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1. Identification of 4 novel human ocular coloboma genes ANK3, BMPR1B, PDGFRA, and CDH4 through evolutionary conserved vertebrate gene analysis

Author

Nicholas Owen, Maria Toms, Rodrigo M. Young, Jonathan Eintracht, Hajrah Sarkar, Brian P. Brooks, Mariya Moosajee, J.C. Ambrose, E.L. Baple, M. Bleda, F. Boardman-Pretty, J.M. Boissiere, C.R. Boustred, M.J. Caulfield, G.C. Chan, C.E.H. Craig, L.C. Daugherty, Burca A. de, A. Devereau, G. Elgar, R.E. Foulger, T. Fowler, P. Furió-Tarí, J.M. Hackett, D. Halai, J.E. Holman, T.J.P. Hubbard, R. Jackson, D. Kasperaviciute, M. Kayikci, L. Lahnstein, K. Lawson, S.E.A. Leigh, I.U.S. Leong, F.J. Lopez, F. Maleady-Crowe, J. Mason, E.M. McDonagh, L. Moutsianas, M. Mueller, N. Murugaesu, A.C. Need, C.A. Odhams, C. Patch, D. Perez-Gil, D. Polychronopoulos, J. Pullinger, T. Rahim, A. Rendon, P. Riesgo-Ferreiro, T. Rogers, M. Ryten, K. Savage, K. Sawant, R.H. Scott, A. Siddiq, A. Sieghart, D. Smedley, K.R. Smith, A. Sosinsky, W. Spooner, H.E. Stevens, A. Stuckey, R. Sultana, E.R.A. Thomas, S.R. Thompson, C. Tregidgo, A. Tucci, E. Walsh, S.A. Watters, M.J. Welland, E. Williams, K. Witkowska, S.M. Wood, and M. Zarowiecki

Subjects
Ankyrins, Coloboma, Mice, Phenotype, Animals, Humans, Microphthalmos, Genetic Testing, Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I, Zebrafish, Genetics (clinical)
Abstract

Ocular coloboma arises from genetic or environmental perturbations that inhibit optic fissure (OF) fusion during early eye development. Despite high genetic heterogeneity, 70% to 85% of patients remain molecularly undiagnosed. In this study, we have identified new potential causative genes using cross-species comparative meta-analysis.Evolutionarily conserved differentially expressed genes were identified through in silico analysis, with in situ hybridization, gene knockdown, and rescue performed to confirm spatiotemporal gene expression and phenotype. Interrogation of the 100,000 Genomes Project for putative pathogenic variants was performed.Nine conserved differentially expressed genes between zebrafish and mouse were identified. Expression of zebrafish ank3a, bmpr1ba/b, cdh4, and pdgfaa was localized to the OF, periocular mesenchyme cells, or ciliary marginal zone, regions traversed by the OF. Knockdown of ank3, bmpr1b, and pdgfaa revealed a coloboma and/or microphthalmia phenotype. Novel pathogenic variants in ANK3, BMPR1B, PDGFRA, and CDH4 were identified in 8 unrelated coloboma families. We showed BMPR1B rescued the knockdown phenotype but variant messenger RNAs failed, providing evidence of pathogenicity.We show the utility of cross-species meta-analysis to identify several novel coloboma disease-causing genes. There is a potential to increase the diagnostic yield for new and unsolved patients while adding to our understanding of the genetic basis of OF morphogenesis.

Published
2022

2. Expanding SPTAN1 monoallelic variant associated disorders: From epileptic encephalopathy to pure spastic paraplegia and ataxia

Author

Heba Morsy, Mehdi Benkirane, Elisa Cali, Clarissa Rocca, Kristina Zhelcheska, Valentina Cipriani, Evangelia Galanaki, Reza Maroofian, Stephanie Efthymiou, David Murphy, Mary O’Driscoll, Mohnish Suri, Siddharth Banka, Jill Clayton-Smith, Thomas Wright, Melody Redman, Jennifer A. Bassetti, Mathilde Nizon, Benjamin Cogne, Rami Abu Jamra, Tobias Bartolomaeus, Marion Heruth, Ilona Krey, Janina Gburek-Augustat, Dagmar Wieczorek, Felix Gattermann, Meriel Mcentagart, Alice Goldenberg, Lucie Guyant-Marechal, Hector Garcia-Moreno, Paola Giunti, Brigitte Chabrol, Severine Bacrot, Roger Buissonnière, Virginie Magry, Vykuntaraju K. Gowda, Varunvenkat M. Srinivasan, Béla Melegh, András Szabó, Katalin Sümegi, Mireille Cossée, Monica Ziff, Russell Butterfield, David Hunt, Georgina Bird-Lieberman, Michael Hanna, Michel Koenig, Michael Stankewich, Jana Vandrovcova, Henry Houlden, J.C. Ambrose, P. Arumugam, E.L. Baple, M. Bleda, F. Boardman-Pretty, J.M. Boissiere, C.R. Boustred, H. Brittain, M.J. Caulfield, G.C. Chan, C.E.H. Craig, L.C. Daugherty, A. de Burca, A. Devereau, G. Elgar, R.E. Foulger, T. Fowler, P. Furió-Tarí, J.M. Hackett, D. Halai, A. Hamblin, S. Henderson, J.E. Holman, T.J.P. Hubbard, K. Ibáñez, R. Jackson, L.J. Jones, D. Kasperaviciute, M. Kayikci, L. Lahnstein, K. Lawson, S.E.A. Leigh, I.U.S. Leong, F.J. Lopez, F. Maleady-Crowe, J. Mason, E.M. McDonagh, L. Moutsianas, M. Mueller, N. Murugaesu, A.C. Need, C.A. Odhams, C. Patch, D. Perez-Gil, D. Polychronopoulos, J. Pullinger, T. Rahim, A. Rendon, P. Riesgo-Ferreiro, T. Rogers, M. Ryten, K. Savage, K. Sawant, R.H. Scott, A. Siddiq, A. Sieghart, D. Smedley, K.R. Smith, A. Sosinsky, W. Spooner, H.E. Stevens, A. Stuckey, R. Sultana, E.R.A. Thomas, S.R. Thompson, C. Tregidgo, A. Tucci, E. Walsh, S.A. Watters, M.J. Welland, E. Williams, K. Witkowska, S.M. Wood, M. Zarowiecki, UCL, Institute of Neurology [London], Physiologie & médecine expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles [U 1046] (PhyMedExp), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Medical School, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine [Manchester, UK] (MCGM), St Mary's Hospital Manchester-Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), University of Manchester [Manchester]-University of Manchester [Manchester]-Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (MFT)-Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health [Manchester, UK], University of Manchester [Manchester], Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (MFT), Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Weill Cornell Medicine [New York], unité de recherche de l'institut du thorax UMR1087 UMR6291 (ITX), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Nantes Université - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (Nantes Univ - UFR MEDECINE), Nantes Université - pôle Santé, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université - pôle Santé, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ), University Hospital Leipzig, University Hospital Düsseldorf, St George’s University Hospitals, Département de génétique [CHU Rouen] (Centre Normandie de Génomique et de Médecine Personnalisée), CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Service de pédiatrie et neurologie pédiatrique, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)- Hôpital de la Timone [CHU - APHM] (TIMONE), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust [London, UK] (UCLH), Centre Hospitalier de Versailles André Mignot (CHV), Unité de génétique médicale et oncogénétique [CHU Amiens Picardie], CHU Amiens-Picardie, Auteur indépendant, University of Pécs Medical School (UP MS), University of Pecs, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust [London, UK] (GOSHC), University of Utah School of Medicine [Salt Lake City], Princess Anne Hospital [Southampton, UK] (PAH), University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Pathology [Yale], Yale School of Medicine [New Haven, Connecticut] (YSM), H.M., J.V., and H.H. are supported by an Medical Research Council strategic award, MR/S005021/1, to establish International Centre for Genomic Medicine in Neuromuscular Diseases. H.M. is supported by Wellcome Trust grant 220906/Z/20/Z. H.H. is funded by the Medical Research Council (MR/S01165X/1, MR/S005021/1, G0601943), NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Rosetree Trust UK, Ataxia UK, Multiple System Atrophy Trust, Brain Research UK, Sparks GOSH Charity, Muscular Dystrophy UK, and Multiple System Atrophy Trust. R.But. is supported by the Penelope Rare and Undiagnosed Disease Program at the University of Utah with funding from the Center for Genomic Medicine and with support from Matt Velinder (Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah) and Rong Mao and Pinar Bayrak-Toydemir (ARUP Laboratories). B.M. is supported by NKFIH K138669. This research was made possible through access to the data and findings generated by the 100,000 Genomes Project. The 100,000 Genomes Project is managed by Genomics England Limited (a wholly owned company of the Department of Health and Social Care). The 100,000 Genomes Project is funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research and NHS England. The Wellcome Trust, Cancer Research UK, and the Medical Research Council have also funded the research infrastructure. The 100,000 Genomes Project uses data provided by patients and collected by the National Health Service as part of their care and support. This study makes use of data generated by the DatabasE of genomiC varIation and Phenotype in Humans using Ensembl Resources (DECIPHER) community. A full list of centers which contributed to the generation of the data is available at https://deciphergenomics.org/about/stats and via email from contact@deciphergenomics.org. Funding for the DECIPHER project was provided by Wellcome. We are thankful to the Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study for the invaluable collaboration. The Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study (Cambridge South Research Ethics Committee approval 10/H0305/83 and the Republic of Ireland Research Ethics Committee GEN/284/12) presents independent research commissioned by the Health Innovation Challenge Fund (grant number HICF-1009-003), a parallel funding partnership between the Wellcome Trust and Department of Health and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (grant number WT098051), MORNET, Dominique, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (NUH), Weill Cornell Medicine [Cornell University], and Cornell University [New York]

Subjects
[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Developmental delay, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Hereditary spastic paraplegia, Genetics (clinical), Hereditary ataxia, SPTAN1, Developmental epileptic encephalopathy
Abstract

On behalf of Queen Square Genomics On behalf of Genomics England Research Consortium; International audience; Purpose: Nonerythrocytic αII-spectrin (SPTAN1) variants have been previously associated with intellectual disability and epilepsy. We conducted this study to delineate the phenotypic spectrum of SPTAN1 variants.Methods: We carried out SPTAN1 gene enrichment analysis in the rare disease component of the 100,000 Genomes Project and screened 100,000 Genomes Project, DECIPHER database, and GeneMatcher to identify individuals with SPTAN1 variants. Functional studies were performed on fibroblasts from 2 patients.Results: Statistically significant enrichment of rare (minor allele frequency < 1 × 10-5) probably damaging SPTAN1 variants was identified in families with hereditary ataxia (HA) or hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) (12/1142 cases vs 52/23,847 controls, p = 2.8 × 10-5). We identified 31 individuals carrying SPTAN1 heterozygous variants or deletions. A total of 10 patients presented with pure or complex HSP/HA. The remaining 21 patients had developmental delay and seizures. Irregular αII-spectrin aggregation was noted in fibroblasts derived from 2 patients with p.(Arg19Trp) and p.(Glu2207del) variants.Conclusion: We found that SPTAN1 is a genetic cause of neurodevelopmental disorder, which we classified into 3 distinct subgroups. The first comprises developmental epileptic encephalopathy. The second group exhibits milder phenotypes of developmental delay with or without seizures. The final group accounts for patients with pure or complex HSP/HA.

Published
2022

3. DYNC2H1 hypomorphic or retina-predominant variants cause nonsyndromic retinal degeneration

Author

Anjali Vig, James A. Poulter, Daniele Ottaviani, Erika Tavares, Katerina Toropova, Anna Maria Tracewska, Antonio Mollica, Jasmine Kang, Oshini Kehelwathugoda, Tara Paton, Jason T. Maynes, Gabrielle Wheway, Gavin Arno, J.C. Ambrose, P. Arumugam, E.L. Baple, M. Bleda, F. Boardman-Pretty, J.M. Boissiere, C.R. Boustred, H. Brittain, M.J. Caulfield, G.C. Chan, C.E.H. Craig, L.C. Daugherty, A. de Burca, A. Devereau, G. Elgar, R.E. Foulger, T. Fowler, P. Furió-Tarí, J.M. Hackett, D. Halai, A. Hamblin, S. Henderson, J.E. Holman, T.J.P. Hubbard, K. Ibáñez, R. Jackson, L.J. Jones, D. Kasperaviciute, M. Kayikci, L. Lahnstein, K. Lawson, S.E.A. Leigh, I.U.S. Leong, F.J. Lopez, F. Maleady-Crowe, J. Mason, E.M. McDonagh, L. Moutsianas, M. Mueller, N. Murugaesu, A.C. Need, C.A. Odhams, C. Patch, D. Perez-Gil, D. Polychronopoulos, J. Pullinger, T. Rahim, A. Rendon, P. Riesgo-Ferreiro, T. Rogers, M. Ryten, K. Savage, K. Sawant, R.H. Scott, A. Siddiq, A. Sieghart, D. Smedley, K.R. Smith, A. Sosinsky, W. Spooner, H.E. Stevens, A. Stuckey, R. Sultana, E.R.A. Thomas, S.R. Thompson, C. Tregidgo, A. Tucci, E. Walsh, S.A. Watters, M.J. Welland, E. Williams, K. Witkowska, S.M. Wood, M. Zarowiecki, Kamron N. Khan, Martin McKibbin, Carmel Toomes, Manir Ali, Matteo Di Scipio, Shuning Li, Jamie Ellingford, Graeme Black, Andrew Webster, Małgorzata Rydzanicz, Piotr Stawiński, Rafał Płoski, Ajoy Vincent, Michael E. Cheetham, Chris F. Inglehearn, Anthony Roberts, and Elise Heon

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Proband, Retinal degeneration, intraflagellar transport (IFT), Cytoplasmic Dyneins, Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome, 030105 genetics & heredity, Biology, Article, Retina, 03 medical and health sciences, Exon, chemistry.chemical_compound, primary cilia, medicine, Organoid, Missense mutation, Humans, Induced pluripotent stem cell, Genetics (clinical), Exome sequencing, Retinal Degeneration, Retinal, Exons, DYNC2H1, medicine.disease, Molecular biology, retinitis pigmentosa (RP), Pedigree, inherited retinal disease (IRD), 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Mutation
Abstract

Purpose Determining the role of DYNC2H1 variants in nonsyndromic inherited retinal disease (IRD). Methods Genome and exome sequencing were performed for five unrelated cases of IRD with no identified variant. In vitro assays were developed to validate the variants identified (fibroblast assay, induced pluripotent stem cell [iPSC] derived retinal organoids, and a dynein motility assay). Results Four novel DYNC2H1 variants (V1, g.103327020_103327021dup; V2, g.103055779A>T; V3, g.103112272C>G; V4, g.103070104A>C) and one previously reported variant (V5, g.103339363T>G) were identified. In proband 1 (V1/V2), V1 was predicted to introduce a premature termination codon (PTC), whereas V2 disrupted the exon 41 splice donor site causing incomplete skipping of exon 41. V1 and V2 impaired dynein-2 motility in vitro and perturbed IFT88 distribution within cilia. V3, homozygous in probands 2–4, is predicted to cause a PTC in a retina-predominant transcript. Analysis of retinal organoids showed that this new transcript expression increased with organoid differentiation. V4, a novel missense variant, was in trans with V5, previously associated with Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (JATD). Conclusion The DYNC2H1 variants discussed herein were either hypomorphic or affecting a retina-predominant transcript and caused nonsyndromic IRD. Dynein variants, specifically DYNC2H1 variants are reported as a cause of non syndromic IRD.

Published
2020

4. Heterozygous lamin B1 and lamin B2 variants cause primary microcephaly and define a novel laminopathy

Author

David A. Parry, Carol-Anne Martin, Philip Greene, Joseph A. Marsh, J.C. Ambrose, P. Arumugam, E.L. Baple, M. Bleda, F. Boardman-Pretty, J.M. Boissiere, C.R. Boustred, H. Brittain, M.J. Caulfield, G.C. Chan, C.E.H. Craig, L.C. Daugherty, A. de Burca, A. Devereau, G. Elgar, R.E. Foulger, T. Fowler, P. Furió-Tarí, A. Giess, J.M. Hackett, D. Halai, A. Hamblin, S. Henderson, J.E. Holman, T.J.P. Hubbard, K. Ibáñez, R. Jackson, L.J. Jones, D. Kasperaviciute, M. Kayikci, A. Kousathanas, L. Lahnstein, K. Lawson, S.E.A. Leigh, I.U.S. Leong, F.J. Lopez, F. Maleady-Crowe, J. Mason, E.M. McDonagh, L. Moutsianas, M. Mueller, N. Murugaesu, A.C. Need, C.A. Odhams, A. Orioli, C. Patch, D. Perez-Gil, M.B. Pereira, D. Polychronopoulos, J. Pullinger, T. Rahim, A. Rendon, P. Riesgo-Ferreiro, T. Rogers, M. Ryten, K. Savage, K. Sawant, R.H. Scott, A. Siddiq, A. Sieghart, D. Smedley, K.R. Smith, S.C. Smith, A. Sosinsky, W. Spooner, H.E. Stevens, A. Stuckey, R. Sultana, M. Tanguy, E.R.A. Thomas, S.R. Thompson, C. Tregidgo, A. Tucci, E. Walsh, S.A. Watters, M.J. Welland, E. Williams, K. Witkowska, S.M. Wood, M. Zarowiecki, Moira Blyth, Helen Cox, Deirdre Donnelly, Lynn Greenhalgh, Stephanie Greville-Heygate, Victoria Harrison, Katherine Lachlan, Caoimhe McKenna, Alan J. Quigley, Gillian Rea, Lisa Robertson, Mohnish Suri, and Andrew P. Jackson

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Microcephaly, Laminopathy, laminopathy, Biology, Brief Communication, Genome, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Humans, Exome, Genetics (clinical), Genetics, Progeria, Lamin Type B, primary microcephaly, Laminopathies, medicine.disease, Phenotype, neurodevelopmental disorder, 030104 developmental biology, LMNB1, LMNB2, Nuclear lamina, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Lamin
Abstract

PurposeLamins are the major component of nuclear lamina, maintaining structural integrity of the nucleus. Lamin A/C variants are well established to cause a spectrum of disorders ranging from myopathies to progeria, termed laminopathies. Phenotypes resulting from variants in LMNB1 and LMNB2 have been much less clearly defined.MethodsWe investigated exome and genome sequencing from the Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study and the 100,000 Genomes Project to identify novel microcephaly genes.ResultsStarting from a cohort of patients with extreme microcephaly, 13 individuals with heterozygous variants in the two human B-type lamins were identified. Recurrent variants were established to be de novo in nine cases and shown to affect highly conserved residues within the lamin ɑ-helical rod domain, likely disrupting interactions required for higher-order assembly of lamin filaments.ConclusionWe identify dominant pathogenic variants in LMNB1 and LMNB2 as a genetic cause of primary microcephaly, implicating a major structural component of the nuclear envelope in its etiology and defining a new form of laminopathy. The distinct nature of this lamin B–associated phenotype highlights the strikingly different developmental requirements for lamin paralogs and suggests a novel mechanism for primary microcephaly warranting future investigation.

Published
2021
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5. Extramedullary haematopoiesis in massive hepatic necrosis

Author

AP Dhillon, Alberto Quaglia, and C.E.H. Craig

Subjects
Adult, Male, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Histology, Myeloid, Adolescent, CD34, Biology, Stem cell marker, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Massive Hepatic Necrosis, medicine, Humans, Glycophorins, Peroxidase, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Immunohistochemistry, Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1, Transplantation, Haematopoiesis, medicine.anatomical_structure, Liver, Hematopoiesis, Extramedullary, Female, Bone marrow, Stem cell, Biomarkers
Abstract

Aims: To determine the frequency of extramedullary haematopoiesis (EMH) in massive hepatic necrosis (MHN).Methods and results: Explanted livers of 11 adult patients transplanted consecutively for MHN were examined histologically and immunohistochemically for the presence of EMH. The aetiology of the liver damage was unknown in seven cases and drug induced in four. The presence of stem cell markers (CD34, c-kit), erythroid precursors (glycophorin A), myeloid precursors (myeloperoxidase) and megakaryocyte precursors (CD31) was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Erythroid, myeloid and megakaryocyte precursors were observed in all cases. Morphologically, haematopoietic blast cells were clustered in areas of collapse, separating islands of regenerating ductules and scattered between ductules, in a similar distribution to immunohistochemically identified c-kit-positive putative stem cells. No CD34+ cells other than endothelial cells were seen. All 11 patients were anaemic at the time of transplantation.Conclusions: EMH is a frequent finding in patients undergoing liver transplantation for MHN. This may be a consequence of the anaemia associated with this condition. Alternatively, the possibility that intrahepatic haematopoiesis is linked with hepatopoiesis is an additional, intriguing possibility that deserves further study.

Published
2004

7. Hepatocyte progenitor cells in massive hepatic necrosis

Author

C. Seldon, H. G. Prentice, K Savage, Alberto Quaglia, R Sim, Amar P. Dhillon, Janet North, Mark W. Lowdell, Humphrey Hodgson, and C.E.H. Craig

Subjects
medicine.anatomical_structure, Hepatology, Chemistry, Hepatocyte, Massive Hepatic Necrosis, Cancer research, medicine, Progenitor cell
Published
2003

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