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Do people align their self-concepts to the environment? It was predicted that low-status (homosexuals), but not high-status group members (heterosexuals), respond to environmental cues by shifting the type of self-categorization and self-stereotyping. In the presence (vs. absence) of environmental cues to sexual orientation, homosexual individuals felt more talented for typically homosexual jobs and showed greater self-stereotyping on typically homosexual traits (Experiment 1). Using implicit measures of self-categorization and self-stereotyping, we observed parallel findings for homosexuals, but not for heterosexuals (Experiment 2). Results are discussed in relation to research on stigma, with particular attention to the potential benefits for low-status group members of changing their implicit self-concept flexibly across situations.

This study was conducted to investigate whether heterosexual perceivers’ appraisal of HIV-risk from unsafe sexual practices could be biased by the availability of groupbased information about high-risk groups (i.e., homosexuals) and by the perceivers’ state of mood (i.e., happy vs. sad mood). Specifically, participants were confronted with cartoons portraying heterosexual vs. homosexual partners who were having anal vs. oral intercourses. Participants’ estimation of the risk of HIV-infection was assessed. Results indicated that participants perceived homosexual partners as much more at risk for HIV-infection than heterosexual partners. This pattern of results was stronger for happy than unhappy participants. Finally, participants judged anal, but not oral, unsafe intercourse to be higher risk for homosexuals than heterosexuals. Results were discussed with respect to their theoretical and practical implications

La consapevolezza dello stereotipo che vuole i maschi più capaci delle femmine in matematica è documentata in letteratura solo a partire dagli 8-9 anni di età. Tuttavia, gli effetti di tale stereotipo sono osservabili sin dall’inizio della scuola primaria: indipendentemente dalla consapevolezza dello stereotipo stesso, a 6 anni le bambine si giudicano meno abili in matematica rispetto ai maschi e ottengono prestazioni peggiori in compiti di carattere logico-matematico quando viene resa saliente la loro identità di genere. Per risolvere questo apparente paradosso, nel presente studio (N = 162) si è testata l’ipotesi che già al momento dell’ingresso nella scuola primaria i bambini possiedono associazioni automatiche coerenti con lo stereotipo di genere sulla matematica, anche in assenza di consapevolezza dello stereotipo stesso a livello esplicito. I risultati ottenuti dimostrano che a 6 anni di età i bambini non manifestano ancora consapevolezza dello stereotipo, mentre associazioni automatiche in linea con lo stereotipo (misurate attraverso un Child-IAT) sono presenti nelle bambine ma non nei bambini. Tali risultati suggeriscono che gli stereotipi di genere sulle materie scolastiche possano essere acquisiti attraverso processi cognitivi automatici, ben prima che si manifestino a livello esplicito e consapevole.

The chapter deals with the theme of the role of clients in architectural debate in Italy during 15th and 16th centuries, trough a slection of case studies.

To test the “sex sells” assumption, we examined how Italian men and women react to sexualized advertising. Women showed lower product attractiveness and purchase intentions toward products presented with sexualized female models than with neutral ads, whereas men were unaffected by ads’ sexualization (Study 1,n = 251). Study 2 (n = 197) replicated the overall results. Study 3 (n = 198) tested hostile sexism as a moderator as well as negative emotions as a mediator of consumers’ responses. Especially men with higher hostile sexism showed more purchase intentions after viewing female sexualized ads than neutral ads. Moreover, women’s lower consumer responses toward sexualized female ads were due to higher negative emotions. Study 4 (n = 207) included ads with both female and male models, replicating responses to female sexualization and showing that both women and men had lower product attractiveness and purchase intentions toward male sexualized ads than neutral ads. Replicating and extending Study 3’s results, women’s negative emotions was the mediator. The present study has practical implications for marketers because it suggests that “sex does not sell.” In addition, considering both the psychological damage and practical inefficacy of sexualized ads, our findings have important implications for public policy.

The goal of the present study was to investigate the causal direction of influence between the ingroup as a whole and the self or another ingroup member considering a key feature of groups, i.e., their perceived meaningfulness. To this goal, in Study 1, 2, and 3 we predicted a preference for self-stereotyping and ingroup-stereotyping in the meaningful social categories of sorority women, left-handed people and psychology students. In Study 4 we further expect that the meaningfulness attributed to a group moderates the direction of causality between individual and ingroup perception. Thus, we used one's Zodiac sign as the ingroup whose degree of meaningfulness varies across participants and we hypothesized higher levels of meaningfulness attributed to the ingroup to be associated with higher self- and ingroup-stereotyping. Using the methodologically stringent Induction Deduction Paradigm, participants were given information on unfamiliar dimensions, about either the ingroup or an individual (self or other ingroup member) and asked to make inferences on those same attributes about the ingroup (induction condition) or the individual (deduction condition). As predicted, a preference for deduction to the self (i.e., self-stereotyping) and deduction to another ingroup member (i.e., ingroup-stereotyping) were found for the meaningful groups of sorority women, left-handed people, and Psychology students (Studies 1, 2, and 3). In Study 4, consistent with predictions, the higher the level of attributed meaningfulness to the Zodiac system the higher the degree of deduction both to the self (self-stereotyping) and to another Zodiac ingroup member (ingroup-stereotyping). Several implications of these results are discussed, for example in relation to the possibility of educational interventions aimed at invalidating intergroup differences.

Group status influences individuals' identity. Low-status group members identify with their in-group more strongly than high-status group members. However, previous research has mostly analyzed explicit identification with a single in-group. We examined effects of both double group membership, namely gender and sexual orientation, which are two intersecting categories defining high/low-status groups, and contextual identity prime on both implicit self-categorization and explicit identification. Heterosexual and homosexual men and women (N = 296) completed measures of implicit self-categorization and explicit identification with gender and sexual orientation after being primed with gender or sexual orientation. Implicit self-categorization was stronger for low-status than high-status groups: implicit gender self-categorization was higher for women than men, and implicit sexual orientation self-categorization was stronger for homosexual than heterosexual participants. Lesbian participants showed the strongest implicit sexual orientation self-categorization compared to the other three groups. Moreover, homosexual men and women and heterosexual women showed stronger implicit self-categorization with their low- than high-status membership. By contrast, heterosexual men showed equally strong implicit self-categorization with gender and sexual orientation. No differences on explicit identification emerged. Hypotheses on contextual identity primes were only partially confirmed. Findings are discussed in relation to literature about sexual orientation self-categorization and gender stigma. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Across two studies, we investigated the hypothesis that exposure to objectifying television in which women are shown as sexual objects increases the likelihood of harassing conduct. In both studies ( Ns = 141; 120), male participants were exposed to one of the three TV clips in which women were portrayed (a) as sexual objects (objectifying TV), (b) in professional roles, or (c) excluded (a nature documentary). Study 1 showed that men exposed to objectifying TV reported greater proclivity to engage in sexual coercion and manifested more gender-harassing behavior than participants in the other conditions. Study 2 further demonstrated that exposure to objectifying TV increased participants’ conformity to masculine gender role norms, which, in turn, mediated the relation between experimental condition and gender harassment. Together, the two studies suggest that media content plays a central role in activating harassment-related social norms, which in turn encourage or inhibit harassing conduct.

This study investigated for the first time the relations between parents' math–gender stereotypes, parents' evaluations of children's math ability, children's math ability self-perception, and children's appraisal of parents' evaluations, addressing 253 Italian children as young as 6 years of age, their mothers, fathers, and teachers. Novel results revealed the specific role of mothers' math–gender stereotypes in relation to daughters, but not sons: Mothers' math–gender stereotypes predicted girls' math self-perception which, in turn, predicted girls' appraisal of both mothers' and fathers' evaluations of their ability. Importantly, children's appraisal of parents' evaluations was related more strongly with their own self-perception of ability than to parents' actual evaluations, thus supporting the projected appraisal versus the reflected appraisal model of the development of self-perception.

We compared self-stereotyping, in-group-stereotyping, and out-group-stereotyping, among members of high- and low-status groups. Because gender inequality is still present in society, we operationalized status in terms of gender. We considered the male (female) gender category to possess relatively high (low) status. As predicted on the basis of an extension of Mullen's model (1991), Italian men showed significant levels of out-group-stereotyping, but no significant levels of self-stereotyping or in-group-stereotyping. In contrast, Italian women showed significant levels of self-stereotyping, in-group-stereotyping, and out-group-stereotyping. Looked at differently, men showed significantly stronger out-group-stereotyping than women, and women showed significantly stronger self-stereotyping than men. Women also showed marginally stronger in-group-stereotyping than men. The stronger self-stereotyping among women was mediated by greater female in-group identification.

La città di Rosolini sorge nel Val di Noto, nell’omonima baronia appartenuta fin dal XV secolo ai Platamone. Il centro abitato viene fondato dal principe di Lardaria Francesco Moncada e Cirino, che acquisita la baronia a seguito del matrimonio con Eleonora Platamone, nel 1712 ottiene la licentia populandi con il benestare delle autorità netine.

La città nuova di Canicattini, fondata da Mario Daniele Partexaro nel 1682 a presidio delle coltivazioni della famiglia, viene impiantata in corrispondeza di precedenti strutture fortificate secondo una griglia a maglia ortogonale che detterà le espansioni successive.

Le ricostruzioni della città di Malpasso a seguito dei due funesti eventi naturali succedutisi a breve distanza fra loro, offrono lo spunto per analizzare, pratiche, consuetudini e tecniche fondative in due diversi casi studio afferenti una stessa comunità e legati a una delle maggiori famiglie feudali del Regno di Sicilia nel XVII secolo.

La città di Cerda si colloca a poca distanza dal fiume Imera Settentrionale, lungo la strada che collega la costa tirrenica della Sicilia con l’entroterra. La fondazione si deve al nobile Giuseppe Santostefano e Cerda, che nel 1656 ne avvia la costruzione e dopo tre anni ottiene la licentia populandi dal re Filippo IV.

La città realizzata su iniziativa di Mariano Migliaccio sul finire del XVI secolo risulta, allo stato degli studi, tra le poche fondate in Sicilia senza rilascio di licenza. L’odierno assetto urbano è l’esito della ricostruzione avvenuta a seguito dei movimenti franosi, culminati nel 1851, in uno smottamento che distrugge la gran parte dell’abitato costringendo gli abitanti a trasferirsi in un nuovo quartiere