45 results on '"C. R. Wu"'
Search Results
2. Real time wall conditioning with lithium powder injection in long pulse H-mode plasmas in EAST with tungsten divertor
- Author
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Robert Lunsford, L. Wang, W. Xu, John Canik, J.S. Hu, Xianzu Gong, X. C. Meng, Alessandro Bortolon, Lingxuan Zhang, Mingguang Huang, East Team, Yaowei Yu, R. Maingi, Feng Ding, D.K. Mansfield, C. R. Wu, Guizhong Zuo, Z. Sun, and Songtao Mao
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010302 applied physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Materials science ,Materials Science (miscellaneous) ,Divertor ,Evaporation ,Analytical chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plasma ,Tungsten ,lcsh:TK9001-9401 ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,chemistry ,Heat flux ,Impurity ,0103 physical sciences ,lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power ,Lithium ,Deposition (law) - Abstract
Real-time lithium powder injection has been applied to long-pulse (>30 s) H-mode plasmas in EAST. This replenishes the active lithium surface that is routinely consumed by plasma-wall interactions. The real-time injection of Li powder into long H-mode discharges effectively suppresses impurity influx and controls recycling on EAST, with an ITER-like tungsten upper divertor. With lithium powder injection, the concentrations W, Mo, and C were reduced by 50% compared to ELMy H-mode discharges. During lithium injection, two effects play a role in the suppression of impurities influx: a reduced divertor temperature and heat flux and hence reduced erosion, and impurity trapping via deposition of a Li film onto plasma-facing surfaces. The ‘fresh’ injected lithium replenishes the film deposited during daily morning evaporation, restoring the wall's pumping capability. Thus, a measurable reduction in the global recycling coefficient was observed. Keyword: Long pulse plasma, Lithium, Impurity, Recycling
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- 2019
- Full Text
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3. A space-resolved extreme ultraviolet spectrometer for radial profile measurement of tungsten ions in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak
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Y. D. Cheng, Yanmin Duan, Ling Zhang, Haiqing Liu, X.T. Yang, Wei Gao, Liqing Xu, Yong Liu, Zhenwei Wu, Yingjie Chen, Z. Xu, Shigeru Morita, Xianzu Gong, Liqun Hu, Tetsutarou Ohishi, Juan Huang, Hongming Zhang, Qing Zang, and C. R. Wu
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010302 applied physics ,Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Argon ,Spectrometer ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Tungsten ,01 natural sciences ,Spectral line ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Ion ,chemistry ,Temporal resolution ,0103 physical sciences ,Atomic physics ,Spectral resolution ,Instrumentation ,Line (formation) - Abstract
In order to study the radial transport of tungsten ions in long-pulse H-mode discharges, a space-resolved spectrometer working at 30–520 A has been newly developed to measure a radial profile of the tungsten line emission. The spectrometer is installed behind a long extension vacuum tube connected to a horizontal midplane diagnostic port of EAST tokamak. The long distance between the plasma and spectrometer, 8835.5 mm, enables observation of the radial profile of impurity line emissions in a wide vertical range of − 8 . 5 ≤ Z ≤ 40 cm ( − 0 . 1 ≤ ρ ≤ 0 . 6 ) . A good spectral resolution of Δ λ 0 = 4 − 5 pixels at the foot position of spectral line profiles and a high spatial resolution of Δ Z = 2 . 5 cm are obtained in addition to a sufficient temporal resolution, e.g. 50 ms/frame. As a result, accurate radial profiles have been successfully obtained in EAST Ohmic and H-mode discharges for several impurity species such as carbon, oxygen, argon, iron and tungsten. The radial profiles of tungsten line emissions from W 42 + – W 45 + ions with 4p–4s transitions measured at two wavelength ranges of 45–70 A and 120–140 A are analyzed for the ion density evaluation based on the photon emissivity coefficient from ADAS database. The result shows that the density of W 43 + – W 45 + ions ranges at 2–6 × 108 cm−3 in steady H-mode discharges with T e ( 0 ) = 3 keV and n e ( 0 ) = 4 × 1013 cm−3.
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- 2019
- Full Text
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4. Reduction of hydrogen content in deuterium plasma with mixed graphite and tungsten divertors in EAST
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X. C. Meng, Zhuang Huidong, Z. Sun, R. Maingi, Kevin Tritz, C.Y. Xie, Huang Ming, C. R. Wu, Jiansheng Hu, Jiuyuan Li, Guizhong Zuo, Wenbo Xu, Baoren Zhang, D. K. Mansfield, Jin Wu, and Yaowei Yu
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Materials science ,Silicon ,Hydrogen ,Mechanical Engineering ,Divertor ,Analytical chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plasma ,Tungsten ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,chemistry ,Deuterium ,0103 physical sciences ,General Materials Science ,Lithium ,Graphite ,010306 general physics ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
Reduction of hydrogen content in deuterium-fueled fusion plasmas is important not only to avoid diluting reacting core deuterons but also so as to allow the optimization of hydrogen-minority-heating efficiency in those fusion devices which employ ion-cyclotron-radio-frequency heating systems. In EAST, the amount of hydrogen released from plasma-facing components has been shown to depend strongly on both their composition and their temperature. As measured by thermal desorption spectroscopy, the hydrogen inventory in graphite – used in EAST as lower divertor material – has been determined to be >25 times larger than that of tungsten which comprises the upper divertor. This difference in hydrogen inventory is attributed mostly to the intrinsically porous nature of bulk graphite. Thus the main source of hydrogen release into EAST discharges was identified as the graphite tiles used in the lower divertor. The hydrogen content in EAST plasmas were clearly reduced by first employing a high-temperature vacuum baking of all graphite tiles and then renewing a 100–200 μm thick SiC coating before an EAST experimental run campaign. Subsequent active surface conditioning of all wall components with elemental silicon and then with elemental lithium were seem to again reduce the plasma hydrogen content significantly – with lithium proving to be more effective than silicon. Combining these several techniques, H/(H + D) levels as low as ∼3% have been achieved in EAST discharges. Additionally, the effects of lithium thickness on H surface implantation and retention has been re-examined semi-quantitatively using data from a previous run campaign. These data suggest that relatively thick Li films coated on the first wall can effectively isolate the rich source of hydrogen stored in the porous bulk of the underlying graphite from the deuterium-fueled plasma so as to minimize hydrogen release. Finally an operational maneuver whereby a diverted plasma is repetitively switched from an upper single null configuration to a lower single null configuration is presented. This switching maneuver has been shown to suppress hydrogen influx into a 35s-long EAST discharge by alternately mitigating the rise in divertor temperature.
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- 2018
- Full Text
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5. Extended scintillator-based fast-ion loss diagnostic in the EAST
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S.Y. Lin, C. R. Wu, N. Chu, Kunihiro Ogawa, M. Isobe, Juan Huang, Liqun Hu, Jiafeng Chang, Zhen Xu, and Z. Jin
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Physics ,Photomultiplier ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Detector ,Scintillator ,01 natural sciences ,Neutral beam injection ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Optics ,Data acquisition ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Temporal resolution ,0103 physical sciences ,Fiber optic splitter ,General Materials Science ,Photonics ,010306 general physics ,business ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
A scintillator-based fast-ion loss detector (FILD) with a fast camera acquisition system has been installed on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), which can simultaneously measure the energy and pitch angle of the escaped fast ions in the scintillator plane. With the development of high-power external heating systems, the FILD system has been developed and upgraded with a photomultiplier tube (PMT) system to improve the temporal resolution to study fast-ion behaviors during neutral beam injection (NBI) heating and under resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) discharge conditions. Photon imaging on the scintillator is divided into two parts by an optical splitter; one part is transferred to the fast charge-coupled device (CCD) system, and the other is transmitted to the PMT through an array of fibers. The FILD system is upgraded with a 25-channel (5 × 5) PMT (Hamamatsu Photonics, type no. H10492-003) array and a data acquisition system with a sampling rate of 2 MHz per channel. Preliminary experimental results show that the magnetic resonance perturbation affects the fast-ion losses. This paper presents the extended PMT acquisition system and the initial results of the FILD diagnostic relating to prompt losses, and the beam ion losses due to RMP are discussed.
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- 2017
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6. Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes
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Campbell, P. J. a., Abpemail, Author, Getz, G. b., C, D, Eemail, Author, Korbel, J. O. f., Gemail, Author, Stuart, hEmail Author, J. M., Jennings, J. L. i., Stein, J, L. D. k., Lemail, Author, Perry, M. D. m., Nahal-Bose, N, Ouellette, H. K. n., B. F. F. o., P, C. H. k., Li, Rheinbay, Q, E. b., E, Nielsen, R, Sgroi, G. P. r., D. C. r., Wu, C. -L. r., Faquin, W. C. r., Deshpande, V. r., Boutros, P. C. k., Q, S, Lazar, T, Hoadley, A. J. u., K. A. v., W, Louis, D. N. r., Dursi, L. J. k., Yung, X, Bailey, C. K. n., M. H. y., Z, Saksena, G. b., Raine, Abp, K. M., Buchhalter, Aa, I., Ab, Ac, Kleinheinz, Aa, K., Schlesner, Ac, Aa, M., Zhang, Ad, Wang, J. n., Ae, W., Wheeler, D. A., Af, Ding, Ag, L. y., Z, Simpson, Ah, J. T. k., Ai, O’Connor, B. D. n., Yakneen, Aj, Ellrott, S. g., Ak, K., Miyoshi, Al, N., Butler, Abp, A. P., Royo, Am, R., Shorser, S. I. k., Vazquez, Am, M., Rausch, An, Tiao, T. g., Waszak, G. b., Rodriguez-Martin, S. M. g., Ao, B., Ap, Aq, Shringarpure, Ar, S., D. -Y., As, Demidov, G. M., At, Au, Av, Delaneau, Aw, O., Ax, Ay, Hayashi, Al, S., Imoto, Habermann, N. g., Segre, A. V. b., Garrison, Az, Abp, E., Cafferkey, A. f., Alvarez, E. G., Ao, Heredia-Genestar, J. M., Ba, Muyas, At, F., Drechsel, At, O., Bruzos, Av, A. L., Ao, Temes, Ao, J., Zamora, Ap, Abp, Baez-Ortega, Bb, A., Kim, H. -L., Bc, Mashl, R. J. z., Bd, Ye, Be, K., Dibiase, Bf, Bg, A., Huang, K. -L. z., Letunic, Bh, Bi, I., Mclellan, M. D. y., Z, Ah, Newhouse, S. J. f., Shmaya, As, T., Kumar, Bj, S., Wedge, Bk, D. C., Bl, Abp, Bm, Wright, M. H., Ar, Yellapantula, V. D., Bn, Gerstein, Bo, Bj, M., Bk, Bp, Khurana, Bq, E., Br, Bs, Marques-Bonet, Bt, Bu, T., Bv, Bw, Navarro, Bx, Bu, A., Bustamante, C. D., Ar, Siebert, By, Bz, R., Nakagawa, Ca, Cb, H., Easton, D. F., Cc, Ossowski, Cd, At, S., Tubio, J. M. C., Ao, De La Vega, F. M., Ar, As, By, Estivill, At, X., Yuen, Ce, Mihaiescu, D. k., Omberg, G. L. n., Cf, L., Ferretti, V. n., Sabarinathan, Cg, Ch, R., Ci, Cj, Pich, Ch, O., Gonzalez-Perez, Cj, Ch, A., Taylor-Weiner, Cj, Ck, A., Fittall, M. W., Cl, Demeulemeester, Cl, J., Tarabichi, Cm, Cl, M., Abp, Roberts, Abp, N. D., Van, Loo, Cl, P., Cortés-Ciriano, Cm, Cn, I., Co, Cp, Urban, L. f., Park, G, Co, P., Zhu, Cp, Cq, B., Pitkänen, E. g., Abp, Y., Saini, Cr, N., Klimczak, L. J., Cs, Weischenfeldt, J. g., Ct, Cu, Sidiropoulos, Cu, N., Alexandrov, L. B., Cv, Abp, Rabionet, At, R., Av, Cw, Escaramis, At, G., Cx, Cy, Bosio, At, Av, Holik, A. Z., At, Susak, At, H., Prasad, Av, Av, A., Erkek, S. g., Calabrese, C. f., Raeder, G, Harrington, B. g., Cz, E., Mayes, Da, S., Turner, Da, D., Juul, Cz, S., Roberts, S. A., Db, Song, Cq, L., Koster, Dc, R., Mirabello, Hua, Cq, X., Tanskanen, T. J., Dd, Tojo, Aq, M., Chen, Bk, J., Aaltonen, De, L. A., Df, Rätsch, Dg, G., Dh, Di, Dj, Dk, Schwarz, Dl, R. F. f., Dm, Dn, Do, Butte, A. J., Dp, Brazma, A. f., Chanock, S. J., Cq, Chatterjee, Dq, N., Stegle, Dr, O. f., G, Harismendy, Ds, Dt, O., Bova, G. S., Du, Gordenin, D. A., Cr, Haan, D. h., Sieverling, Dv, L., Feuerbach, Dw, Chalmers, Dx, D., Joly, Dy, Y., Knoppers, Dy, B., Molnár-Gábor, Dz, F., Phillips, Dy, M., Thorogood, Dy, A., Townend, Dy, D., Goldman, Ea, M., Fonseca, N. A. f., Xiang, Eb, Craft, Q. n., Ea, B., Piñeiro-Yáñez, Ec, E., Muñoz, A. f., Petryszak, R. f., Füllgrabe, A. f., Al-Shahrour, Ec, F., Keays, M. f., Haussler, Ea, D., Weinstein, Ed, Ee, J., Huber, Ef, Valencia, W. g., Am, A., Papatheodorou, Bw, Zhu, I. f., Ea, J., Fan, Ae, Y., Torrents, Am, D., Bieg, Bw, Eg, M., Chen, Eh, Ei, K., Chong, Ej, Z., Cibulskis, K. b., Eils, Aa, R., Ac, Ek, Fulton, El, R. S. y., Z, Gelpi, Ah, J. L., Am, Gonzalez, Em, S. f., G, Gut, I. G., Av, Hach, Bu, En, F., Heinold, Eo, Ac, Hu, Ep, T., Huang, V. k., Hutter, Eh, B., Eq, Er, Jäger, Aa, N., Jung, Es, J., Ep, Y., Lalansingh, C. k., Leshchiner, I. b., Livitz, D. b., E. Z., Ep, Maruvka, Y. E. b., R, Et, Milovanovic, Nielsen, M. M., Eu, Paramasivam, Pedersen, Eh, J. S., Eu, Puiggròs, Ev, Sahinalp, S. C., Eo, Ew, Ex, Sarrafi, Eo, I., Stewart, Ex, Stobbe, C. b., M. D., Av, Wala, Bu, J. A. b., E, Wang, Ey, J. z., Be, Wendl, Ez, M. z., Fa, Werner, Fb, Aa, J., Fc, Wu, Ep, Z., Xue, Ep, H., Yamaguchi, T. N. k., Bn, V., Davis-Dusenbery, Bo, B. N., Fd, Grossman, R. L., Fe, Ff, Y., Heinold, Fg, M. C., Aa, Hinton, Ac, Abp, J., Jones, Abp, D. R., Menzies, Abp, A., Stebbings, Abp, L., Hess, J. M. b., Rosenberg, Et, M. b., R, Dunford, A. J. b., Gupta, M. b., Imielinski, Fh, M., Meyerson, Fi, M. b., E, Beroukhim, Ey, R. b., E, Reimand, Fj, J. k., Q, Dhingra, Br, P., Favero, Bt, Fk, F., Dentro, Bl, S., Abp, Cl, Wintersinger, Fl, J., Fm, Fn, Rudneva, V. g., Park, J. W., Fo, Hong, E. P., Fo, Heo, S. G., Fo, Kahles, Dg, A., Lehmann, K. -V., Dg, Di, Dj, Fp, Fq, Soulette, C. M., Aj, Shiraishi, Al, Y., Liu, Fr, F., Fs, He, Fr, Y., Demircioğlu, Ft, D., Davidson, Fu, N. R., Dg, Dl, Fp, Greger, L. f., Fv, S., Liu, Fw, Fv, D., Stark, Fw, S. G., Dj, Fp, Fx, Zhang, Fy, Amin, S. B., Fz, Ga, Gb, Bailey, Gc, P., Chateigner, A. n., Frenkel-Morgenstern, Gd, M., Hou, Fv, Y., Huska, Fw, M. R., Dm, Kilpinen, Ge, H., Lamaze, F. C. k., Fv, C., Fw, Li, Fv, X., Marin, Fw, M. G., Aj, Markowski, Dm, J., Nandi, Gf, T., Ojesina, A. I., Gg, Gh, Gi, Pan-Hammarström, Fv, Q., Park, Gj, P. J., Co, Pedamallu, Cp, C. S. b., E, Fj, Su, Fv, H., Tan, Fw, Gf, P., Gk, Gl, Teh, Gm, B. T., Gk, Gl, Gm, Gn, Go, Wang, Fv, J., Xiong, Fw, Ye, Yung, Fw, Zhang, C. n., Zheng, Fr, L., Zhu, Awadalla, Fw, P. k., L, Creighton, C. J., Gp, Fv, K., Yang, Fw, Göke, Ft, J., Zhang, Gq, Fr, Z., Brooks, Gr, A. N. b., Aj, Fittall, Ey, Martincorena, Abp, I., Rubio-Perez, Ch, C., Cj, Gs, Eu, M., Schumacher, S. b., Shapira, Gt, O. b., Ey, Tamborero, Ch, D., Mularoni, Cj, Ch, L., Hornshøj, Cj, Eu, H., Deu-Pons, Cj, J., Muiños, Gu, Ch, F., Bertl, Cj, Eu, J., Guo, Gv, Ev, Q., Gonzalez-Perez, Cj, Gw, Xiang, Gx, Q., Bazant, W. f., Barrera, E. f., Al-Sedairy, S. T., Gy, Aretz, Gz, A., Bell, Ha, C., Betancourt, Hb, M., Buchholz, Hc, C., Calvo, Hd, F., Chomienne, He, C., Dunn, Hf, M., Edmonds, Hg, S., Green, Hh, E., Gupta, Hi, S., C. M., Hh, Jegalian, Hj, K., Hk, N., Hl, Y., Hm, Hn, Nakagama, Ho, H., Nettekoven, Hp, G., Planko, Hp, L., Scott, Hk, D., Shibata, Hq, T., Shimizu, Hr, Hs, K., Stratton, Abp, M. R., Yugawa, Hs, T., Tortora, Ht, G., Vijayraghavan, Hu, Hi, K., Zenklusen, J. C., Hv, Hw, D., B. M., Dy, Aminou, B. n., Bartolome, Am, J., Boroevich, K. A., Cb, Boyce, Hx, Buchanan, R. f., Ak, A., Byrne, N. J. n., Hy, Z., Cho, Hz, S., Choi, Ia, W., Clapham, Abp, P., Dow, M. T., Hy, Eils, X, Ek, J., Farcas, El, Hy, C., Fayzullaev, N. n., Flicek, P. f., Heath, A. P., Ib, Hofmann, Ic, O., J. H., Id, Hudson, T. J., Ie, Hübschmann, If, Ac, D., Do, Ek, Ig, Ih, Ivkovic, Ii, S., Jeon, S. -H., Ia, Jiao, W. k., Kabbe, Dj, Fq, Kerssemakers, J. N. A., Aa, Ia, H., Ij, J., Koscher, Ik, M., Koures, Hy, A., Kovacevic, Ii, M., Lawerenz, El, C., Il, J., Mijalkovic, Mijalkovic-Lazic, A. M., Ii, Miyano, Nastic, Nicholson, Ocana, D. f., Ohi, Al, K., Ohno-Machado, Hy, L., Pihl, T. D., Im, Prinz, Radovic, Ii, P., Short, C. f., Sofia, H. J., Hh, Spring, Fe, J., Struck, A. J., Ak, Tijanic, Ii, N., Vicente, Hv, Z., Williams, Woo, Ia, Y., Wright, A. J. k., Yang, Hv, L., Hamilton, M. P., In, Johnson, T. A., Hx, Kahraman, Io, A., Ip, Iq, Kellis, M. b., Polak, Ir, P. b., C, Sallari, E, Sinnott-Armstrong, R. b., N. b., Ar, Von, Mering, Iq, C., Beltran, Is, Av, S., Gerhard, Bu, D. S., It, Av, M., Trotta, Bu, J. -R., Bu, Whalley, J. P., Bu, Niu, Iu, B., Espiritu, S. M. G. k., Gao, Ez, Y., Lalansingh, Iv, Teague, C. M. k., Abp, J. W., Wendl, M. C. z., Fa, Fb, Abascal, Abp, F., Bader, G. D. l., Bandopadhayay, P. b., Iw, Ix, Barenboim, J. k., Brunak, Iy, S., Carlevaro-Fita, Iz, Ja, J., Jb, Jc, Chakravarty, Jd, D., Chan, Je, C. W. Y., Aa, Choi, Dw, J. K., Jf, Diamanti, Jg, K., Fink, Frigola, Jh, Gu, J., Gambacorti-Passerini, Ji, C., Garsed, D. W., Jj, Haradhvala, N. J. b., Harmanci, R, A. O., Bk, Helmy, Jk, Fm, M., Herrmann, Aa, C., Ac, Jl, Hobolth, Ev, A., Hodzic, Gv, Ex, E., Dv, C., Isaev, Dw, K. k., Q, Izarzugaza, J. M. G., Iy, Jb, R., Juul, Jm, R. I., Eu, Kim, J. b., J. K., Jn, Jan, Komorowskijg, Lanzós, Jo, Jb, A., Jc, Jm, Larsson, Dg, E., Lee, Bk, D., Bk, S., Bk, X., Lin, Z. b., Liu, Jp, E. M., Br, Bt, Jq, Lochovsky, Bj, L., Bk, Gb, Lou, Madsen, Bk, Eu, T., Marchal, Jr, K., Martinez-Fundichely, Js, Br, A., Bs, Bt, Mcgillivray, P. D., Bj, Meyerson, Bk, W., Paczkowska, Jt, Park, M. k., Ju, K., Park, Jv, Jw, K., Pons, Jx, T., Pulido-Tamayo, Jr, S., Reyes-Salazar, Js, Ch, I., Reyna, M. A., Jy, Rubin, M. A., Jm, Jz, Ka, Kb, Kc, Salichos, Sander, Bk, Dg, C., Ey, Kd, Schumacher, Ke, S. E. b., Gt, Shackleton, Jj, M., Shen, Ke, C., Shrestha, Kf, Eo, R., Shuai, S. k., Tsunoda, L, Hx, T., Kg, Kh, Umer, Ki, H. M., Jg, Uusküla-Reimand, Kj, Kk, L., Verbeke, Kl, L. P. C., Js, Wadelius, Km, Kn, C., Wadi, L. k., Warrell, Bj, J., Bk, Wu, Ko, G., Kp, J., Zhang, Ez, X., Zhang, Kq, Bk, Y., Kr, Ks, Zhao, Kt, Z., Zou, Ku, L., Lawrence, M. S. b., R, Hx, Raphael, B. J., Jy, P. J., Gc, Craft, D. b., Goldman, Kv, M. J., Ea, Aburatani, Kw, H., Binder, Kx, H., Dinh, Ky, H. Q., Kz, S. C., Av, Hoffmann, Bu, Kx, S., Ky, La, Imbusch, Lb, C. D., Dv, Kretzmer, Ky, H., Laird, Lb, P. W., Lc, Martin-Subero, J. I., Bw, Nagae, Ld, Kw, G., Shen, Le, Lf, H., Ik, Q., Weichenhan, Lg, D., Zhou, Lf, W., Berman, B. P., Kz, Lh, Li, Brors, Dv, B., Er, Lj, Plass, Lg, C., Akdemir, K. C., Ei, Bowtell, D. D. L., Jj, Burns, K. H., Lk, Busanovich, Ll, J. b., Lm, Chan, Ln, K., Dueso-Barroso, Edwards, P. A., Lo, Etemadmoghadam, Lp, Jj, D., Haber, J. E., Lq, D. T. W., Lr, Ls, Ju, Y. S., Jf, Abp, Kazanov, M. D., Lt, Lu, Lv, Koh, Lw, Y., Kumar, Lx, Lee, K. b., E. A., Ly, J. J. -K., Co, Lynch, Cp, A. G., Lo, Lp, Lz, Macintyre, Lo, G., Markowetz, Lo, F., Navarro, Lp, F. C. P., Bj, Pearson, J. V., Ma, Rippe, Mb, Do, K., Scully, Mc, R., Villasante, Am, I., Waddell, Ma, N., Yang, Mb, Md, L., Yao, Fh, X., Yoon, Me, S. -S., Lx, C. -Z. b., E, Ey, Bergstrom, E. N., Mf, Boot, Gl, A., Covington, Mg, Ag, K., Fujimoto, Cb, A., M. N., Gl, Islam, Mg, S. M. A., Cv, Mcpherson, J. R., Gl, Morganella, Mg, Abp, S., Mustonen, Mh, V., Mi, Mj, A. W. T., Mk, Prokopec, S. D. k., Vázquez-García, Bn, I., Ml, Mm, Abp, Wu, Gl, Y., Yousif, Mg, F. k., Yu, Mn, W., Rozen, S. G., Gl, Gm, Mg, Rudneva, V. A. g., S. S., Ar, D. J., Da, Xia, Mo, T., Atwal, G. k., L, Fn, Chang, D. K., Gc, Cooke, Mp, S. L., Gc, Faltas, B. M., Dl, Haider, S. k., Kaiser, V. B., Mq, Karlić, Mr, R., Kato, Ms, M., Kübler, K. b., E, R, Margolin, Martin, Mt, S., Abp, Nik-Zainal, Mu, S., Mv, Mw, Abp, P’Ng, Semple, C. k., C. A., Mq, Smith, Ak, J., Sun, R. X. k., Thai, K. n., D. W., Mx, Yuan, My, Lo, K., Mt, Mz, Biankin, A. V., Gc, Mp, Na, Garraway, Nb, Ey, L., Grimmond, S. M., Nc, Adams, Abp, D. J., Anur, Nd, P., Cao, Ae, S., Christie, E. L., Jj, Cmero, Ne, M., Nf, Ng, Cun, Nh, Y., Dawson, Abp, K. J., S. C., Bl, Deshwar, A. G., Ni, Donmez, Eo, N., Drews, Ex, R. M., Lo, Gerstung, M. f., G, Ha, Haase, G. b., Cl, K., Jerman, L. g., Nj, Ji, Nk, Y., Jolly, Nl, Cl, C., Nm, J., Lee-Six, Abp, H., Malikic, Eo, S., Mitchell, Ex, T. J., Lp, Abp, Nn, Morris, Q. D., Fn, Oesper, No, Np, L., Peifer, Nh, M., Peto, Nq, M., Rosebrock, D. b., Rubanova, Ai, Y., Salcedo, Fn, Sengupta, A. k., Nr, S., Shi, No, R., Shin, S. J., Fy, Spiro, O. b., Vembu, No, S., Wintersinger, Ns, J. A., Fl, T. -P., Nh, Nt, K., Nu, H., Spellman, Nv, P. T., Nw, Weinstein, J. N., Ee, Chen, Ef, Fujita, Cb, M., Han, Kq, L., Hasegawa, Al, T., Komura, Al, M., Ae, J., Mizuno, Nx, S., Shimizu, Al, E., Ny, Xu, Nz, Y., Yamaguchi, Al, R., No, F., Kq, Y., Yoon, C. J., Jf, Yuan, Liang, Ae, H., Alawi, Oa, M., Borozan, Ob, Brewer, I. k., D. S., Oc, Cooper, Od, C. S., Od, Oe, Of, Desai, N. n., Grundhoff, Oa, A., Iskar, Og, Oh, M., Oi, X., Zapatka, Lichter, Eq, P., Alsop, Oh, Jj, K., Bruxner, T. J. C., Jh, Christ, A. N., Jh, Cordner, S. M., Oj, Cowin, P. A., Ok, Drapkin, Ol, R., Fereday, Ok, S., George, Gb, J., Ok, A., Holmes, Ma, O., Hung, Mb, J. A., Om, Kassahn, On, K. S., Jh, Kazakoff, Oo, S. H., Ma, Kennedy, Mb, C. J., Op, Leonard, Oq, C. R., Ma, Mileshkin, Mb, Jj, L., Miller, D. K., Jh, Mp, Or, Arnau, G. M., Ok, Mitchell, Ok, C., Newell, Ma, F., Nones, Mb, Ma, K., Patch, Mb, A. -M., Ma, Quinn, Mb, M. C., Ma, Taylor, Mb, D. F., Jh, Thorne, Ok, H., Traficante, Ok, N., Vedururu, Ok, R., N. M., Mb, Waring, P. M., Os, Wood, Ma, S., Mb, Xu, Ma, Q., Defazio, Mb, Ot, A., Ou, Ov, Anderson, M. J., Jh, Antonello, Ow, D., Barbour, A. P., Ox, Bassi, Oy, Ow, C., Bersani, Oz, S., Cataldo, Oz, I., Chantrill, Pa, L. A., Mp, Chiew, Pb, Y. -E., Ot, Chou, Mp, A., Cingarlini, Pc, Ht, S., Cloonan, Pd, N., Corbo, Pa, V., Davi, Pe, M. V., Pf, Duthie, F. R., Gc, Gill, Pg, A. J., Mp, Graham, Pc, J. S., Gc, Harliwong, Ph, Jh, I., Jamieson, N. B., Gc, Nb, Pi, Johns, A. L., Mp, Kench, Or, J. G., Mp, Pc, Pj, Landoni, Ow, L., Lawlor, R. T., Pa, Mafficini, Pa, A., Merrett, N. D., Ow, Miotto, Pk, Ow, M., Musgrove, E. A., Gc, Nagrial, A. M., Mp, Oien, K. A., Os, Pajic, Pl, Mp, M., Pinese, Pm, M., Robertson, A. J., Jh, Rooman, Mp, I., Rusev, B. C., Pa, Samra, J. S., Ow, Scardoni, Pc, Oz, M., Scarlett, C. J., Mp, Scarpa, Pn, Sereni, Ow, E., Sikora, K. O., Pa, Simbolo, Pe, M., Taschuk, M. L. n., Toon, C. W., Mp, Vicentini, Pa, C., Mp, J., Zeps, Po, N., Behren, Pp, Pq, A., Burke, Pr, H., Cebon, Pq, J., Dagg, R. A., Ps, Paoli-Iseppi, De, Pt, R., Dutton-Regester, Field, M. A., Pu, Fitzgerald, Pv, A., Hersey, Pr, P., Jakrot, Pr, V., Johansson, P. A., Ma, Kakavand, Pt, H., Kefford, R. F., Pw, Lau, L. M. S., Px, Long, G. V., Py, Pickett, H. A., Px, Pritchard, A. L., Ma, Pupo, G. M., Pz, Saw, R. P. M., Py, Schramm, S. -J., Qa, Shang, C. A., Pv, Py, P., Spillane, A. J., Py, Stretch, J. R., Py, Tembe, Ot, V., Thompson, Qa, J. F., Py, Vilain, R. E., Qb, Wilmott, J. S., Py, J. Y., Qc, Hayward, N. K., Ma, Mann, Pr, G. J., Ot, Scolyer, Qd, R. A., Ou, Py, Qb, Bartlett, Qe, Qf, J., Bavi, Qg, Qh, P., Chadwick, D. E., Qi, Chan-Seng-Yue, Qh, M., Cleary, Qh, S., Connor, Qj, A. A., Qj, Czajka, Qk, If, K., Denroche, R. E., Qh, Dhani, N. C., Ql, Eagles, If, J., Gallinger, Qj, Qk, Grant, R. C., Qh, Hedley, Qk, Ql, D., Hollingsworth, M. A., Qm, Jang, G. H., Qh, Kalimuthu, S. -B., Qn, Lungu, Qh, I., Luo, Qo, Mbabaali, X. k., If, F., T. A., Qk, J. K., If, Moore, M. J., Ql, Notta, Qh, F., Pasternack, Qp, If, D., Petersen, G. M., Qq, Roehrl, M. H. A. q., Qh, Qr, Qs, Qt, Sam, If, M., Selander, Qk, I., Serra, Os, S., Shahabi, Qn, S., Thayer, S. P., Qm, Timms, L. E., If, Wilson, G. W. k., Wilson, Qh, J. M., Qh, Wouters, B. G., Qu, J. D., If, Qh, Qv, Beck, T. A. n., Bhandari, Qw, Collins, V. k., C. C., Eo, Fleshner, N. E., Qx, Fox, N. S. k., Fraser, M. k., Heisler, L. E., Qy, Lalonde, E. k., Livingstone, J. k., Meng, Qz, A., Sabelnykova, V. Y. k., Shiah, Y. -J. k., Van der Kwast, Ra, T., Bristow, R. G. q., Rb, Rc, Rd, Re, Ding, Rf, S., Rg, D., Fv, L., Nie, Rg, Y., Xiao, Rh, Xing, Hm, R., Yang, Ri, Rj, Y., Banks, R. 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C., Sz, Macgrogan, Ta, G., Martens, J. W. M., Si, O’Meara, Pauporté, He, I., Pinder, Tb, S., Pivot, Tc, X., Provenzano, Td, E., Purdie, C. A., Te, Ramakrishna, Abp, M., Ramakrishnan, Abp, K., Reis-Filho, Sm, J., Richardson, A. L., Gt, Ringnér, Rw, M., Rodriguez, J. B., Am, Rodríguez-González, F. G., Iz, Romieu, Tf, G., Salgado, Os, R., Sauer, Sz, T., Shepherd, Abp, R., Sieuwerts, A. M., Si, Simpson, P. T., Sw, Smid, Si, M., Sotiriou, Span, P. N., Tg, Stefánsson, Ó. A., Th, Stenhouse, Ti, A., Stunnenberg, H. G., Fw, Sweep, Tj, Tk, F., Tan, B. K. T., Tl, Thomas, Tm, G., Thompson, A. M., Ti, Tommasi, Tn, S., Treilleux, To, I., Tutt, Tp, Ueno, N. T., Nv, Van, Laere, Sf, S., Van den Eynden, G. G., Sf, Vermeulen, Sf, P., Viari, Vincent-Salomon, Tj, A., Wong, B. H., Tq, Yates, Abp, X., Van, Deurzen, C. H. M., Tr, van de Vijver, M. J., Os, Van’T, Veer, Ts, L., Ammerpohl, Tt, O., Tu, Tv, Aukema, Tu, S., Tv, Tw, Bergmann, A. K., Tx, Bernhart, S. H., Kx, Ky, Lb, Borkhardt, Ty, A., Borst, Tz, C., Burkhardt, Ua, B., Claviez, Ub, A., Goebler, M. E., Uc, Haake, Tt, A., Haas, Tz, S., Hansmann, Ud, M., Hoell, J. I., Ty, Hummel, Ue, M., Karsch, Uf, D., Klapper, Tw, W., Kneba, Uf, M., Kreuz, Ug, M., Kube, Uh, D., Küppers, Ui, R., Lenze, Ue, D., Loeffler, López, Ca, C., Mantovani-Löffler, Tt, Uj, L., Möller, Uk, P., Ott, Ul, G., Radlwimmer, Oh, B., Richter, Tt, J., Rohde, Tw, Um, M., Rosenstiel, P. C., Un, Rosenwald, Uo, A., Schilhabel, M. B., Un, Schreiber, Up, S., Stadler, P. F., Kx, Staib, Uq, P., Stilgenbauer, Ur, S., Sungalee, S. g., Szczepanowski, Tw, M., Toprak, U. H., Ac, Trümper, Us, L. H. P., Uh, Wagener, Ca, R., Zenz, Tt, Er, T., Hovestadt, Oh, V., Von, Kalle, Do, C., Kool, Korshunov, Lr, Ik, A., Landgraf, Ut, P., Lehrach, Uu, Uv, H., Northcott, P. A., Uw, Pfister, S. M., Ik, Lr, Ux, Reifenberger, Uu, G., Warnatz, H. -J., Uv, Wolf, Uy, S., Yaspo, M. -L., Uv, Assenov, Uz, Y., Gerhauser, Minner, Va, S., Schlomm, Ct, T., Simon, Vb, Vc, R., Sauter, Vc, G., Sültmann, Er, H., Biswas, Vd, N. K., Ve, Maitra, Ve, A., Majumder, P. P., Ve, Sarin, Vf, R., Barbi, Pe, S., Bonizzato, Pa, G., Cantù, Dei, Tos, A. 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S., Oe, Cahill, Xo, D., Camacho, Oe, N., Dennis, N. M., Xo, Dudderidge, Xo, T., Edwards, Xp, S. E., Oe, Fisher, Xo, C., Foster, C. S., Xq, Ghori, Xr, Gill, Ws, P., Gnanapragasam, V. J., Nn, Gundem, Xs, Jq, G., Hamdy, F. C., Xt, Hawkins, Hazell, Xo, S., Howat, Nn, W., Isaacs, W. B., Xu, Karaszi, Ws, K., Kay, J. D., Ge, Xo, V., Kote-Jarai, Oe, Z., Kremeyer, Abp, B., Xo, P., Lambert, Ws, A., Leongamornlert, D. A., Oe, Abp, Livni, Xo, N., Y. -J., Xn, Luxton, Xv, H. J., Ge, Marsden, Ws, L., Massie, C. E., Lo, Matthews, Oe, L., Mayer, Xo, E., Mcdermott, Xw, Abp, U., Merson, Oe, S., Neal, D. E., Lo, Nn, Ng, Xx, A., Nicol, Ogden, Rowe, E. W., Xo, Shah, N. C., Nn, Xo, A., Verrill, Ws, C., Visakorpi, Xy, Du, T., Warren, A. Y., Nn, Whitaker, Xz, H. C., Ge, Xv, H., Van, As, Eeles, R. A., Oe, Abeshouse, Xo, Jq, A., Agrawal, Fe, N., Akbani, Mv, R., Al-Ahmadie, Ya, Jq, H., Albert, Qg, M., Aldape, Oi, K., Ally, Yb, Yc, A., Appelbaum, E. L. z., Armenia, Ge, Yd, J., Asa, Xe, S., Auman, Ye, J. T., Yf, Balasundaram, Yc, M., Balu, S. w., Barnholtz-Sloan, Yg, J., Bathe, Yh, O. F., Yi, Baylin, Yj, S. B., Dr, Benz, Xp, Yk, C., Berchuck, Yl, A., Berrios, Ym, M., Bigner, Yn, D., Birrer, M. r., Bodenheimer, T. w., Boice, Xg, L., Bootwalla, M. S., Ym, Bosenberg, Yo, M., Bowlby, Yc, R., Boyd, Yp, J., Broaddus, R. R., Oi, Yq, M., Brooks, Yc, D., Bullman, S. b., Caesar-Johnson, Fj, S. J., Hv, Carey, T. E., Yr, Carlsen, Cerfolio, Ys, R., Chandan, V. S., Yt, H. -W., Wt, Cherniack, Yd, A. D. b., Ey, Chien, Fj, Yu, J., Cho, J. b., Chuah, Yc, E., Cibulskis, C. b., Cope, Yv, L., Cordes, M. G. z., Curley, Xh, Yw, E., Czerniak, Oi, B., Danilova, Xb, Davis, I. J., Yx, Defreitas, T. b., Demchok, J. A., Hv, Dhalla, Yc, N., Dhir, Yy, R., Doddapaneni, H. V., Ag, El-Naggar, Oi, A., Felau, Xb, Hv, I., Ferguson, M. L., Yz, Finocchiaro, Za, G., Fong, K. M., Zb, Frazer, S. b., Friedman, Zc, W., Fronick, C. C. z., Fulton, Xh, Gabriel, L. A. z., Gao, S. B. b., Gehlenborg, N. b., Gershenwald, Zd, J. E., Ze, Ghossein, Zf, Sm, R., Giama, N. H., Zg, Gibbs, R. A., Ag, Gomez, Zh, C., Govindan, R. y., Hayes, D. N. w., Zi, Zj, Hegde, A. M., Ee, Heiman, Ef, Heins, D. I. b., Jq, Z., Hepperla, A. J. w., Holbrook, Ym, A., Holt, R. A., Yc, Hoyle, A. P. w., Hruban, R. H., Yv, Ag, J., Xg, M., Huntsman, Zk, D., Huse, Jq, J., Iacobuzio-Donahue, C. A., Sm, Ittmann, Zl, M., Jayaseelan, Zm, J. C., Ag, Jefferys, S. R. w., C. D., Zn, S. J. M., Zo, Juhl, Zp, H., Kang, K. J., Zq, Karlan, Zr, B., Kasaian, Zo, K., Kebebew, Zs, E., Kim, Zt, H. K., Zu, Korchina, Ag, V., Kundra, Wt, R., Lai, Yd, P. H., Ym, Lander, E. b., Zv, X., Levine, D. A., Jq, Lewis, Zw, Ag, L., Ley, Zx, T., H. I., Yc, Lin, P. b., Linehan, W. M., Zy, F. F., No, Ef, Y., Lype, Zz, L., Yc, Y., Maglinte, D. T., Ym, Aaa, Mardis, E. R. z., Yp, Aab, Marks, Ow, J., Aac, Marra, M. A., Yc, Matthew, T. J., Aj, Mayo, Mccune, Aad, K., Meier, S. R. b., Meng, S. w., Mieczkowski, P. A. v., Mikkelsen, Aae, T., Miller, C. A. z., Mills, Aaf, G. B., Morrison, Aag, Mose, Moser, L. E. w., C. D., Zg, Mungall, A. J., Yc, Yc, K., Mutch, Aah, D., Muzny, Aai, D. M., Myers, Aaj, J., Newton, Aj, Y., Noble, M. S. b., O’Donnell, Aak, P., Aal, B. P., Ochoa, Aam, J. -W., Parker, Aan, J. S., Pass, Aao, H., Pastore, Pennell, Aap, N. A., Perou, Aaq, C. M., Petrelli, Aar, N., Potapova, Aas, O., Rader, Aat, J. S., Ramalingam, Aau, S., Rathmell, Aav, W. K., Reuter, Sm, V., Reynolds, S. M., Zz, Ringel, Aaw, M., Roach, Aax, J., L. R., Zg, A. G., Yc, Sadeghi, Yc, S., Saller, Aay, C., Sanchez-Vega, Wt, F., Schadendorf, Yd, Eq, D., Aaz, Schein, J. E., Yc, Schmidt, H. K. z., Schultz, Yd, N., Seethala, Aba, R., Senbabaoglu, Dg, Y., Shelton, Yw, T., Shi, Y. w., Shih, J. b., Shmulevich, Fj, Zz, I., Shriver, Abb, C., Signoretti, Fj, S., Abc, Jb, Simons, J. V. w., Singer, Abd, Sipahimalani, Yc, P., Skelly, T. J. v., Smith-McCune, Socci, N. D., Dg, Soloway, Aan, M. G., Sood, Abe, A. K., Tam, Tan, D. v., Tarnuzzer, Hv, R., Thiessen, Abf, R. H., L. B., Xg, Tsao, Xe, M., Umbricht, Ye, Lk, C., Abg, Wv, Van Den Berg, D. J., Ym, Van, Meir, Abh, E. G., Veluvolu, U. v., Voet, D. b., Weinberger, Abi, P., Weisenberger, Wigle, Abj, D., Wilkerson, M. D. v., Wilson, R. K. z., Abk, Winterhoff, Abl, B., Wiznerowicz, Abm, M., Abn, Wong, T. z., Yc, Abo, W., Yau, Zhang, H. b., Yd, H., Hv, J., The ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Consortium View Correspondence (jump link), Medical Oncology, Pathology, IBM, Pharmacyclics, Novartis, Celgene, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Janssen Biotech, University of Chicago, Ipsen, Pfizer, Ono Pharmaceutical, Ariad Pharmaceuticals, Gilead Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, University of St Andrews. Statistics, University of St Andrews. Sir James Mackenzie Institute for Early Diagnosis, University of St Andrews. Cellular Medicine Division, RS: CAPHRI - R4 - Health Inequities and Societal Participation, Metamedica, Háskóli Íslands, University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Research Programs Unit, Lauri Antti Aaltonen / Principal Investigator, ATG - Applied Tumor Genomics, Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Bioinformatics, Department of Computer Science, STEMM - Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Centre of Excellence in Stem Cell Metabolism, Genome-Scale Biology (GSB) Research Program, Department of Physics, HUS Helsinki and Uusimaa Hospital District, University of Zurich, ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Consortium, Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Graduate School, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, AGEM - Endocrinology, metabolism and nutrition, 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Weisenberger, D, Wigle, D, Wilkerson, M, Wilson, R, Winterhoff, B, Wiznerowicz, M, Wong, T, Wong, W, Xi, L, Yau, C, Consortium, ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes, Demeulemeester, Jonas, Desmedt, Christine, Van Loo, Peter, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust- BRC Funding, Cancer Research UK, Basic (bio-) Medical Sciences, and Laboratory for Medical and Molecular Oncology
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Male ,tert promoter mutations ,Cancer development and immune defence Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences [Radboudumc 2] ,DNA Mutational Analysis ,Normal tissue ,systematic analysis ,Germline ,Transcriptome ,0302 clinical medicine ,Aetiology ,Càncer ,Cellular Senescence ,Cancer ,0303 health sciences ,dna-damage ,Massive parallel sequencing ,Pan cancer ,REARRANGEMENTS ,High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ,Genomics ,Sciences bio-médicales et agricoles ,Telomere ,COMPREHENSIVE ,3. Good health ,TERT PROMOTER MUTATIONS ,signatures ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Science & Technology - Other Topics ,Erfðarannsóknir ,Human ,Informàtica::Aplicacions de la informàtica::Bioinformàtica [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC] ,Evolution ,RNA Splicing ,Article ,Evolution, Molecular ,Structural variation ,RC0254 ,03 medical and health sciences ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,Genetic ,genomics ,SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS ,Genetics ,Genomics--Databases ,Humans ,Genetic Testing ,Molecular Biology ,SIGNATURES ,Whole genome sequencing ,1000 Multidisciplinary ,Chromothripsis ,Science & Technology ,RC0254 Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology (including Cancer) ,Information Dissemination ,ResearchInstitutes_Networks_Beacons/mcrc ,Prevention ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Molecular ,Oncogenes ,Cloud Computing ,medicine.disease ,Genòmica ,Compute clouds ,Mutation ,570 Life sciences ,biology ,COMPREHENSIVE CHARACTERIZATION ,Genètica ,Whole Genome Sequencing--methods ,Background information ,Genetic / genetics ,Genome ,Germ-Line Mutation / genetics ,Human / genetics ,ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Consortium ,Medizin ,Whole-genome ,Genome mapping ,Neoplasms ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,Promoter Regions, Genetic ,Càncer -- Aspectes genètics ,Telomerase ,Women's cancers Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences [Radboudumc 17] ,Multidisciplinary ,Manchester Cancer Research Centre ,genomics, cancer, profiling ,3rd-DAS ,10124 Institute of Molecular Life Sciences ,Women's cancers Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 17] ,Multidisciplinary Sciences ,Parallel sequencing ,Female ,profiling ,Medical Genetics ,Engineering sciences. Technology ,Biotechnology ,General Science & Technology ,The Cancer Genome Atlas ,610 Medicine & health ,Computational biology ,QH426 Genetics ,Biology ,Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium ,Promoter Regions ,Germline mutation ,Pan-cancer analysis ,Krabbameinsrannsóknir ,medicine ,cancer ,ddc:610 ,QH426 ,Germ-Line Mutation ,Medicinsk genetik ,Krabbamein ,030304 developmental biology ,Cell Proliferation ,LANDSCAPE ,Genome, Human ,comprehensive characterization ,Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes ,Point mutation ,Human Genome ,Reproducibility of Results ,SOMATIC MUTATIONS ,EVOLUTION ,Cancer, sequencing, Chromothripsis, telomere ,DNA-DAMAGE ,Mutagenesis ,PATTERNS ,3111 Biomedicine ,CHARACTERIZATION - Abstract
Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Cancer is driven by genetic change, and the advent of massively parallel sequencing has enabled systematic documentation of this variation at the whole-genome scale1,2,3. Here we report the integrative analysis of 2,658 whole-cancer genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We describe the generation of the PCAWG resource, facilitated by international data sharing using compute clouds. On average, cancer genomes contained 4–5 driver mutations when combining coding and non-coding genomic elements; however, in around 5% of cases no drivers were identified, suggesting that cancer driver discovery is not yet complete. Chromothripsis, in which many clustered structural variants arise in a single catastrophic event, is frequently an early event in tumour evolution; in acral melanoma, for example, these events precede most somatic point mutations and affect several cancer-associated genes simultaneously. Cancers with abnormal telomere maintenance often originate from tissues with low replicative activity and show several mechanisms of preventing telomere attrition to critical levels. Common and rare germline variants affect patterns of somatic mutation, including point mutations, structural variants and somatic retrotransposition. A collection of papers from the PCAWG Consortium describes non-coding mutations that drive cancer beyond those in the TERT promoter4; identifies new signatures of mutational processes that cause base substitutions, small insertions and deletions and structural variation5,6; analyses timings and patterns of tumour evolution7; describes the diverse transcriptional consequences of somatic mutation on splicing, expression levels, fusion genes and promoter activity8,9; and evaluates a range of more-specialized features of cancer genomes8,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18., Competing interests Gad Getz receives research funds from IBM and Pharmacyclics and is an inventor on patent applications related to MuTect, ABSOLUTE, MutSig, MSMuTect, MSMutSig and POLYSOLVER. Hikmat Al-Ahmadie is consultant for AstraZeneca and Bristol-Myers Squibb. Samuel Aparicio is a founder and shareholder of Contextual Genomics. Pratiti Bandopadhayay receives grant funding from Novartis for an unrelated project. Rameen Beroukhim owns equity in Ampressa Therapeutics. Andrew Biankin receives grant funding from Celgene, AstraZeneca and is a consultant for or on advisory boards of AstraZeneca, Celgene, Elstar Therapeutics, Clovis Oncology and Roche. Ewan Birney is a consultant for Oxford Nanopore, Dovetail and GSK. Marcus Bosenberg is a consultant for Eli Lilly. Atul Butte is a cofounder of and consultant for Personalis, NuMedii, a consultant for Samsung, Geisinger Health, Mango Tree Corporation, Regenstrief Institute and in the recent past a consultant for 10x Genomics and Helix, a shareholder in Personalis, a minor shareholder in Apple, Twitter, Facebook, Google, Microsoft, Sarepta, 10x Genomics, Amazon, Biogen, CVS, Illumina, Snap and Sutro and has received honoraria and travel reimbursement for invited talks from Genentech, Roche, Pfizer, Optum, AbbVie and many academic institutions and health systems. Carlos Caldas has served on the Scientific Advisory Board of Illumina. Lorraine Chantrill acted on an advisory board for AMGEN Australia in the past 2 years. Andrew D. Cherniack receives research funding from Bayer. Helen Davies is an inventor on a number of patent applications that encompass the use of mutational signatures. Francisco De La Vega was employed at Annai Systems during part of the project. Ronny Drapkin serves on the scientific advisory board of Repare Therapeutics and Siamab Therapeutics. Rosalind Eeles has received an honorarium for the GU-ASCO meeting in San Francisco in January 2016 as a speaker, a honorarium and support from Janssen for the RMH FR meeting in November 2017 as a speaker (title: genetics and prostate cancer), a honorarium for an University of Chicago invited talk in May 2018 as speaker and an educational honorarium paid by Bayer & Ipsen to attend GU Connect ‘Treatment sequencing for mCRPC patients within the changing landscape of mHSPC’ at a venue at ESMO, Barcelona, on 28 September 2019. Paul Flicek is a member of the scientific advisory boards of Fabric Genomics and Eagle Genomics. Ronald Ghossein is a consultant for Veracyte. Dominik Glodzik is an inventor on a number of patent applications that encompass the use of mutational signatures. Eoghan Harrington is a full-time employee of Oxford Nanopore Technologies and is a stock holder. Yann Joly is responsible for the Data Access Compliance Office (DACO) of ICGC 2009-2018. Sissel Juul is a full-time employee of Oxford Nanopore Technologies and is a stock holder. Vincent Khoo has received personal fees and non-financial support from Accuray, Astellas, Bayer, Boston Scientific and Janssen. Stian Knappskog is a coprincipal investigator on a clinical trial that receives research funding from AstraZeneca and Pfizer. Ignaty Leshchiner is a consultant for PACT Pharma. Carlos López-Otín has ownership interest (including stock and patents) in DREAMgenics. Matthew Meyerson is a scientific advisory board chair of, and consultant for, OrigiMed, has obtained research funding from Bayer and Ono Pharma and receives patent royalties from LabCorp. Serena Nik-Zainal is an inventor on a number of patent applications that encompass the use of mutational signatures. Nathan Pennell has done consulting work with Merck, Astrazeneca, Eli Lilly and Bristol-Myers Squibb. Xose S. Puente has ownership interest (including stock and patents in DREAMgenics. Benjamin J. Raphael is a consultant for and has ownership interest (including stock and patents) in Medley Genomics. Jorge Reis-Filho is a consultant for Goldman Sachs and REPARE Therapeutics, member of the scientific advisory board of Volition RX and Paige.AI and an ad hoc member of the scientific advisory board of Ventana Medical Systems, Roche Tissue Diagnostics, InVicro, Roche, Genentech and Novartis. Lewis R. Roberts has received grant support from ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Bayer, BTG International, Exact Sciences, Gilead Sciences, Glycotest, RedHill Biopharma, Target PharmaSolutions and Wako Diagnostics and has provided advisory services to Bayer, Exact Sciences, Gilead Sciences, GRAIL, QED Therapeutics and TAVEC Pharmaceuticals. Richard A. Scolyer has received fees for professional services from Merck Sharp & Dohme, GlaxoSmithKline Australia, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Dermpedia, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Myriad, NeraCare GmbH and Amgen. Tal Shmaya is employed at Annai Systems. Reiner Siebert has received speaker honoraria from Roche and AstraZeneca. Sabina Signoretti is a consultant for Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Merck, AACR and NCI and has received funding from Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Exelixis and royalties from Biogenex. Jared Simpson has received research funding and travel support from Oxford Nanopore Technologies. Anil K. Sood is a consultant for Merck and Kiyatec, has received research funding from M-Trap and is a shareholder in BioPath. Simon Tavaré is on the scientific advisory board of Ipsen and a consultant for Kallyope. John F. Thompson has received honoraria and travel support for attending advisory board meetings of GlaxoSmithKline and Provectus and has received honoraria for participation in advisory boards for MSD Australia and BMS Australia. Daniel Turner is a full-time employee of Oxford Nanopore Technologies and is a stock holder. Naveen Vasudev has received speaker honoraria and/or consultancy fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, EUSA pharma, MSD and Novartis. Jeremiah A. Wala is a consultant for Nference. Daniel J. Weisenberger is a consultant for Zymo Research. Dai-Ying Wu is employed at Annai Systems. Cheng-Zhong Zhang is a cofounder and equity holder of Pillar Biosciences, a for-profit company that specializes in the development of targeted sequencing assays. The other authors declare no competing interests.
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- 2020
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7. A comparison of SOLPS5.0 and 3D code EMC3-EIRENE for EAST double null configuration
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Guo-Jun Deng, Juan Huang, C. R. Wu, Xiang Gao, S. C. Liu, Lingxuan Zhang, X. Liu, and East Team
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Physics ,Mechanical Engineering ,Null (mathematics) ,Plasma ,Kinetic energy ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Computational physics ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Heat flux ,Consistency (statistics) ,Position (vector) ,0103 physical sciences ,Limiter ,General Materials Science ,Sensitivity (control systems) ,010306 general physics ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) edge Monte Carlo code coupled with EIRENE (EMC3-EIRENE) was recently successfully implemented to the double null of EAST. The SOLPS5.0 code package has been used to investigate the validation and consistency of the 3D edge EMC3-EIRENE code on EAST. These two codes show a good agreement with each other with the average error less than 20%. However, there exist discrepancies for ne and Te profiles along target between calculations and measurements. The evaluation of kinetic corrections by heat flux limiters which is not included in EMC3-EIRENE has been presented in a low density discharge. With considering the correction of heat flux limit, the upstream ion density is strongly affected and the target parameters slightly increase and get closer to the experimental measurements. Our previous analysis of parameters sensitivity showed the most possible reason is uncertainty of the separatrix position [J. Huang et al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 56(2014) 075023]. Agreement is achieved in both Te and ne at targets when the innermost separatrix shift ∼7 mm inward at outer midplane for both codes.
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- 2016
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8. Improvement of proton beam quality by an optimized dragging field generated by the ultraintense laser interactions with a complex double-layer target
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Lianqiang Shan, Fengjuan Wu, Weimin Zhou, Tao Duan, Jinlong Jiao, Zhimeng Zhang, C. R. Wu, Yuqiu Gu, and Yanling Ji
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Physics ,Proton ,Field (physics) ,Hydrogen ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plasma ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Laser ,01 natural sciences ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,law.invention ,Ion ,chemistry ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Laser beam quality ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Atomic physics ,010306 general physics ,Beam (structure) - Abstract
A scheme for the improvement of proton beam quality by the optimized dragging field from the interaction of ultraintense laser pulse with a complex double-layer target is proposed and demonstrated by one-dimensional particle-in-cell (Opic1D) simulations. The complex double-layer target consists of an overdense proton thin foil followed by a mixed hydrocarbon (CH) underdense plasma. Because of the existence of carbon ions, the dragging field in the mixed CH underdense plasma becomes stronger and flatter in the location of the proton beam than that in a pure hydrogen (H) underdense plasma. The optimized dragging field can keep trapping and accelerating protons in the mixed CH underdense target to high quality. Consequently, the energy spread of the proton beam in the mixed CH underdense plasma can be greatly reduced down to 2.6% and average energy of protons can reach to 9 GeV with circularly polarized lasers at intensities 2.74 × 1022 W/cm2.
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- 2016
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9. Performance of fast-ion loss diagnostic on EAST
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Liqun Hu, Kunihiro Ogawa, Jiuyuan Li, Wen Gao, Mitsutaka Isobe, Junya Zhang, Ruijie Zhou, Junchao Huang, Z. Xu, Shiyao Lin, J. F. Chang, East Team, and C. R. Wu
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010302 applied physics ,Photomultiplier ,Materials science ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Detector ,Bremsstrahlung ,Plasma ,Electron ,Scintillator ,Lower hybrid oscillation ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Ion ,Optics ,0103 physical sciences ,business ,Instrumentation - Abstract
The scintillator-based detector for fast-ion loss measurements has been installed on EAST. To obtain high temporal resolution for fast-ion loss diagnostics, fast photomultiplier tube systems have been developed which can supply the complementary measurements to the previous image system with good energy and pitch resolution by using a CCD camera. By applying the rotatable platform, the prompt losses of beam-ions can be measured in normal and reverse magnetic field. The thick-target bremsstrahlung occurring in the stainless steel shield with energetic electrons can produce X-rays, which will strike on the scintillator based detector. To understand this interference on fast-ion loss signals, the effects of energetic electrons on the scintillator-based detector are studied, including runaway electrons in the plasma ramping-up phase and fast electrons accelerated by the lower hybrid wave.
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- 2018
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10. A multichannel visible spectroscopy system for the ITER-like W divertor on EAST
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Jingbo Chen, Zhongshi Yang, C. R. Wu, Rui Ding, Fang Ding, Wei Gao, Hongmin Mao, Feng Xu, Guang-Nan Luo, Hu Zhenhua, Jichan Xu, Liang Wang, Xiahua Chen, and Ling Zhang
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010302 applied physics ,Photomultiplier ,Materials science ,Photon ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,Divertor ,Grating ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Optics ,0103 physical sciences ,Charge-coupled device ,Quantum efficiency ,Spectral resolution ,business ,Instrumentation - Abstract
To facilitate long-pulse high power operation, an ITER-like actively cooled tungsten (W) divertor was installed in Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) to replace the original upper graphite divertor in 2014. A dedicated multichannel visible spectroscopic diagnostic system has been accordingly developed for the characterization of the plasma and impurities in the W divertor. An array of 22 lines-of-sight (LOSs) provides a profile measurement of the light emitted from the plasma along upper outer divertor, and the other 17 vertical LOSs view the upper inner divertor, achieving a 13 mm poloidal resolution in both regions. The light emitted from the plasma is collected by a specially designed optical lens assembly and then transferred to a Czerny-Turner spectrometer via 40 m quartz fibers. At the end, the spectra dispersed by the spectrometer are recorded with an Electron-Multiplying Charge Coupled Device (EMCCD). The optical throughput and quantum efficiency of the system are optimized in the wavelength range 350-700 nm. The spectral resolution/coverage can be adjusted from 0.01 nm/3 nm to 0.41 nm/140 nm by switching the grating with suitable groove density. The frame rate depends on the setting of LOS number in EMCCD and can reach nearly 2 kHz for single LOS detection. The light collected by the front optical lens can also be divided and partly transferred to a photomultiplier tube array with specified bandpass filter, which can provide faster sampling rates by up to 200 kHz. The spectroscopic diagnostic is routinely operated in EAST discharges with absolute optical calibrations applied before and after each campaign, monitoring photon fluxes from impurities and H recycling in the upper divertor. This paper presents the technical details of the diagnostic and typical measurements during EAST discharges.
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- 2017
11. Improved high-performance fully non-inductive discharge by optimizing the fast-ion confinement on EAST
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Wen Gao, Qing Zang, Guoqiang Zhong, H.F. Du, Jinping Qian, Mirko Salewski, L. Z. Liang, Junchao Huang, Bo Zhang, B. N. Wan, Xianmei Zhang, B. Madsen, J. F. Chang, Junwei Chen, Siye Ding, C. R. Wu, Xiang Zhu, Long Zeng, J.X. Su, E.Z. Li, A.M. Garofalo, Junya Zhang, Yuqian Chen, Bo Lyu, Xianzu Gong, M. Q. Wu, Yu Li, Jiuyuan Li, Baolong Hao, Z. Xu, H. Liu, and L. M. Yu
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Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Fast-ion behavior ,Materials science ,Magnetic fusion ,business.industry ,Optoelectronics ,Fully non-inductive tokamak ,Condensed Matter Physics ,business ,Neutral beam ,Ion - Abstract
The attainment of long-pulse, high-performance, fully non-inductive plasma is one of the major scientific objectives of EAST, using the ITER-like tungsten upper divertor. Understanding and optimizing the fast-ion behaviors is the critical issue to extending the performance of EAST. Recently, using both neutral beam injection (NBI) and radio frequency (RF; low hybrid, electron cyclotron, and ion cyclotron) heating, fully non-inductive high-βP scenarios with extension of fusion performance at high density and low rotation have been achieved, with βP up to 2.5, βN up to 2.0, H98y 2 > 1.1, and bootstrap current fraction (f BS) up to 50%. For previous long-pulse H-mode plasma at medium density, when NBI is added into RF plasma, βP is increased from 1.2 to 2.0 compared with RF-only discharges. In fact, f BS for both discharges is nearly the same, at ~22%. Analysis shows that the increase in βp is mostly due to fast ions which do not contribute significantly to the neoclassical bootstrap current. Thus, to obtain high-performance plasmas with improved bootstrap current fraction, key parameters (e.g. density, beam energy, etc.) must be further optimized. Experimental results show that high density improves bootstrap fraction also by reducing fast-ion slowing-down time and loss. The lower beam energy also mitigates fast-ion loss, which is better for heating and CD performance. The extension of high-performance, fully non-inductive experiments on EAST at high density and zero/low NBI torque can potentially offer unique contributions towards ITER and CFETR.
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- 2019
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12. Modeling study of the onset density for divertor detachment on EAST
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Guoqiang Li, X. Gao, Junchao Huang, G. Z. Deng, J.B. Liu, Jichan Xu, Ling Zhang, C. R. Wu, Liang Wang, S. L. Gao, East Team, and X. Liu
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Physics ,Impurity ,Divertor ,0103 physical sciences ,Radiative transfer ,Plasma ,Atomic physics ,Radiation ,010306 general physics ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Plasma current - Abstract
The onset density of detachment for L-mode discharges on Experimental Advanced Superconductiong Tokamamak has been studied using the SOLPS code. The effect of divertor closure on the onset density has been assessed by modifying the location of the strike point on a divertor plate. The modeling shows qualitative agreement with experiments in the density threshold. It is found that increasing divertor closure by moving the strike point close to the “V” corner can effectively trap neutrals in a localized region near the plasma strike point and then lower the density threshold of detachment. The influence of plasma current (Ip) on the onset density has also been investigated. The simulation shows that with Ip increased, divertor detachment was achieved at a relatively low normalized density due to the increase in Greenwald density (nG). In addition, the effect of the power across the scrape-off-layer (PSOL) and the radiation fraction on the detachment density threshold has also been studied. The detachment density increases significantly with PSOL as expected, and it can be approximately scaled by PSOL5/7, which is in accordance with the basic two-point model. It is also found that the detachment density can be reduced remarkably through increasing impurity radiative loss.
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- 2019
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13. Measurement of the deuterium Balmer series line emission on EAST
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Wu Zebin, East Team, C. R. Wu, Peng Zhang, J. F. Chang, Yuqian Chen, Z. Xu, Y. M. Duan, Wen Gao, Zhan Jin, J. C. Xu, Y. M. Hou, Jiuyuan Li, Junchao Huang, and Lingxuan Zhang
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010302 applied physics ,Physics ,Plasma parameters ,Divertor ,Balmer series ,01 natural sciences ,Spectral line ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,symbols.namesake ,0103 physical sciences ,symbols ,Plasma diagnostics ,Emission spectrum ,Spectral resolution ,Atomic physics ,Instrumentation ,Line (formation) - Abstract
Volume recombination plays an important role towards plasma detachment for magnetically confined fusion devices. High quantum number states of the Balmer series of deuterium are used to study recombination. On EAST (Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak), two visible spectroscopic measurements are applied for the upper/lower divertor with 13 channels, respectively. Both systems are coupled with Princeton Instruments ProEM EMCCD 1024B camera: one is equipped on an Acton SP2750 spectrometer, which has a high spectral resolution ∼0.0049 nm with 2400 gr/mm grating to measure the Dα(Hα) spectral line and with 1200 gr/mm grating to measure deuterium molecular Fulcher band emissions and another is equipped on IsoPlane SCT320 using 600 gr/mm to measure high-n Balmer series emission lines, allowing us to study volume recombination on EAST and to obtain the related line averaged plasma parameters (Te, ne) during EAST detached phases. This paper will present the details of the measurements and the characteristics of deuterium Balmer series line emissions during density ramp-up L-mode USN plasma on EAST.
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- 2016
14. Fast-ion D
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Y M, Hou, C R, Wu, J, Huang, W W, Heidbrink, M G, von Hellermann, Z, Xu, Z, Jin, J F, Chang, Y B, Zhu, W, Gao, Y J, Chen, B, Lyu, R J, Hu, P F, Zhang, L, Zhang, Z W, Wu, Y, Yu, and M Y, Ye
- Abstract
In toroidal magnetic fusion devices, fast-ion D-alpha diagnostic (FIDA) is a powerful method to study the fast-ion feature. The fast-ion characteristics can be inferred from the Doppler shifted spectrum of D
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- 2016
15. Fast ion D-alpha measurements using a bandpass-filtered system on EAST
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Z. Xu, J. F. Chang, Wen Gao, M. von Hellermann, William Heidbrink, Junya Zhang, Junchao Huang, Y. B. Zhu, B. Madsen, B. N. Wan, C. R. Wu, and Mirko Salewski
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Physics ,Photomultiplier ,Tokamak ,business.industry ,Spectral bands ,Optical Spectroscopy ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Ion ,law.invention ,Optics ,02 Physical Sciences, 03 Chemical Sciences, 09 Engineering ,Band-pass filter ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Plasma diagnostics ,010306 general physics ,Spectroscopy ,business ,Instrumentation ,Beam (structure) ,Applied Physics - Abstract
Based on the charge exchange reaction between fast ions and a neutral beam, fast ion features can be inferred from the spectrum of Doppler-shifted Balmer-alpha light from energetic hydrogenic atoms. In order to study the interaction between instabilities and fast-ion transport, recently we extended the fast ion D-alpha (FIDA) measurements by using a combination of a bandpass filter and a photomultiplier tube (PMT) (f-FIDA). A bandpass filter selects the desired spectral band from 651 nm to 654 nm before detection by the PMT. Preliminary data from the EAST tokamak show that the active signals have been detected from reneutralized beam ions along the vertical and tangential viewing geometries. The details will be presented in this paper to primarily address the specifications and performance of f-FIDA hardware components and preliminary FIDA measurements.
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- 2018
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16. Decreased CD4+CD25+ T Cells in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
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L. L. Fung, Chrong-Reen Wang, C. R. Wu, and Ming Fei Liu
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CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ,Male ,Immunology ,Peripheral blood mononuclear cell ,Statistics, Nonparametric ,Flow cytometry ,Pathogenesis ,Leukocyte Count ,Immune system ,immune system diseases ,Humans ,Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic ,Medicine ,IL-2 receptor ,Receptor ,Lupus erythematosus ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Receptors, Interleukin-2 ,General Medicine ,Flow Cytometry ,medicine.disease ,Rheumatoid arthritis ,Leukocytes, Mononuclear ,Female ,business - Abstract
Recent animal studies have shown that CD4+CD25+ T cells play a crucial role in the suppression of the immune response and that depletion of this subset of T cells might lead to development of autoimmune diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the levels of CD4+CD25+ T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Ninety-four SLE patients, 52 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 50 age- and gender-matched healthy individuals were enrolled in the study. A flowcytometric method was applied in the measurement of CD4+CD25+ T cells. The results showed that patients with SLE had statistically lower levels of CD4+CD25+ T cells than did normal controls, when expressed as either percentages of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (mean +/- SD, 8.49 +/- 6.36 versus 11.11 +/- 4.58%, P < 0.05) or absolute cell numbers (98.77 +/- 97.52 versus 213.93 +/- 104.52 cells/mm3, P < 0.05). In terms of CD25brightCD4+ T cells, defined as having a fluorescence intensity of CD25 expression exceeding 100, SLE patients still had significantly lower levels than did normal controls expressed as percentages of PBMCs (1.76 +/- 1.32 versus 3.73 +/- 1.30%, P < 0.05). No significant differences could be found between RA patients and normal controls. The overwhelming majority of CD4+CD25+ T cells belonged to CD45RO+ cells and most did not express the CD69 molecule. Although decreased CD4+CD25+ T cells were found in SLE patients, we failed to find a significant correlation between the levels of CD4+CD25+ T cells and disease activities of SLE. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that patients with SLE had decreased CD4+CD25+ T cells. However, the exact role of the decreased CD4+CD25+ T cells in the pathogenesis of SLE remains to be elucidated.
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- 2004
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17. Analysis of the Zeeman effect on Dαspectra on the EAST tokamak
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Zong Xu, East Team, Pengfei Zhang, Ling Zhang, Zhao Jin, C. R. Wu, Yingjie Chen, Wei Gao, Juan Huang, Zhenwei Wu, and Yumei Hou
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Physics ,Tokamak ,Zeeman effect ,General Physics and Astronomy ,01 natural sciences ,Spectral line ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,law.invention ,symbols.namesake ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,symbols ,Atomic physics ,010306 general physics - Published
- 2017
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18. Fast-ion Dα spectrum diagnostic in the EAST
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Yuqian Chen, Wen Gao, C. R. Wu, Z. Xu, William Heidbrink, Ying Yu, Y. M. Hou, Peng Zhang, Bo Lyu, Zhan Jin, East Team, M.Y. Ye, M. von Hellermann, Ruiji Hu, Y. B. Zhu, Junchao Huang, Lingxuan Zhang, J. F. Chang, and Wu Zebin
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Physics ,Toroid ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,Holography ,Phase (waves) ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,law.invention ,symbols.namesake ,Optics ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,symbols ,Plasma diagnostics ,Atomic physics ,010306 general physics ,business ,Instrumentation ,Diffraction grating ,Doppler effect ,Beam (structure) - Abstract
In toroidal magnetic fusion devices, fast-ion D-alpha diagnostic (FIDA) is a powerful method to study the fast-ion feature. The fast-ion characteristics can be inferred from the Doppler shifted spectrum of Dα light according to charge exchange recombination process between fast ions and probe beam. Since conceptual design presented in the last HTPD conference, significant progress has been made to apply FIDA systems on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). Both co-current and counter-current neutral beam injectors are available, and each can deliver 2-4 MW beam power with 50-80 keV beam energy. Presently, two sets of high throughput spectrometer systems have been installed on EAST, allowing to capture passing and trapped fast-ion characteristics simultaneously, using Kaiser HoloSpec transmission grating spectrometer and Bunkoukeiki FLP-200 volume phase holographic spectrometer coupled with Princeton Instruments ProEM 1024B eXcelon and Andor DU-888 iXon3 1024 CCD camera, respectively. This paper will present the details of the hardware descriptions and experimental spectrum.
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- 2016
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19. Scintillator-based fast ion loss measurements in the EAST
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M. Isobe, J. F. Chang, Z. Xu, Junchao Huang, Liqun Hu, Kunihiro Ogawa, Zhan Jin, Shiyao Lin, C. R. Wu, and East Team
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Physics ,Gyroradius ,business.industry ,Detector ,Plasma ,Scintillator ,01 natural sciences ,Neutral beam injection ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Ion ,Optics ,0103 physical sciences ,Scintillation counter ,Plasma diagnostics ,Atomic physics ,business ,Instrumentation - Abstract
A new scintillator-based fast ion loss detector (FILD) has been installed on Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) to investigate the fast ion loss behavior in high performance plasma with neutral beam injection (NBI) and ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH). A two dimensional 40 mm × 40 mm scintillator-coated (ZnS:Ag) stainless plate is mounted in the front of the detector, capturing the escaping fast ions. Photons from the scintillator plate are imaged with a Phantom V2010 CCD camera. The lost fast ions can be measured with the pitch angle from 60° to 120° and the gyroradius from 10 mm to 180 mm. This paper will describe the details of FILD diagnostic on EAST and describe preliminary measurements during NBI and ICRH heating.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Validation of fast-ion D-alpha spectrum measurements during EAST neutral-beam heated plasmas
- Author
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Y. B. Zhu, Yuqian Chen, Qing Zang, Y. M. Hou, Jichao Wang, Siye Ding, Wen Gao, East Team, G. Q. Zhong, Bo Lyu, Z. Xu, Luke Stagner, Zhan Jin, J. F. Chang, Junchao Huang, M. von Hellermann, B. N. Wan, William Heidbrink, C. R. Wu, and Liqun Hu
- Subjects
Physics ,Monte Carlo method ,01 natural sciences ,Charged particle ,Spectral line ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Ion ,symbols.namesake ,Distribution function ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,0103 physical sciences ,symbols ,Plasma diagnostics ,Atomic physics ,010306 general physics ,Instrumentation ,Doppler effect ,Beam (structure) - Abstract
To investigate the fast ion behavior, a fast ion D-alpha (FIDA) diagnostic system has been installed on EAST. Fast ion features can be inferred from the Doppler shifted spectrum of Balmer-alpha light from energetic hydrogenic atoms. This paper will focus on the validation of FIDA measurements performed using MHD-quiescent discharges in 2015 campaign. Two codes have been applied to calculate the Dα spectrum: one is a Monte Carlo code, Fortran 90 version FIDASIM, and the other is an analytical code, Simulation of Spectra (SOS). The predicted SOS fast-ion spectrum agrees well with the measurement; however, the level of fast-ion part from FIDASIM is lower. The discrepancy is possibly due to the difference between FIDASIM and SOS velocity distribution function. The details will be presented in the paper to primarily address comparisons of predicted and observed spectrum shapes/amplitudes.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. CTLA-4 gene polymorphism in promoter and exon-1 regions in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
- Author
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Chiu-Hwa Wang, C. R. Wu, Ming Fei Liu, and L C Lin
- Subjects
Immunoconjugates ,Genotype ,chemical and pharmacologic phenomena ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Abatacept ,03 medical and health sciences ,Exon ,0302 clinical medicine ,Asian People ,Gene Frequency ,Rheumatology ,Antigens, CD ,medicine ,Humans ,Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic ,CTLA-4 Antigen ,Promoter Regions, Genetic ,Gene ,030203 arthritis & rheumatology ,Autoimmune disease ,Genetics ,Polymorphism, Genetic ,Lupus erythematosus ,business.industry ,hemic and immune systems ,Promoter ,Exons ,medicine.disease ,Antigens, Differentiation ,Phenotype ,Gene polymorphism ,Restriction fragment length polymorphism ,business - Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), a structural homologue of CD28, has been reported to be an important negative regulator of autoimmune diseases. Recent studies showed that CTLA-4 gene polymorphism was associated with several kinds of human autoimmune diseases, suggesting that CTLA-4 gene is probably a general susceptibility gene to autoimmune disease. The present study was conducted in Chinese to determine whether there is any association of the CTLA-4 gene polymorphism with the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). CTLA-4 gene polymorphism in promoter and exon 1 was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method in 81 patients with SLE and 81 normal controls. The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in both exon 1 and promoter gene polymorphism between SLE patients and normal controls. The preliminary study does not suggest an association of the known polymorphism in exon 1 and promoter of CTLA-4 gene with Chinese SLE. However, SLE is a very heterogeneous syndrome and CTLA-4 gene polymorphism might correlate with some specific clinical features. To exploring this possibility, subgroup analysis in more patients needs to be performed.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Microencapsulation with poly(vinyl amine) and alginate
- Author
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C. R. Wu, Y. J. Wang, F. F. Wang, and Jei-Fu Shaw
- Subjects
Chemistry ,Cell culture ,Polymer chemistry ,Amine gas treating ,Erythroleukemia cell ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Biochemistry ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
Poly(vinyl amine) and alginate were used as the materials for microencapsulation. IW32 (a murine erythroleukemia cell line) cells were cultured within the capsules to a density of 8×107 cells/ml, 40 times that obtained in the free-cell culture. Erythropoietin accumulated in the microcapsule to a concentration of 7.0 U/ml, about three times that in the extra-capsular medium and 14 times the concentration found in the medium of free-cell culture.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Insertion of Polypyrrole into Arachidic Acid Langmuir-Blodgett Films
- Author
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C. W. Yuan, C. R. Wu, Yujie Wei, J. J. Bai, and Wu Yang
- Subjects
Analytical chemistry ,Infrared spectroscopy ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Polypyrrole ,Langmuir–Blodgett film ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ,Polymer chemistry ,Electrochemistry ,Arachidic acid ,General Materials Science ,Perchloric acid ,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ,Spectroscopy ,Pyrrole - Abstract
A new route to insert polypyrrole (PPy) into arachidic acid (C 20 A) multilayers is investigated. It consists of three steps of reactions: (i) C 20 A films are first converted to silver arachidate (C 20 Ag) films; (ii) exposing C 20 Ag films to perchloric acid (HClO 4 ) gas leads to recovery of C 20 A films that contain AgClO 4 ; (iii) finally, pyrrole molecules, introduced by vapor diffusion into the films, are polymerized under action of intercalated AgClO 4 to form oxidized PPy. The insertion reactions and film structure throughout PPy manipulation are characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. The ameliorating effects of the cognitive-enhancing Chinese herbs on scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats
- Author
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M T, Hsieh, W H, Peng, C R, Wu, and W H, Wang
- Subjects
Male ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,Disease Models, Animal ,Memory ,Scopolamine ,Administration, Oral ,Animals ,Amnesia ,Muscarinic Antagonists ,Drugs, Chinese Herbal ,Rats - Abstract
Ameliorating effects were investigated of the cognitive-enhancing Chinese herbs administered orally for 1 week-Panax ginseng (PG), Panax notoginseng (PNG), Dioscorea opposita (DO), Gastrodia elata (GE), Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM), Acorus gramineus (AG), Coptis chinensis (CC), Polygonum multiflorum (PM), Cyperus rotundus (CR) and Psoralea corylifolia (PC)-on the scopolamine (SCOP)-induced amnesia by using a passive avoidance task in rats. Of ten Chinese herbs, only PG, PNG, GE and CC prolonged the SCOP-shortened STL. These results revealed that PG, PNG GE and CC administered orally for 1 week improved the SCOP-induced learning and memory deficit in rats.
- Published
- 2000
25. Effects of Fructus schizandrae on cycloheximide-induced amnesia in rats
- Author
-
M T, Hsieh, M L, Tsai, W H, Peng, and C R, Wu
- Subjects
Male ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,Plants, Medicinal ,Plant Extracts ,Avoidance Learning ,Animals ,Amnesia ,Cycloheximide ,Rats - Abstract
The effects of Fructus Schisandrae (Schizandra Chinensis, (FS) on cycloheximide (CXM)-induced amnesia by using a passive avoidance task were studied in rats. FS at 0.25 and 0.75 g/kg administered for 1 week significantly prolonged the CXM-shortened step-through latency (STL). Of the fractions (n-hexane, chloroform and water), only the water fraction at 25 mg/kg administered for 1 week prolonged the CXM-shortened STL. These results suggest that the water fraction is the main active fraction of FS.
- Published
- 1999
26. UVCS/SOHO Ion Kinetics in Coronal Streamers
- Author
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Angela Ciaravella, Silvano Fineschi, R. O'Neal, John C. Raymond, C.-R. Wu, Giancarlo Noci, L. D. Gardner, A. Modigliani, J. Michels, Richard A. Frazin, E. F. Dennis, and J. L. Kohl
- Subjects
Physics ,Solar minimum ,Line-of-sight ,Spectrometer ,Astronomy ,Astrophysics ,Spectral line ,Ion ,law.invention ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,Observatory ,law ,Physics::Space Physics ,Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Coronagraph ,Line (formation) - Abstract
We made streamer observations with the Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS) on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) during the early part of 1998, which was a time of moderate solar activity. We present an empirical study of coronal ion kinetics using the line profiles from these observations. Our first and most striking result is that the mid-latitude (ML) streamers have much narrower O VI 1032 A line profiles than the solar minimum equatorial (SME) streamers. Our second result is that the line profiles from a small collection of ions in ML streamers do not seem to be consistent with the ions having a single temperature and turbulent velocity. We discuss several interpretations, including line of sight (LOS) effects. This work is supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under grant NAG-3192 to the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. UVCS/SOHO observations of coronal streamers
- Author
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John C. Raymond, A. Modigliani, L. D. Gardner, Angela Ciaravella, Silvano Fineschi, Giancarlo Noci, J. Michels, Richard A. Frazin, E. F. Dennis, J. L. Kohl, C.-R. Wu, and R. O'Neal
- Subjects
Physics ,Solar minimum ,Astronomy ,Coronal loop ,Corona ,Solar cycle ,Nanoflares ,Solar wind ,Physics::Space Physics ,Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope ,Coronal mass ejection ,Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics - Abstract
We used the Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS) on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) to obtain line profiles in mid-latitude coronal streamers between 1.3 R⊙ and 5.5 R⊙ during a period of moderate solar activity. We present a summary of the preliminary results. These results clearly indicate that the mid-latitude streamers observed during this time period have very different spectral properties than the equatorial streamers observed near solar minimum.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Effect of long-term administration of berberine on scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats
- Author
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W H, Peng, M T, Hsieh, and C R, Wu
- Subjects
Male ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,Berberine ,Scopolamine ,Animals ,Learning ,Drug Interactions ,Amnesia ,Cholinesterase Inhibitors ,Muscarinic Antagonists ,Motor Activity ,Rats - Abstract
The effect of berberine (BER) on scopolamine (SCOP)-induced amnesia was investigated in a step-through passive avoidance task in rats. It was observed that BER at the doses of 0.1 and 0.5 g/kg after 7-day or 14-day administration significantly improved SCOP-induced amnesia. The anti-amnesic effect of BER after 14-day administration on the SCOP-induced amnesia was significantly augmented by physostigmine or neostigmine, and completely reversed by scopolamine N-methylbromide. These results suggest that the antiamnesic effect of BER after 14-day administration may be related to the increase in the peripheral and central cholinergic neuronal system activity.
- Published
- 1997
29. [Clinical and experimental study on treatment of rotaviral enteritis with qiwei baizhu powder]
- Author
-
S T, He, F Z, He, and C R, Wu
- Subjects
Male ,Rotavirus ,Mice ,Animals ,Fluid Therapy ,Humans ,Infant ,Female ,Intestinal Mucosa ,Antigens, Viral ,Enteritis ,Rotavirus Infections ,Drugs, Chinese Herbal - Abstract
Sixty cases of rotaviral enteritis treated with Qiwei Baizhu Powder (QWBZP) revealed a better efficacy than that treated with Oral Rehydration solution (ORS, chi 2 = 6.07, P0.05). The content of Na+ and glucose as well as number of patients with positive human rotavirus (HRV) antigen in faeces in QWBZP group were less than that in ORS group (chi 2 = 18.09, P0.05). In experimental study, QWBZP was found to be effective in treating HRV enteritis of newborn NIH mice in vivo, as compared with the control groups, the mortality of mice was decreased by 73.3%, the content of Na+ and glucose as well as number of mice with positive HRV antigen in faeces was markedly reduced, the pathological changes of intestine such as the damage of small intestinal mucosa and the exfoliation of intestinal villi were also obviously alleviated.
- Published
- 1996
30. p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol attenuates learning deficits in the inhibitory avoidance task: involvement of serotonergic and dopaminergic systems
- Author
-
C R, Wu, M T, Hsieh, and J, Liao
- Subjects
Male ,Electroshock ,Serotonin ,Apomorphine ,Learning Disabilities ,Dopamine ,Scopolamine ,Muscarinic Antagonists ,Motor Activity ,Rats ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,Drug Combinations ,Serotonin Agents ,Dopamine Agonists ,Avoidance Learning ,Reaction Time ,Animals ,p-Chloroamphetamine ,Benzyl Alcohols - Abstract
p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA), an aglycone of gastrodin, is an active ingredient of Gastrodia elata BLUME. In this study, we investigated the action of HBA on acquisition of an inhibitory avoidance response in rats and used piracetam as a positive control. The results indicated that scopolamine, a cholinergic receptor antagonist, injected before training impaired retention. HBA did not attenuate the scopolamine-induced impairment, but piracetam did. p-Chloroamphetamine, a serotonin releaser, injected before training impaired retention. HBA at 5 mg/kg and piracetam at 100 mg/kg could counteract the p-chloroamphetamine-induced deficit. Apomorphine, a dopaminergic receptor agonist, also impaired retention. HBA at 5 mg/kg and piracetam at 300 mg/kg could ameliorate the apomorphine-induced amnesia. The above results indicated that HBA, different from piracetam, can attenuate impairments induced by p-chloroamphetamine and apomorphine, but had no effect on impairment induced by scopolamine in an inhibitory avoidance task in rats. Such findings suggest that HBA may act through suppressing dopaminergic and serotonergic activities and thus improves learning.
- Published
- 1996
31. [Effects of qiwei baizhu san in inhibiting replication of human rotavirus in vitro]
- Author
-
S T, He, F Z, He, and C R, Wu
- Subjects
Rotavirus ,Animals ,RNA, Viral ,Kidney ,Virus Replication ,Antiviral Agents ,Macaca mulatta ,Cells, Cultured ,Drugs, Chinese Herbal - Abstract
Qiwei Baizhu San was found to have an inhibitory effect on human rotavirus (HRV)at monolayer of MA104 Cells. A 50% reduction in plaque number, a 10(1.86)TCID50 decrease in viral replication index and around 60% inhibition in viral RNA synthesis were observed at concentration of 100 mg/ml. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the decoction was low, while its promoting effect on growth and proliferation of the culture cells was observed at the concentrations of 12.5-50 mg/ml. The decoction was also found to have effects in prolonging the survival time of HRV infected cells and promoting the regeneration of the infected cells.
- Published
- 1995
32. Multiple-site replacement analogs of glucagon. A molecular basis for antagonist design
- Author
-
C G, Unson, C R, Wu, K J, Fitzpatrick, and R B, Merrifield
- Subjects
Male ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,Binding Sites ,Drug Design ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Animals ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Glucagon ,Rats - Abstract
Extensive structure activity analysis has allowed us to identify specific residues in the glucagon sequence that are responsible for either receptor recognition or signal transduction. For instance, we have demonstrated that aspartic acid 9 and histidine 1 are essential for activation, and that an ionic interaction between the negative carboxylate and the protonated imidazole may contribute to the activation reaction at the molecular level. In the absence of the carboxylic group at position 9, aspartic 21 or aspartic 15 might furnish distal electrostatic effects to maintain partial agonism. Further investigation established that each of the 4 serine residues in the hormone play distinct roles. Serine 8 provides an important determinant of binding. Whereas neither serines 2, 11, nor 16 are required for receptor recognition. We have shown that serine 16 is essential for signal transduction and thus have identified it to be the third residue in glucagon to participate in a putative catalytic triad together with aspartic 9 and histidine 1, in the transduction of the glucagon response. In this work, we utilized insights into the functional significance of particular residues in the peptide appropriated from our structure-function assignments, as the basis of a molecular approach for the design of active-site directed antagonists of glucagon. The importance as well as the accuracy of our findings are confirmed by the synthesis of a series of improved glucagon antagonists based on replacements at positions 1, 9, 11, 16, and 21. The inhibition index, (I/A)50, of our best antagonist des-His1-[Nle9-Ala11-Ala16]glucagon amide, has been improved 10-fold over the previous best glucagon inhibitor.
- Published
- 1994
33. Glucagon antagonist design based on replacement of active site triad residues
- Author
-
R. B. Merrifield, C.-R. Wu, K. J. Fitzpatrick, A. Sadarangani, and C. G. Unson
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Endocrinology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,biology ,Chemistry ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,biology.protein ,Antagonist ,Active site ,Triad (anatomy) ,Glucagon - Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. [Experience on resection of carcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia in consecutive 709 cases without anastomotic leaking and operative mortality]
- Author
-
C R, Wu
- Subjects
Adult ,Esophagectomy ,Male ,Esophageal Neoplasms ,Gastrectomy ,Stomach Neoplasms ,Anastomosis, Surgical ,Humans ,Cardia ,Female ,Middle Aged ,Aged - Abstract
From April 1983 to September 1992, we performed surgical treatment for 751 consecutive cases of carcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. 709 patients had complete resection. Among them 314 were carcinoma of the esophagus, the rest were of the gastric cardia. The total resectability was 94.4%. In 55 cases the carcinoma of the esophagus was excised from the left thorax. 185 cases had an excision of Ivor-Lewis esophagogastrectomy. In 52 cases it was excised through right thorax, the left neck and the upper abdomen. The carcinoma of gastric cardia was excised from left thorax in 254 cases, from abdomen in 141 cases. Among 709 cases, there were 73 cases with complications including that in the lungs in 26 cases (35.6%). There was no death within 30 days or during the stay in hospital after the operation. The authors hold that the key to reduce operative mortality is to prevent anastomotic leaking. Proper operative approaches should be chosen carefully according to the different position of the pathologic changes so as to gain a thorough operative exposure. The technique of anastomosis is of the key importance. The anastomosis with extending the esophageal mucosa may prevent leaking effectively. Besides, it is necessary to effectively deal with post-operative complications in time, especially when there is a massive bleeding while carrying on drainage in the thoracic cavity during the early postoperative-stage. Bleeding should be staunched in time inside the thorax again.
- Published
- 1993
35. Screening of esophageal and gastric cancer by occult blood bead detector
- Author
-
D X, Qin, G Q, Wang, J H, Zuo, X H, Zhang, F L, Yuan, M S, Li, C R, Wu, and C L, Ju
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Survival Rate ,China ,Esophageal Neoplasms ,Stomach Neoplasms ,Occult Blood ,Gastroscopy ,Humans ,Mass Screening ,Female ,Middle Aged ,Aged - Abstract
A previously described bead method used to detect blood is simple, cheap, and effective; it can be repeated periodically. In 11 provinces in China, 233,825 persons (age range, 30-70 years) were screened. A positive occult blood test result was found in 28,557 persons (12%). Of these, 16,918 underwent a gastroscopy, resulting in the detection of 581 cancers that were located in similar frequencies in the esophagus, gastric cardia, and gastric body; 70% of the lesions were in an early or moderately advanced stage. Among 119 patients with early-stage cancer, the 3-year survival rate was 98.3%. After preliminary screening of cancer, the 4-year follow-up found a mortality rate in the group with negative occult blood test results that was only 25% of that of the positive group. Preliminary yearly screening would detect more early cancers and fewer advanced cancers. The mortality rate of esophageal and gastric cancer might be reduced drastically.
- Published
- 1993
36. Preparation and application of poly(vinylamine)/alginate microcapsules to culturing of a mouse erythroleukemia cell line
- Author
-
C. R. Wu, Y. J. Wang, and F. F. Wang
- Subjects
Chromatography ,Biochemistry ,Cell culture ,Chemistry ,Lysine ,Mechanical strength ,Bioengineering ,Tumor cells ,Erythroleukemia cell ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Poly(vinylamine) was synthesized and used to replace poly-L-lysine in forming microcapsule with alginate. Test results indicated that capsules with good mechanical strength and permeability could be obtained under the controlled treatment conditions of poly(vinylamine) and alginate. Application of the current microcapsular system to cell culture was demonstrated by the usage of erythropoietin- (EPO-) producing IW32 mouse erythroleukemia cells. The encapsulated IW32 cells grew to a density of 8 × 107 cells/mL, two times that found in the corresponding poly-L-lysine/alginate capsules. The EPO accumulation inside the microcapsule with the current encapsulation system was also higher. A concentration of 7.3 U/mL was attained as compared to 4.3 U/mL in the poly-L-lysine/alginate microcapsule. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Published
- 1992
37. [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of 103 early cases of cancer of the esophagus and gastric cardia]
- Author
-
C R, Wu
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Esophageal Neoplasms ,Stomach Neoplasms ,Occult Blood ,Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ,Humans ,Mass Screening ,Cardia ,Female ,Adenocarcinoma ,Middle Aged ,Aged - Abstract
From April 1986 to February 1992, 103 cases of early cancer of esophagus and gastric cardia were detected by the occult blood detector and fiberoptic gastroscope in Yangzhong County, Jiangsu province, a high incidence region of these cancers. All cases were confirmed by operation and pathology. Fourty-seven had cancer of the esophagus and the rest cancer of the gastric cardia which accounted for 17.1% (103/604) of the surgically treated cases in the same period. The authors believe that most patients with early lesions of these cancers are not asymptomatic. Periodic screening of the general population in the high risk area by the occult blood detector is indicated not only for the people themselves but also for improvement of the medical works as well.
- Published
- 1992
38. There Is No Evidence of Difference in Polymorphisms in the IL-1 β-511 Promoter and IL-1Ra Gene Between Asthmatic and Healthy Groups.
- Author
-
C. C. Hsieh, F. J. Tsai, W. C. Chow, C. R. Wu, and H. Kobayashi
- Published
- 2004
39. Infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy of polyacrylonitrile on copper and aluminium surfaces
- Author
-
Bo Liedberg and C. R. Wu
- Subjects
Polymers and Plastics ,Absorption spectroscopy ,Inorganic chemistry ,Polyacrylonitrile ,Analytical chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Copper ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Aluminium ,Materials Chemistry ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Thin film ,Spectroscopy ,Pyrolysis ,Lone pair - Abstract
Infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy has been used to study the chemical structure of thin films of pyrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (PAN) on copper and aluminium surfaces. The formation of a conjugated CCC backbone occurs at temperatures as low as 200°C for PAN on copper, whereas the same reaction on aluminium requires pyrolysis at 300°C in order to be completed. These temperatures are, respectively, about 200 and 100°C lower than those previously reported for bulk PAN. Pyrolysis of PAN on copper at 200°C also results in diffusion of copper atoms (ions) into the polymer network followed by Cu(I)N°C complexing. Conclusive evidence is obtained for end-on coordination through nitrogen lone pair orbitals of the CN groups. We propose a chemical structure of PAN on copper that is different to that in the bulk and on aluminium.
- Published
- 1988
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Kinetics of the positional isomerization of 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene. Heat of formation of the 2,3-dimethlylbutenyl radical and the effect of methyl substituents on the allyl radical stabilization energy
- Author
-
M. C. R. Wu and A. S. Rodgers
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,Colloid and Surface Chemistry ,chemistry ,Kinetics ,General Chemistry ,Photochemistry ,Biochemistry ,2-Butene ,Isomerization ,Catalysis ,Standard enthalpy of formation - Published
- 1973
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Comparison of stabilization energy and resonance energy as a measure of the delocalization energy in free radicals
- Author
-
M. C. R. Wu, A. S. Rodgers, and L. Kuitu
- Subjects
Delocalized electron ,Chemistry ,Radical ,General Engineering ,Measure (physics) ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Atomic physics ,Resonance (particle physics) ,Energy (signal processing) - Published
- 1972
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. [Effects of ohmefentanyl on the content of endorphin in pituitary and brain areas of rats]
- Author
-
B L, Ge, C H, Wang, C R, Wu, and Y X, Zhu
- Subjects
Male ,Catalepsy ,Enkephalin, Methionine ,beta-Endorphin ,Radioimmunoassay ,Brain ,Dynorphins ,Peptide Fragments ,Rats ,Fentanyl ,Pituitary Gland ,Animals ,Tissue Distribution ,Endorphins ,Analgesia - Published
- 1986
43. [Radioimmunoassay for dynorphin A 1-13]
- Author
-
C H, Wang, Y X, Zhu, C R, Wu, C Y, Song, B C, Lin, and B L, Ge
- Subjects
Brain Chemistry ,Male ,Analgesics ,Radioimmunoassay ,Animals ,Dynorphins ,Peptide Fragments ,Rats - Published
- 1987
44. Chemical synthesis of India cobra cytotoxin II by solid-phase condensation of fragments
- Author
-
Y C, Du, J H, Shen, W Y, Wu, C R, Wu, K Z, Wang, B X, Gu, and P, Fu
- Subjects
Elapid Venoms ,Cytotoxins ,Escherichia coli ,India ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Peptide Fragments - Published
- 1986
45. ChemInform Abstract: THE KINETICS OF THE POSITIONAL ISOMERIZATION OF 2,3-DIMETHYL-2-BUTENE, THE HEAT OF FORMATION OF THE 2,3-DIMETHYLBUTENYL RADICAL AND THE EFFECT OF METHYL SUBSTITUENTS ON THE ALLYL RADICAL STABILIZATION ENERGY
- Author
-
A. S. RODGERS and M. C. R. WU
- Subjects
General Medicine - Published
- 1973
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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