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Neonatal sepsis is a worldwide problem with the prevalence at 1 to10 per 1000 live birth and one of the indicator for measuring the health status of a nation. According to WHO there are about 5 million neonatal death per year with 98% occurring in developing countries. Antimicrobial resistance is a growing threat worldwide. Blood culture is considered as the gold standard technique for diagnosis of neonatal septicemia. The main objectives includes, to know the various bacteria causing neonatal septicemia and their antibiogram. To detect drug resistance among the isolated bacteria. A Prospective study was done over a period of 2 year. Blood samples for culture were collected aseptically before starting antibiotic therapy and subcultures were performed. The isolates were identified by standard biochemical tests and antibiogram of the isolates were studied. Out of 360 cases 160 were bacteriologically positive, Klebsiella was the most common organism isolated (21%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (20%) Acinetobacter (15%), Pseudomonas (13%). Maximum sensitivity was seen by Linezolid, Erythromycin for Gram positive organisms and Gram negative organisms were sensitive to Piperacillin/ Tazobactum, Imipenem, Levofloxacin, Meropenem. Knowledge of likely causative organism causing neonatal septicemia can help in instituting prompt and appropriate therapy which in turn reduce morbidity and mortality.

Background: Osteomyelitis has been continuing as the most important cause of morbidity among patients with bone infections. Constant change in the trend of organisms involved and resistance pattern has made management of osteomyelitis cases difficult. With this background present study aimed to look for the changing trends of microorganisms involved in osteomyelitis and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Methods: A total of 100 cases studied over a period of two years. Samples collected were processed by standard microbiological techniques and antimicrobial testing was done as per the clinical and laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Results: Among 100 cases, 62 were males and 38 were females, with the mean age of all the patient was 51.6±12.32 years. 64% of the patient were diabetic patients. Long bones are most involved with trauma (45%) as risk factor. Staphylococcus aureus (24.2%) predominant pathogen isolated followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21.2%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (16.7%). Antibiotic sensitivity testing of gram positive organisms showed hundred percent sensitivity to vancomycin and gram negative bacteria showed highest sensitivity to cefoperazone+sulbactam, piperacillin+tazobactam, meropenem and imipenem. Conclusions: Osteomyelitis caused by methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus and carbapenem resistance gram negative bacteria is a serious concern. Since multidrug resistant strains have emerged in osteomyelitis cases, emphasis should be given for hygiene and targeted antibiotherapy.

In this study, hemp–polyester composites were prepared with two volume fraction of hemp fibers and characterization for tensile properties. The mechanical characterization provided the quantitative insights into the elasto-plastic behavior of hemp–polyester composites. Young’s modulus, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and failure strain were obtained by testing the specimens in a uniaxial testing machine. Tensile strength and modulus of the composites were superior in the composites with higher volume fraction of hemp. The numerical modeling was then performed to simulate the constitutive behavior through out nonlinear range of hemp–polyester composite and study the effect of volume fraction of fibers/matrix on mechanical properties. Finite element model calibration was done to establish the validity of the modeling procedures and accuracy of prediction by comparing the numerical results with experimentally determined results. Understanding the elasto-plastic behavior through experimental and numerical simulations is considered to be a more viable tool for analyzing products made of hemp–polyester composites for possible use in automotive and other industrial applications in advanced simulations.

Meningitis continues to be a formidable illness with high morbidity and mortality among children in India. The present study was undertaken to prospectively look for the prevalence of pyogenic meningitis at Gulbarga and to find out the utility of gram stain, Latex Agglutination Test and (LTA) and C-reactive protein in the rapid diagnosis of pyogenic meningitis from children. Over a 48-months period, 535 children with a presumptive clinical diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis were investigated by direct microscopy, CRP, bacterial culture, latex agglutination test (L TA), cell count and cell type and biochemical tests. Latex Agglutination Test (LA T) was done for detection of the antigens of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Group B Streptococci, E. coli, Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Among 535 suspected meningitis cases, 291 cases were diagnosed as pyogenic meningitis cases based on biochemical tests, cell count and cell type. Out of 291 cases, 55 cases have already received antibiotic treatment. Among 236 cases of untreated pyogenic meningitis cases, 199 CSF samples were culture positive. Streptococcus pneumoniae (44.7%) was the predominant organism identified, followed by H influenzae (25.6%) and Gp. B. Streptococci (9.5%). 208 of 236 cases were gram-stain positive, 129 cases had elevated CSF-CRP and 214 cases were diagnosed as pyogenic meningitis by the detection of bacterial antigens by latex agglutination test. Among 55 pretreated cases, only 05 (9.1%) CSF samples were culture positive, bacteria was observed in 36 gram stain smear, CRP was elevated in 16 CSF samples and 52 pretreated cases of suspected meningitis were diagnosed as pyogenic meningitis by latex agglutination test for detection of bacterial antigens. Many of the bacterial isolates were sensitive to gentamicin, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone and least sensitive to tetracycline and gentamicin. 13.1% of gram-negative bacilli were ESBL producers. To conclude, inclusion of latex agglutination test for detection of bacterial antigen in the routine diagnosis adds a valuable adjunct in the rapid and accurate diagnosis of pyogenic meningitis.

Septicemia is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates. In this study, 828 consecutive neonates suspected of having septicemia from various neonatal intensive care unit hospitals in Gulbarga, Karnataka were investigated for isolation of microorganisms. Two samples of blood were collected aseptically for isolating the etiology. The cultures were positive in 346 (41.9%) cases for aerobic bacteria and 68 (8.3%) for Candida species. Among Candida species, C. tropicalis--27(39.7%) was the predominant organism followed by C. albicans 16(23.5%) and C. guillermondi 13(19.1%). The standard macrobroth dilution method was carried out to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC); C. krusei ATCC 6258 standard strain was included for quality control purpose. 4(25.0%) stains of C. albicans were resistant to amphotericin-beta and 2(12.5%) to fluconazole. High-level resistance to fluconazole was observed in C. krusei 4(40.0%).