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Genomes of a Campylobacter coli OR12-like strain ChP2023 (1,713,995 bp) isolated from broiler chicken and Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni NCTC 11168R-like strain KF2023 (1,729,995 bp) isolated from turkey, from poultry production facilities in Ukraine in 2023, were sequenced using Oxford Nanopore Technologies. Both genomes included antibiotic resistance genes and other virulence factors.

Introduction: Consumer demand for pasture raised, antibiotic‐free poultry products has led to an increase in pastured poultry operations within the United States. Given the level of environmental interaction and the potential increase in exposure to foodborne pathogens in these settings, a greater understanding of the prevalence and diversity of Campylobacter populations inherent within pastured poultry flocks is needed. Methods: To achieve this, 40 pastured poultry flocks from nine farms were sampled using a farm‐to‐fork strategy, and Campylobacter was isolated and characterised from preharvest (faeces, soil) through postharvest (caeca, whole carcass rinse) to the final product the consumer would purchase (whole carcass rinse). Results: Campylobacter was isolated from 872 of 1820 samples, showing an overall prevalence of 47.91%. The caeca showed the highest (p < 0.05) Campylobacter load (4.64 log10 CFU/mL) and prevalence (95.5%), while the final product whole carcass rinses had the lowest (p < 0.05) Campylobacter load (0.32 log10 CFU/mL) and prevalence (15.45%), suggesting that the Campylobacter load in the caeca may not be indicative of the Campylobacter load on the final product. Of the 872 positive samples, 337 Campylobacter isolates were selected for further characterisation. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli comprised 74.18% (250/337) and 21.95% (74/337) of the selected isolates respectively. While the Campylobacter isolates displayed resistance to several antibiotics, the most common resistance for both C. jejuni and C. coli was against tetracycline (55.86% and 70.31% respectively). Multidrug resistance phenotypes (≥ 3 antibiotic classes) were relatively low for both C. jejuni (2.80%) and C. coli (9.45%). Conclusions: Campylobacter load, prevalence and diversity were more affected by farm location than by the type of sample from which the Campylobacter was isolated. Overall, these results indicated a need for farm‐specific Campylobacter mitigation strategies to ensure the safety of these increasingly in‐demand poultry products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella spp.and Campylobacter spp. pose significant threats to the safety of broiler meat worldwide. However, data on their prevalence in retail chicken meat in Saudi Arabia are scarce. This context mainly concerns the vast poultry market in Saudi Arabia, which may double by 2030. The overall objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. in retail chickens from small, medium-sized, and large production companies in Saudi Arabia. Of the 212 chicken samples tested, Salmonella was detected in 9.3% of samples, all identified as Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Campylobacter was more prevalent, found in 35.8% of samples, with Campylobacter jejuni accounting for 26.4% and Campylobacter coli for 9.3%. Pathogen prevalence was higher in small-scale than in medium-sized and large producers. Salmonella Enteritidis isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid (90%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and tetracycline (70%). Most Campylobacter coli isolates (90%) exhibited resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, and gentamicin, followed by tetracycline (80%). Campylobacter jejuni isolates showed high resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, azithromycin, and nalidixic acid (75–92%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in all Campylobacter jejuni isolates, 90% of Campylobacter coli isolates, and 70% of Salmonella isolates. These findings underscore the urgent need for adherence to food safety guidelines, particularly in small-scale poultry farms. The pervasive presence of MDR Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. in broiler meat calls for enhanced surveillance, stricter enforcement of food safety practices, and public health initiatives to mitigate the risk of foodborne diseases in Saudi Arabia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) superfamily of multidrug efflux systems are important players in mediating antibiotic resistance in gram-negative pathogens. Campylobacter jejuni, a major enteric pathogen, utilizes an RND-type transporter system, CmeABC, as the primary mechanism for extrusion of various antibiotics. Recently, a functionally potent variant of CmeABC (named RE-CmeABC) emerged in clinical Campylobacter isolates, conferring enhanced resistance to multiple antibiotic classes. Despite the clinical importance of RE-CmeABC, the molecular mechanisms for its functional gain and its evolutionary trajectory remain unknown. Here, we demonstrated that amino acid substitutions in RE-CmeB (inner membrane transporter), but not in RE-CmeA (periplasmic protein) and RE-CmeC (outer membrane protein), in conjunction with a nucleotide mutation in the promoter region of the efflux operon, are responsible for the functional gain of the multidrug efflux system. We also showed that RE-cmeABC is emerging globally and distributed in genetically diverse C. jejuni strains, suggesting its possible spread by horizontal gene transfer. Notably, many of RE-cmeABC harboring isolates were associated with the human host including strains from large disease outbreaks, indicating the clinical relevance and significance of RE-CmeABC. Evolutionary analysis indicated that RE-cmeB likely originated from Campylobacter coli, but its expansion mainly occurred in C. jejuni, possibly driven by antibiotic selection pressure. Additionally, RE-cmeB, but not RE-cmeA and RE-cmeC, experienced a selective sweep and was progressing to be fixed during evolution. Together, these results identify a mutation-based mechanism for functional gain in RE-CmeABC and reveal the key role of RE-CmeB in facilitating Campylobacter adaptation to antibiotic selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Campylobacter species are zoonotic pathogens, and are considered to be the major foodborne pathogen that causes outbreaks and sporadic gastrointestinal illnesses both in developed and developing countries. In this study, the molecular typing and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates from patients and raw meat between 2021 and 2022 in Huzhou were analyzed by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Methods: From September 1, 2021 to December 31, 2022, a total of 342 fecal specimens from diarrheal patients at a sentinel hospital in Huzhou and 168 samples of raw meat products collected from farmers' markets and supermarkets, were subjected to Campylobacter isolation and identification. The agar dilution method was used to determine resistance of the Campylobacter isolates to eleven antibiotics. In addition, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were performed to compare their genetic relationships. Results: 78 Campylobacter isolates were recovered, comprising 58 isolates (74.36%, 58/78) of Campylobacter jejuni (34 patient isolates and 16 food isolates) and 20 isolates (25.64%, 20/78) of Campylobacter coli (6 patient isolates and 14 food isolates). Campylobacter has emerged as a predominant foodborne pathogen in the local region, with detection rate reached 11.70% among 342 diarrhea samples. The Campylobacter isolation rate in 168 raw meat was 22.62% (38/168), all originating from poultry meat, with chicken been the major source of infection (86.84%, 33/38). Both PGFE type and MLST data confirmed that Campylobacter stains circulating in Huzhou are genetically diverse, with Campylobacter jejuni isolates being more diverse than Campylobacter Coli. PFGE typing revealed 45 band patterns among 54 Campylobacter jejuni strains and 17 band patterns among 19 Campylobacter Coli strains. 50 Campylobacter jejuni strains from different sources were classified into 37 ST types, showing a dispersed distribution and encompassing over 12 clonal complexes (CCs), with CC-21 being the most prevalent CC (22.00%, 11/50). The distribution of ST types in the 18 Campylobacter Coli strains was relatively concentrated, with 83.33% (15/18) of isolates belonging to the CC-828. In this study, 2 groups of Campylobacter jejuni strains (PFGE J2-ST464 and PFGE J9-ST-2328) originated from humans and chickens showed high genetic homologies by comparing PFGE and MLST results. Besides, some disagreement between PFGE and MLST was observed for certain ST, indicating a weak correlation between PFGE and MLST for certain Campylobacter strains. Most of the Campylobacter isolates were highly resistant to nalidixic-acid, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. The multiple antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter Coli (89.47%) is higher than Campylobacter jejuni (29.63%). Conclusion: Campylobacter is an important foodborne pathogen in both diarrheal patients and raw meat products in Huzhou City, exhibiting multiple antibiotic resistance and high level of genetic diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the diversity of thermophilic Campylobacter species isolated from three New Zealand freshwater catchments affected by pastoral and urban activities. Utilising matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionisation‐time of flight and whole genome sequence analysis, the study identified Campylobacter jejuni (n = 46, 46.0%), C. coli (n = 39, 39%), C. lari (n = 4, 4.0%), and two novel Campylobacter species lineages (n = 11, 11%). Core genome sequence analysis provided evidence of prolonged persistence or continuous faecal shedding of closely related strains. The C. jejuni isolates displayed distinct sequence types (STs) associated with human, ruminant, and environmental sources, whereas the C. coli STs included waterborne ST3302 and ST7774. Recombination events affecting loci implicated in human pathogenesis and environmental persistence were observed, particularly in the cdtABC operon (encoding the cytolethal distending toxin) of non‐human C. jejuni STs. A low diversity of antimicrobial resistance genes (aadE‐Cc in C. coli), with genotype/phenotype concordance for tetracycline resistance (tetO) in three ST177 isolates, was noted. The data suggest the existence of two types of naturalised waterborne Campylobacter: environmentally persistent strains originating from waterbirds and new environmental species not linked to human campylobacteriosis. Identifying and understanding naturalised Campylobacter species is crucial for accurate waterborne public health risk assessments and the effective allocation of resources for water quality management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Campylobacter spp. have been reported as a common cause of gastroenteritis in humans in many countries. However, in Brazil there is insufficient data to estimate the impact of Campylobacter in public health. In light of the importance of this foodborne pathogen, the aim of this study was to perform comparative analyses on 80 Brazilian Campylobacter coli genomes isolated from human feces, animals, the environment, and food. Methods include Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI), Gegenees, genomic plasticity, presence of pathogenicity, resistance, and metabolic islands. In addition, virulence analysis in Galleria mellonella were also performed for 18 selected C. coli strains. Results The ANI values confirmed that all strains belonged to the C. coli species. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated the evolutionary relationships among the studied strains, highlighting the genetic diversity among them. The differences in shared and deleted regions of the studied genomes were demonstrated, with 16 genomic islands identified, including 4 metabolic islands, 4 resistance islands, and 8 pathogenicity islands. We detected genes associated with chemotaxis, exotoxin production, antimicrobial resistance, stress response, defense mechanisms, and intracellular survival among these islands, highlighting the pathogenic potential of these strains. Two strains isolated from human and one from animal showed high virulence, killing 100% of Galleria mellonella larvae. Two strains isolated from the environment and two isolated from food killed 70–90% of the larvae and were classified as virulent. Three strains isolated from animal, two from human, two from the environment and one from food killed 30% to 60% of the larvae and were considered of intermediate virulence. Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 33291, one strain isolated from human and one from food killed 10 to 20% of the larvae and were considered of low virulence. One strain isolated from food did not kill any larvae and was considered avirulent. Conclusions The results obtained highlighted the genetic diversity, pathogenic and virulence potential of many of the C. coli strains studied, contributing for a more complete characterization of this important pathogen recognized as a cause of human gastroenteritis.

Campylobacteriosis and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are global public health concerns. Africa is estimated to have the world’s highest incidence of campylobacteriosis and a relatively high prevalence of AMR in Campylobacter spp. from humans and animals. Few studies have compared Campylobacter spp. isolated from humans and poultry in Africa using whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. We explored the population structure and AMR of 178 Campylobacter isolates from East Africa, 81 from patients with diarrhea in Kenya and 97 from 56 poultry samples in Tanzania, collected during 2006–2017. Sequence type diversity was high in both poultry and human isolates, with some sequence types in common. The estimated prevalence of multidrug resistance, defined as resistance to >3 antimicrobial classes, was higher in poultry isolates (40.9%, 95% credible interval 23.6%–59.4%) than in human isolates (2.5%, 95% credible interval 0.3%–6.8%), underlining the importance of antimicrobial stewardship in livestock systems.

The Eşme district was chosen for this study based on food safety concerns in the area. Campylobacter spp. are the most prevalent bacteria responsible for food-borne bacterial diseases globally and are present in significant amounts in fowl gut flora. There are few effective methods for identifying Campylobacter in environmental samples, making it challenging to identify the cause of Campylobacter infections on chicken farms. Research on methods of identifying Campylobacter infections is therefore needed, particularly in areas where livestock husbandry is the main source of income. Due to the low bacterial concentration in samples and the possibility of uncultivable or fatally damaged bacterial stages, Campylobacter is difficult to identify in environmental samples using standard culture techniques. Furthermore, sensitivity is reduced because of the use of selective media. In this study, a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method using hippuricase and 16S rRNA primers was employed to identify Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in 55 chicken meat samples from the Eşme district. The sensitivity, specificity, and utility of PCR for detecting C. jejuni and C. coli in samples are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Although Campylobacter spp., including Campylobacter coli, have emerged as important zoonotic foodborne pathogens globally, the understanding of the genomic epidemiology of C. coli of porcine origin is limited. Methods: As pigs are an important reservoir of C. coli, we analyzed C. coli genomes that were isolated (n = 3) from pigs and sequenced (this study) them along with all other C. coli genomes for which pig intestines, pig feces, and pigs were mentioned as sources in the NCBI database up to January 6, 2023. In this paper, we report the pan-genomic features, the multi-locus sequence types, the resistome, virulome, and mobilome, and the phylogenomic analysis of these organisms that were obtained from pigs. Results and discussion: Our analysis revealed that, in addition to having an open pan-genome, majority (63%) of the typeable isolates of C. coli of pig origin belonged to a single clonal complex, ST-828. The resistome of these C. coli isolates was predominated by the genes tetO (53%), blaOXA-193 (49%), and APH (3')-IIIa (21%); however, the virulome analysis revealed a core set of 37 virulence genes. Analysis of the mobile genetic elements in the genomes revealed wide diversity of the plasmids and bacteriophages, while 30 transposons were common to all genomes of C. coli of porcine origin. Phylogenomic analysis showed two discernible clusters comprising isolates originating from Japan and another set of isolates comprising mostly copies of a type strain stored in three different culture collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The epidemiology of Campylobacter species in wild birds is still poorly understood. This study describes the occurrence and genetic diversity of Campylobacter in adult and nestlings of yellow‐legged gulls, highlighting differences between breeding locations. The gulls were captured in Croatia between 2021 and 2023. A cloacal swab was taken from each individual and tested for the presence of Campylobacter. Isolated Campylobacter species were genotyped using the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method. A total of 1071 gulls were captured and sampled, of which 152 samples were identified as Campylobacter species, with Campylobacter jejuni (9.90%) being the most frequently isolated bacterium, followed by Campylobacter lari (3.36%) and Campylobacter coli (0.93%). Complete sequence type (ST) profiles were generated for 141 isolates: 100 C. jejuni, 33 C. lari, and 8 C. coli. A significant difference in the occurrence of positive Campylobacter species was found depending on the sampling sites, while both sampling site and age were significant for the occurrence of C. jejuni. Adults and nestlings showed high genetic diversity for C. jejuni and C. lari, and there were no significant differences between strains isolated from adults and nestlings or between sites, suggesting a high genotype flow in the studied gull population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prosthetic joint infections caused by Campylobacter are uncommon, with the majority of cases being attributed to C. fetus. This case report represents the third instance of a prosthetic hip infection caused by C. coli following an episode of gastroenteritis and, notably, in an immunocompetent patient. The infection was successfully managed by surgical debridement and lavage with retention of the prosthesis and 12 weeks of antibiotics. Furthermore, we present the first whole-genome sequence of a Campylobacter strain responsible for prosthetic joint infection and offer a comprehensive review of the literature on such infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermotolerant Campylobacter is an important zoonotic pathogen known for causing gastroenteritis in humans, with poultry as its primary reservoir. A total of 468 samples were collected, of which 335 were chicken carcass samples (representing the food component), and 133 were chicken caeca samples (representing the animal component). These samples underwent culture, with colonies examined under a microscope. Species identification was achieved through multiplex PCR. Additionally, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were determined using the Kirby-Bauer method, testing for sensitivity to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. Additionally, 55 C. jejuni (62.5%) and 33 C. coli (37.5%) isolates were selected for whole genome sequencing (WGS). A High prevalence of Campylobacter was observed, with rates of 95.5% (n = 127, CI95%: 92.5% - 98.5%) in the animal component and 72.5% (n = 243, CI95%: 69.9% - 75.1%) in the food component. Specifically, C. jejuni was detected in 33.1% (n = 42) of poultry farms and 38.3% (n = 93) of chicken carcasses, while C. coli was found in 64.6% (n = 82) of poultry farms and 60.5% (n = 147) of chicken carcasses. Antimicrobials with the highest rates of resistance (67%-100%) were ciprofloxacin and tetracycline, in both animal and food component isolates. Erythromycin resistance was notable, ranging from 22% to 33%, with only two C. jejuni isolates from retail were resistant to gentamicin. Furthermore, multidrug resistance was identified in 23% (20 isolates) of the Campylobacter isolates. Genetic analysis revealed the presence of fourteen resistance genes in both C. jejuni and C. coli isolates, including tet(O), blaOXA-460, blaOXA-184, blaOXA-489, blaOXA-193, blaOXA-784, blaOXA-603, aph(3')-IIIa, aad9, aph(2")-If, aadE-Cc, sat4, and ant(6)-Ia. Additionally, twenty-five plasmids were detected in the 88 Campylobacter isolates examined. Interestingly, most isolates also harbored genes encoding putative virulence factors associated with pathogenicity, invasion, adherence, and production of cytolethal distending toxin (cdt): cheV, cheA, cheW, cheY, flaA, flgR, flaC, flaD, flgB, flgC, ciaB, ciaC. The WGS analysis showed the presence of several cgSTs in both animal and food components, with nine of them widely disseminated between components. Moreover, C. coli and C. jejuni isolates from different sources presented less than 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), suggesting clonality (16 isolates). Further analysis using SNP tree demonstrated widespread distribution of certain C. jejuni and C. coli clones across multiple farms and retail stores. This study presents, for the first-time, insights into the clonality, plasmid diversity, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of thermotolerant Campylobacter strains originating from the Ecuadorian poultry industry. The identification of AMR genes associated with the main antibiotics used in the treatment of campylobacteriosis in humans, highlights the importance of the prudent use of antimicrobials in the poultry industry. Additionally, this research remarks the need for regional studies to understand the epidemiology of this pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli portion as an important food‐borne pathogen owing to the consumption of raw milk of animal species is unmoving unidentified. This survey appraised both phenotypic and genotypic patterns of antimicrobial resistance amongst the C. jejuni and C. coli strains isolated from raw milk samples. Totally, 850 raw milk samples were examined for C. jejuni and C. coli. After culture, species identification was done using PCR. Phenotypic and genotypic patterns of antimicrobial resistance were assessed using disk diffusion and PCR, respectively. One hundred and ten out of 850 (12.94%) raw milk samples were contaminated with Campylobacter spp (95% confidence interval). The highest contamination rate with Campylobacter spp. was observed in raw cow milk (18.18%). C. jejuni and C. coli species were detected in 45.45% and 32.72% of Campylobacter isolates, respectively (P < 0.05). C. jejuni strains showed the highest resistance rate toward tetracycline (84%), gentamicin (80%), ampicillin (74%), and erythromycin (64%). Similarly, C. coli isolates showed the highest resistance rate toward tetracycline (63.88%), gentamicin (58.33%), and ampicillin (52.77%). The lowest resistance rate of C. jejuni and C. coli was observed against chloramphenicol (10% and 2.77%), nalidixic acid (22% and 8.33%), clindamycin (36% and 13.88%), and ciprofloxacin (38% and 16.66%), respectively. The most routinely identified antimicrobial resistance genes amongst the C. jejuni isolates were tetA (66%), blaOXA−61 (54%), tetO (46%), and tetB (40%), while those of C. coli isolates were blaOXA−61 (52.77%), tetA (41.66%), cmeA (27.77%), and tetO (27.77%). The prevalence of simultaneous resistance toward more than 4 antimicrobial agents amongst the C. jejuni and C. coli isolates was 46% and 16.66%, respectively. C. jejuni and C. coli average multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR)‐indexes in the present research were 0.49 and 0.32, respectively. The simultaneous presence of phenotypic and genotypic profiles of antimicrobial resistance amongst the resistant C. jejuni and C. coli bacteria suggests an imperative threat rendering contaminated raw milk consumption and probable occurrence of campylobacteriosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United Arab Emirates, no previous research has investigated the dynamics of the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter in broiler abattoir processing. This study conducted in one of the largest poultry producers in the UAE, following each key slaughter stage--defeathering, evisceration, and final chilling--five broiler carcasses were collected from 10 slaughter batches over a year. Additionally, one caecum was obtained from 15 chickens in each slaughter batch to evaluate the flock colonization. In total, 300 samples (150 carcasses and 150 caeca) were collected and enumerated for Campylobacter using standard methods. Campylobacter was pervasive in caecal samples from all slaughter batches, with 86% of carcasses post-defeathering and evisceration stages and 94% post-chilling tested positive for Campylobacter. Campylobacter coli predominates in 55.2% of positive samples, followed by Campylobacter jejuni in 21%, with both species co-existing in 23.8% of the samples. Campylobacter counts in caecal contents ranged from 6.7 to 8.5 log10 CFU/g, decreasing postdefeathering and evisceration to 3.5 log10 CFU/g of neck skin and further to 3.2 log10 CFU/g of neck skin post-evisceration. After chilling, 70% of carcasses exceeded 3 log10 CFU/g of neck skin. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 48 isolates unveiled diverse sequence types and clusters, with isolates sharing the same clusters (less than 20 single nucleotide polymorphisms) between different farms, different flocks within the same farm, as well as in consecutive slaughter batches, indicating cross-contamination. Multiple antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in gyrA T86I (conferring fluoroquinolone resistance) and an RNA mutation (23S r.2075; conferring macrolide resistance) were widespread, with variations between C. coli and C. jejuni. WGS results revealed that selected virulence genes (pglG, pseD, pseI, flaA, flaB, cdtA, and cdtC) were significantly present in C. jejuni compared to C. coli isolates. This study offers the first insights into Campylobacter dynamics in poultry processing in the UAE. This work provides a base for future research to explore additional contributors to Campylobacter contamination in primary production. In conclusion, effective Campylobacter management demands a comprehensive approach addressing potential contamination sources at every production and processing stage, guided by continued microbiological surveillance and genomic analysis to safeguard public health and food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campylobacteriosis is one of the most prevalent foodborne bacterial diseases. Infected chickens and poultry products are a possible source of this illness in people all over the world. Therefore, the objective of this current meta-analysis was to summarise the available data on the prevalence of thermotolerant Campylobacter species in poultry and their products. A systematic literature search was conducted to gather pertinent articles from 2000 to 2021, using globally recognised four electronic databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus. The mean prevalence of campylobacteriosis in poultry species and their products (meat, eggs, and offal) was 44% (95% CI: 39-50%) with the highest prevalence in Australia (67%). Among the European countries, France had the maximum prevalence rate of 76%, while Japan had recorded 61% as the peak among Asian countries. Prevalence rates of 43% and 56% were calculated in United States and Brazil representing the American region. In the species-wise results, the mean prevalence rates of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli were 29% and 16%, correspondingly. In case of live birds, chickens and turkeys possessed maximum prevalence rates of 47% and 40%, whereas 46% and 63% were recorded from poultry meat and liver. Besides, categorising the difference sources of contamination, the maximum prevalence rate of 62% was found in the poultry processing plants followed by 54% from supermarkets and 38% from farms. According to the current meta-analysis, Campylobacter jejuni was the most common bacterium worldwide, and poultry meat - the most frequent source of human infection. The predominance of Campylobacter species is a threat for public health, and national authorities must undertake strategies to control this disease in each country with the goal of establishing adequate risk management measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the growing threat posed by the spread of antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic Campylobacter, a One Health approach was used to examine the genomic diversity, phylogenomic relationships, and the distribution of genetic determinants of resistance (GDR) in C. jejuni and C. coli isolates from humans, animals (ruminants, swine, and chickens), and avian food products collected during a regionally (Basque Country, Spain) and temporally (mostly 2021–2022) restricted sampling. Eighty-three C. jejuni and seventy-one C. coli isolates, most exhibiting resistance to ciprofloxacin and/or erythromycin, were whole-genome sequenced using Oxford Nanopore Technologies long-fragment sequencing (ONT). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis identified a high genomic diversity among isolates. Phylogenomic analysis showed that clustering based on the core genome was aligned with MLST profiles, regardless of the sample source. In contrast, accessory genome content sometimes discriminated isolates within the same STs and occasionally differentiated isolates from different sources. The majority of the identified GDRs were present in isolates from different sources, and a good correlation was observed between GDR distribution and phenotypic susceptibility profiles (based on minimum inhibitory concentrations interpreted according to the EUCAST epidemiological cutoff values). Genotypic resistance profiles were independent of genotypes, indicating no apparent association between resistance and phylogenetic origin. This study demonstrates that ONT sequencing is a powerful tool for molecular surveillance of bacterial pathogens in the One Health framework.

BACKGROUND: Campylobacter species, Gram-negative, curved-shaped bacteria, are mainly cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, also reported in cases such as bacteremia, hepatitis, pancreatitis. We present a case of C. coli bacteremia in an immunosuppressed patient with underlying diseases. CASE: A 17-year-old boy with thalassemia major, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), B-cell immunodeficiency, admitted to the emergency department for 39°C fever and rhinitis. On physical examination, patient was tachycardic, breathing sounds were lost in bases of the lungs. Thorax CT interpreted as viral-atypical pneumonia; COVID-19 PCR test resulted positive. He was hospitalized; blood, urine, throat cultures were taken and piperacillin-tazobactam, teicoplanin, favipiravir were started. The prophylaxis dose of amoxicillin, acyclovir, fluconazole, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment was continued. Third day of incubation blood culture system (Bactec FX;Becton Dickinson-USA) gave positive signal, direct Gram preparation showed Gram-negative, curved/spiral rods (Figure) and likened to Campylobacter. Azithromycin was added to treatment.The isolate grew under microaerophilic atmosphere was identified as C. coli with the MALDI-TOF MS (bioMérieux-France) and was resistant to ciprofloxacin, sensitive to erythromycin and tetracycline. Due to Campylobacter bacteremia patient was consulted for gastro-intestinal GvHD but was not associated as it because it wasn't accompanied by diarrhea-vomiting, weight loss and a long time had passed after the transplantation. It has been associated with existing B-cell deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Campylobacter bacteremia should be kept in mind particularly in immunocompromised patients and if spiral/gull-wing-shaped Gram-negative rods are seen on direct Gram staining or if there is no growth in subcultures, incubation in microaerophilic environment will help the diagnosis.

Campylobacteriosis outbreaks have previously been linked to dairy foods. While the genetic diversity of Campylobacter is well understood in high-income countries, it is largely unknown in low-income countries, such as Ethiopia. This study therefore aimed to conduct the first genomic characterization of Campylobacter isolates from the Ethiopian dairy supply chain to aid in future epidemiological studies. Fourteen C. jejuni and four C. coli isolates were whole genome sequenced using an Illumina platform. Sequences were analyzed using the bioinformatics tools in the GalaxyTrakr platform to identify MLST types, and single nucleotide polymorphisms, and infer phylogenetic relationships among the studied isolates. Assembled genomes were further screened to detect antimicrobial resistance and virulence gene sequences. Among 14 C. jejuni, ST 2084 and ST 51, which belong to the clonal complexes ST-353 and ST-443, respectively, were identified. Among the 4 sequenced C. coli isolates, two isolates belonged to ST 1628 and two to ST 830 from the clonal complex ST-828. The isolates of C. jejuni ST 2084 and ST 51 carried β-lactam resistance gene blaOXA-605, a fluoroquinolone resistance-associated mutation T86I in the gryA gene, and a macrolide resistance-associated mutation A103V in 50S L22. Only ST 2084 isolates carried the tetracycline resistance gene tetO. Conversely, all four C. coli ST 830 and ST 1628 isolates carried tetO, but only ST 1628 isolates also carried blaOXA-605. Lastly, C. jejuni ST 2084 isolates carried a total of 89 virulence genes, and ST 51 isolates carried up to 88 virulence genes. Among C. coli, ST 830 isolates carried 71 genes involved in virulence, whereas two ST 1628 isolates carried up to 82 genes involved in virulence. Isolates from all identified STs have previously been isolated from human clinical cases, demonstrating a potential food safety concern. This finding warrants further monitoring of Campylobacter in dairy foods in Ethiopia to better understand and manage the risks associated with Campylobacter contamination and transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Campylobacter spp. is a significant etiological agent of bacterial gastroenteritis globally. In Burkina Faso (BFA), the actual impact of this pathogen on gastroenteritis is considerably underestimated, primarily due to inadequate surveillance systems. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the proportion of Campylobacter species responsible for acute gastroenteritis among patients of all ages in urban and rural areas of BFA, using molecular biology techniques. Study design & methods: Between 2018 and 2021, faecal specimens were obtained from 1,295 individuals presenting with acute gastroenteritis. These samples underwent screening for the Campylobacter coli/jejuni/lari complex utilizing real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Subsequently, positive samples were subjected to species-level differentiation through the application of species-specific primers. Results: Campylobacter spp. was detected in 25.0% (324/1,295) of the samples analysed. The majority of positive samples (95%, 308/324) were obtained from children under 5 years of age. Species identification was performed on a subset of 114 isolates, revealing 51 Campylobacter jejuni, 10 Campylobacter coli, and 53 Campylobacter isolates that remained unspeciated. Conclusions: This study reveals a significant prevalence of Campylobacter species among patients with acute gastroenteritis, with a particularly high incidence observed in children under 5 years of age. Based on these findings, the implementation of routine Campylobacter surveillance in public health laboratories is strongly recommended to better monitor and address this health concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campylobacteriosis is a foodborne illness that is contracted by eating contaminated food, particularly animal products like meat from diseased animals or corpses tainted with harmful germs. The epidemiology of campylobacteriosis varies significantly between low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Campylobacter has a complicated and poorly known survival strategy for getting past host barriers and causing sickness in humans. The adaptability of Campylobacter to unfavorable environments and the host’s immune system seems to be one of the most crucial elements of intestinal colonization. A Campylobacter infection may result in fever, nausea, vomiting, and mild to severe bloody diarrhea in humans. Effective and rapid diagnosis of Campylobacter species infections in animal hosts is essential for both individual treatment and disease management at the farm level. According to the most recent meta-analysis research, the main risk factor for campylobacteriosis is travel, which is followed by eating undercooked chicken, being exposed to the environment, and coming into close contact with livestock. Campylobacter jejuni, and occasionally Campylobacter coli, are the primary causes of Campylobacter gastroenteritis, the most significant Campylobacter infection in humans for public health. The best antibiotic medications for eradicating and decreasing Campylobacter in feces are erythromycin, clarithromycin, or azithromycin. The best strategy to reduce the number of human infections caused by Campylobacter is to restrict the amount of contamination of the poultry flock and its products, even if the majority of infections are contracted through handling or ingestion of chicken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The persistence of non-typhoidal Salmonella and Campylobacter in chicken meat is a considerable public health risk and a future challenge. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter in poultry processing lines where different chlorine concentrations were used in the chill tank. The samples were collected from four types of processing plants in Sri Lanka, considering the chlorine concentration used in the chill tank, which ranged from 2 ppm to 50 ppm. Salmonella and Campylobacter were isolated from whole carcass washings, neck skin, and cecal samples. Subsequently, an antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed for the isolates. The results revealed the overall prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter was 78.25% and 63.5%, respectively. Positive percentages of Salmonella and Campylobacter were high in the carcasses compared to the neck skin and ceca. The Campylobacter counts on the whole carcasses were significantly low (p < 0.001), at higher chlorine concentrations ranging from 20 to 30 ppm and 40 to 50 ppm. The pathogen prevalence in the whole carcasses was 84.7% Campylobacter coli, 39.1% Campylobacter jejuni, 71.1% Salmonella Typhimurium, and 28.8% Salmonella Infantis. The highest resistance was observed for tetracycline (63.8%) in Salmonella, while it was for gentamicin (87.8%) in Campylobacter. The prevalence percentage of multidrug-resistant Campylobacter was 51.2%, while it was 2.12% for Salmonella. The persistence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella and Campylobacter on the post-chill carcasses was highlighted in the present study as a significant public health threat that has to be addressed urgently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the impact of the 2017 Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rule changes on the prevalence of tetracycline-resistant and erythromycin-resistant bacteria (Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., and Escherichia coli) in cecal samples of food animals (cattle, swine, chicken, and turkey) at US slaughterhouses. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze 2013–2019 cecal samples of food-producing animals surveillance data from the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) in the U.S. The variables included year (used to evaluate VFD rule changes), host, and quarter of year. The analysis of surveillance data showed that the VFD rule changes have varying effects on tetracycline-resistant and erythromycin-resistant bacteria in food animals. For example, the odds of detecting tetracycline-resistant Salmonella spp. decreased in cattle but increased in chickens following the implementation of the VFD rule changes. Similarly, the odds of detecting tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli decreased in chickens but increased in swine after the VFD rule changes. The odds of detecting erythromycin-resistant Campylobacter spp. increased in cattle but decreased in chickens after the VFD rule changes. In conclusion, the implementation of VFD rule changes has been beneficial in reducing the odds of detecting tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli and erythromycin-resistant Campylobacter spp. in chickens, as well as tetracycline-resistant Salmonella spp. in cattle at US slaughterhouses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Campylobacter species are the main causes of foodborne illness worldwide, posing significant threats to public health. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance and genomic characterization of C. jejuni/C.coli from retail chickens in Beijing. Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted on 126 C. jejuni/C. coli isolated from retail chickens in Beijing, following CLSI protocols. Whole genomes of all isolates were sequenced using the Illumina platform. Results More C. coli (83.82%) showed multi-drug resistance than C. jejuni (8.62%). Genomic analysis demonstrated 42 sequence types (STs) and 12 clonal complexes (CCs), from which CC828 and CC52 were dominant. cdtA, cdtB and cdtC encoding cytotoxic protein were present spontaneously in most C. jejuni but not found in any C. coli isolates. The abundances of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence genes (VGs) in C. jejuni and C. coli were significantly different, with ARGs numbered in C. coli and VGs in C. jejuni. Conclusions High prevalence of multi-drug resistance C. coli and C. jejuni isolated from Beijing chickens were challenging clinical antibiotic usages in the treatment of Campylobacter infection. The surveillance of particular C. jejuni and C. coli STs correlated with higher resistance and virulence needs to be strengthened in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Bacterial foodborne pathogens pose a substantial global public health concern, prompting government agencies and public health organizations to establish food safety guidelines and regulations aimed at mitigating the risk of foodborne illness. The advent of DNA-based amplification coupled with mass spectrometry, known as MassARRAY analysis, has proven to be a highly precise, sensitive, high-throughput, and cost-effective method for bacterial detection. This study aimed to develop, validate, and evaluate a MassARRAY-based assay for the detection and identification of significant enteropathogenic bacteria. Methods: The MassARRAY-based assay was developed for the detection of 10 crucial bacterial foodborne pathogens, including Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus. The assay was optimized using the reference gDNA (n = 19), followed by validation using gDNA (n = 85) of reference and laboratory isolates. Additionally, the evaluation of the assay's reaction using a mixture of gDNA from all nine targeted species was performed. The limit of detection of the developed MassARRAY-based assay was determined using bacterial cells. Moreover, the validation method for field samples was evaluated by comparing it with standard microbiological testing methods routinely analyzed. Results: The developed MassARRAY-based assay demonstrated 100% concordance with known bacterial pure cultures. The assay's reaction using a mixture of gDNA from all nine targeted species revealed the MassARRAY's capability to detect all targeted species in a single assay with the lowest concentration of 1 ng/μL of gDNA. The limits of detection of the assay range from 357 ± 101 to 282,000 ± 79,196 cells. Moreover, the validation of the assay in field samples revealed a 100% correlation between the data obtained from the standard microbiological method and the MassARRAY-based assay. Discussion: These findings suggested that the developed MassARRAY-based assay exhibited the excellence in high-throughput detection of foodborne bacterial pathogens with high accuracy, reliability, and potential applicability within real-world field samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Children with under-five year age disproportionally affected with foodborne illness. Campylobacteriosis is the most common foodborne disease next to Norovirus infection. Macrolides are commonly prescribed as the first line of treatment for Campylobacter gastroenteritis, with fluoroquinolone and tetracycline as secondary options. However, resistance to these alternatives has been reported in various regions worldwide. Objective: To determine the prevalence, associated risk-factors and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli among under-five children with diarrhea. Methods: Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from November, 2022 to April 2023. The study sites were selected using a random sampling technique, while the study subjects were included using a convenient sampling technique. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Stool samples were inoculated onto modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar and incubated for 48 hours. The suspected colonies were analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry to confirm the species. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using a disc diffusion technique. All potential covariates (independent variables) were analyzed one by one using bivariate logistic regression model to identify candidate variables with P value < 0.25. Multivariable logistic analysis was used to identify potential associated factors using the candidate variables. A p value ≤ 0.05 at a 95% confidence interval was statistically significant. Result: Among the 428 samples, 7.0% (CI: 4.5–9.3) were confirmed Campylobacter species. The prevalence of C. jejuni and C. coli among under-five children was 5.1% (CI: 3.0–7.0) and 1.9% (CI: 0.7–3.3), respectively. C. jejuni (73.3%) was dominant over C. coli (26.7%). The resident, contact with domestic animals, and parents/guardians education level were significantly associated with campylobacteriosis among under-five children. One-third of the Campylobacter isolates (33.3%, 10/30) were resistant to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline whereas 10.0% (3/30) were resistant to erythromycin. Furthermore, 3.3% (1/30) of the Campylobacter were found to be multidrug-resistant. Conclusion: The prevalence of Campylobacter species was 7.0%. The resistance rate of Campylobacter species of ciprofloxacin and tetracycline-resistance strains was 33.3%. Peri-urban residence, contact with domestic animals, and low parental educational statuses were significantly associated factors with increased risk of Campylobacter infection. Continuous surveillance on antimicrobial resistance and health education of personal and environmental hygiene should be implemented in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate the occurrence of plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants in Campylobacter coli isolates collected from broilers, laying hens and poultry farm environments. One hundred and thirty-nine C. coli isolates were isolated from broilers (n = 41), laying hens (n = 53), eggs (n = 4) and the environment (n = 41) of 23 poultry farms located in northeastern of Tunisia. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on all isolates according to the recommendation of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing guidelines. The detection of PMQR genes: qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS, qepA, and aac(6)-Ib gene was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and specific primers. aac(6′)-Ib amplicons were further analyzed by digestion with BtsCI to identify the aac(6′)-Ib-cr variant. Mutations in GyrA and the occurrence of RE-CmeABC efflux pump were determined by mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA) PCR and PCR, respectively. In addition, eleven isolates were selected to determine their clonal lineage by MLST. The 139 C. coli isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, and 86 (61.8%) were resistant to nalidixic acid. High rates of resistance were also observed toward erythromycin (100%), azithromycin (96.4%), tetracycline (100%), chloramphenicol (98.56%), ampicillin (66.1%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (55.39%), and kanamycin (57.55%). However, moderate resistance rates were observed for gentamicin (9.35%) and streptomycin (22.3%). All quinolone-resistant isolates harbored the Thr-86-Ile amino acid substitution in GyrA, and the RE-CmeABC efflux pump was detected in 40.28% of isolates. Interestingly, the qnrB, qnrS, qepA, and aac(6′)-Ib-cr were detected in 57.7%, 61.15%, 21.58%, and 10% of isolates, respectively. The eleven isolates studied by MLST belonged to a new sequence type ST13450. This study described for the first time the occurrence of PMQR genes in C. coli isolates in Tunisia and globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli represent the leading causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans, and infections can produce post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS). Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) (RM) are similarly susceptible to acute campylobacteriosis and represent a potential model of PI-IBS. We characterized the Campylobacter species circulating in an RM breeding colony using culture, qPCR, and whole genome sequencing (WGS). We also compared the C. jejuni and C. coli prevalence in RM as detected with qPCR versus culture and identified risk factors for bacteria presence and intestinal disease. Culture of 275 samples yielded C. coli (103) and C. jejuni (8), of which 21.6% were resistant to quinolones and 3.6% were resistant to macrolides. Multidrug-resistant isolates were obtained exclusively from animals exhibiting diarrhea or with histologically confirmed chronic enterocolitis. WGS revealed a non-clonal population of Campylobacter spp. Genotypic predictions of resistance were excellent except for aminoglycosides. All sequenced isolates contained genes for all subunits of cytolethal distending toxin. qPCR detected a prevalence of 45.9% for C. coli and 29.6% for C. jejuni. The quantity of either bacteria was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in animals with intestinal disease compared to healthy animals, though only young age was significantly associated with the presence of Campylobacter sp. or intestinal disease. Significantly more C. jejuni positive animals were detected with qPCR than with culture. These results provide a comprehensive characterization of Campylobacter spp. circulating in a breeding colony of RM in the United States and suggest that qPCR is superior for the detection of C. jejuni in RM.IMPORTANCEGastrointestinal disease is one of the most common reasons for hospitalization in non-human primate colonies and accounts for over one-third of non-research related euthanasia. In rhesus macaques, this manifests as both acute diarrhea and chronic enterocolitis (CE), a syndrome of chronic diarrhea resulting in poor weight gain or weight loss which is minimally responsive to treatment. Campylobacter spp. are major causes of acute enterocolitis in rhesus macaques and may predispose individuals to the development of CE, similar to post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome in humans. Despite these concerns, there are few studies characterizing Campylobacter in rhesus macaque colonies, in particular utilizing whole genome sequencing and assessing findings with respect to the health status of the host. Our findings provide insight into Campylobacter strains circulating in rhesus macaque colonies, which can improve clinical monitoring, assist in treatment decisions, and provide new avenues of investigation into campylobacteriosis as a catalyst for CE.

IntroductionAlthough Campylobacter spp., including Campylobacter coli, have emerged as important zoonotic foodborne pathogens globally, the understanding of the genomic epidemiology of C. coli of porcine origin is limited.MethodsAs pigs are an important reservoir of C. coli, we analyzed C. coli genomes that were isolated (n = 3) from pigs and sequenced (this study) them along with all other C. coli genomes for which pig intestines, pig feces, and pigs were mentioned as sources in the NCBI database up to January 6, 2023. In this paper, we report the pan-genomic features, the multi-locus sequence types, the resistome, virulome, and mobilome, and the phylogenomic analysis of these organisms that were obtained from pigs.Results and discussionOur analysis revealed that, in addition to having an open pan-genome, majority (63%) of the typeable isolates of C. coli of pig origin belonged to a single clonal complex, ST-828. The resistome of these C. coli isolates was predominated by the genes tetO (53%), blaOXA-193 (49%), and APH (3′)-IIIa (21%); however, the virulome analysis revealed a core set of 37 virulence genes. Analysis of the mobile genetic elements in the genomes revealed wide diversity of the plasmids and bacteriophages, while 30 transposons were common to all genomes of C. coli of porcine origin. Phylogenomic analysis showed two discernible clusters comprising isolates originating from Japan and another set of isolates comprising mostly copies of a type strain stored in three different culture collections.

Yamogenin is a steroidal saponin occurring in plant species such as Asparagus officinalis, Dioscorea collettii, Trigonella foenum-graecum, and Agave sp. In this study, we evaluated in vitro cytotoxic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of yamogenin. The cytotoxic activity was estimated on human colon cancer HCT116, gastric cancer AGS, squamous carcinoma UM-SCC-6 cells, and human normal fibroblasts with MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. The amount of apoptotic and dead AGS cells after treatment with yamogenin was estimated with flow cytometry. Also, in yamogenin-treated AGS cells we investigated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, activity level of caspase-8 and -9, and gene expression at mRNA level with flow cytometry, luminometry, and RT-PCR, respectively. The antioxidant properties of yamogenin were assessed with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays. The antimicrobial potential of the compound was estimated on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, Lactobacillus paracasei, and Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria strains. Yamogenin showed the strongest cytotoxic effect on AGS cells (IC50 18.50 ± 1.24 µg/mL) among the tested cell lines. This effect was significantly stronger in combinations of yamogenin with oxaliplatin or capecitabine than for the single compounds. Furthermore, yamogenin induced ROS production, depolarized mitochondrial membrane, and increased the activity level of caspase-8 and -9 in AGS cells. RT-PCR analysis revealed that this sapogenin strongly up-regulated TNFRSF25 expression at the mRNA level. These results indicate that yamogenin induced cell death via the extrinsic and intrinsic way of apoptosis. Antioxidant study showed that yamogenin had moderate in vitro potential (IC50 704.7 ± 5.9 µg/mL in DPPH and 631.09 ± 3.51 µg/mL in ABTS assay) as well as the inhibition of protein denaturation properties (with IC50 1421.92 ± 6.06 µg/mL). Antimicrobial test revealed a weak effect of yamogenin on bacteria strains, the strongest one being against S. aureus (with MIC value of 350 µg/mL). In conclusion, yamogenin may be a potential candidate for the treatment and prevention of gastric cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campylobacter causes bacterial enteritis, dysentery, and growth faltering in children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Campylobacter spp. are fastidious organisms, and their detection often relies on culture independent diagnostic technologies, especially in LMICs. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are most often the infectious agents and in high income settings together account for 95% of Campylobacter infections. Several other Campylobacter species have been detected in LMIC children at an increased prevalence relative to high income settings. After doing extensive whole genome sequencing of isolates of C. jejuni and C. coli in Peru, we observed heterogeneity in the binding sites for the main species-specific PCR assay (cadF) and designed an alternative rpsKD-based qPCR assay to detect both C. jejuni and C. coli. The rpsKD-based qPCR assay identified 23% more C.jejuni/ C.coli samples than the cadF assay among 47 Campylobacter genus positive cadF negative samples verified to have C. jejuni and or C. coli with shotgun metagenomics. This assay can be expected to be useful in diagnostic studies of enteric infectious diseases and be useful in revising the attribution estimates of Campylobacter in LMICs. Author summary: Campylobacter is a leading cause of gastroenteritis among children living in resource poor settings. Infections are predominantly caused by Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. To estimate the burden of Campylobacter, nucleic acid diagnostic testing has been utilized in large population based epidemiologic studies. However, there is evidence of heterogeneity in the binding sites for the main C. jejuni and C. coli qPCR assay utilized. This study presents and validates an alternative rpsKD-based qPCR assay to detect both C. jejuni and C. coli. Improved detection of these two species is expected to impact diagnostic studies of enteric infectious disease and improve estimates of the overall burden of Campylobacter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic resistance, particularly against fluoroquinolones and macrolides, has emerged globally among thermophilic Campylobacters (Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli), giving rise to concerns about the efficacy of antibiotic treatment of these bacteria. Thus, developing new antibacterials with excellent activity is important. Isatin (IST) and its derivatives have exhibited promising antibacterial activities in several pathogenic bacteria. However, its activity against Campylobacter is unknown. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of isatin against 29-Campylobacter strains (C. jejuni-17 and C. coli-12) and investigate the effects at the cellular level. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of isatin were between <1.0 and 16.0 µg/mL in Campylobacter strains. Most strains presented with MIC = 8.0 µg/mL (76%). The minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined to be 16.0 µg/mL for 72% of the Campylobacter strains tested. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value for isatin was 125.63 µg/mL on the MRC-5 normal cell line, suggesting that isatin can be considered a safe substance in terms of cytotoxicity. In this study, we demonstrated the potential of isatin based on its low toxicity and effectiveness in vitro against antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter strains, which indicates that this compound could be an attractive candidate for future use in multidrug-resistant Campylobacter treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a study conducted in Ibadan, Nigeria, on the antibiotic susceptibility and virulence genes of Campylobacter species found in poultry waste. The study found that Campylobacter species, particularly C. lari, were prevalent in poultry farms and showed high resistance to certain antibiotics. The study also detected virulence genes in multidrug-resistant isolates. These findings highlight the presence of multidrug-resistant strains with virulent genes in Campylobacter species from poultry waste, emphasizing the importance of responsible antibiotic use and proper disposal of poultry waste to address this health challenge. The article also provides additional information on the occurrence and distribution of Campylobacter species in poultry samples, their antibiotic resistance patterns, and the presence of virulence genes. It includes a table showing the antibiotype classes of antibiotics for different Campylobacter species isolated from poultry and references related to the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter species in various settings. The references cover different geographical locations and provide valuable information for researchers studying Campylobacter and its impact on public health. [Extracted from the article]

The spread of antimicrobial resistant Campylobacter strains, linked to antimicrobials use and abuse in humans and food animals, has become a global public health problem. In this study, we determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in human Campylobacter isolates (n = 820) collected in Piedmont, Italy, from March 2020 to July 2023. The strains underwent susceptibility testing to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration for erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, streptomycin, and tetracycline: 80.1% of the strains showed resistance to at least one antibiotic. The highest prevalence of AMR was noted for ciprofloxacin and tetracycline (72.1% and 52.9%, respectively) and the lowest for erythromycin and aminoglycosides (streptomycin/gentamicin) (3.2% and 5.4%, respectively). The prevalence of co-resistance against fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines was 41.1%. The prevalence of multidrug resistant strains was 5.7%. Our data support evidence that AMR in human Campylobacter strains is common, particularly against ciprofloxacin and tetracycline, two medically important antimicrobials for humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prosthetic joint infections caused by Campylobacter are uncommon, with the majority of cases being attributed to C. fetus. This case report represents the third instance of a prosthetic hip infection caused by C. coli following an episode of gastroenteritis and, notably, in an immunocompetent patient. The infection was successfully managed by surgical debridement and lavage with retention of the prosthesis and 12 weeks of antibiotics. Furthermore, we present the first whole-genome sequence of a Campylobacter strain responsible for prosthetic joint infection and offer a comprehensive review of the literature on such infections.

Introduction: In our paper, we explored the impact of different anthropogenic stressors, namely, mussel farming, methane extraction platforms, and summer mass tourism, on the epipelagic microbiomes of the North- Western Adriatic Sea. Methods: By 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we provided the epipelagic microbiome layout from selected sites corresponding to each of the considered impacts. As an unimpacted reference, we used already published 16S rRNA sequencing data. Results: According to our findings, each one of the anthropogenic stressors resulted in a peculiar increase of specific epipelagic microbial components, including copiotrophic R-strategists and host-restricted bacteria, as well as some pathobiome components, the latter being detected exclusively in impacted sites. Particularly, potentially harmful pathogenic species such as Legionella impletisoli and Staphylococcus epidermidis have been detected in proximity to the mussel farms, and Escherichia coli and Campylobacter ureolyticus were present close to the methane extraction platform and at the summer mass tourism site, respectively. Particularly, C. ureolyticus is an emerging human gastrointestinal pathogen, capable of destroying intestinal microvilli. Discussion: In addition to providing evidence supporting the existence of recognizable and impact-driven fingerprints on the epipelagic marine microbiome peculiar to the different anthropogenic stressors, our findings also raise concern about the ecological relevance of the observed changes, in terms of possible loss of ecosystem services and also for the potential release of pathogenic microorganisms in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chicken is a major reservoir and source of human infections from zoonotic Campylobacter. In southern Thailand, chicken is the most popular meat consumed; however, little is known about the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Campylobacter spp. in chicken production systems. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of AMR in Campylobacter isolates from commercial broiler and native chicken farms in southern Thailand. A total of 286 Campylobacter isolates (adjusted prevalence: 60.3%, SE ± 0.01) were recovered, of which 268 were identified as Campylobacter jejuni and 18 as Campylobacter coli. The adjusted prevalence of resistance was highest for nalidixic acid (98.6%), followed by ciprofloxacin (97.2%), enrofloxacin (96.4%), tetracycline (74.6%), tylosin (38.3%), and erythromycin (10.6%). Commercial broilers had resistance levels 7–11% higher to quinolones and 35–47% lower to macrolides and tetracycline (all P ≤ 0.025) compared to native chickens. Genotypic resistance analyses revealed high prevalence rates (>86%) for gyrA mutant, efflux pump CmeABC, and point mutation A2075G in the 23S rRNA gene. High homogeneity was observed among isolates within study farms. Commercial broilers exhibited higher homogeneity in AMR patterns than native chickens. The best agreement was observed between tetracycline resistance and tet(O) genes (Kappa: k = 0.811, P < 0.001), while the fair agreement was found for quinolone resistance and gyrA mutant genes (k = 0.260–0.271, P < 0.001). No association was detected between macrolide resistance and point mutations in the 23S rRNA gene. These findings fill knowledge gaps on AMR in Campylobacter in Thailand, emphasizing the need for targeted AMR mitigation strategies in both commercial broilers and native chickens. High Campylobacter prevalence in chickens; C. jejuni more prevalent than C. coli. Susceptibility to macrolides but resistance to quinolones/tetracyclines in isolates. Homogeneous resistance patterns within farms; higher in broilers than in native birds. Partial association between phenotypic and genotypic resistance among isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural households all over the world rear backyard chicken mainly for their own consumption and, to a lesser extent, for barter trade. These chickens represent a staple dish with numerous culinary variations and a cheap source of protein. Although some Campylobacter species, and particularly Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, have been associated with industrial poultry carcasses, studies concerning the ecology of this genus in rural households do not exist. To assess the prevalence of Campylobacter species in the tissues of backyard chickens, samples were collected from birds Gallus domesticus bred in households in the rural area of Epirus (Greece), and Campylobacter strains were isolated by quantitative methods at 37 °C and 42 °C. In total, 256 strains were identified, belonging to 17 Campylobacter species, with C. jejuni and C. coli being the most prevalent. From the four ecological parameters studied (size of the flock, presence of small ruminants in the same household, presence of other poultry species in the same household, and feeding leftovers of the household), the size of the flock and the presence of small ruminants and/or pigs in the same household mostly affected the distribution of these strains. To study the phenotypical resistance against 14 antibiotics, 215 strains were selected. The results showed a high prevalence of multidrug-resistance (MDR) strains extending to all classes of antibiotics. Further genome analysis revealed the presence of genes coding resistance (blaOxA-61, tet(O), tet(A) cmeA, cmeB, cmeC, and gyrA (Thr-86-Ile mutation)), with the efflux pump CmeABC being the most prevalent. All antimicrobial resistance-encoded genes co-circulated, except for blaOXA-61, which moved independently. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of two out of three antibiotics (representing different classes) were reduced when the strains tested were exposed to carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), a known efflux pump inhibitor. The same result was obtained with the addition of CCCP to the MIC values of bile salts. These results lead to the conclusion that Campylobacter species are present in an impressive diversity in backyard chicken tissues and that they exert a significant resistance to antibiotics, raising a potential danger for public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are well known for their natural competence, i.e., their capacity for the uptake of naked DNA with subsequent transformation. This study identifies non-transformable C. jejuni and C. coli strains from domestic animals and employs genomic analysis to investigate the strain genotypes and their associated genetic mechanisms. The results reveal genetic associations leading to a non-transformable state, including functional DNase genes from bacteriophages and mutations within the cts-encoded DNA-uptake system, which impact the initial steps of the DNA uptake during natural transformation. Interestingly, all 38 tested C. jejuni ST-50 strains from the United States exhibit a high prevalence of non-transformability, and the strains harbor a variety of these genetic markers. This research emphasizes the role of these genetic markers in hindering the transfer of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants, providing valuable insights into the genetic diversity of Campylobacter. As ST-50 is a major clone of C. jejuni globally, we additionally determined the prevalence of the genetic markers for non-transformability among C. jejuni ST-50 from different regions of the world, revealing distinct patterns of evolution and a strong selective pressure on the loss of competence in ST-50 strains, particularly in the agricultural environment in the United States. Our findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of genetic exchange mechanisms within Campylobacter strains, and their implications for antimicrobial resistance dissemination and evolutionary pathways within specific lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campylobacteriosis, a prevalent foodborne gastrointestinal infection in Europe, is primarily caused by Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, with rising global concerns over antimicrobial resistance in these species. This study comprehensively investigates 133 human-origin Campylobacter spp. strains (102 C. jejuni and 31 C. coli) collected in Italy from 2013 to 2021. The predominant Multilocus Sequence Typing Clonal complexes (CCs) were ST-21 CC and ST-206 CC in C. jejuni and ST-828 CC in C. coli. Ciprofloxacin and tetracycline resistance, mainly attributed to GyrA (T86I) mutation and tet(O) presence, were prevalent, while erythromycin resistance was associated with 23S rRNA gene mutation (A2075G), particularly in C. coli exhibiting multidrug-resistant pattern CipTE. Notable disparities in virulence factors among strains were observed, with C. jejuni exhibiting a higher abundance compared to C. coli. Notably, specific C. jejuni sequence types, including ST-21, ST-5018, and ST-1263, demonstrated significantly elevated counts of virulence genes. This finding underscores the significance of considering both the species and strain-level variations in virulence factor profiles, shedding light on potential differences in the pathogenicity and clinical outcomes associated with distinct C. jejuni lineages. Campylobacter spp. plasmids were classified into three groups comprising pVir-like and pTet-like plasmids families, exhibiting diversity among Campylobacter spp. The study underscores the importance of early detection through Whole Genome Sequencing to identify potential emergent virulence, resistance/ virulence plasmids, and new antimicrobial resistance markers. This approach provides actionable public health data, supporting the development of robust surveillance programs in Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Campylobacter spp. are among the leading foodborne bacterial pathogens. Pet animals may be an important reservoir for human infection. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles and mechanisms of Campylobacter isolates recovered from shelter‐housed healthy and diarrheic cats and dogs in Erzurum province in Turkey. Methods: A total of 250 rectal swabs (from 124 cats and 126 dogs) collected between 2020 and 2021 were included in this study. The samples were cultured using a Campylobacter‐selective agar medium. A single suspect colony from each plate was purified and species identification was performed by PCR. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined against eight antibiotics. Specific antimicrobial resistance genes (tetO and aphA‐3) and mutations (in gyrA) were screened by PCR and/or sequencing. Results: A total of 26 (10.4%) isolates (25 Campylobacter jejuni and 1 Campylobacter coli) were obtained from the dogs; no Campylobacter was isolated from the cats. Of the C. jejuni isolates, 19.2% were resistant to nalidixic acid, 7.7% to ciprofloxacin and 3.8% to tetracycline and gentamicin per the CLSI interpretative criteria. The C. coli isolate was susceptible to all of the tested antibiotics. Thr‐86‐Ile mutation was the most common change detected in the gyrA gene in the quinolone‐resistant isolates. Conclusion: While geographic and population differences exist, Campylobacter carriage and associated antibiotic resistance in dogs is common, emphasising the need for continuous surveillance in this species, particularly given its zoonotic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This meta-analysis study summarized the available information on the prevalence of thermotolerant Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli among poultry products in Asia; Methods: Exhaustive literature search was conducted and 30 studies were included. A number of multilevel random-effect meta-analysis models were used to calculate their pooled prevalence and compare each Asian regions; Results: The pooled prevalence for C.jejuni was 34%. On a separate meta-analysis for East Asia (EA), Middle East (ME) and South Asia (SA) and Southeast Asia (SEA), the pooled prevalences for C. jejuni were 33%, 37% and 33%, respectively. Moreover, results showed that there was significant heterogeneity and no significant publication bias. Conversely, the pooled prevalence for C. coli was 13%. On separate analysis by region, the pooled prevalences for EA, ME, and SEA were 10%, 18% and 12.08%, respectively. Significant heterogeneity was observed and there was no publication bias detected in the EA and the SEA; Conclusions: Overall, the high incidence of both C. jejuni and C. coli infections across Asia highlight the public health importance of these pathogens. Moreover, the meta-analysis of C. jejuni and C. coli prevalence across Asia gives crucial insights into the public health concerns connected with these pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermotolerant Campylobacter genus is one of the most prevalent causes of gastroenteritis in humans, especially C. coli and C. jejuni. Despite the importance of Campylobacter diagnosis to public health, many laboratories continue to adopt the slow, inaccurate conventional culturing approach, which leads to false-negative/positive results. The origin, transmission, pathogenicity, and pathophysiology of Campylobacter spp. diseases are poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, the samples were collected over a period from August 2021 to September 2022; about 100 poultry samples and 43 stool specimens from children were collected. According to conventional culturing techniques, the overall prevalence of the Campylobacter genus in both poultry and humans was determined to be 31.5%, whereas PCR analysis of poultry (30) and human specimens (43) for Campylobacter genus revealed a 35.6% isolation rate. While C. coli was the only species detected in poultry-positive Campylobacter genus samples demonstrated by 27.3%, the human-positive Campylobacter's isolates were C. coli with 33.3%, C. jejuni and mixed infection with 6.7%. Shannon and Simpson biodiversity indexes quantify genetic diversity; assuming that Campylobacter species express virulence genes differently, we found that C. coli had a higher Shannon diversity index (0.8487) and Simpson index (0.4938), while C. jejuni had (0.6931) for Shannon and (0.5) for Simpson index. Regarding host-virulence genes diversity, human-derived strains had a higher Shannon diversity index (1.474) and Simpson index (0.75) than poultry. This study provided evidence that the genetic profiles of circulating species of Campylobacter differ depending on the origin, highlighting the need for genetic diversity knowledge for effective management and prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to characterize the latest antimicrobial resistance patterns and genetic diversity of Campylobacter spp. isolated from patients with acute diarrhea in Korea. In total, 371 clinical isolates (361 Campylobacter jejuni and 10 Campylobacter coli) were collected from patients with diarrhea in 106 medical institutions of six provinces during the seasonal peak (April–September 2022) in South Korea. We then assessed their antimicrobial susceptibility to eight antimicrobial agents and performed multilocus sequence typing (MLST). This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles to tetracycline (32.3%), nalidixic acid (64.9%), and ciprofloxacin (83.3%), confirming high levels of the latter even after its Korean ban in 2010. However, tetracycline resistance displayed a decreasing trend. Alternatively, significantly lower resistance rates to clindamycin (0.8%), azithromycin (0.53%), erythromycin (0.53%), and gentamicin (0.53%) as well as absolute susceptibility to florfenicol (0%) were observed. Four C. jejuni and three C. coli isolates (7/371, 1.88%) were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) to at least three antimicrobial classes. MLST identified a high genetic diversity with 21 clonal complexes (CCs) and sixty-six sequence types (STs), including eight novel STs. The high CC frequency of C. jejuni comprised CC21 (37.7%), CC22 (13.8%), and CC206 (9.4%), while C. coli was predominated by CC828 (90%). The high CC21 and CC828 strain prevalence in this study was consistent with their worldwide distribution. This study highlights that quinolone- and tetracycline-resistant Campylobacter circulate in Korea with diverse genotypes, providing important information that could contribute to controlling and preventing increasing antimicrobial resistance in patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foodborne infections with antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter spp. remain an important public health concern. Publicly available data collected by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria related to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Campylobacter spp. isolated from broiler chickens and turkeys at the slaughterhouse level across the United States between 2013 and 2021 were analysed. A total of 1,899 chicken-origin (1,031 Campylobacter coli (C. coli) and 868 Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni)) and 798 turkey-origin (673 C. coli and 123 C. jejuni) isolates were assessed. Chicken isolates exhibited high resistance to tetracycline (43.65%), moderate resistance to ciprofloxacin (19.5%), and low resistance to clindamycin (4.32%) and azithromycin (3.84%). Turkey isolates exhibited very high resistance to tetracycline (69%) and high resistance to ciprofloxacin (39%). The probability of resistance to all tested antimicrobials, except for tetracycline, significantly decreased during the latter part of the study period. Turkey-origin Campylobacter isolates had higher odds of resistance to all antimicrobials than isolates from chickens. Compared to C. jejuni isolates, C. coli isolates had higher odds of resistance to all antimicrobials, except for ciprofloxacin. The study findings emphasize the need for poultry-type-specific strategies to address differences in AMR among Campylobacter isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campylobacter spp. genera is one of the most common causes of microbial enteritis worldwide. This study aimed to find out how common Campylobacter organisms were in raw meat from large livestock in Iran, as well as to determine their antibiotic susceptibility profiles. Several 550 fresh, ready-to-eat meat samples were collected from slaughterhouses, butcher shops, and restaurants in the study region. The samples were collected from cattle (n=138), goats (n=102), camels (n=56), and sheep (n=254). Campylobacter spp. were isolated and identified using normal bacteriological methods and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Genotyping was performed using PCR to identify virulence genes. The disc diffusion technique was used to determine antibiotic susceptibility. The two Campylobacter spp. were found in 84 (15.27%) of the 550 meat samples tested. Cattle and camel samples accounted for the highest (52.38%) and lowest (3.57%) frequencies of Campylobacter spp., respectively. There were significant differences in the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in cattle (2=43.04 or OR=7.68, CI=3.40-17.30, P<0.01). Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli accounted for 82.14% (n=69) of Campylobacter spp. isolated from raw meat. While C. jejuni was found in 39.28% of the samples (n=33), C. coli was observed in 42.85% (n=36). Other Campylobacter spp. formed 17.85 % (n=15) of the samples. The most common genotypes observed in C. jejuni bacteria collected from different types of large animal samples were ciaB (100%) and flaA (100%). On the other hand, virbll (7.69%) was the C. jejuni strain found with the lowest incidence in different large animal samples. The most frequent genotypes found in C. coli bacteria were ciaB (100%) and flaA (100%). C. coli isolates dnaJ (0%), wlaN (0%), virbll (0%), and ceuE (0%) were detected with the lowest frequency in several samples from large livestock. Campylobacter spp. isolated from different sample types and sources were 100% sensitive to aphA-3-1 and GM10. The isolates were reported to be resistant to E15 (76.93%), cmeB (69.24%), aadE1 (69.24%), CIP5 (69.24%), and AM10 (69.24%). According to this study, Campylobacter was found in food from factory farming. Consequently, the disease can be transmitted by eating raw or undercooked meat. Therefore, proper handling and preparation of meat meals, as well as hygiene measures from the slaughterhouse to the retailer, are critical in preventing Campylobacter infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims To evaluate the biofilm-forming capacity of thermotolerant Campylobacter (TC) strains from poultry production and to analyse the inhibitory capacity of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP5 against TC on different materials. Methods and results Biofilm-forming capacity by Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli was analysed by cell adhesion in polystyrene plates. TC were classified as non-biofilm-forming (NBF, 1.3%), weak biofilm-forming (WBF, 68.4%), moderate biofilm-forming (MBF, 27.6%), and strong biofilm-forming (SBF, 2.7%). The inhibitory capacity of L. plantarum LP5 against TC was tested on stainless-steel, nylon, aluminium, and glass disks (treated group) and compared with biofilm-forming TC (control group). Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP5 was inoculated, and then TC. Biofilm was removed in both experimental groups and TC and LP5 bacterial counts were performed. The L. plantarum LP5 presence reduced the formation of TC biofilm (P  < 0.001). The material type and strain category influenced biofilm formation, with stainless-steel and the SBF strain being the material and TC having the highest adhesion (P  < 0.001). Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP5 formed a similar biofilm on all materials (P  = 0.823). Conclusions This trial showed very promising results; L. plantarum LP5 could be incorporated as a bio-protector of TC on different surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poultry meat contaminated with Campylobacter, a major bacterial cause of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide, is considered the primary source of human campylobacteriosis. Thus, reduction or elimination of Campylobacter in poultry production will have a significant impact on food safety and public health. Despite the significant progress made over the last decades, many puzzles remain about the epidemiology of Campylobacter on poultry farms, hampering the development of an effective control strategy. This longitudinal study was conducted to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of Campylobacter in a U.S. commercial broiler production farm system. Cecal contents (15 samples/flock) and boot swabs (3 samples/flock) were collected from approximately 6-wk-old birds from 406 conventional broiler flocks reared in 53 houses on 15 farms (located within a relatively close geographic proximity and managed by the same poultry integrator) for up to eight consecutive production cycles and cultured for Campylobacter. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to investigate the genetic diversity of the Campylobacter jejuni isolates recovered from the cecal contents. The prevalence of Campylobacter at the farm, house, and flock levels were found to be 93% (14/15), 79% (42/53), and 47% (192/406), respectively. Campylobacter prevalence varied remarkably among different farms and flocks, with some farms or houses testing consistently negative while others being positive all the time over the entire study period. Campylobacter isolation rate changed significantly by sample type (higher by cecal contents vs. boot swabs) and season/production cycle (higher in spring vs. other seasons). The majority (88%; 2364/2675) of the isolates were identified as C. jejuni, and almost all the rest (11%; 303/2675) were Campylobacter coli. Genotyping showed limited diversity within a flock and suggested persistence of some C. jejuni clones over multiple production cycles on the same farm. In conclusion, this study indicated that although Campylobacter prevalence was overall high, there were marked differences in the prevalence among the broiler flocks or farms tested. Future studies aimed at identification of potential risk factors associated with differential Campylobacter status are warranted in order to develop effective on-farm interventions. Estudio longitudinal sobre Campylobacter en parvadas comerciales de pollo de engorde criados convencionalmente en los Estados Unidos: prevalencia y diversidad genética. Los productos cárnicos de origen avícola contaminado con Campylobacter, que es una importante causa bacteriana de gastroenteritis transmitida por alimentos en todo el mundo, se consideran la principal fuente de campilobacteriosis humana. Por lo tanto, la reducción o eliminación de Campylobacter en la producción avícola tendrá un impacto significativo en la seguridad alimentaria y en la salud pública. A pesar de los importantes avances realizados en las últimas décadas, persisten muchos enigmas sobre la epidemiología de Campylobacter en las granjas avícolas, lo que obstaculiza el desarrollo de una estrategia de control eficaz. Este estudio longitudinal se realizó para determinar la prevalencia y la diversidad genética de Campylobacter en un sistema de granja de producción comercial de pollos de engorde en los Estados Unidos. Se recogieron contenidos cecales (15 muestras/parvada) y cubre botas de arrastre (tres muestras/parvada) de aves de aproximadamente seis semanas de edad de 406 parvadas de pollos de engorde convencionales criadas en 53 casetas de 15 granjas (ubicadas dentro de una proximidad geográfica relativamente cercana y manejadas por el mismo integrador avícola) durante ocho ciclos de producción consecutivos y con cultivo para Campylobacter. Se utilizó electroforesis en gel de campo con pulsasiones para investigar la diversidad genética de los aislados de Campylobacter jejuni recuperados del contenido cecal. Se encontró que la prevalencia de Campylobacter a nivel de granja, caseta y parvada era del 93% (14/15), 79% (42/53) y 47% (192/406), respectivamente. La prevalencia de Campylobacter varió notablemente entre diferentes granjas y rebaños, y algunas granjas o casetas dieron resultados consistentemente negativos mientras que otras dieron positivo todo el tiempo durante todo el período del estudio. La tasa de aislamiento de Campylobacter cambió significativamente según el tipo de muestra (mayor con muestras de contenido cecal en comparación con los cubre botas de arrastre) y la estación/ciclo de producción (mayor en primavera frente a otras estaciones). La mayoría (88%; 2364/2675) de los aislados se identificaron como C. jejuni, y casi todo el resto (11%; 303/2675) fueron Campylobacter coli. La genotipificación mostró una diversidad limitada dentro de una parvada y sugirió la persistencia de algunos clones de C. jejuni durante múltiples ciclos de producción en la misma granja. En conclusión, este estudio indicó que, aunque la prevalencia de Campylobacter fue alta en general, hubo marcadas diferencias en la prevalencia entre las parvadas o granjas de pollos de engorde analizadas. Se justifica la conducción de estudios futuros destinados a identificar posibles factores de riesgo asociados con el estado diferencial de Campylobacter para desarrollar intervenciones efectivas en las granjas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]