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It has been well established at a global level that sex workers are often victims of direct violence in the course of their work, targeted by their ‘perceived vulnerability’ as a marginalised group. In one police force in England (Merseyside) since 2006 they have addressed this victimisation through adopting a ‘hate crime’ approach to policing crimes against sex workers. The aims of this paper are first, to review the implementation of the hate crime model applied to crimes against sex workers; second, to explore how police forces are adopting the policy across the UK, and the operational barriers to doing so; and third to explore the legal, theoretical and critical issues raised by treating crimes against sex workers as a type of hate crime through policing models. The conclusion weighs up some of the challenges to expanding the current law to include sex workers as a target group for increased protection, assessing that a fully funded policing approach may well be sufficient alongside law reform around decriminalisation of sex work. This article will draw on data from police forces in England. We acknowledge that much more work is needed to establish the sex work community's views on the value, if any, of the hate crime approach.

There are large numbers of published (and unpublished) archaeological sites and monuments in South Asia, but much of the available documentation is not available in a digital format, and paper publication remains the default. Information about archaeological heritage varies in detail, and there is considerable variation in how archaeological sites are documented. This paper explores the work and challenges of the Mapping Archaeological Heritage in South Asia (MAHSA) project in digitising, modelling, re-interpreting, linking, and re-using non-digital archaeological data into a structured and standardised digital format using a common and unique controlled vocabulary, so that it may become findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable data. Working with partners in South Asia, the MAHSA project is compiling existing and published data (from published documents, reports, and surveys) to be published in an Open Access database (Arches platform), which can be used for research and preservation. New and previously undocumented sites identified through the analysis of historic maps, remote sensing, automated site detection methods, and field documentation will also follow the same data standards and recording methodology. Retaining context while delivering ‘cleaned’ usable data is a key challenge to this type of data modelling, and the meanings of the original source and context are inevitably subject to re-interpretation during this process. The project is working collaboratively between South Asian and international stakeholders, each bringing their own expectations of data use, management, and accessibility, in addition to navigating the post-colonial space in which the project operates. To ensure usability, different use cases scenarios have been identified and are being developed with collaborators and database end-users. We argue that through linking archaeological data to their original sources and following best practices in modelling techniques, we can remain faithful to the original context while incorporating any change and enhancements where data needs to be verified and updated.

An Esri StoryMap that uses visual storytelling to discuss theNgwaketse Expansion between1770 to 1789, byunpacking Isaac Schapera's 1942 text, ‘A short history of the Bangwaketse’.

How responsive are legislators to the policy concerns of which kind of constituents? We aim to investigate this question in a comparative correspondence study field experiment (CSFE). In this CSFE, we send unsolicited policy queries via e-mail to all members of the UK House of Commons, the Dutch Tweede Kamer, the Danish Folketing, and the German Bundestag, where fictitious senders vary with regard to their ethnicity, gender, class status, and partisanship. With this, we investigate legislators’ level of responsiveness to citizen-initiated policy queries and the extent to which this is biased towards the concerns of distinct types of citizens, i.e. partisans and privileged social groups. This paper presents a proposal for a pre-analysis plan for this study. With this study, we contribute to the experimental literature on MPs’ individual responsiveness by (a) conducting a comparative CSFE in four countries, (b) focusing on policy rather than service queries, and (c) including richer measures of the dependent variable (rate, speed and quality of responsiveness). Note: all details of the pre-analysis plan are provided in the attached file ("napre_pre-analysis_final").