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1. The SOUDAN 2 detector - The operation and performance of the tracking calorimeter modules

Author

S. Yarker, L. Balka, M. A. Thomson, L. Mualem, M. Lowe, R.J. Cotton, G. Villaume, B. Saitta, Marvin L Marshak, T. H. Fields, W. Leeson, J. Schneps, Christian P. Minor, K. Johns, N. West, D. M. DeMuth, V. W. Edwards, R. H. Milburn, Graham L. Giller, P.D. Shield, D. S. Ayres, S. Heppelmann, P. J. Litchfield, S. M S Kasahara, D. Wall, L.M. Kirby-Gallagher, H.M. Gallagher, Warner A. Miller, S. J. Werkema, C. A. Woods, N. Mondal, J. L. Thron, V. Vassiliev, E.W.G. Wallis, D. Rosen, N. Hill, D. Roback, Edward May, T. Joyce, F. V. Lopez, G.D. Barr, G. F. Pearce, Maury Goodman, J. H. Cobb, N. Sundaralingam, U. DasGupta, C.B. Brooks, W. A. Mann, H. Courant, B. Ewen, S. P. Wakely, R. H. Giles, C. Garcia-Garcia, A. Napier, J. Kochocki, E.M. Nelson, B. Dahlin, N. P. Longley, M. Shupe, D. Schmid, P. M. Border, J. H. Hoftiezer, I. Ambats, J. W. Dawson, T. Kafka, L. E. Price, L. McMaster, G. J. Alner, W.W.M. Allison, L. Weems, C. Bode, D. Benjamin, R. N. Gray, W. P. Oliver, Donald H. Perkins, U.M. Wielgosz, R. Seidlein, David Ja Cockerill, R. Nickson, W. L. Barrett, J. Schlereth, A. Stassinakis, K. Ruddick, E. A. Peterson, S. Spear, D. J. Jankowski, K. Coover, D. Maxam, and M.H. Schub

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Calorimeter (particle physics), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Plane (geometry), business.industry, Detector, Tracking (particle physics), Charged particle, Nuclear physics, Optics, Spatial reference system, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Nucleon, business, Instrumentation, Image resolution
Abstract

SOUDAN 2 is a 960-ton tracking calorimeter which has been constructed to search for nucleon decay and other phenomena. The full detector consists of 224 calorimeter modules each weighing 4.3 tons. The modules consist of finely segmented iron instrumented with 1 m long drift tubes of 15 mm internal diameter. The tubes enable three spatial coordinates and dE/ dx to be recorded for charged particles traversing the tubes. The spatial resolution is 0.38 cm in the x-y plane and 0.65 cm in the z, or drift, direction. The operation and performance of the modules are discussed.

Published
2016
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2. THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE ZEUS CENTRAL TRACKING DETECTOR

Author

C.K. Sinclair, D.E. Clark, I. McArthur, J.C.H. Roberts, D. Hayes, E.W.G. Wallis, G.A. Blair, R.D. Wilson, C.G. Auty, T.J. Fraser, K.L. Yeo, John Hart, P. O'Brien, B.T. Payne, K.N. Nobbs, M.D. Gibson, A. Middleton, D.J. White, J.W. Hiddleston, D. B. Miller, L W Toudup, J. Dumper, D.G. Miller, D. H. Saxon, C.B. Brooks, D. Morrow, N.C. Martin, J. Malos, I.A. Vine, F. F. Wilson, M Morrissey, R.L. Wastie, R.W. Hatley, D.E. Strachan, C. Markou, F. W. Bullock, W. Linford, T.B. Shaw, R. J. Cashmore, J. Nash, M.T. Williams, B. Foster, A.T. Hanford, Neville Harnew, N. A. McCubbin, A.K. Jamdagni, T. W. Jones, and A.R. Holmes

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, ZEUS (particle detector), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Track (disk drive), Detector, Tracking (particle physics), Nuclear physics, Electronic design, Aerospace engineering, business, Instrumentation, Event (particle physics), High magnetic field
Abstract

The mechanical, electrical and electronic design and construction of the ZEUS central tracking detector are described, together with the chamber monitoring and environmental control. This cylindrical drift chamber is designed for track reconstruction, electron identification and fast event triggering in a high beam-crossing rate, high magnetic field application.

Published
2016

3. STUDY OF MUONS FROM THE DIRECTION OF CYGNUS-X-3 USING AN UNDERGROUND PROPORTIONAL-TUBE ARRAY

Author

L. McMaster, R. H. Milburn, David Ja Cockerill, M. Lowe, J. W. Dawson, P. D. Shield, J. H. Cobb, N. Sundaralingam, T. Kafka, R. H. Giles, P. J. Litchfield, J. Kochocki, D. Benjamin, A. Napier, Marvin L Marshak, Maury Goodman, B. Saitta, K. Ruddick, J. H. Hoftiezer, Ken Heller, W. P. Oliver, J. L. Thron, L. E. Price, K. Coover, C.B. Brooks, J. L. Schlereth, N. West, U. DasGupta, C. Garcia-Garcia, H. Courant, D. S. Ayres, L.M. Kirby-Gallagher, S. J. Werkema, G.D. Barr, W.W.M. Allison, W. L. Barrett, W. A. Mann, L. Balka, D. H. Perkins, M. Shupe, D. Schmid, B. Dahlin, D. J. Jankowski, I. Ambats, S. Heppelman, G. J. Alner, E. A. Peterson, D. Rosen, D. Roback, T. Joyce, F. V. Lopez, K. Johns, T. H. Fields, N. Hill, Warner A. Miller, G. F. Pearce, P. M. Border, M. A. Thomson, E. N. May, V. W. Edwards, and J. Schneps

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Physics, Muon, Argon, chemistry, Degree (graph theory), chemistry.chemical_element, Cosmic ray, Elementary particle, Fermion, Particle detector, Lepton
Abstract

From July 1987 through March 1988 an array of proportional wire modules was operated as a muon detector at a depth of 2090 meters water equivalent in the Soudan mine in northern Minnesota. A spatial angular resolution of 1.2{degree} was achieved for muon tracking. A clean sample of 1.02{times}10{sup 5} muon trajectories recorded underground is used to search for an excess flux of muons from the direction of Cygnus X-3. For muons within the phase interval (0.6, 0.9) of the source's 4.8-h period, 90%-C.L. upper limits for fluxes arriving within 3{degree} and 1.5{degree} half-angle cones centered on the Cygnus X-3 direction are 8.5{times}10{sup {minus}11} cm{sup {minus}2}s{sup {minus}1} and 3.1{times}10{sup {minus}11} cm{sup {minus}2}s{sup {minus}1}, respectively.

Published
2016
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4. THE OXFORD FREE-ELECTRON LASER PROJECT

Author

A.R. Holmes, J.N. Elgin, G. Doucas, J.H. Mulvey, M.F. Kimmitt, Charles A. Brau, C.B. Brooks, W. A. Gillespie, Dino A. Jaroszynski, W.W.M. Allison, C. R. Pidgeon, M.W. Poole, and P.F. Martin

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Infrared, business.industry, Wiggler, Free-electron laser, law.invention, Optics, law, Harmonics, Cathode ray, Harmonic, Van de Graaff generator, Atomic physics, business, Instrumentation, Lasing threshold
Abstract

It is proposed to use the Oxford 10 MV Van de Graaff accelerator as an electron beam source for a free electron laser (FEL) operating in the far infra red (FIR). The configuration and layout of the Van de Graaff make it very suitable for conversion, with a potentially high efficiency for electron beam recovery. Using a 2 m long wiggler of 34 mm period, the FEL would operate in the 60-300 /spl mu/m wavelength band, with extension down to 30 /spl mu/m on the 3rd harmonic. When constructed, the FEL will support a programme of FEL research and development, concentrating at first on investigations of behaviour in the moderately high-gain regime (/spl equiv/ 100% per pass) and mechanisms for lasing on higher harmonics. It will also be the basis for a national UK user facility in the FIR.

Published
2016

5. THE OBSERVATION OF UNDERGROUND MUONS FROM THE DIRECTION OF CYGNUS-X-3 DURING THE JANUARY 1991 RADIO FLARE

Author

N. West, D. S. Ayres, M. Lowe, R. H. Giles, J. Kochocki, L.M. Kirby-Gallagher, B. Saitta, S. J. Werkema, W. P. Oliver, Donald H. Perkins, G.D. Barr, C. A. Woods, L. E. Price, L. Balka, S. Heppelmann, J. H. Hoftiezer, J. Schneps, S. M S Kasahara, David Ja Cockerill, E. A. Peterson, Christian P. Minor, D. Rosen, W. A. Mann, D. J. Jankowski, N. P. Longley, W.W.M. Allison, W. L. Barrett, P. D. Shield, P. J. Litchfield, R. H. Milburn, D. Roback, T. Joyce, A. Napier, B. Ewen, K. Ruddick, G. F. Pearce, J. W. Dawson, V. W. Edwards, Maury Goodman, C.B. Brooks, T. Kafka, M. A. Thomson, N. Hill, J. Schlereth, G. J. Alner, C. Garcia-Garcia, Marvin L Marshak, P. M. Border, D. Benjamin, R. N. Gray, Edward May, T. H. Fields, Jack L. Uretsky, J. L. Thron, J. H. Cobb, N. Sundaralingam, Graham L. Giller, M. Shupe, D. Schmid, I. Ambats, H. Courant, K. Johns, Warner A. Miller, F. V. Lopez, and L. McMaster

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Muon, law, Detector, Astronomy, Nucleon, Flare, law.invention
Abstract

Muons recorded in the Soudan 2 underground nucleon decay detector from January 1989 to February 1991 have been examined for any correlation with the radio flares of Cygnus X-3 observed during this period. On two nearby days during the radio flare of January 1991 a total of 32 muons within 2.0° of the Cygnus X-3 direction were observed when 11.4 were expected.

Published
2016

6. Study of Large Hemispherical Photomultiplier Tubes for the ANTARES Neutrino Telescope

Author

F. Salesa, F. Ameli, I. Sokalski, Jean Virieux, T. Legou, Robert Lahmann, J. Carr, G.V. Russo, Lester D.R. Thompson, Nathalie Palanque-Delabrouille, F. Montanet, C. Hoffmann, A. Calzas, J. Fopma, V. Roca-Blay, E. Falchini, A. Le Van Suu, E. Nezri, L. Caponetto, W. Kretschmer, D. Lo Presti, R. Coniglione, R. De Vita, V. Rigaud, F. Réthoré, C. Racca, S. Saouter, P. Goret, R. Blaes, S. L. Cartwright, J. Poinsignon, L. Moscoso, J-J. Aubert, E. Castorina, M. Jaquet, U. F. Katz, Jean-Luc Fuda, V. Bertin, Elie Aslanides, Giorgio Riccobene, M. Anghinolfi, A. Mazure, C. Olivetto, C.B. Brooks, H. Lafoux, Timo Karg, L. Laubier, D. Denans, Vincenzo Cavasinni, V. A. Kudryavtsev, C. Distefano, Yann Hello, V. Valente, S. Favard, P.M. Kooijman, P. A. Ogden, R. Potheau, R. van Dantzig, G. Giacomelli, V. Lyashuk, J.D. Zornoza, Nunzio Randazzo, M. Battaglieri, S. Loucatos, J.-P. Ernenwein, R. Bruijn, F.E. Ardellier-Desages, E. Migneco, Rezo Shanidze, G. Damy, M. Taiuti, T. Pradier, C. De Marzo, P. Coyle, S. Cuneo, G. de Vries, M. Karolak, Paolo Sapienza, F. Jouvenot, V. Niess, F. Mazéas, S. Kuch, F. Blanc, S. Basa, A. Albert, H. J. Rose, Teresa Montaruli, P.K.A. de Witt Huberts, G. F. Burgio, G. Raia, Y. Sacquin, Jürgen Brunner, A. Rostovtsev, M. Ripani, Jean-Francois Rolin, E. Carmona, M.C. Bouwhuis, J.-C. Languillat, D. S. Bailey, J.-J. Destelle, J. Hößl, F. Louis, P. Lamare, M. Naumann-Godo, S. Tilav, S. Ferry, E. A. De Wolf, Juanan Aguilar, Philippe Charvis, P. Valdy, E. V. Korolkova, Alexander Kappes, B. van Rens, C. Maron, S. Cecchini, H. Le Provost, Juan José Hernández-Rey, P. Keller, F. Feinstein, Y. Le Guen, S. Karkar, Antonio Capone, N. Girard, Maurizio Spurio, A.J. Heijboer, J.J. Engelen, Kay Graf, F. Cafagna, Chantal Compère, M. Ruppi, Roberto Bellotti, V. Flaminio, Antoine Kouchner, M. Morganti, L Lo Nigro, B. Vallage, B. Dinkelspiler, J. Zúñiga, Jean-Pierre Morel, M. Romita, V. Popa, B. Hartmann, D. Festy, J. E. McMillan, S. M. Bradbury, R. Masullo, J. Beltramelli, Riccardo Papaleo, C. Petta, Wolfgang Schuster, H. Laschinsky, P. Amram, J. Boulesteix, J. F. Drogou, Annarita Margiotta, Gisela Anton, T. Stolarczyk, A. Milovanovic, D. Stubert, G.D. Hallewell, J. P. Schuller, P. Payre, K. Salomon, C. Millot, J.-P. Pineau, C. Naumann, P. Piattelli, D. Zaborov, Anne Deschamps, A. Massol, M. Marcelin, M. Billault, V. Zakharov, J.R. Hubbard, Diego Real, J.M. Gallone, Susan Cooper, S. Anvar, Yvonne Becherini, M. de Jong, F. Druillole, N. de Botton, G. Herrouin, H. Zaccone, C. Colnard, Mario Musumeci, Gerardus Nooren, P. Vernin, M. Circella, P. Lagier, Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géoazur (GEOAZUR 6526), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANTARES, J.A. AGUILAR, A. ALBERT, F. AMELI, P. AMRAM, M. ANGHINOLFI, G. ANTON, S. ANVAR, F.E. ARDELLIER-DESAGES, E. ASLANIDES, J.J. AUBERT, D. BAILEY, S. BASA, M. BATTAGLIERI, Y. BECHERINI, R. BELLOTTI, J. BELTRAMELLI, V. BERTIN, M. BILLAULT, R. BLAES, F. BLANC, N. DE BOTTON, J. BOULESTEIX, M.C. BOUWHUIS, C.B. BROOKS, S.M. BRADBURY, R. BRUIJN, J. BRUNNER, G.F. BURGIO, F. CAFAGNA, A. CALZAS, A. CAPONE, L. CAPONETTO, E. CARMONA, J. CARR, S.L. CARTWRIGHT, E. CASTORINA, V. CAVASINNI, S. CECCHINI, P. CHARVIS, M. CIRCELLA, C. COLNARD, C. COMPERE, R. CONIGLIONE, S. COOPER, P. COYLE, S. CUNEO, G. DAMY, R. VAN DANTZIG, A. DESCHAMPS, C. DE MARZO, D. DENANS, J.J. DESTELLE, R. DE VITA, B. DINKELSPILER, C. DISTEFANO, J.F. DROGOU, F. DRUILLOLE, J. ENGELEN, J.P. ERNENWEIN, E. FALCHINI, S. FAVARD, F. FEINSTEIN, S. FERRY, D. FESTY, V. FLAMINIO, J. FOPMA, J.L. FUDA, J.M. GALLONE, G. GIACOMELLI, N. GIRARD, P. GORET, K. GRAF, G. HALLEWELL, B. HARTMANN, A. HEIJBOER, Y. HELLO, J.J. HERNANDEZ-REY, G. HERROUIN, J. HÖßL, C. HOFFMANN, J.R. HUBBARD, M. JAQUET, M. DE JONG, F. JOUVENOT, A. KAPPES, T. KARG, S. KARKAR, M. KAROLAK, U. KATZ, P. KELLER, P. KOOIJMAN, E.V. KOROLKOVA, A. KOUCHNER, W. KRETSCHMER, S. KUCH, V.A. KUDRYAVTSEV, H. LAFOUX, P. LAGIER, R. LAHMANN, P. LAMARE, J.C. LANGUILLAT, H. LASCHINSKY, L. LAUBIER, T. LEGOU, Y. LE GUEN, H. LE PROVOST, A. LE VAN SUU, L. LO NIGRO, D. LO PRESTI, S. LOUCATOS, F. LOUIS, V. LYASHUK, M. MARCELIN, A. MARGIOTTA, C. MARON, A. MASSOL, R. MASULLO, F. MAZÉAS, A. MAZURE, J.E. MCMILLAN, E. MIGNECO, C. MILLOT, A. MILOVANOVIC, F. MONTANET, T. MONTARULI, J.-P. MOREL, M. MORGANTI, L. MOSCOSO, M. MUSUMECI, C. NAUMANN, M. NAUMANN-GODO, E. NEZRI, V. NIESS, G.J. NOOREN, P. OGDEN, C. OLIVETTO, N. PALANQUE-DELABROUILLE, R. PAPALEO, P. PAYRE, C. PETTA, P. PIATTELLI, J.P. PINEAU, J. POINSIGNON, V. POPA, R. POTHEAU, T. PRADIER, C. RACCA, G. RAIA, N. RANDAZZO, D. REAL, B.A.P. VAN RENS, F. RÉTHORÉ, G. RICCOBENE, V. RIGAUD, M. RIPANI, V. ROCA-BLAY, J.F. ROLIN, M. ROMITA, H.J. ROSE, A. ROSTOVTSEV, M. RUPPI, G.V. RUSSO, Y. SACQUIN, F. SALESA, K. SALOMON, S. SAOUTER, P. SAPIENZA, R. SHANIDZE, J.-P. SCHULLER, W. SCHUSTER, I. SOKALSKI, M. SPURIO, T. STOLARCZYK, D. STUBERT, M. TAIUTI, L.F. THOMPSON, S. TILAV, P. VALDY, V. VALENTE, B. VALLAGE, P. VERNIN, J. VIRIEUX, G. DE VRIES, P. DE WITT HUBERTS, E. DE WOLF, D. ZABOROV, H. ZACCONE, V. ZAKHAROV, J.D. ZORNOZA, J. ZUÑIGA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photomultiplier, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Neutrino detection, Neutrino telescope, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, large area photosensor, hemispherical photomultiplier, neutrino detection, Nuclear physics, Optics, Intensive Phase, 0103 physical sciences, 14. Life underwater, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Astroparticle physics, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Hemispherical photomultiplier, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Large area photosensor, Glass spheres, Neutrino detector, 95.55.Vj, 85.60.Ha, Física nuclear, business, hemispherical photomultiplier, large area photosensor, neutrino detection
Abstract

The ANTARES neutrino telescope, to be immersed depth in the Mediterranean Sea, will consist of a 3 dimensional matrix of 900 large area photomultiplier tubes housed in pressure resistant glass spheres. The selection of the optimal photomultiplier was a critical step for the project and required an intensive phase of tests and developments carried out in close collaboration with the main manufacturers worldwide. This paper provides an overview of the tests performed by the collaboration and describes in detail the features of the PMT chosen for ANTARES., Comment: 21 pages, 10 figures. To be published in Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A

Published
2005
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7. Search for the proton decay mode p→νK in Soudan 2

Author

H.R. Gallagher, S. Wakeley, C.B. Brooks, G. J. Alner, Marvin L Marshak, T. Joffe–Minor, M.H. Schub, A. Napier, G.D. Barr, J. L. Thron, Warner A. Miller, C. Garcia-Garcia, L. Mualem, W.W.M. Allison, C. Bode, M. C. Goodman, N. P. Longley, R. Gran, K. Ruddick, R.J. Cotton, U.M. Wielgosz, G. F. Pearce, W. Leeson, G. Villaume, T. H. Fields, H. Courant, D. Wall, L. E. Price, A. Stassinakis, R. H. Milburn, J.H. Cobb, J. Schneps, W. P. Oliver, E. A. Peterson, D. M. DeMuth, V. Vassiliev, William L. Barrett, P. J. Litchfield, W. A. Mann, R. Seidlein, N. West, D. S. Ayres, P. M. Border, D. A. Petyt, T. Kafka, S. M S Kasahara, and H. Tom

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Proton decay, Analytical chemistry, High resolution
Abstract

We have searched for the proton decay mode p {yields} {nu} K{sup +} using the one-kiloton Soudan 2 high resolution calorimeter. Contained events obtained from a 3.56 kiloton-year fiducial exposure through June 1997 are examined for occurrence of a visible K{sup +} track which decays at rest into {mu}{sup +}{nu} or {pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup 0}. We found one candidate event consistent with background, yielding a limit, {tau}/B(p {yields} {nu} K{sup +})>4.3x10{sup 31} years at 90% CL with no background subtraction.

Published
1998
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8. The SOUDAN 2 detector The design and construction of the tracking calorimeter modules

Author

W. Leeson, D. Rosen, J. Schneps, P. J. Litchfield, D. Roback, T. Joyce, Christian P. Minor, J. H. Hoftiezer, B. Saitta, L. Mualem, P.D. Shield, S. Heppelmann, C. Garcia-Garcia, P. M. Border, R.J. Cotton, G. Villaume, T. H. Fields, G. F. Pearce, Maury Goodman, V. W. Edwards, U. DasGupta, D. M. DeMuth, V. Vassiliev, M. Shupe, D. Schmid, M. A. Thomson, David Ja Cockerill, R. Nickson, W. L. Barrett, I. Ambats, S. P. Wakely, R. H. Milburn, R. H. Giles, Graham L. Giller, N. Hill, C.B. Brooks, J. Kochocki, Edward May, L. E. Price, H. Courant, R. Seidlein, W. A. Mann, N. Mondal, H.M. Gallagher, A. Napier, N. P. Longley, S. Yarker, D. Wall, C. A. Woods, J. Schlereth, L. Balka, N. West, W.W.M. Allison, C. Bode, D. S. Ayres, U.M. Wielgosz, L.M. Kirby-Gallagher, S. J. Werkema, K. Coover, D. Maxam, M.H. Schub, J. W. Dawson, A. Stassinakis, T. Kafka, E. A. Peterson, S. Spear, E.M. Nelson, B. Dahlin, D. Benjamin, R. N. Gray, B. Ewen, G. J. Alner, Marvin L Marshak, K. Johns, M. Lowe, K. Ruddick, Donald H. Perkins, L. McMaster, Warner A. Miller, D. J. Jankowski, G.D. Barr, E.W.G. Wallis, F. V. Lopez, L. Weems, J. H. Cobb, N. Sundaralingam, W. P. Oliver, S. M S Kasahara, and J. L. Thron

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Calorimeter (particle physics), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Detector, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Tracking (particle physics), Nucleon, Instrumentation, Charged particle
Abstract

SOUDAN 2 is a 960-ton tracking calorimeter which has been constructed to search for nucleon decay and other phenomena. The full detector consists of 224 calorimeter modules each weighing 4.3 tons. The design and construction of the modules are described. The modules consist of finely segmented iron instrumented with 1 m long drift tubes of 15 mm internal diameter. The tubes enable three spatial coordinates and dE/dx to be recorded for charged particles traversing the tubes.

Published
1996
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9. Control of magnetic islands with horizontal field trim coils in a low aspect ratio torsatron

Author

C.B. Brooks, James D. Hanson, G. J. Hartwell, R. F. Gandy, M. A. Henderson, and S. F. Knowlton

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Toroid, Field (physics), Electromagnetic coil, Plasma, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, Rotation, Horizontal plane, Trim, Magnetic field
Abstract

The presence of large magnetic islands associated with rational magnetic surfaces in toroidal fusion devices can lead to a reduction of the confinement time of plasmas in such devices. In stellarators and torsatrons, the island size is usually minimized by careful design and coil construction within close tolerances in order to reduce the effect of error fields. In addition, magnetic islands resulting from unavoidable error fields can be reduced or eliminated through the use of auxiliary trim coils. The Compact Auburn Torsatron has been equipped with two pairs of large Helmholtz coils producting mutually orthogonal magnetic fields in the horizontal plane. These trim coils are used to control the size and phase of the t=1/2 magnetic island. A reduction of the inherent t=1/2 magnetic island size by a factor of three is achieved through a systematic variation of both horizontal trim field components. The minimization of the island size occurs simultaneously with the largest poloidal rotation rate of the island as a function of the correction coil current

Published
1992
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10. First results from the Soudan 2 proton decay experiment

Author

L. E. Price, J.H. Cobb, G. F. Pearce, D. Rosen, L. M. Tupper, Donald H. Perkins, D. Roback, C.B. Brooks, B. Saitta, R. N. Gray, K. Ruddick, P.D. Shield, A. Napier, J. L. Thron, P. J. Litchfield, D. P. Benjamin, M. Lowe, C. Garcia-Garcia, M. A. Thomson, R. H. Giles, G.D. Barr, J. Kochocki, F. V. Lopez, J. W. Dawson, David Ja Cockerill, L. McMaster, J. Schneps, Marvin L Marshak, K. A. Johns, H. Courant, J. L. Schlereth, M. C. Goodman, W. W.M. Allison, T. Kafka, D. Schmid, I. Ambats, S. Heppelmann, D. J. Jankowski, L. Balka, R. H. Milburn, V. W. Edwards, G. J. Alner, W. P. Oliver, N. Sundaralingam, E. A. Peterson, B. Dahlin, Warner A. Miller, William L. Barrett, W. A. Mann, N. P. Longley, N. West, D. S. Ayres, S. J. Werkema, P. M. Border, N. Hill, Edward May, Michael Shupe, S. M. S. Kasahara, and T. H. Fields

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Proton decay, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Solar neutrino problem, Nuclear physics, Neutrino detector, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Neutrino, Neutrino oscillation
Abstract

First results on contained neutrino interactions are presented from the Soudan 2 proton decay experiment. 20 neutrino events have been found in a fiducial exposure of 0.29 kton years.

Published
1991
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12. Lithium-argon discharges in a multicusp-ECR microwave resonant cavity

Author

Mary L. Brake and C.B. Brooks

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Argon, Materials science, Lithium carbonate, chemistry.chemical_element, Condensed Matter Physics, Electron cyclotron resonance, Dissociation (chemistry), chemistry.chemical_compound, symbols.namesake, chemistry, symbols, Lithium chloride, Langmuir probe, Plasma diagnostics, Atomic physics, Microwave
Abstract

Argon and lithium-argon discharges have been created in a multicusp-ECR microwave resonant cavity. A double Langmuir probe has been used to determine discharge characteristics, indicating ion densities of 10/sup 10/-10/sup 11/ cm/sup -3/ and electron temperatures of about 3 eV with operating pressures of 4-20 mtorr and input powers of 100-250 W. Lithium is introduced to the system in the form of lithium chloride or lithium carbonate which is then heated by a background argon discharge allowing dissociation of lithium. The dissociation is evidenced by the observation of strong Li-I lines in the discharge using optical emission spectroscopy. LiCl was found to give a strong Li-I optical signal for about 15 min run time whereas Li/sub 2/CO/sub 3/ gave lower intensity lines, but for about 60 min run time.

Published
1995
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13. The atmospheric neutrino flavor ratio from a 3.9 fiducial kiloton-year exposure of Soudan 2

Author

W.W.M. Allison, G.J. Alner, D.S. Ayres, G. Barr, W.L. Barrett, C. Bode, P.M. Border, C.B. Brooks, J.H. Cobb, R.J. Cotton, H. Courant, D.M. Demuth, T.H. Fields, H.R. Gallagher, C. Garcia-Garcia, M.C. Goodman, R. Gran, T. Joffe–Minor, T. Kafka, S.M.S. Kasahara, W. Leeson, P.J. Litchfield, N.P. Longley, W.A. Mann, M.L. Marshak, R.H. Milburn, W.H. Miller, L. Mualem, A. Napier, W.P. Oliver, G.F. Pearce, E.A. Peterson, D.A. Petyt, L.E. Price, K. Ruddick, M. Sanchez, J. Schneps, M.H. Schub, R. Seidlein, A. Stassinakis, J.L. Thron, V. Vassiliev, G. Villaume, S. Wakely, D. Wall, N. West, and U.M. Wielgosz

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Background subtraction, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Atmospheric neutrino, Neutrino, Fiducial marker, Flavor, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

We report a measurement of the atmospheric neutrino flavor ratio, R, using a sample of quasi-elastic neutrino interactions occurring in an iron medium. The flavor ratio (tracks/showers) of atmospheric neutrinos in a 3.9 fiducial kiloton-year exposure of Soudan 2 is 0.64 +- 0.11 (stat.) +- 0.06 (syst.) of that expected. Important aspects of our main analysis have been checked by carrying out two independent, alternative analyses; one is based upon automated scanning, the other uses a multivariate approach for background subtraction. Similar results are found by all three approaches., Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures. To be published in Physics Letters B

Published
1999

14. A Study of Cosmic Ray Composition in the Knee Region using Multiple Muon Events in the Soudan 2 Detector

Author

D. Wall, R. N. Gray, R. Gran, K. Johns, T. H. Fields, Edward May, S. P. Wakely, Jack L. Uretsky, M. Shupe, D. M. DeMuth, D. Schmid, H.R. Gallagher, M.H. Schub, A. Napier, M. Lowe, W. P. Oliver, Warner A. Miller, R.J. Cotton, G. J. Alner, G. Villaume, V. Vassiliev, H. Courant, J. L. Thron, P. J. Litchfield, E. A. Peterson, B. Ewen, L. Mualem, W. Leeson, H.J. Trost, W.W.M. Allison, C. Bode, D. Roback, L. E. Price, J. Schneps, P. M. Border, W. A. Mann, R. H. Milburn, C.B. Brooks, T. Kafka, S. M S Kasahara, N. P. Longley, K. Ruddick, N. West, D. S. Ayres, S. J. Werkema, G. F. Pearce, Maury Goodman, J. H. Cobb, N. Sundaralingam, R. Seidlein, David Ja Cockerill, W. L. Barrett, and Marvin L Marshak

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Muon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, Knee region, Water equivalent, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Energy spectrum, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Multiplicity (chemistry), Nuclear Experiment, Multiplicity distribution
Abstract

Deep underground muon events recorded by the Soudan 2 detector, located at a depth of 2100 meters of water equivalent, have been used to infer the nuclear composition of cosmic rays in the "knee" region of the cosmic ray energy spectrum. The observed muon multiplicity distribution favors a composition model with a substantial proton content in the energy region 800,000 - 13,000,000 GeV/nucleus., 38 pages including 11 figures, Latex, submitted to Physical Review D

Published
1996

15. ATLAS beam test results

Author

P.R. Turner, J.D. Richardson, T. J. V. Bowcock, F. Albiol, Tim Jones, Juan Fuster, I. Dawson, M.D. Gibson, W. J. Murray, P.D. Shield, R. J. Homer, John Hill, M.C. Morrisey, Spyros Tzamarias, S. Gadomski, Ph. Demierre, D. LaMarra, K.H. Wyllie, F. Fares, A. Grewal, Richard Nickerson, Shaun Roe, K. Borer, G. N. Taylor, T. Odegard, H. R. Shaylor, N. A. Smith, M. J. Goodrick, C. Green, A. R. Weidberg, J. R. Carter, E. Nygard, Jan Godlewski, P. Weilhammer, Francis Anghinolfi, A. Kappes, M. Tyndel, T. W. Pritchard, G. F. Moorhead, Allan G Clark, B. Boulter, G. A. Beck, J. D. Dowell, D. Newman-Coburn, Phillip Allport, J.M. Ostby, W. Langhans, P.S.L. Booth, R. Bonino, J. Beringer, J. Kaplon, C.B. Brooks, H. von der Lippe, M. Hanlon, C. Couyoumtzelis, Steinar Stapnes, D. J. Munday, J. N. Jackson, G. Stavropoulos, B. Sundal, A. Holt, A. Greenall, K. Ratz, Dave Robinson, A. A. Carter, I. R. Kenyon, J. A. Wilson, S.J. Oglesby, J. Andrle, J.P. Bizzell, Michael Andrew Parker, and R. J. Apsimon

Subjects
Capacitive coupling, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, business.industry, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Detector, STRIPS, Noise (electronics), Signal, law.invention, Optics, law, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Electronics, business, Instrumentation, Image resolution
Abstract

Many different configurations of electronics and-semiconductor strip detectors were studied in 1995 using the ATLAS tracking detector test area at the H8 beam-line of the CERN SPS. A significant fraction of these investigations are presented elsewhere in this volume and this paper will concentrate on the results with silicon strip detectors read out with electronics preserving the pulse height information. Data has been collected with the ADAM, APV5 and FElix read-out chips on a number of different detectors. The first results are presented for read out with LHC electronics of detectors to the ATLAS-A specification of 112.5 mu m pitch, employing n-strips in n-type silicon, capacitive coupling and intermediate strips. It is demonstrated that with adequate signal/noise, a spatial resolution of similar or equal to 13 mu m is attainable with these detectors.

Published
1996

16. The effect of template charting on chest pain documentation by attending physicians and physicians in training

Author

J.H. Wilmas, C.B. Brooks, and B.A. Youdelman

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Significant difference, Emergency department, University hospital, Chest pain, Institutional review board, Documentation, Emergency medicine, Emergency Medicine, medicine, medicine.symptom, Chest radiograph, business
Abstract

Study objectives: We compare the documentation of critical items by attending physicians and physicians in training when evaluating patients with nontraumatic chest pain (NTCP) before and after the implementation of a chest pain evaluation form (CPEF) in a university hospital emergency department (ED). Methods: Using the American College of Emergency Physicians Clinical Policy for Adults Presenting with Chest Pain, a CPEF was designed and implemented in the ED to document the evaluation of patients presenting with NTCP. The CPEF contained critical documentation items (CDIs) listed as questions on the form with boxes for a response. After approval from the institutional review board, the records of 250 patients presenting with NTCP were retrospectively reviewed before and after the implementation of the CPEF for the presence of 28 CDIs and the identity of the primary documenter (attending physician versus physician in training, a senior student, or rotating resident). Overall and individual comparisons of the CDI documented by the 2 groups with and without the CPEF were analyzed using 2-sample z tests. Results: Using the CPEF, a significant increase in the percentage of items documented occurred for both the attending physician and physician in training groups compared with the blank form (attending physician without CPEF, n=60, CDI=36%, SD=24%; attending physician with CPEF, n=78, CDI=89%, SD=8%; physician in training without CPEF, n=186, CDI=39%, SD=23%; physician in training with CPEF, n=167, CDI=91%, SD=8%). Each CDI was documented significantly more often with the CPEF by both groups, with the exception of chest radiograph results, which were documented at a high level by the attending physician group before the implementation of the CPEF. Overall, there was not a significant difference between the attending physician and physician in training groups in the percentage of items documented, either before or after the implementation of the CPEF. When the frequency of individual CDI documentation was compared between groups, the physician in training group was significantly better at documenting specifics about the maximum pain ( P P P P P P Conclusion: Template-based documentation significantly improved the number of critical items documented during the evaluation of patients with NTCP. The improvement in documentation was seen for attending physicians and physicians in training. Although some specific differences were seen, there was no significant difference when comparing the overall effect of the template on the 2 groups. For physicians in training, the apparent value of template documentation may likely be continued reinforcement of CDI, and, for attending physicians, to be increased regulatory compliance.

Published
2004
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17. ULTRAHIGH-ENERGY COSMIC-RAY COMPOSITION FROM SURFACE AIR SHOWER AND UNDERGROUND MUON MEASUREMENTS AT SOUDAN-2

Author

L. E. Price, A. Napier, W.W.M. Allison, C. Bode, David Ja Cockerill, W. L. Barrett, M. A. Thomson, M. Lowe, U.M. Wielgosz, P. J. Litchfield, N. P. Longley, R. H. Milburn, C. Garcia-Garcia, M. Shupe, D. Roback, G. F. Pearce, Maury Goodman, T. Kafka, D. Schmid, F. V. Lopez, Marvin L Marshak, J. H. Cobb, N. Sundaralingam, H. M. Gallagher, L. Mualem, B. Saitta, J. Kochocki, K. Ruddick, K. Johns, W. Leeson, H.J. Trost, W. P. Oliver, J. Schneps, R.J. Cotton, S. M S Kasahara, H. Courant, G. Villaume, G.D. Barr, Edward May, R. Seidlein, Warner A. Miller, J. L. Thron, V. Vassiliev, Graham L. Giller, W. A. Mann, N. West, G. J. Alner, R. N. Gray, Jack L. Uretsky, B. Ewen, D. S. Ayres, S. J. Werkema, C.B. Brooks, P. M. Border, T. H. Fields, D. M. DeMuth, A. Stassinakis, E. A. Peterson, and M.H. Schub

Subjects
Physics, Range (particle radiation), Air shower, Muon, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Monte Carlo method, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Astrophysics, Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray, Energy (signal processing), Spectral line
Abstract

The Soudan 2 experiment has performed time-coincident cosmic ray air shower and underground muon measurements. Comparisons to Monte Carlo predictions show that such measurements can make statistically significant tests of the primary composition in the knee region of the cosmic ray spectrum. The results do not support any significant increase in the average primary mass with energy in the range of 104 TeV per nucleus. Some systematic uncertainties remain, however, particularly in the Monte Carlo modeling of the cosmic ray shower. © 1995 The American Physical Society.

Published
1995

18. A Life Time Test of Neutron Irradiated Light Emitting Diodes

Author

K. Borer, Richard Nickerson, A. Fox-Murphy, C.B. Brooks, J. Beringer, and A. R. Weidberg

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Annealing (metallurgy), business.industry, Life time, Radiation, law.invention, Semiconductor, Optics, law, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Optoelectronics, Neutron, Irradiation, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Nuclear Experiment, business, Instrumentation, Light-emitting diode
Abstract

The results of an accelerated life time test of neutron irradiated ABB Hafo radiation hard LEDs are presented. After a 1 MeV neutron irradiation with up to 1.4 × 10 14 n/cm 2 at the Rutherford Appleton Lab (RAL) ISIS facility, the LEDs have been operated without seeing any degradation due to ageing for a time which is estimated to correspond to about 57 years of operation in the ATLAS SemiConductor Tracker (SCT) at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The irradiation decreased the light output of the LEDs substantially, but during the operation of the LEDs a fast annealing of most of the irradiation damage was observed.

Published
1995

19. Simultaneous Air Shower and Deep Muon Observations at Soudan

Author

J. L. Schlereth, C. Garcia-Garcia, L. E. Price, S. Heppelmann, N.P. Longley, V. W. Edwards, A. Napier, M. Shupe, D. Schmid, T. H. Fields, G.D. Barr, I. Ambats, G. F. Pearce, Maury Goodman, D. M. DeMuth, R. H. Giles, J. L. Thron, J. Kochocki, U. DasGupta, D. J. Jankowski, J. W. Dawson, G. J. Alner, W.W.M. Allison, W. L. Barrett, J. Schneps, L. M. Tupper, T. Kafka, C.B. Brooks, L. McMaster, C. A. Woods, H. Courant, F. V. Lopez, N. West, P. J. Litchfield, P. M. Border, M. A. Thomson, D. S. Ayres, D. Rosen, B. Ewen, J. H. Hoftiezer, Donald H. Perkins, E. A. Peterson, S. J. Werkema, D. Roback, T. Joyce, N. Hill, B. Saitta, David Ja Cockerill, K. Johns, K. Ruddick, Edward May, D. Benjamin, R. N. Gray, W. A. Mann, K. Coover, R. H. Milburn, S. Schubert, P.D. Shield, B. Dahlin, W. P. Oliver, Warner A. Miller, L. Balka, J. H. Cobb, N. Sundaralingam, Marvin L Marshak, and M. Lowe

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear physics, Air shower, Muon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Cosmic ray, Nucleon, Coincidence
Abstract

Recently, a few groups1 have made attempts to simultaneously measure the electromagnetic and deep underground muon components of cosmic ray showers. This is one such experiment, using a small proportional tube surface air shower detector in coincidence with the Soudan 2 nucleon decay detector. It has run since June, 1991, and some 22 000 events which triggered both detectors have been recorded. This body of data may provide insight into the composition of cosmic rays in the “knee” area of the cosmic ray spectrum.

Published
1993
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20. SEARCH FOR MAGNETIC MONOPOLES WITH THE SOUDAN-2 DETECTOR

Author

L. E. Price, G.D. Barr, E. A. Peterson, G. J. Alner, C. Garcia-Garcia, S. J. Heilig, A. Napier, W.W.M. Allison, G. Villaume, Marvin L Marshak, R. H. Giles, D. Benjamin, R. N. Gray, Kenneth Johns, J. Kochocki, J. W. Dawson, W. Leeson, J. H. Cobb, N. Sundaralingam, D. Maxam, Michael Shupe, J. Schneps, D. J. Jankowski, T. Kafka, D. Schmid, Christian P. Minor, Donald H. Perkins, David Ja Cockerill, W. L. Barrett, N. Hill, I. Ambats, C. A. Woods, Edward May, F. V. Lopez, P. D. Shield, B. Ewen, V. W. Edwards, P. M. Border, T. H. Fields, L. M. Tupper, J. Schlereth, K. Ruddick, J. L. Thron, M. A. Thomson, D. M. DeMuth, C.B. Brooks, B. Saitta, W. P. Oliver, W. A. Mann, R. H. Milburn, Warner A. Miller, P. J. Litchfield, G. F. Pearce, Maury Goodman, N. P. Longley, M. Lowe, Graham L. Giller, L. Balka, D. Roback, N. West, D. S. Ayres, H. Courant, S. J. Werkema, S. M S Kasahara, D. B. Rosen, J. Hoftiezer, and L. McMaster

Subjects
Physics, Particle physics, Argon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Magnetic monopole, chemistry.chemical_element, Elementary particle, Particle detector, Particle identification, Nuclear physics, chemistry, Grand Unified Theory, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Nucleon, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

A search for grand unified theory magnetic monopoles making highly ionizing tracks in argon gas has been conducted using the Soudan 2 nucleon decay detector. This underground detector is a large fine-grained tracking calorimeter comprised of long drift tubes read out by proportional wires. No monopole candidates were observed in data taken over almost three years, yielding an upper flux limit of 8.7{times}10{sup {minus}15} cm{sup {minus}2}s{sup {minus}1}sr{sup {minus}1} for monopole velocities of {beta}{gt}2{times}10{sup {minus}3}.

Published
1992

21. Two-dimensional imaging of optical emission in a multicusp-ECR microwave resonant cavity

Author

Mary L. Brake and C.B. Brooks

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, business.industry, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Low-pass filter, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Cyclotron resonance, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Electron cyclotron resonance, Wavelength, Optics, Physics::Plasma Physics, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Light emission, Plasma diagnostics, business, Microwave
Abstract

Optical emission of the electron-cyclotron resonant (ECR) region of a multicusp microwave resonant cavity plasma source has been imaged onto a two-dimensional charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The technique provides a real-time diagnostic of the plasma emission around the ECR region within a wavelength region defined by low-bandpass filters.

Published
1996
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22. The identification of secondary particles by ionisation sampling (ISIS)

Author

J.L. Lloyd, J.N. Bunch, R.W. Pleming, W.W.M. Allison, C.B. Brooks, and J. H. Cobb

Subjects
Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Track (disk drive), Nuclear Theory, General Medicine, Nuclear physics, Transverse plane, Pion, Sampling (signal processing), Position (vector), Ionization, Calibration, Bubble chamber, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

A large volume multi-wire proportional chamber employing drift paths of up to 2 m in an unconventional geometry is described. This device will distinguish between kaons, pions and protons for all secondaries from 5 GeV/c to over 100 GeV/c and obtain over 300 transverse position measurements on each track to an accuracy of approximately 2 mm. Results from experiments on a prototype in a test beam are given and a possible design for use with a rapid cycling bubble chamber at the CERN-SPS or NAL accelerators is discussed.

Published
1974
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23. Multiparticle identification with ISIS: Tests with the full aperture ISIS 1

Author

A.M. Romaya, L. Lyons, P.D. Shield, C.B. Brooks, W.W.M. Allison, and A. McPherson

Subjects
Physics, Particle physics, Large Hadron Collider, Spectrometer, Aperture, Nuclear Theory, General Medicine, Electron, Momentum, Nuclear physics, Pion, Ionization, Nuclear Experiment, Particle beam
Abstract

Results are reported of a successful test of ISIS 1 in a particle beam. ISIS 1 is a full aperture (4m × 2m) prototype of the particle identifier ISIS (Identification of Secondaries by Ionisation Sampling), proposed for the European Hybrid Spectrometer (EHS) at the SPS at CERN. Using the “relativistic rise” of the ionisation loss, electrons and pions at 500 MeV/c were identified with better than 99% confidence, the data containing typically 5–10 tracks per “picture” drifted by up to 2 m. The ionisation resolution was 12–14% fwhm on 1m of track and the two track resolution was 2 cm. These results, which agree with our predictions, indicate that ISIS 2 with 5 m of useful track length will be able to distinguish uniquely kaons and protons from pions of known momentum in high multiplicity interactions up to 50 and 100 GeV/c respectively.

Published
1979
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24. Development of the ZEUS central tracking detector

Author

B. Foster, A.K. Jamdagni, Neville Harnew, D. McQuillan, D. Shaw, G. Nixon, R. J. Cashmore, R.J. Tapper, John Hart, D.J. White, K.R. Long, M. M. Mobayyen, R.C. Devenish, J. Shulman, Fergus Wilson, G.L. Salmon, S.M. Tkaczyk, Douglas Gingrich, L W Toudup, A.J. Sephton, T.J. Fraser, S. Smith, Jon-Paul R. Wells, J. Malos, J. Nash, E.W.G. Wallis, C.J.S. Morgado, C.B. Brooks, J.H.C. Roberts, R. Wastie, P.D. Shield, T.B. Shaw, G.J. Lush, I. Silvester, T.J. Llewellyn, N. A. McCubbin, R.S. Gilmore, D. H. Saxon, A.G. Parham, G.P. Heath, I. McArthur, D.E. Strachan, M.D. Gibson, K.L. Yeo, A.R. Holmes, T.W. Jones, F. W. Bullock, D. B. Miller, B.T. Payne, J.W. Hiddleston, and N.C. Martin

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, ZEUS (particle detector), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Track (disk drive), Detector, Tracking (particle physics), Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Computer vision, Artificial intelligence, business, Instrumentation, Event (particle physics)
Abstract

The design concept and development of the ZEUS central tracking detector is described. This is a cylindrical drift chamber designed for track reconstruction, electron identification and event triggering in a high-crossing-rate, high-magnetic-field environment.

Published
1989
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25. The ionisation loss of relativistic charged particles in thin gas samples and its use for particle identification II. Experimental results

Author

R.W. Pleming, R.K. Yamamoto, J.N. Bunch, C.B. Brooks, and W.W.M. Allison

Subjects
Physics, Argon, Nuclear Theory, Monte Carlo method, chemistry.chemical_element, General Medicine, Electron, Charged particle, Particle identification, Relativistic particle, Nuclear physics, Pion, chemistry, Ionization, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

We present the results of an experiment in which a proportional chamber sampled the ionisation loss of each incident relativistic particle some 60 times. The chamber, filled with 80% argon/20% Co2 was exposed to a beam of pions, protons and electrons at momenta between 25 GeV/c and 150 GeV/c at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. The observed pulse height spectra were corrected for systematic effects and compared with new Monte Carlo theoretical calculations discussed in paper I. The agreement is good. The relativistic rise is sufficient to enable individual pions and protons to be distinguished even with the present apparatus. Our results suggest that with a larger device kaons, pions and protons may be separated.

Published
1976
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26. The experimental identification of individual particles by the observation of transition radiation in the X-ray region

Author

Sherwood Parker, T. Katsura, F. A. Harris, C.B. Brooks, J. H. Cobb, G.B. Yodh, V.Z. Peterson, W.W.M. Allison, R.W. Ellsworth, and J.H. Mulvey

Subjects
Physics, Photon, Argon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Krypton, X-ray, chemistry.chemical_element, General Medicine, Electron, Radiation, chemistry, Transition radiation, Ionization, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

Transition radiation in the X-ray region produced by 1.3 GeV/c and 3.0 GeV/c electrons has been detected using multi-wire proportional chambers (MWPC). The radiation was generated in eleven stacks of 100 mylar foils (thickness 1 2 mil. or 1 6 mil. ) each preceding one of eleven MWPC placed in line; two inch thick slabs of styrofoam were also used. The incident particles, electrons or π−-mesons, passed through the MWPC as well as the foils. Results are given on the numbers of transition radiation photons detected, the energy deposition in the chambers and the relativistic rise of ionisation loss in argon and krypton. The distribution in total pulse height obtained with krypton shows a good separation of π−-mesons and electrons at 3 GeV/c.

Published
1973
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27. The design and construction of multitrack pulse height electronics for ISIS

Author

C.B. Brooks, P.D. Shield, and W.W.M. Allison

Subjects
Physics, business.industry, Active volume, Analog-to-digital converter, General Medicine, Buffer (optical fiber), law.invention, Optics, law, Tube (fluid conveyance), Electronics, business, Pulse height, Computer Automated Measurement and Control
Abstract

The processing of signals from ISIS 1 in described. Each of 80 self-triggering channels records the drift time and pulse height information for up to 30 or more tracks at any one time. This information is passed to CAMAC via a buffer memory. In addition the arrival times are projected on a display tube to show all the tracks passing through the 4 m × 2 m × 1.6 m active volume of the chamber.

Published
1978
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28. RELATIVISTIC CHARGED-PARTICLE IDENTIFICATION WITH ISIS2

Author

P.D. Shield, J. Dumarchez, M. Aguilar-Benitez, M. Schouten, C.B. Brooks, C. Willmott, and W.W.M. Allison

Subjects
Physics, Momentum, Nuclear physics, Wire chamber, Strange quark, Spectrometer, General Engineering, Electron, Charged particle, Particle detector, Particle identification
Abstract

The operation of the ISIS2 pictorial drift chamber in the European Hybrid Spectrometer at the CERN SPS is described. The data analysis and calibration procedure are outlined. After a brief presentation of the quality of the spatial data form the chamber, the dE/dx data are treated in some detail. It is shown that an ionisation resolution of 3.5% rms (or 8.3%fwhm) is routinely obtained on a large majority of tracks entering the 8 m2 acceptance of the device; this is within 20% of the theoretical limit of the performance. Samples of tracks identified as electrons, pions or protons by kinematic fitting to conversions or strange particle decays are used to check the quality of the mass identification. Misidentification rates and confidence levels for mass separation as a function of momentum for each mass pair are given. Some data are given on the effects of space charge and a measurement of the relativistic rise is reported.

Published
1984

29. THE EUROPEAN HYBRID SPECTROMETER

Author

J. Dolbeau, P. R. S. Wright, P. Herquet, R. Contri, C. Fernandez, O. Pingot, L. Montanet, H. Nowak, I. Duran, R. Ouared, M. MacDermott, A. De Angelis, J. Duboc, D. Huss, J. J. Hernandez, C. Defoix, J. Kesteman, F. Diez-Hedo, Ugo Gasparini, P. Checcia, E. Jegham, C. Voltolini, Edoardo Castelli, K. E. Johansson, M. Eriksson, E. Dicapua, N. G. Minaev, C. Troncon, E. P. Kistenev, Evgueni Vlasov, J. Dumarchez, S-O. Holmgren, T. Naumann, M. Begalli, M. Mazzucato, M. I. Josa, Torbjoern Moa, A. Michalon, H. Rohringer, V. Canale, J. Schmidmeyer, R. Bizzarri, Y.M. Ivanyushenkov, Sten Hellman, B. Sellden, Alan Poppleton, N. Colino, Yu. Fisjak, P.D. Shields, S. Squarcia, W.W.M. Allison, Simonetta Gentile, B. Vonck, J. Panella, M. Aguilar-Benitez, A Hervé, Pierre Vilain, C. Caso, S. Reucroft, Alessandro Bettini, C.B. Brooks, D. B. Gibaut, P. Ladron de Guevara, C. Fisher, S. Falciano, D. Knauss, J. L. Bailly, B. Powell, L. Haupt, M. Atkinsson, Josef Hrubec, S. J. Colwill, B. Polyakov, B. Epp, H. Leutz, F. Fontanelli, U. Trevisan, G. Piredda, K. Sudhakar, A. Gurtu, M. Pernicka, M. Sessa, W. Strusczinski, D. Crennell, Rene Brun, M. Iori, U. Gensch, S. Nilsson, A. Roth, M. C. Touboul, G. Neuhofer, W. Bartl, P. Hughes, R. Monge, Gianni Zumerle, P. Poropat, E.A. Starchenko, L. Ventura, A. G. Kholodenko, Reinhard W. Schulte, G. Otter, J. Salicio, M.E. Michalon-Mentzer, Aguilar Benitez, M., and Canale, Vincenzo

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Range (particle radiation), Spectrometer, Mass distribution, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Scintillator, Charged particle, Calorimeter, Nuclear physics, Bubble chamber, Particle, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation
Abstract

The final version of the European hybrid spectrometer (EHS) is described. EHS was used in the NA27 experiment to study charm particles produced in View the MathML source interactions. A rapid cycling, high resolution bubble chamber (LEBC) produced bubbles of 17 μm diameter which were measured with a precision of 2.5 μm. Short-lived charm particles are observed with an efficiency up to 90% (D±). The spectrometer accepts 70% of all particles produced, including approximately 100% of those in the forward hemisphere and the momenta of charged particles are measured to better than 1% over the whole momentum range. The charged particle identification detectors give information on 84% of the spectrometer tracks, half of which obtain unique identification. Two lead glass detectors measure the energy of electromagnetic showers such that the π0 mass distribution has a fwhm of View the MathML source. Hadronic showers are measured with two iron/scintillator calorimeters. The mass resolutions are 3.0, 0.9 and 11 View the MathML source for K0, Λ0 and D− charged particles respectively. The D0 mass is measured to be (1865.1 ± 1.8 ± 0.8) View the MathML source.

Published
1987

31. The construction of ISIS 1, A 4 m×2 m× 1.6 m drift chamber for particle identification

Author

W.W.M. Allison, A.R. Holmes, and C.B. Brooks

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Plane (geometry), General Medicine, Particle identification
Abstract

The construction of a large drift chamber for multitrack particle identification is reported. The design of the electrostatic structure, the wire plane and the gas system are described. The result of the first attempt to run the chamber is presented.

Published
1978
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32. Transmission of light in deep sea water at the site of the Antares neutrino telescope

Author

Aguilar, JA, Albert, A, Amram, P, Anghinolfi, M, Anton, G, Anvar, S, Ardellier-Desages, FE, Aslanides, E, Aubert, JJ, Azoulay, R, Bailey, D, Basa, S, Battaglieri, M, Becherini, Y, Bellotti, R, Beltramelli, J, Bertin, V, Billault, M, Blaes, R, Blanc, F, Bland, RW, de Botton, N, Boulesteix, J, Bouwhuis, MC, Brooks, CB, Bradbury, SM, Bruijn, R, Brunner, J, Bugeon, F, Burgio, GF, Cafagna, F, Calzas, A, Caponetto, L, Carmona, E, Carr, J, Cartwright, SL, Cecchini, S, Charvis, P, Circella, M, Colnard, C, Compere, C, Croquette, J, Cooper, S, Coyle, P, Cuneo, S, Damy, G, van Dantzig, R, Deschamps, A, De Marzo, C, Destelle, JJ, De Vita, R, Dinkelspiler, B, Dispau, G, Drougou, JF, Druillole, F, Engelen, J, Favard, S, Feinstein, F, Ferry, S, Festy, D, Fopma, J, Fuda, JL, Gallone, JM, Giacomelli, G, Girard, N, Goret, P, Gournay, JF, Hallewell, G, Hartmann, B, Heijboer, A, Hello, Y, Hernandez-Rey, JJ, Herrouin, G, Hossl, J, Hoffmann, C, Hubbard, JR, Jaquet, M, de Jong, M, Jouvenot, F, Kappes, A, Karg, T, Karkar, S, Karolak, M, Katz, U, Keller, P, Kooijman, P, Korolkova, EV, Kouchner, A, Kretschmer, W, Kudryavtsev, VA, Lafoux, H, Lagier, P, Lamare, P, Languillat, JC, Laubler, L, Legou, T, Le Guen, Y, Le Provost, H, Le van Suu, A, Lo Nigro, L, Lo Presti, D, Loucatos, S, Louis, F, Lyashuk, V, Magnier, P, Marcelin, M, Margiotta, A, Maron, C, Massol, A, Mazeas, F, Mazeau, B, Mazure, A, McMillan, JE, Michel, JL, Millot, C, Milovanovic, A, Montanet, F, Montaruli, T, Morel, JP, Moscoso, L, Nezri, E, Niess, V, Nooren, GJ, Ogden, P, Olivetto, C, Palanque-Delabrouille, N, Payre, P, Petta, C, Pineau, JP, Poinsignon, J, Popa, V, Potheau, R, Pradier, T, Racca, C, Randazzo, N, Real, D, van Rens, BAP, Rethore, F, Ripani, M, Roca-Blay, V, Romeyer, A, Rollin, JF, Romita, M, Rose, HJ, Rostovtsev, A, Ruppi, M, Russo, GV, Sacquin, Y, Saouter, S, Schuller, JP, Schuster, W, Sokalski, I, Suvorova, O, Spooner, NJC, Spurio, M, Stolarczyk, T, Stubert, D, Taiuti, M, Thompson, LF, Tilav, S, Usik, A, Valdy, P, Vallage, B, Vaudaine, G, Vernin, P, Virieux, J, Vladimirsky, E, de Vries, G, Huberts, PD, de Wolf, E, Zaborov, D, Zaccone, H, Zakharov, V, Zavatarelli, S, de Zornoza, JD, Zuniga, J, Collaboration, ANTARES, Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géoazur (GEOAZUR 6526), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département d'Astrophysique, de physique des Particules, de physique Nucléaire et de l'Instrumentation Associée (DAPNIA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), ANTARES, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), J.A. AGUILAR, A. ALBERT, P. AMRAM, M. ANGHINOLFI, G. ANTON, S. ANVAR, F.E. ARDELLIER-DESAGES, E. ASLANIDES, J-J. AUBERT, R. AZOULAY, D. BAILEY, S. BASA, M. BATTAGLIERI, Y. BECHERINI, R. BELLOTTI, J. BELTRAMELLI, V. BERTIN, M. BILLAULT, R. BLAES, F. BLANC, R.W. BLAND, N. DE BOTTON, J. BOULESTEIX, M.C. BOUWHUIS, C.B. BROOKS, S.M. BRADBURY, R. BRUIJN, J. BRUNNER, F. BUGEON, G.F. BURGIO, F. CAFAGNA, A. CALZAS, L. CAPONETTO, E. CARMONA, J. CARR, S.L. CARTWRIGHT, S. CECCHINI, P. CHARVIS, M. CIRCELLA, C. COLNARD, C. COMPE`RE, J. CROQUETTE, S. COOPER, P. COYLE, S. CUNEO, G. DAMY, R. VAN DANTZIG, A. DESCHAMPS, C. DE MARZO, J.-J. DESTELLE, R. DE VITA, B. DINKELSPILER, G. DISPAU, J.-F. DROUGOU, F. DRUILLOLE, J. ENGELEN, S. FAVARD, F. FEINSTEIN, S. FERRY, D. FESTY, J. FOPMA, J-L. FUDA, J.-M. GALLONE, G. GIACOMELLI, N. GIRARD, P. GORET, J.-F. GOURNAY, G. HALLEWELL, B. HARTMANN, A. HEIJBOER, Y. HELLO, J.J. HERNANDEZ-REY, G. HERROUIN, J. HOßL, C. HOFFMANN, J.R. HUBBARD, M. JAQUET, M. DE JONG, F. JOUVENOT, A. KAPPES, T. KARG, S. KARKAR, M. KAROLAK, U. KATZ, P. KELLER, P. KOOIJMAN, E.V. KOROLKOVA, A. KOUCHNER, W. KRETSCHMER, V.A. KUDRYAVTSEV, H. LAFOUX, P. LAGIER, P. LAMARE, J-C. LANGUILLAT, L. LAUBIER, T. LEGOU, L.GUEN, H. LE PROVOST, A. LE VAN SUU, L. LO NIGRO, D. LO PRESTI, S. LOUCATOS, F. LOUIS, V. LYASHUK, P. MAGNIER, M. MARCELIN, A. MARGIOTTA, C. MARON, A. MASSOL, F. MAZEAS, B. MAZEAU, A. MAZURE, J.E. MCMILLAN, J.-L. MICHEL, C. MILLOT, A. MILOVANOVIC, F. MONTANET, T. MONTARULI, J.-P. MOREL, L. MOSCOSO, E. NEZRI, V. NIESS, G.J. NOOREN, P. OGDEN, C. OLIVETTO, N. PALANQUE-DELABROUILLE, P. PAYRE, C. PETTA, J.-P. PINEAU, J. POINSIGNON, V. POPA, R. POTHEAU, T. PRADIER, C. RACCA, N. RANDAZZO, D. REAL, B.A.P. VAN RENS, F. RETHORE´, M. RIPANI, V. ROCA-BLAY, A. ROMEYER, J.-F. ROLLIN, M. ROMITA, H.J. ROSE, A. ROSTOVTSEV, M. RUPPI, G.V. RUSSO, Y. SACQUIN, S. SAOUTER, J.-P. SCHULLER, W. SCHUSTER, I. SOKALSKI, O. SUVOROVA, N.J.C. SPOONER, M. SPURIO, T. STOLARCZYK, D. STUBERT, M. TAIUTI, L.F. THOMPSON, S. TILAV, A. USIK, P. VALDY, B. VALLAGE, G. VAUDAINE, P. VERNIN, J. VIRIEUX, E. VLADIMIRSKY, G. DE VRIES, P. DE WITT HUBERTS, E. DE WOLF, D. ZABOROV, H. ZACCONE, V. ZAKHAROV, S. ZAVATARELLI, J.D. DE ZORNOZA, and J. ZUNIGA

Subjects
Photomultiplier, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Neutrino telescope, Lambda, 01 natural sciences, Light scattering, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Sea water properties: absorption and transmission of light, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), 0103 physical sciences, Angular resolution, 07.89.+b, 29.40.Ka, 42.25.Bs, 42.68.Xy, 92.10.Bf, 92.10.Pt, 95.55.Vj, 010306 general physics, Cherenkov radiation, Physics, neutrino telescope, undersea Cherenkov detectors, sea water properties, absorption and transmission of light, Undersea Cherenkov detectors, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Scattering, Astrophysics (astro-ph), Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Attenuation length, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Scattering length, absorption and transmission of light, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, 13. Climate action, Física nuclear, sea water properties
Abstract

The ANTARES neutrino telescope is a large photomultiplier array designed to detect neutrino-induced upward-going muons by their Cherenkov radiation. Understanding the absorption and scattering of light in the deep Mediterranean is fundamental to optimising the design and performance of the detector. This paper presents measurements of blue and UV light transmission at the ANTARES site taken between 1997 and 2000. The derived values for the scattering length and the angular distribution of particulate scattering were found to be highly correlated, and results are therefore presented in terms of an absorption length lambda_abs and an effective scattering length lambda_sct^eff. The values for blue (UV) light are found to be lambda_abs ~ 60(26) m, lambda_sct^eff ~ 265(122) m, with significant (15%) time variability. Finally, the results of ANTARES simulations showing the effect of these water properties on the anticipated performance of the detector are presented., Comment: 40 pages, 23 figures (including 4 available as separate figures), to be published in Astroparticle Physics

Published
2005
Full Text
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33. First results of the Instrumentation Line for the deep-sea ANTARES neutrino telescope

Author

Philippe Charvis, R. De Vita, C. Kopper, B. van Rens, A. F. Yao, E. Castorina, S. Cecchini, G. Lim, E. A. De Wolf, E. Barbarito, V. A. Kudryavtsev, C. De Marzo, Corinne Donzaud, J. P. Schuller, C. Racca, F. Ameli, J. Beltramelli, V. Roca, J.-C. Languillat, P. Piattelli, P. Valdy, R. Bruijn, Annarita Margiotta, K. Streeb, S. Cuneo, W. Kretschmer, R. Ostasch, M. de Jong, G. Damy, Teresa Montaruli, M. Jaspers, J. E. Mcmillan, G. V. Russo, J.A. Aguilar, Gregory David Hallewell, F. Druillole, A. Capone, Nathalie Palanque-Delabrouille, M. Mongelli, S. Favard, N. de Botton, Yann Hello, N. Cottini, P. Chauchot, E. Falchini, H. J. Rose, F. Lucarelli, J. F. Drogou, F. Rethore, M. Morganti, D. Lo Presti, S. Kuch, Christian Tamburini, J.J. Destelle, L. Caillat, C. Gojak, Eric Delagnes, V. Cavasinni, A. Rostovtsev, S. Loucatos, R. Masullo, M. Jaquet, M. Melissas, C. Petta, I. Sokalski, H. Laschinsky, Roberto Bellotti, N. Girard, Gisela Anton, T. Stolarczyk, D. Real, Maurizio Spurio, N. Kalantar-Nayestanaki, V. Lyashuk, M. Ruppi, F. Feinstein, Rosario Megna, D. Stubert, M. Ripani, J. Zúñiga, H. Peek, J. Busto, J. J. Aubert, R. van Dantzig, J. Carr, P. Rewiersma, V. Rigaud, C. Olivetto, S. L. Cartwright, M.C. Bouwhuis, J.-P. Pineau, U. F. Katz, A.J. Heijboer, Ivan Dekeyser, P. Coyle, J. van Randwijk, K. Graf, P. Sapienza, H. Zaccone, F. Salesa, V. Flaminio, Alexander Kappes, Ch. Naumann, M. Naumann-Godo, M. Battaglieri, F. Jouvenot, A. Albert, D. Zaborov, A. Ceres, R. Shadnize, M. Billault, B. Vallage, A. S. Cussatlegras, P. Keller, P. Goret, C. Roda, A. Levan Suu, P. Payre, A. Milovanovic, G. de Vries, Anne Deschamps, M. Romita, Y. Leguen, R. Coniglione, G. van der Steenhoven, Alain Mazure, J. Hogenbirk, D. Festy, L. Moscoso, B. Dinkespieler, D. Denans, T. Spona, M. Marcelin, E. Korolkova, C. Hoffman, R. Lahmann, G. Terreni, H. Kok, F. Mazéas, C. Fiorello, S. M. Bradbury, J.R. Hubbard, Patrick Lamare, R. van Wijk, Juan José Hernández-Rey, M. Circella, H. Le Provost, J.M. Gallone, J. Roux, S. Anvar, Charling Tao, F. Louis, S. Basa, D. Lachartre, Yvonne Becherini, G. F. Burgio, J. Poinsignon, Jean-Francois Rolin, V. Bertin, B. Verlaat, Lester D.R. Thompson, Elie Aslanides, A. Kruijer, G. Wobbe, P. K. A. de Witt-Huberts, S. Ferry, A. Calzas, L. Caponetto, S. Galeotti, N. Randazzo, G. Venekamp, M. Musumeci, H. Lafoux, Jean-Pierre Ernenwein, E. Migneco, T. Karg, C. Colnard, P. Vernin, V. Valente, Mohsen Harakeh, B. Hartmann, F. Dessages-Ardellier, P. Lagier, M. Taiuti, P. Kooijman, T. Legou, F. Schmitt, G. Giacomelli, G. Lamanna, J. Hossl, Stephanie Escoffier, Giorgio Riccobene, J.D. Zornoza, Antoine Kouchner, V. Niess, T. Pradier, E. Carmona, Dominique Durand, D. Castel, M. Anghinolfi, C. Distefano, S. Karkar, K. Salomon, R. Blaes, E. Heine, T. Chiarusi, A. Bigi, Lawrence Sulak, Jürgen Brunner, F. Cafagna, Chantal Compère, H. Löhner, L Lo Nigro, V. Popa, Groupe de Recherche en Physique des Hautes Energies (GRPHE), Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Colmar, Département d'Astrophysique, de physique des Particules, de physique Nucléaire et de l'Instrumentation Associée (DAPNIA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Géoazur (GEOAZUR 6526), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Centre d'océanologie de Marseille (COM), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IFREMER - Centre de Toulon/La Seyne Sur Mer (IFREMER), Département Recherches Subatomiques (DRS-IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), ANTARES, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), J.A. AGUILAR, A. ALBERT, F. AMELI, P. AMRAM, M. ANGHINOLFI, G. ANTON, S. ANVAR, F.E. ARDELLIER-DESAGES, E. ASLANIDES, J.J. AUBERT, D. BAILEY, S. BASA, M. BATTAGLIERI, Y. BECHERINI, R. BELLOTTI, J. BELTRAMELLI, V. BERTIN, M. BILLAULT, R. BLAES, F. BLANC, N. DE BOTTON, J. BOULESTEIX, M.C. BOUWHUIS, C.B. BROOKS, S.M. BRADBURY, R. BRUIJN, J. BRUNNER, G.F. BURGIO, F. CAFAGNA, A. CALZAS, A. CAPONE, L. CAPONETTO, E. CARMONA, J. CARR, S.L. CARTWRIGHT, E. CASTORINA, V. CAVASINNI, S. CECCHINI, P. CHARVIS, M. CIRCELLA, C. COLNARD, C. COMPERE, R. CONIGLIONE, S. COOPER, P. COYLE, S. CUNEO, G. DAMY, R. VAN DANTZIG, A. DESCHAMPS, C. DE MARZO, D. DENANS, J.J. DESTELLE, R. DE VITA, B. DINKELSPILER, C. DISTEFANO, J.F. DROGOU, F. DRUILLOLE, J. ENGELEN, J.P. ERNENWEIN, E. FALCHINI, S. FAVARD, F. FEINSTEIN, S. FERRY, D. FESTY, V. FLAMINIO, J. FOPMA, J.L. FUDA, J.M. GALLONE, G. GIACOMELLI, N. GIRARD, P. GORET, K. GRAF, G. HALLEWELL, B. HARTMANN, A. HEIJBOER, Y. HELLO, J.J. HERNANDEZ-REY, G. HERROUIN, J. HÖßL, C. HOFFMANN, J.R. HUBBARD, M. JAQUET, M. DE JONG, F. JOUVENOT, A. KAPPES, T. KARG, S. KARKAR, M. KAROLAK, U. KATZ, P. KELLER, P. KOOIJMAN, E.V. KOROLKOVA, A. KOUCHNER, W. KRETSCHMER, S. KUCH, V.A. KUDRYAVTSEV, H. LAFOUX, P. LAGIER, R. LAHMANN, P. LAMARE, J.C. LANGUILLAT, H. LASCHINSKY, L. LAUBIER, T. LEGOU, Y. LE GUEN, H. LE PROVOST, A. LE VAN SUU, L. LO NIGRO, D. LO PRESTI, S. LOUCATOS, F. LOUIS, V. LYASHUK, M. MARCELIN, A. MARGIOTTA, C. MARON, A. MASSOL, R. MASULLO, F. MAZÉAS, A. MAZURE, J.E. MCMILLAN, E. MIGNECO, C. MILLOT, A. MILOVANOVIC, F. MONTANET, T. MONTARULI, J.-P. MOREL, M. MORGANTI, L. MOSCOSO, M. MUSUMECI, C. NAUMANN, M. NAUMANN-GODO, E. NEZRI, V. NIESS, G.J. NOOREN, P. OGDEN, C. OLIVETTO, N. PALANQUE-DELABROUILLE, R. PAPALEO, P. PAYRE, C. PETTA, P. PIATTELLI, J.P. PINEAU, J. POINSIGNON, V. POPA, R. POTHEAU, T. PRADIER, C. RACCA, G. RAIA, N. RANDAZZO, D. REAL, B.A.P. VAN RENS, F. RÉTHORÉ, G. RICCOBENE, V. RIGAUD, M. RIPANI, V. ROCA-BLAY, J.F. ROLIN, M. ROMITA, H.J. ROSE, A. ROSTOVTSEV, M. RUPPI, G.V. RUSSO, Y. SACQUIN, F. SALESA, K. SALOMON, S. SAOUTER, P. SAPIENZA, R. SHANIDZE, J.-P. SCHULLER, W. SCHUSTER, I. SOKALSKI, M. SPURIO, T. STOLARCZYK, D. STUBERT, M. TAIUTI, L.F. THOMPSON, S. TILAV, P. VALDY, V. VALENTE, B. VALLAGE, P. VERNIN, J. VIRIEUX, G. DE VRIES, P. DE WITT HUBERTS, E. DE WOLF, D. ZABOROV, H. ZACCONE, V. ZAKHAROV, J.D. ZORNOZA, J. ZUÑIGA, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-IUT de Colmar, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA)), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology

Subjects
Photomultiplier, neutrino astronomy, photon detection, underwater detector, Positioning system, Instrumentation, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Neutrino astronomy, Underwater detector, Photon detection, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, Angular resolution, 010306 general physics, Remote sensing, Astroparticle physics, Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, Astrophysics (astro-ph), Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, SITE, Astronomy and Astrophysics, LIGHT, PHOTON DETECTION, NEUTRINO ASTRONOMY, Física nuclear, UNDERWATER DETECTOR, Neutrino astronomy
Abstract

In 2005, the ANTARES Collaboration deployed and operated at a depth of 2500 m a so-called Mini Instrumentation Line equipped with Optical Modules (MILOM) at the ANTARES site. The various data acquired during the continuous operation from April to December 2005 of the MILOM confirm the satisfactory performance of the Optical Modules, their front-end electronics and readout system, as well as the calibration devices of the detector. The in-situ measurement of the Optical Module time response yields a resolution better than 0.5 ns. The performance of the acoustic positioning system, which enables the spatial reconstruction of the ANTARES detector with a precision of about 10 cm, is verified. These results demonstrate that with the full ANTARES neutrino telescope the design angular resolution of better than $0.3^\circ$ can be realistically achieved., Comment: 18 pages, 12 figures, submitted to Astroparticle Physics

Published
2006
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