Larumbe, P. Lebrun, F. Lopez, D. Lopez Gutierrez, N. López-March, R. Madigan, R. D. P. Mano, A. P. Marques, J. Martín-Albo, G. Martínez-Lema, M. Martínez-Vara, Z. E. Meziani, R. L. Miller, K. Mistry, J. Molina-Canteras, F. Monrabal, C. M. B. Monteiro, F. J. Mora, J. Muñoz Vidal, K. Navarro, A. Nuñez, D. R. Nygren, E. Oblak, M. Odriozola-Gimeno, J. Palacio, B. Palmeiro, A. Para, I. Parmaksiz, J. Pelegrin, M. Pérez Maneiro, M. Querol, A. B. Redwine, J. Renner, I. Rivilla, J. Rodríguez, C. Rogero, L. Rogers, B. Romeo, C. Romo-Luque, F. P. Santos, J. M. F. dos Santos, A. Simón, S. R. Soleti, C. Stanford, J. M. R. Teixeira, J. F. Toledo, J. Torrent, J. F. C. A. Veloso, T. T. Vuong, J. Waiton, and J. T. White

Subjects
Dark Matter and Double Beta Decay (experiments), Rare Decay, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Abstract The NEXT experiment aims at the sensitive search of the neutrinoless double beta decay in 136Xe, using high-pressure gas electroluminescent time projection chambers. The NEXT-White detector is the first radiopure demonstrator of this technology, operated in the Laboratorio Subterráneo de Canfranc. Achieving an energy resolution of 1% FWHM at 2.6 MeV and further background rejection by means of the topology of the reconstructed tracks, NEXT-White has been exploited beyond its original goals in order to perform a neu- trinoless double beta decay search. The analysis considers the combination of 271.6 days of 136Xe-enriched data and 208.9 days of 136Xe-depleted data. A detailed background modeling and measurement has been developed, ensuring the time stability of the radiogenic and cosmogenic contributions across both data samples. Limits to the neutrinoless mode are obtained in two alternative analyses: a background-model-dependent approach and a novel direct background-subtraction technique, offering results with small dependence on the background model assumptions. With a fiducial mass of only 3.50 ± 0.01 kg of 136Xe-enriched xenon, 90% C.L. lower limits to the neutrinoless double beta decay are found in the T 1 / 2 0 ν $$ {T}_{1/2}^{0\nu } $$ > 5.5 × 1023 − 1.3 × 1024 yr range, depending on the method. The presented techniques stand as a proof-of-concept for the searches to be implemented with larger NEXT detectors.

Published
2023
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6. Sensitivity of a tonne-scale NEXT detector for neutrinoless double-beta decay searches

Author

The NEXT collaboration, C. Adams, V. Álvarez, L. Arazi, I. J. Arnquist, C. D. R Azevedo, K. Bailey, F. Ballester, J. M. Benlloch-Rodríguez, F. I. G. M. Borges, N. Byrnes, S. Cárcel, J. V. Carrión, S. Cebrián, E. Church, C. A. N. Conde, T. Contreras, A. A. Denisenko, G. Díaz, J. Díaz, J. Escada, R. Esteve, R. Felkai, L. M. P. Fernandes, P. Ferrario, A. L. Ferreira, F. Foss, E. D. C. Freitas, Z. Freixa, J. Generowicz, A. Goldschmidt, J. J. Gómez-Cadenas, R. González, D. González-Díaz, S. Gosh, R. Guenette, R. M. Gutiérrez, J. Haefner, K. Hafidi, J. Hauptman, C. A. O. Henriques, J. A. Hernando Morata, P. Herrero, V. Herrero, J. Ho, Y. Ifergan, B. J. P. Jones, M. Kekic, L. Labarga, A. Laing, P. Lebrun, N. López-March, M. Losada, R. D. P. Mano, J. Martín-Albo, A. Martínez, M. Martínez-Vara, G. Martínez-Lema, A. D. McDonald, Z. E. Meziani, F. Monrabal, C. M. B. Monteiro, F. J. Mora, J. Muñoz Vidal, C. Newhouse, P. Novella, D. R. Nygren, E. Oblak, B. Palmeiro, A. Para, J. Pérez, M. Querol, A. Redwine, J. Renner, L. Ripoll, I. Rivilla, Y. Rodríguez García, J. Rodríguez, C. Rogero, L. Rogers, B. Romeo, C. Romo-Luque, F. P. Santos, J. M. F. dos Santos, A. Simón, M. Sorel, C. Stanford, J. M. R. Teixeira, P. Thapa, J. F. Toledo, J. Torrent, A. Usón, J. F. C. A. Veloso, T. T. Vuong, R. Webb, R. Weiss-Babai, J. T. White, K. Woodruff, and N. Yahlali

Subjects
Dark Matter and Double Beta Decay (experiments), Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Abstract The Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon TPC (NEXT) searches for the neutrinoless double-beta (0νββ) decay of 136Xe using high-pressure xenon gas TPCs with electroluminescent amplification. A scaled-up version of this technology with about 1 tonne of enriched xenon could reach in less than 5 years of operation a sensitivity to the half-life of 0νββ decay better than 1027 years, improving the current limits by at least one order of magnitude. This prediction is based on a well-understood background model dominated by radiogenic sources. The detector concept presented here represents a first step on a compelling path towards sensitivity to the parameter space defined by the inverted ordering of neutrino masses, and beyond.

Published
2021
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7. Boosting background suppression in the NEXT experiment through Richardson-Lucy deconvolution

Author

The NEXT collaboration, A. Simón, Y. Ifergan, A. B. Redwine, R. Weiss-Babai, L. Arazi, C. Adams, H. Almazán, V. Álvarez, B. Aparicio, A. I. Aranburu, I. J. Arnquist, C. D. R Azevedo, K. Bailey, F. Ballester, J. M. Benlloch-Rodríguez, F. I. G. M. Borges, N. Byrnes, S. Cárcel, J. V. Carrión, S. Cebrián, E. Church, C. A. N. Conde, T. Contreras, F. P. Cossío, A. A. Denisenko, G. Díaz, J. Díaz, J. Escada, R. Esteve, R. Felkai, L. M. P. Fernandes, P. Ferrario, A. L. Ferreira, F. Foss, E. D. C. Freitas, Z. Freixa, J. Generowicz, A. Goldschmidt, J. J. Gómez-Cadenas, R. González, D. González-Díaz, S. Gosh, R. Guenette, R. M. Gutiérrez, J. Haefner, K. Hafidi, J. Hauptman, C. A. O. Henriques, J. A. Hernando Morata, P. Herrero, V. Herrero, J. Ho, B. J. P. Jones, M. Kekic, L. Labarga, A. Laing, P. Lebrun, N. López-March, M. Losada, R. D. P. Mano, J. Martín-Albo, A. Martínez, M. Martínez-Vara, G. Martínez-Lema, A. D. McDonald, Z.-E. Meziani, F. Monrabal, C. M. B. Monteiro, F. J. Mora, J. Muñoz Vidal, C. Newhouse, P. Novella, D. R. Nygren, E. Oblak, M. Odriozola-Gimeno, B. Palmeiro, A. Para, J. Pérez, M. Querol, J. Renner, L. Ripoll, I. Rivilla, Y. Rodríguez García, J. Rodríguez, C. Rogero, L. Rogers, B. Romeo, C. Romo-Luque, F. P. Santos, J. M. F. dos Santos, M. Sorel, C. Stanford, J. M. R. Teixeira, P. Thapa, J. F. Toledo, J. Torrent, A. Usón, J. F. C. A. Veloso, T. T. Vuong, R. Webb, J. T. White, K. Woodruff, and N. Yahlali

Subjects
Dark Matter and Double Beta Decay (experiments), Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Abstract Next-generation neutrinoless double beta decay experiments aim for half-life sensitivities of ∼ 1027 yr, requiring suppressing backgrounds to < 1 count/tonne/yr. For this, any extra background rejection handle, beyond excellent energy resolution and the use of extremely radiopure materials, is of utmost importance. The NEXT experiment exploits differences in the spatial ionization patterns of double beta decay and single-electron events to discriminate signal from background. While the former display two Bragg peak dense ionization regions at the opposite ends of the track, the latter typically have only one such feature. Thus, comparing the energies at the track extremes provides an additional rejection tool. The unique combination of the topology-based background discrimination and excellent energy resolution (1% FWHM at the Q-value of the decay) is the distinguishing feature of NEXT. Previous studies demonstrated a topological background rejection factor of ∼ 5 when reconstructing electron-positron pairs in the 208Tl 1.6 MeV double escape peak (with Compton events as background), recorded in the NEXT-White demonstrator at the Laboratorio Subterráneo de Canfranc, with 72% signal efficiency. This was recently improved through the use of a deep convolutional neural network to yield a background rejection factor of ∼ 10 with 65% signal efficiency. Here, we present a new reconstruction method, based on the Richardson-Lucy deconvolution algorithm, which allows reversing the blurring induced by electron diffusion and electroluminescence light production in the NEXT TPC. The new method yields highly refined 3D images of reconstructed events, and, as a result, significantly improves the topological background discrimination. When applied to real-data 1.6 MeV e − e + pairs, it leads to a background rejection factor of 27 at 57% signal efficiency.

Published
2021
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8. Demonstration of background rejection using deep convolutional neural networks in the NEXT experiment

Author

The NEXT collaboration, M. Kekic, C. Adams, K. Woodruff, J. Renner, E. Church, M. Del Tutto, J. A. Hernando Morata, J. J. Gómez-Cadenas, V. Álvarez, L. Arazi, I. J. Arnquist, C. D. R. Azevedo, K. Bailey, F. Ballester, J. M. Benlloch-Rodríguez, F. I. G. M. Borges, N. Byrnes, S. Cárcel, J. V. Carrión, S. Cebrián, C. A. N. Conde, T. Contreras, G. Díaz, J. Díaz, M. Diesburg, J. Escada, R. Esteve, R. Felkai, A. F. M. Fernandes, L. M. P. Fernandes, P. Ferrario, A. L. Ferreira, E. D. C. Freitas, J. Generowicz, S. Ghosh, A. Goldschmidt, D. González-Díaz, R. Guenette, R. M. Gutiérrez, J. Haefner, K. Hafidi, J. Hauptman, C. A. O. Henriques, P. Herrero, V. Herrero, Y. Ifergan, B. J. P. Jones, L. Labarga, A. Laing, P. Lebrun, N. López-March, M. Losada, R. D. P. Mano, J. Martín-Albo, A. Martínez, G. Martínez-Lema, M. Martínez-Vara, A. D. McDonald, Z.-E. Meziani, F. Monrabal, C. M. B. Monteiro, F. J. Mora, J. Muñoz Vidal, P. Novella, D. R. Nygren, B. Palmeiro, A. Para, J. Pérez, M. Querol, A. B. Redwine, L. Ripoll, Y. Rodríguez García, J. Rodríguez, L. Rogers, B. Romeo, C. Romo-Luque, F. P. Santos, J. M. F. dos Santos, A. Simón, C. Sofka, M. Sorel, T. Stiegler, J. F. Toledo, J. Torrent, A. Usón, J. F. C. A. Veloso, R. Webb, R. Weiss-Babai, J. T. White, and N. Yahlali

Subjects
Dark Matter and Double Beta Decay (experiments), Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Abstract Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are widely used state-of-the-art computer vision tools that are becoming increasingly popular in high-energy physics. In this paper, we attempt to understand the potential of CNNs for event classification in the NEXT experiment, which will search for neutrinoless double-beta decay in 136Xe. To do so, we demonstrate the usage of CNNs for the identification of electron-positron pair production events, which exhibit a topology similar to that of a neutrinoless double-beta decay event. These events were produced in the NEXT-White high-pressure xenon TPC using 2.6 MeV gamma rays from a 228Th calibration source. We train a network on Monte Carlo-simulated events and show that, by applying on-the-fly data augmentation, the network can be made robust against differences between simulation and data. The use of CNNs offers significant improvement in signal efficiency and background rejection when compared to previous non-CNN-based analyses.

Published
2021
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9. Solar neutrino detection sensitivity in DARWIN via electron scattering

Author

DARWIN Collaboration, J. Aalbers, F. Agostini, S. E. M. Ahmed Maouloud, M. Alfonsi, L. Althueser, F. D. Amaro, J. Angevaare, V. C. Antochi, B. Antunovic, E. Aprile, L. Arazi, F. Arneodo, M. Balzer, L. Baudis, D. Baur, M. L. Benabderrahmane, Y. Biondi, A. Bismark, C. Bourgeois, A. Breskin, P. A. Breur, A. Brown, E. Brown, S. Brünner, G. Bruno, R. Budnik, C. Capelli, J. Cardoso, D. Cichon, M. Clark, A. P. Colijn, J. Conrad, J. J. Cuenca-García, J. P. Cussonneau, M. P. Decowski, A. Depoian, J. Dierle, P. Di Gangi, A. Di Giovanni, S. Diglio, D. Douillet, G. Drexlin, K. Eitel, R. Engel, E. Erdal, A. D. Ferella, H. Fischer, P. Fischer, W. Fulgione, P. Gaemers, M. Galloway, F. Gao, D. Giovagnoli, F. Girard, R. Glade-Beucke, F. Glück, L. Grandi, S. Grohmann, R. Größle, R. Gumbsheimer, V. Hannen, S. Hansmann-Menzemer, C. Hils, B. Holzapfel, J. Howlett, G. Iaquaniello, F. Jörg, M. Keller, J. Kellerer, G. Khundzakishvili, B. Kilminster, M. Kleifges, T. K. Kleiner, G. Koltmann, A. Kopec, A. Kopmann, L. M. Krauss, F. Kuger, L. LaCascio, H. Landsman, R. F. Lang, S. Lindemann, M. Lindner, F. Lombardi, J. A. M. Lopes, A. Loya Villalpando, Y. Ma, C. Macolino, J. Mahlstedt, A. Manfredini, T. Marrodán Undagoitia, J. Masbou, D. Masson, E. Masson, N. McFadden, P. Meinhardt, R. Meyer, B. Milosevic, S. Milutinovic, A. Molinario, C. M. B. Monteiro, K. Morå, E. Morteau, Y. Mosbacher, M. Murra, J. L. Newstead, K. Ni, U. G. Oberlack, M. Obradovic, K. Odgers, I. Ostrovskiy, J. Palacio, M. Pandurovic, B. Pelssers, R. Peres, J. Pienaar, M. Pierre, V. Pizzella, G. Plante, J. Qi, J. Qin, D. Ramírez García, S. E. Reichard, N. Rupp, P. Sanchez-Lucas, J. M. F. dos Santos, G. Sartorelli, D. Schulte, H. C. Schultz-Coulon, H. Schulze Eißing, M. Schumann, L. Scotto Lavina, M. Selvi, P. Shagin, S. Sharma, W. Shen, M. Silva, H. Simgen, M. Steidl, S. Stern, D. Subotic, P. Szabo, A. Terliuk, C. Therreau, D. Thers, K. Thieme, F. Toennies, R. Trotta, C. D. Tunnell, K. Valerius, G. Volta, D. Vorkapic, M. Weber, Y. Wei, C. Weinheimer, M. Weiss, D. Wenz, C. Wittweg, J. Wolf, S. Wuestling, M. Wurm, Y. Xing, T. Zhu, Y. Zhu, J. P. Zopounidis, and K. Zuber

Subjects
Astrophysics, QB460-466, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Abstract We detail the sensitivity of the proposed liquid xenon DARWIN observatory to solar neutrinos via elastic electron scattering. We find that DARWIN will have the potential to measure the fluxes of five solar neutrino components: pp, $$^7$$ 7 Be, $$^{13}$$ 13 N, $$^{15}$$ 15 O and pep. The precision of the $$^{13}$$ 13 N, $$^{15}$$ 15 O and pep components is hindered by the double-beta decay of $$^{136}$$ 136 Xe and, thus, would benefit from a depleted target. A high-statistics observation of pp neutrinos would allow us to infer the values of the electroweak mixing angle, $$\sin ^2\theta _w$$ sin 2 θ w , and the electron-type neutrino survival probability, $$P_{ee}$$ P ee , in the electron recoil energy region from a few keV up to 200 keV for the first time, with relative precision of 5% and 4%, respectively, with 10 live years of data and a 30 tonne fiducial volume. An observation of pp and $$^7$$ 7 Be neutrinos would constrain the neutrino-inferred solar luminosity down to 0.2%. A combination of all flux measurements would distinguish between the high- (GS98) and low-metallicity (AGS09) solar models with 2.1–2.5 $$\sigma $$ σ significance, independent of external measurements from other experiments or a measurement of $$^8$$ 8 B neutrinos through coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering in DARWIN. Finally, we demonstrate that with a depleted target DARWIN may be sensitive to the neutrino capture process of $$^{131}$$ 131 Xe.

Published
2020
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10. Sensitivity of the DARWIN observatory to the neutrinoless double beta decay of $$^{136}$$ 136 Xe

Author

F. Agostini, S. E. M. Ahmed Maouloud, L. Althueser, F. Amaro, B. Antunovic, E. Aprile, L. Baudis, D. Baur, Y. Biondi, A. Bismark, P. A. Breur, A. Brown, G. Bruno, R. Budnik, C. Capelli, J. Cardoso, D. Cichon, M. Clark, A. P. Colijn, J. J. Cuenca-García, J. P. Cussonneau, M. P. Decowski, A. Depoian, J. Dierle, P. Di Gangi, A. Di Giovanni, S. Diglio, J. M. F. dos Santos, G. Drexlin, K. Eitel, R. Engel, A. D. Ferella, H. Fischer, M. Galloway, F. Gao, F. Girard, F. Glück, L. Grandi, R. Größle, R. Gumbsheimer, S. Hansmann-Menzemer, F. Jörg, G. Khundzakishvili, A. Kopec, F. Kuger, L. M. Krauss, H. Landsman, R. F. Lang, S. Lindemann, M. Lindner, J. A. M. Lopes, A. Loya Villalpando, C. Macolino, A. Manfredini, T. Marrodán Undagoitia, J. Masbou, E. Masson, P. Meinhardt, S. Milutinovic, A. Molinario, C. M. B. Monteiro, M. Murra, U. G. Oberlack, M. Pandurovic, R. Peres, J. Pienaar, M. Pierre, V. Pizzella, J. Qin, D. Ramírez García, S. Reichard, N. Rupp, P. Sanchez-Lucas, G. Sartorelli, D. Schulte, M. Schumann, L. Scotto Lavina, M. Selvi, M. Silva, H. Simgen, M. Steidl, A. Terliuk, C. Therreau, D. Thers, K. Thieme, R. Trotta, C. D. Tunnell, K. Valerius, G. Volta, D. Vorkapic, C. Weinheimer, C. Wittweg, J. Wolf, J. P. Zopounidis, K. Zuber, and DARWIN Collaboration

Subjects
Astrophysics, QB460-466, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Abstract The DARWIN observatory is a proposed next-generation experiment to search for particle dark matter and for the neutrinoless double beta decay of $$^{136}$$ 136 Xe. Out of its 50 t total natural xenon inventory, 40 t will be the active target of a time projection chamber which thus contains about 3.6 t of $$^{136}$$ 136 Xe. Here, we show that its projected half-life sensitivity is $$2.4\times {10}^{27}\,{\hbox {year}}$$ 2.4×1027year , using a fiducial volume of 5 t of natural xenon and 10 year of operation with a background rate of less than 0.2 events/(t $$\cdot $$ · year) in the energy region of interest. This sensitivity is based on a detailed Monte Carlo simulation study of the background and event topologies in the large, homogeneous target. DARWIN will be comparable in its science reach to dedicated double beta decay experiments using xenon enriched in $$^{136}$$ 136 Xe.

Published
2020
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11. Low-diffusion Xe-He gas mixtures for rare-event detection: electroluminescence yield

Author

The NEXT collaboration, A. F. M. Fernandes, C. A. O. Henriques, R. D. P. Mano, D. González-Díaz, C. D. R Azevedo, P. A. O. C. Silva, J. J. Gómez-Cadenas, E. D. C. Freitas, L. M. P. Fernandes, C. M. B. Monteiro, C. Adams, V. Álvarez, L. Arazi, I. J. Arnquist, K. Bailey, F. Ballester, J. M. Benlloch-Rodríguez, F. I. G. M. Borges, N. Byrnes, S. Cárcel, J. V. Carrión, S. Cebrián, E. Church, C. A. N. Conde, T. Contreras, G. Díaz, J. Díaz, M. Diesburg, J. Escada, R. Esteve, R. Felkai, P. Ferrario, A. L. Ferreira, J. Generowicz, S. Ghosh, A. Goldschmidt, R. Guenette, R. M. Gutiérrez, J. Haefner, K. Hafidi, J. Hauptman, J. A. Hernando Morata, P. Herrero, V. Herrero, Y. Ifergan, S. Johnston, B. J. P. Jones, M. Kekic, L. Labarga, A. Laing, P. Lebrun, N. López-March, M. Losada, J. Martín-Albo, A. Martínez, G. Martínez-Lema, A. D. McDonald, F. Monrabal, F. J. Mora, J. Muñoz Vidal, P. Novella, D. R. Nygren, B. Palmeiro, A. Para, J. Pérez, F. Psihas, M. Querol, J. Renner, J. Repond, S. Riordan, L. Ripoll, Y. Rodríguez García, J. Rodríguez, L. Rogers, B. Romeo, C. Romo-Luque, F. P. Santos, J. M. F. dos Santos, A. Simón, C. Sofka, M. Sorel, T. Stiegler, J. F. Toledo, J. Torrent, A. Usón, J. F. C. A. Veloso, R. Webb, R. Weiss-Babai, J. T. White, K. Woodruff, and N. Yahlali

Subjects
Particle correlations and fluctuations, Photon production, Dark Matter and Double Beta Decay (experiments), Rare decay, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Abstract High pressure xenon Time Projection Chambers (TPC) based on secondary scintillation (electroluminescence) signal amplification are being proposed for rare event detection such as directional dark matter, double electron capture and double beta decay detection. The discrimination of the rare event through the topological signature of primary ionisation trails is a major asset for this type of TPC when compared to single liquid or double-phase TPCs, limited mainly by the high electron diffusion in pure xenon. Helium admixtures with xenon can be an attractive solution to reduce the electron diffu- sion significantly, improving the discrimination efficiency of these optical TPCs. We have measured the electroluminescence (EL) yield of Xe–He mixtures, in the range of 0 to 30% He and demonstrated the small impact on the EL yield of the addition of helium to pure xenon. For a typical reduced electric field of 2.5 kV/cm/bar in the EL region, the EL yield is lowered by ∼ 2%, 3%, 6% and 10% for 10%, 15%, 20% and 30% of helium concentration, respectively. This decrease is less than what has been obtained from the most recent simulation framework in the literature. The impact of the addition of helium on EL statistical fluctuations is negligible, within the experimental uncertainties. The present results are an important benchmark for the simulation tools to be applied to future optical TPCs based on Xe-He mixtures.

Published
2020
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12. Radiogenic backgrounds in the NEXT double beta decay experiment

Author

The NEXT collaboration, P. Novella, B. Palmeiro, M. Sorel, A. Usón, P. Ferrario, J. J. Gómez-Cadenas, C. Adams, V. Álvarez, L. Arazi, I. J. Arnquist, C. D. R Azevedo, K. Bailey, F. Ballester, J. M. Benlloch-Rodríguez, F. I. G. M. Borges, N. Byrnes, S. Cárcel, J. V. Carrión, S. Cebrían, E. Church, C. A. N. Conde, T. Contreras, G. Díaz, J. Díaz, M. Diesburg, J. Escada, R. Esteve, R. Felkai, A. F. M. Fernandes, L. M. P. Fernandes, A. L. Ferreira, E. D. C. Freitas, J. Generowicz, S. Ghosh, A. Goldschmidt, D. Gonźalez-Díaz, R. Guenette, R. M. Gutiérrez, J. Haefner, K. Hafidi, J. Hauptman, C. A. O. Henriques, J. A. Hernando Morata, P. Herrero, V. Herrero, Y. Ifergan, S. Johnston, B. J. P. Jones, M. Kekic, L. Labarga, A. Laing, P. Lebrun, N. López-March, M. Losada, R. D. P. Mano, J. Martín-Albo, A. Martínez, G. Martínez-Lema, A. D. McDonald, F. Monrabal, C. M. B. Monteiro, F. J. Mora, J. Muñoz Vidal, D. R. Nygren, A. Para, J. Pérez, F. Psihas, M. Querol, J. Renner, J. Repond, S. Riordan, L. Ripoll, Y. Rodríguez García, J. Rodríguez, L. Rogers, B. Romeo, C. Romo-Luque, F. P. Santos, J. M. F. dos Santos, A. Simón, C. Sofka, T. Stiegler, J. F. Toledo, J. Torrent, J. F. C. A. Veloso, R. Webb, R. Weiss-Babai, J. T. White, K. Woodruff, and N. Yahlali

Subjects
Dark Matter and Double Beta Decay (experiments), Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Abstract Natural radioactivity represents one of the main backgrounds in the search for neutrinoless double beta decay. Within the NEXT physics program, the radioactivity- induced backgrounds are measured with the NEXT-White detector. Data from 37.9 days of low-background operations at the Laboratorio Subterráneo de Canfranc with xenon depleted in 136Xe are analyzed to derive a total background rate of (0.84±0.02) mHz above 1000 keV. The comparison of data samples with and without the use of the radon abatement system demonstrates that the contribution of airborne-Rn is negligible. A radiogenic background model is built upon the extensive radiopurity screening campaign conducted by the NEXT collaboration. A spectral fit to this model yields the specific contributions of 60Co, 40K, 214Bi and 208Tl to the total background rate, as well as their location in the detector volumes. The results are used to evaluate the impact of the radiogenic backgrounds in the double beta decay analyses, after the application of topological cuts that reduce the total rate to (0.25±0.01) mHz. Based on the best-fit background model, the NEXT-White median sensitivity to the two-neutrino double beta decay is found to be 3.5σ after 1 year of data taking. The background measurement in a Q ββ ±100 keV energy window validates the best-fit background model also for the neutrinoless double beta decay search with NEXT-100. Only one event is found, while the model expectation is (0.75±0.12) events.

Published
2019
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13. Demonstration of the event identification capabilities of the NEXT-White detector

Author

The NEXT collaboration, P. Ferrario, J. M. Benlloch-Rodríguez, G. Díaz López, J. A. Hernando Morata, M. Kekic, J. Renner, A. Usón, J. J. Gómez-Cadenas, C. Adams, V. Álvarez, L. Arazi, I. J. Arnquist, C. D. R Azevedo, K. Bailey, F. Ballester, F. I. G. M. Borges, N. Byrnes, S. Cárcel, J. V. Carrión, S. Cebrían, E. Church, C. A. N. Conde, T. Contreras, J. Díaz, M. Diesburg, J. Escada, R. Esteve, R. Felkai, A. F. M. Fernandes, L. M. P. Fernandes, A. L. Ferreira, E. D. C. Freitas, J. Generowicz, S. Ghosh, A. Goldschmidt, D. González-Díaz, R. Guenette, R. M. Gutíerrez, J. Haefner, K. Hafidi, J. Hauptman, C. A. O. Henriques, P. Herrero, V. Herrero, Y. Ifergan, S. Johnston, B. J. P. Jones, L. Labarga, A. Laing, P. Lebrun, N. López-March, M. Losada, R. D. P. Mano, J. Martín-Albo, A. Martínez, G. Martínez-Lema, A. D. McDonald, F. Monrabal, C. M. B. Monteiro, F. J. Mora, J. Muñoz Vidal, P. Novella, D. R. Nygren, B. Palmeiro, A. Para, J. Pérez, F. Psihas, M. Querol, J. Repond, S. Riordan, L. Ripoll, Y. Rodríguez García, J. Rodríguez, L. Rogers, B. Romeo, C. Romo-Luque, F. P. Santos, J. M. F. dos Santos, A. Simón, C. Sofka, M. Sorel, T. Stiegler, J. F. Toledo, J. Torrent, J. F. C. A. Veloso, R. Webb, R. Weiss-Babai, J. T. White, K. Woodruff, and N. Yahlali

Subjects
Dark Matter and Double Beta Decay (experiments), Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Abstract In experiments searching for neutrinoless double-beta decay, the possibility of identifying the two emitted electrons is a powerful tool in rejecting background events and therefore improving the overall sensitivity of the experiment. In this paper we present the first measurement of the efficiency of a cut based on the different event signatures of double and single electron tracks, using the data of the NEXT-White detector, the first detector of the NEXT experiment operating underground. Using a 228Th calibration source to produce signal-like and background-like events with energies near 1.6 MeV, a signal efficiency of 71.6 ± 1.5 stat ± 0.3 sys% for a background acceptance of 20.6 ± 0.4 stat ± 0.3 sys% is found, in good agreement with Monte Carlo simulations. An extrapolation to the energy region of the neutrinoless double beta decay by means of Monte Carlo simulations is also carried out, and the results obtained show an improvement in background rejection over those obtained at lower energies.

Published
2019
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14. Energy calibration of the NEXT-White detector with 1% resolution near Q ββ of 136Xe

Author

The NEXT collaboration, J. Renner, G. Díaz López, P. Ferrario, J. A. Hernando Morata, M. Kekic, G. Martínez-Lema, F. Monrabal, J. J. Gómez-Cadenas, C. Adams, V. Álvarez, L. Arazi, I. J. Arnquist, C. D. R Azevedo, K. Bailey, F. Ballester, J. M. Benlloch-Rodríguez, F. I. G. M. Borges, N. Byrnes, S. Cárcel, J. V. Carrión, S. Cebrián, E. Church, C. A. N. Conde, T. Contreras, J. Díaz, M. Diesburg, J. Escada, R. Esteve, R. Felkai, A. F. M. Fernandes, L. M. P. Fernandes, A. L. Ferreira, E. D. C. Freitas, J. Generowicz, S. Ghosh, A. Goldschmidt, D. González-Díaz, R. Guenette, R. M. Gutiérrez, J. Haefner, K. Hafidi, J. Hauptman, C. A. O. Henriques, P. Herrero, V. Herrero, Y. Ifergan, S. Johnston, B. J. P. Jones, L. Labarga, A. Laing, P. Lebrun, N. López-March, M. Losada, R. D. P. Mano, J. Martín-Albo, A. Martínez, A. D. McDonald, C. M. B. Monteiro, F.J. Mora, J. Muñoz Vidal, P. Novella, D. R. Nygren, B. Palmeiro, A. Para, J. Pérez, F. Psihas, M. Querol, J. Repond, S. Riordan, L. Ripoll, Y. Rodríguez García, J. Rodríguez, L. Rogers, B. Romeo, C. Romo-Luque, F. P. Santos, J. M. F. dos Santos, A. Simón, C. Sofka, M. Sorel, T. Stiegler, J. F. Toledo, J. Torrent, A. Usón, J. F. C. A. Veloso, R. Webb, R. Weiss-Babai, J. T. White, K. Woodruff, and N. Yahlali

Subjects
Dark Matter and Double Beta Decay (experiments), Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Abstract Excellent energy resolution is one of the primary advantages of electroluminescent high-pressure xenon TPCs. These detectors are promising tools in searching for rare physics events, such as neutrinoless double-beta decay (ββ0ν), which require precise energy measurements. Using the NEXT-White detector, developed by the NEXT (Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon TPC) collaboration, we show for the first time that an energy resolution of 1% FWHM can be achieved at 2.6 MeV, establishing the present technology as the one with the best energy resolution of all xenon detectors for ββ0ν searches.

Published
2019
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15. Electroluminescence TPCs at the thermal diffusion limit

Author

The NEXT collaboration, C. A. O. Henriques, C. M. B. Monteiro, D. González-Díaz, C. D. R Azevedo, E. D. C. Freitas, R. D. P. Mano, M. R. Jorge, A. F. M. Fernandes, J. J. Gómez-Cadenas, L. M. P. Fernandes, C. Adams, V. Álvarez, L. Arazi, K. Bailey, F. Ballester, J. M. Benlloch-Rodríguez, F. I. G. M. Borges, A. Botas, S. Cárcel, J. V. Carrión, S. Cebrián, C. A. N. Conde, J. Díaz, M. Diesburg, J. Escada, R. Esteve, R. Felkai, P. Ferrario, A. L. Ferreira, J. Generowicz, A. Goldschmidt, R. Guenette, R. M. Gutiérrez, K. Hafidi, J. Hauptman, A. I. Hernandez, J. A. Hernando Morata, V. Herrero, S. Johnston, B. J. P. Jones, M. Kekic, L. Labarga, A. Laing, P. Lebrun, N. López-March, M. Losada, J. Martín-Albo, A. Martínez, G. Martínez-Lema, A. McDonald, F. Monrabal, F. J. Mora, J. Muñoz Vidal, M. Musti, M. Nebot-Guinot, P. Novella, D. R. Nygren, B. Palmeiro, A. Para, J. Pérez, F. Psihas, M. Querol, J. Renner, J. Repond, S. Riordan, L. Ripoll, J. Rodríguez, L. Rogers, C. Romo-Luque, F. P. Santos, J. M. F. dos Santos, A. Simón, C. Sofka, M. Sorel, T. Stiegler, J. F. Toledo, J. Torrent, J. F. C. A. Veloso, R. Webb, J. T. White, and N. Yahlali

Subjects
Dark Matter and Double Beta Decay (experiments), Photon production, Particle correlations and fluctuations, Rare decay, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Abstract The NEXT experiment aims at searching for the hypothetical neutrinoless double-beta decay from the 136Xe isotope using a high-purity xenon TPC. Efficient discrimination of the events through pattern recognition of the topology of primary ionisation tracks is a major requirement for the experiment. However, it is limited by the diffusion of electrons. It is known that the addition of a small fraction of a molecular gas to xenon reduces electron diffusion. On the other hand, the electroluminescence (EL) yield drops and the achievable energy resolution may be compromised. We have studied the effect of adding several molecular gases to xenon (CO2, CH4 and CF4) on the EL yield and energy resolution obtained in a small prototype of driftless gas proportional scintillation counter. We have compared our results on the scintillation characteristics (EL yield and energy resolution) with a microscopic simulation, obtaining the diffusion coefficients in those conditions as well. Accordingly, electron diffusion may be reduced from about 10 mm/ m $$ \sqrt{\mathrm{m}} $$ for pure xenon down to 2.5 mm/ m $$ \sqrt{\mathrm{m}} $$ using additive concentrations of about 0.05%, 0.2% and 0.02% for CO2, CH4 and CF4, respectively. Our results show that CF4 admixtures present the highest EL yield in those conditions, but very poor energy resolution as a result of huge fluctuations observed in the EL formation. CH4 presents the best energy resolution despite the EL yield being the lowest. The results obtained with xenon admixtures are extrapolated to the operational conditions of the NEXT-100 TPC. CO2 and CH4 show potential as molecular additives in a large xenon TPC. While CO2 has some operational constraints, making it difficult to be used in a large TPC, CH4 shows the best performance and stability as molecular additive to be used in the NEXT-100 TPC, with an extrapolated energy resolution of 0.4% at 2.45 MeV for concentrations below 0.4%, which is only slightly worse than the one obtained for pure xenon. We demonstrate the possibility to have an electroluminescence TPC operating very close to the thermal diffusion limit without jeopardizing the TPC performance, if CO2 or CH4 are chosen as additives.

Published
2019
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16. Measurement of radon-induced backgrounds in the NEXT double beta decay experiment

Author

The NEXT collaboration, P. Novella, B. Palmeiro, A. Simón, M. Sorel, C. Adams, P. Ferrario, G. Martínez-Lema, F. Monrabal, G. Zuzel, J. J. Gómez-Cadenas, V. Álvarez, L. Arazi, C. D. R Azevedo, K. Bailey, F. Ballester, J. M. Benlloch-Rodríguez, F. I. G. M. Borges, A. Botas, S. Cárcel, J. V. Carrión, S. Cebrián, C. A. N. Conde, J. Díaz, M. Diesburg, J. Escada, R. Esteve, R. Felkai, A. F. M. Fernandes, L. M. P. Fernandes, A. L. Ferreira, E. D. C. Freitas, J. Generowicz, A. Goldschmidt, D. González-Díaz, R. Guenette, R. M. Gutiérrez, K. Hafidi, J. Hauptman, C. A. O. Henriques, A. I. Hernandez, J. A. Hernando Morata, V. Herrero, S. Johnston, B. J. P. Jones, M. Kekic, L. Labarga, A. Laing, P. Lebrun, N. López-March, M. Losada, R. D. P. Mano, J. Martíın-Albo, A. Martínez, A. McDonald, C. M. B. Monteiro, F. J. Mora, J. Muñoz Vidal, M. Musti, M. Nebot-Guinot, D. R. Nygren, A. Para, J. Pérez, F. Psihas, M. Querol, J. Renner, J. Repond, S. Riordan, L. Ripoll, J. Rodríguez, L. Rogers, C. Romo-Luque, F. P. Santos, J. M. F. dos Santos, C. Sofka, T. Stiegler, J. F. Toledo, J. Torrent, J. F. C. A. Veloso, R. Webb, J. T. White, and N. Yahlali

Subjects
Dark Matter and Double Beta Decay (experiments), Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Abstract The measurement of the internal 222Rn activity in the NEXT-White detector during the so-called Run-II period with 136Xe-depleted xenon is discussed in detail, together with its implications for double beta decay searches in NEXT. The activity is measured through the alpha production rate induced in the fiducial volume by 222Rn and its alpha-emitting progeny. The specific activity is measured to be (38.1 ± 2.2 (stat.) ± 5.9 (syst.)) mBq/m3. Radon-induced electrons have also been characterized from the decay of the 214Bi daughter ions plating out on the cathode of the time projection chamber. From our studies, we conclude that radon-induced backgrounds are sufficiently low to enable a successful NEXT-100 physics program, as the projected rate contribution should not exceed 0.1 counts/yr in the neutrinoless double beta decay sample.

Published
2018
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17. Present Status and Future Perspectives of the NEXT Experiment

Author

J. J. Gómez Cadenas, V. Álvarez, F. I. G. Borges, S. Cárcel, J. Castel, S. Cebrián, A. Cervera, C. A. N. Conde, T. Dafni, T. H. V. T. Dias, J. Díaz, M. Egorov, R. Esteve, P. Evtoukhovitch, L. M. P. Fernandes, P. Ferrario, A. L. Ferreira, E. D. C. Freitas, V. M. Gehman, A. Gil, A. Goldschmidt, H. Gómez, D. González-Díaz, R. M. Gutiérrez, J. Hauptman, J. A. Hernando Morata, D. C. Herrera, F. J. Iguaz, I. G. Irastorza, M. A. Jinete, L. Labarga, A. Laing, I. Liubarsky, J. A. M. Lopes, D. Lorca, M. Losada, G. Luzón, A. Marí, J. Martín-Albo, A. Martínez, T. Miller, A. Moiseenko, F. Monrabal, M. Monserrate, C. M. B. Monteiro, F. J. Mora, L. M. Moutinho, J. Muñoz Vidal, H. Natal da Luz, G. Navarro, M. Nebot-Guinot, D. Nygren, C. A. B. Oliveira, R. Palma, Javier Pérez, J. L. Pérez-Aparicio, J. Renner, L. Ripoll, A. Rodríguez, J. Rodríguez, F. P. Santos, J. M. F. dos Santos, L. Seguí, L. Serra, D. Shuman, A. Simón, C. Sofka, M. Sorel, J. F. Toledo, A. Tomás, J. Torrent, Z. Tsamalaidze, J. F. C. A. Veloso, J. A. Villar, R. Webb, J. White, and N. Yahlali

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

NEXT is an experiment dedicated to neutrinoless double beta decay searches in xenon. The detector is a TPC, holding 100 kg of high-pressure xenon enriched in the 136Xe isotope. It is under construction in the Laboratorio Subterráneo de Canfranc in Spain, and it will begin operations in 2015. The NEXT detector concept provides an energy resolutionbetter than 1% FWHM and a topological signal that can be used to reduce the background. Furthermore, the NEXT technology can be extrapolated to a 1 ton-scale experiment.

Published
2014
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18. Laser excitation of the 1s-hyperfine transition in muonic hydrogen

Author

Pedro Amaro, A. Adamczak, M. Abdou Ahmed, L. Affolter, F. D. Amaro, Patricia Carvalho, T. -L. Chen, L. M. P. Fernandes, M. Ferro, D. Goeldi, T. Graf, M. Guerra, Theodor Hänsch, C. A. O. Henriques, Y. -C. Huang, P. Indelicato, O. Kara, Klaus Kirch, Andreas Knecht, Franz Kottmann, Y. -W. Liu, Jorge Machado, M. Marszalek, R. D. P. Mano, C. M. B. Monteiro, F. Nez, J. Nuber, A. Ouf, N. Paul, Randolf Pohl, E. Rapisarda, J. M. F. dos Santos, J. P. Santos, P. A. O. C. Silva, L. Sinkunaite, J. -T. Shy, K. Schuhmann, S. Rajamohanan, Anna Soter, L. Sustelo, David Taqqu, L. -B. Wang, Frederik Wauters, P. Yzombard, M. Zeyen, Aldo Antognini, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)

Subjects
Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph), FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Physics::Atomic Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEN-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/General Physics [physics.gen-ph], Physics - Atomic Physics
Abstract

The CREMA collaboration is pursuing a measurement of the ground-state hyperfine splitting (HFS) in muonic hydrogen ($\mu$p) with 1 ppm accuracy by means of pulsed laser spectroscopy to determine the two-photon-exchange contribution with $2\times10^{-4}$ relative accuracy. In the proposed experiment, the $\mu$p atom undergoes a laser excitation from the singlet hyperfine state to the triplet hyperfine state, {then} is quenched back to the singlet state by an inelastic collision with a H$_2$ molecule. The resulting increase of kinetic energy after the collisional deexcitation is used as a signature of a successful laser transition between hyperfine states. In this paper, we calculate the combined probability that a $\mu$p atom initially in the singlet hyperfine state undergoes a laser excitation to the triplet state followed by a collisional-induced deexcitation back to the singlet state. This combined probability has been computed using the optical Bloch equations including the inelastic and elastic collisions. Omitting the decoherence effects caused by {the laser bandwidth and }collisions would overestimate the transition probability by more than a factor of two in the experimental conditions. Moreover, we also account for Doppler effects and provide the matrix element, the saturation fluence, the elastic and inelastic collision rates for the singlet and triplet states, and the resonance linewidth. This calculation thus quantifies one of the key unknowns of the HFS experiment, leading to a precise definition of the requirements for the laser system and to an optimization of the hydrogen gas target where $\mu$p is formed and the laser spectroscopy will occur., Comment: 21 pages, 4 figures

Published
2022

20. Accurate gamma and MeV-electron track reconstruction with an ultra-low diffusion Xenon/TMA TPC at 10 atmospheres

Author

Diego Gonzalez-Diaz, V. Alvarez, F. I. G. Borges, M. Camargo, S. Carcel, S. Cebrian, A. Cervera, C. A. N. Conde, T. Dafni, J. Diaz, R. Esteve, L. M. P. Fernandes, Ferrario, P., A. L. Ferreira, Freitas, E. D. C., V. M. Gehman, A. Goldschmidt, J. J. Gomez-Cadenas, R. M. Gutierrez, J. Hauptman, J. A. Hernando Morata, D. C. Herrera, I. G. Irastorza, L. Labarga, A. Laing, I. Liubarsky, N. Lopez-March, D. Lorca, M. Losada, G. Luzon, A. Mari, J. Martin-Albo, G. Martinez-Lema, A. Martinez, T. Miller, F. Monrabal, M. Monserrate, C. M. B. Monteiro, F. J. Mora, L. M. Moutinho, J. Munoz Vidal, M. Nebot-Guinot, D. Nygren, C. A. B. Oliveira, J. Perez, Aparicio, J. L. Perez, M. Querol, J. Renner, L. Ripoll, J. Rodriguez, F. P. Santos, J. M. F. dos Santos, L. Serra, D. Shuman, A. Simon, C. Sofka, M. Sorel, J. F. Toledo, J. Torrent, Z. Tsamalaidze, J. F. C. A. Veloso, J. A. Villar, R. Webb, J. T. White, N. Yahlali, C. Azevedo, F. Aznar, D. Calvet, J. Castel, E. Ferrer-Ribas, J. A. Garcia, I. Giomataris, H. Gomez, F. J. Iguaz, A. Lagraba, A. Le Coguie, J. P. Mols, O. Sahin, A. Rodriguez, E. Ruiz-Choliz, L. Segui, A. Tomas, and R. Veenhof

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Detectors and Experimental Techniques
Abstract

We report the performance of a 10 atm Xenon/trimethylamine time projection chamber (TPC) for the detection of X-rays (30 keV) and gamma-rays (0.511-1.275 MeV) in conjunction with the accurate tracking of the associated electrons. When operated at such a high pressure and in 1%-admixtures, trimethylamine (TMA) endows Xenon with an extremely low electron diffusion (1.3 +-0.13 mm-sigma (longitudinal), 0.8 +-0.15 mm-sigma (transverse) along 1 m drift) besides forming a convenient Penning-Fluorescent mixture. The TPC, that houses 1.1 kg of gas in its active volume, operated continuously for 100 live-days in charge amplification mode. The readout was performed through the recently introduced microbulk Micromegas technology and the AFTER chip, providing a 3D voxelization of 8mm x 8mm x 1.2mm for approximately 10 cm/MeV-long electron tracks. This work was developed as part of the R&D program of the NEXT collaboration for future detector upgrades in the search of the 0bbnu decay in 136Xe, specifically those based on novel gas mixtures. Therefore we ultimately focus on the calorimetric and topological properties of the reconstructed MeV-electron tracks. We report the performance of a 10 atm Xenon/trimethylamine time projection chamber (TPC) for the detection of X-rays (30 keV) and γ-rays (0.511–1.275 MeV) in conjunction with the accurate tracking of the associated electrons. When operated at such a high pressure and in ~1%-admixtures, trimethylamine (TMA) endows Xenon with an extremely low electron diffusion ( 1.3±0.13mm-σ (longitudinal), 0.95±0.20mm-σ (transverse) along 1 m drift) besides forming a convenient ‘Penning-Fluorescent’ mixture. The TPC, that houses 1.1 kg of gas in its fiducial volume, operated continuously for 100 live-days in charge amplification mode. The readout was performed through the recently introduced microbulk Micromegas technology and the AFTER chip, providing a 3D voxelization of 8mm×8mm×1.2mm for approximately 10 cm/MeV-long electron tracks. Resolution in energy ( ε ) at full width half maximum (R) inside the fiducial volume ranged from R=14.6% (30 keV) to R=4.6%(1.275MeV) . We report the performance of a 10 atm Xenon/trimethylamine time projection chamber (TPC) for the detection of X-rays (30 keV) and gamma-rays (0.511-1.275 MeV) in conjunction with the accurate tracking of the associated electrons. When operated at such a high pressure and in 1%-admixtures, trimethylamine (TMA) endows Xenon with an extremely low electron diffusion (1.3 +-0.13 mm-sigma (longitudinal), 0.8 +-0.15 mm-sigma (transverse) along 1 m drift) besides forming a convenient Penning-Fluorescent mixture. The TPC, that houses 1.1 kg of gas in its active volume, operated continuously for 100 live-days in charge amplification mode. The readout was performed through the recently introduced microbulk Micromegas technology and the AFTER chip, providing a 3D voxelization of 8mm x 8mm x 1.2mm for approximately 10 cm/MeV-long electron tracks. This work was developed as part of the R&D program of the NEXT collaboration for future detector upgrades in the search of the 0bbnu decay in 136Xe, specifically those based on novel gas mixtures. Therefore we ultimately focus on the calorimetric and topological properties of the reconstructed MeV-electron tracks.

Published
2015

21. Radon and material radiopurity assessment for the NEXT double beta decay experiment

Author

S. Cebrián, J. Pérez, I. Bandac, L. Labarga, V. Álvarez, A. I. Barrado, A. Bettini, F. I. G. M. Borges, M. Camargo, S. Cárcel, A. Cervera, C. A. N. Conde, E. Conde, T. Dafni, J. Díaz, R. Esteve, L. M. P. Fernandes, M. Fernández, P. Ferrario, E. D. C. Freitas, V. M. Gehman, A. Goldschmidt, J. J. Gómez-Cadenas, D. González-Díaz, R. M. Gutiérrez, J. Hauptman, J. A. Hernando Morata, D. C. Herrera, I. G. Irastorza, A. Laing, I. Liubarsky, N. López-March, D. Lorca, M. Losada, G. Luzón, A. Marí, J. Martín-Albo, A. Martínez, G. Martínez-Lema, T. Miller, F. Monrabal, M. Monserrate, C. M. B. Monteiro, F. J. Mora, L. M. Moutinho, J. Muñoz Vidal, M. Nebot-Guinot, D. Nygren, C. A. B. Oliveira, A. Ortiz de Solórzano, J. L. Pérez Aparicio, M. Querol, J. Renner, L. Ripoll, J. Rodríguez, F. P. Santos, J. M. F. dos Santos, L. Serra, D. Shuman, A. Simón, C. Sofka, M. Sorel, J. F. Toledo, J. Torrent, Z. Tsamalaidze, J. F. C. A. Veloso, J. A. Villar, R. C. Webb, J. T. White, N. Yahlali, and UAM. Departamento de Física Teórica

Subjects
Radon mitigation, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Radon, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Xenon, Cambres d'ionització, Double beta decay, Gamma detectors (HPGe), 0103 physical sciences, Gamma spectroscopy, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Detectors de radiació, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Ionization chambers, Canfranc Underground Laboratory, Material radiopurity, Física, Time-Projection Chamber (TPC), Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Semiconductor detector, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Nuclear counters, Environmental science, Neutrino
Abstract

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAM, The ”Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon TPC” (NEXT), intended to investigate the neutrinoless double beta decay using a high-pressure xenon gas TPC filled with Xe enriched in 136Xe at the Canfranc Underground Laboratory in Spain, requires ultra-low background conditions demanding an exhaustive control of material radiopurity and environmental radon levels. An extensive material screening process is underway for several years based mainly on gamma-ray spectroscopy using ultra-low backgroundgermanium detectors in Canfranc but also on mass spectrometry techniques like GDMS and ICPMS. Components from shielding, pressure vessel, electroluminescence and high voltage elements and energy and tracking readout planes have been analyzed, helping in the final design of the experiment and in the construction of the background model. The latest measurements carried out will be presented and the implication on NEXT of their results will be discussed. The commissioning of the NEW detector, as a first step towards NEXT, has started in Canfranc; in-situ measurements of airborne radon levels were taken there to optimize the system for radon mitigation and will be shown too, The NEXT Collaboration acknowledges funding support from the following agencies and institutions: the European Research Council under the Advanced Grant 339787-NEXT and the T-REX Starting Grant ref. ERC-2009-StG-240054 of the IDEAS program of the 7th EU Framework Program; the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad under grants CONSOLIDER-Ingenio 2010 CSD2008-0037 (CUP), FPA2009-13697-C04-04, and FIS2012-37947- C04; the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the US DoE under Contract no. DE-AC02- 05CH11231; and the Portuguese FCT and FEDER through the program COMPETE, Projects PTDC/FIS/103860/2008 and PTDC/FIS/112272/2009. S. Cebrián acknowledges the support from the University of Zaragoza (Convocatoria propia de proyectos de investigación para Jóvenes Investigadores 2014). Special thanks are due to LSC directorate and staff for their strong support for performing the measurements at the LSC Radiopurity Service

Published
2015

22. The Lamb-shift experiment in Muonic helium

Author

T. Nebel, F. D. Amaro, A. Antognini, F. Biraben, J. M. R. Cardoso, D. S. Covita, A. Dax, L. M. P. Fernandes, A. L. Gouvea, T. Graf, T. W. Hänsch, M. Hildebrandt, P. Indelicato, L. Julien, K. Kirch, F. Kottmann, Y. -W. Liu, C. M. B. Monteiro, F. Nez, J. M. F. dos Santos, K. Schuhmann, D. Taqqu, J. F. C. A. Veloso, A. Voss, and R. Pohl

Published
2012

23. The NEXT experiment

Author

J Díaz, N Yahlali, M Ball, J A S Barata, F I G M Borges, E Calvo, S Cárcel, J M Carmona, S Cebrián, A Cervera, X Cid, C A N Conde, T Dafni, T H V T Dias, L M P Fernandes, E Ferrer-Ribas, E D C Freitas, J Galán, A Gil, I Gil, I Giomataris, H Gómez, J J Gómez-Cadenas, F Granena, J A Hernando-Morata, F J Iguaz, I Irastorza, J A M Lopes, D Martínez, C M B Monteiro, J Muñoz-Vidal, C Palomares, M Lázaro, T Lux, G Luzón, J Martín-Albo, F Monrabal, J Morales, F Nova, P Novella, D Nygren, L Ripoll, A Rodríguez, J Ruz, N F Sánchez, F P Santos, J M F Dos Santos, L Serra, M Sorel, L M N Távora, A Tomás, J F C A Veloso, and A Verdugo

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear physics, History, MAJORANA, Xenon, chemistry, Double beta decay, Canfranc Underground Laboratory, chemistry.chemical_element, Neutrino, Computer Science Applications, Education
Abstract

Neutrinoless double beta decay measurements are the most promising experiments both to reveal the Majorana nature of the neutrino and to set a value for its mass. The NEXT project propose to build a High pressure Xenon TPC in the Canfranc Underground Laboratory (Huesca, Spain) to measure double-beta decay of 136Xe, both normal and neutrinoless, with a source mass of 100 kg of enriched xenon.

Published
2009

24. Diffusion of muonic hydrogen in hydrogen gas and the measurement of the 1$s$ hyperfine splitting of muonic hydrogen

Author

J. Nuber, A. Adamczak, M. Abdou Ahmed, L. Affolter, F. D. Amaro, P. Amaro, A. Antognini, P. Carvalho, Y. -H. Chang, T. -L. Chen, W. -L. Chen, L. M. P. Fernandes, M. Ferro, D. Goeldi, T. Graf, M. Guerra, T. W. Hänsch, C. A. O. Henriques, M. Hildebrandt, P. Indelicato, O. Kara, K. Kirch, A. Knecht, F. Kottmann, Y. -W. Liu, J. Machado, M. Marszalek, R. D. P. Mano, C. M. B. Monteiro, F. Nez, A. Ouf, N. Paul, R. Pohl, E. Rapisarda, J. M. F. dos Santos, J. P. Santos, P. A. O. C. Silva, L. Sinkunaite, J. -T. Shy, K. Schuhmann, S. Rajamohanan, A. Soter, L. Sustelo, D. Taqqu, L. -B. Wang, F. Wauters, P. Yzombard, M. Zeyen, J. Zhang

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

The CREMA collaboration is pursuing a measurement of the ground-state hyperfine splitting (HFS) in muonic hydrogen ($\mu$p) with 1 ppm accuracy by means of pulsed laser spectroscopy. In the proposed experiment, the $\mu$p atom is excited by a laser pulse from the singlet to the triplet hyperfine sub-levels, and is quenched back to the singlet state by an inelastic collision with a H$_2$ molecule. The resulting increase of kinetic energy after this cycle modifies the $\mu$p atom diffusion in the hydrogen gas and the arrival time of the $\mu$p atoms at the target walls. This laser-induced modification of the arrival times is used to expose the atomic transition. In this paper we present the simulation of the $\mu$p diffusion in the H$_2$ gas which is at the core of the experimental scheme. These simulations have been implemented with the Geant4 framework by introducing various low-energy processes including the motion of the H$_2$ molecules, i.e. the effects related with the hydrogen target temperature. The simulations have been used to optimize the hydrogen target parameters (pressure, temperatures and thickness) and to estimate signal and background rates. These rates allow to estimate the maximum time needed to find the resonance and the statistical accuracy of the spectroscopy experiment.

Published
2023
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25. The CYGNO/INITIUM experiment

Author

F. D. Amaro, E. Baracchini, L. Benussi , S. Bianco, C. Capoccia, M. Caponero, D. Santos Cardoso, G. Cavoto, A. Cortez, I. A. Costa, E. Dané, G. Dho, F. Di Giambattista, E. Di Marco, G. D’Imperio, F. Iacoangeli, H. P. L. Jùnior, G. S. P. Lopes, G. Maccarrone, R. D. P. Mano, R. R. M. Gregorio, D. J. G. Marques, G. Mazzitelli, A. G. McLean, A. Messina, C. M. B. Monteiro, R. A. Nobrega, I. Fonseca Pains, E. Paoletti, L. Passamonti, S. Pelosi, F. Petrucci, S. Piacentini, D. Piccolo, D. Pierluigi, D. Pinci, A. Prajapati, F. Renga, R. J. C. Roque, F. Rosatelli, A. Russo, J. M. F. dos Santos, G. Saviano, N. J. C. Spooner, R. Tesauro, S. Tommasini, S. Torelli

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

The CYGNO project for the development of a high precision optical readout gaseous TPC for directional Dark Matter search and solar neutrino spectroscopy will be presented. It is to be hosted at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso. CYGNO peculiar features are the use of sCMOS cameras and PMTs coupled to GEMs amplification of a helium-based gas mixture at atmospheric pressure, in order to achieve 3D tracking with head tail capability and background rejection down to O(keV) energy, to boost sensitivity to low WIMP masses. The latest R&D results within the CYGNO project will be discussed along with the underground installation and operation of a 50 l prototype, soon to be followed by a O(1) m3 experiment demonstrator in 2024-2026. The latest results on the negative ion drift operation at atmospheric pressure within CYGNO optical readout approach will be illustrated, which is the aim of the ERC Consolidator Grant project INITIUM.

Published
2023
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26. Laser excitation of the 1s-hyperfine transition in muonic hydrogen

Author

P. Amaro, A. Adamczak, M. Abdou Ahmed, L. Affolter, F. D. Amaro, P. Carvalho, T. -L. Chen, L. M. P. Fernandes, M. Ferro, D. Goeldi, T. Graf, M. Guerra, T. W. Hänsch, C. A. O. Henriques, Y. -C. Huang, P. Indelicato, O. Kara, K. Kirch, A. Knecht, F. Kottmann, Y. -W. Liu, J. Machado, M. Marszalek, R. D. P. Mano, C. M. B. Monteiro, F. Nez, J. Nuber, A. Ouf, N. Paul, R. Pohl, E. Rapisarda, J. M. F. dos Santos, J. P. Santos, P. A. O. C. Silva, L. Sinkunaite, J. -T. Shy, K. Schuhmann, S. Rajamohanan, A. Soter, L. Sustelo, D. Taqqu, L. -B. Wang, F. Wauters, P. Yzombard, M. Zeyen, A. Antognini

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

The CREMA collaboration is pursuing a measurement of the ground-state hyperfine splitting (HFS) in muonic hydrogen ($\mu$p) with 1 ppm accuracy by means of pulsed laser spectroscopy to determine the two-photon-exchange contribution with $2\times10^{-4}$ relative accuracy. In the proposed experiment, the $\mu$p atom undergoes a laser excitation from the singlet hyperfine state to the triplet hyperfine state, then is quenched back to the singlet state by an inelastic collision with a H$_2$ molecule. The resulting increase of kinetic energy after the collisional deexcitation is used as a signature of a successful laser transition between hyperfine states. In this paper, we calculate the combined probability that a $\mu$p atom initially in the singlet hyperfine state undergoes a laser excitation to the triplet state followed by a collisional-induced deexcitation back to the singlet state. This combined probability has been computed using the optical Bloch equations including the inelastic and elastic collisions. Omitting the decoherence effects caused by the laser bandwidth and collisions would overestimate the transition probability by more than a factor of two in the experimental conditions. Moreover, we also account for Doppler effects and provide the matrix element, the saturation fluence, the elastic and inelastic collision rates for the singlet and triplet states, and the resonance linewidth. This calculation thus quantifies one of the key unknowns of the HFS experiment, leading to a precise definition of the requirements for the laser system and to an optimization of the hydrogen gas target where $\mu$p is formed and the laser spectroscopy will occur.

Published
2022
Full Text
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