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Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), as the most common subtype of leukemia in adults, is characterised by rapid progression and poor prognosis. In the context of the rapid development of medical technology and the complexity of social factors, a detailed report describing the latest epidemiological patterns of AML is important for decision makers to allocate healthcare resources effectively. Methods: Our research utilized the latest data sourced from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021. To delineate the burden of AML, we comprehensively described the incidence, deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and the associated age-standardized rates per 100,000 persons (ASR) spanning from 1990 to 2021 stratifies according to age, sex, socio-demographic index (SDI), and nationality. Additionally, we extracted and analyzed data about the risk factors that contribute to AML-related deaths and DALYs. Results: According to our study, the incidence of AML has continued to rise globally from 79,372 in 1990 to 144,645 in 2021 and AML affected the male and the elderly populations disproportionately. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between the burden of AML and the SDI value. Developed nations generally exhibited higher age-standardized incidence rate, age-standardized death rate, and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate than the developing nations. We also analyzed the prevalence of smoking, high body mass index, and occupational benzene and formaldehyde exposure in the AML population in different SDI regions. Moreover, smoking and high body mass index were more prevalent in developed countries, whereas occupational exposure to these chemicals was the predominant risk factor in developing countries. Conclusion: The global burden of AML has increased over the past 32 years, with rising morbidity and mortality. The incidence of AML is differentially distributed across different SDI countries or regions. AML incidence is higher in the elderly and in men. The proportions of smoking, high body mass index, and occupational exposure to benzene and formaldehyde varied by region. The findings highlight the need for region-specific prevention and call for future research on preventive strategies and new treatments to lower AML incidence and improve patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), as the most common subtype of leukemia in adults, is characterised by rapid progression and poor prognosis. In the context of the rapid development of medical technology and the complexity of social factors, a detailed report describing the latest epidemiological patterns of AML is important for decision makers to allocate healthcare resources effectively. Methods Our research utilized the latest data sourced from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021. To delineate the burden of AML, we comprehensively described the incidence, deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and the associated age-standardized rates per 100,000 persons (ASR) spanning from 1990 to 2021 stratifies according to age, sex, socio-demographic index (SDI), and nationality. Additionally, we extracted and analyzed data about the risk factors that contribute to AML-related deaths and DALYs. Results According to our study, the incidence of AML has continued to rise globally from 79,372 in 1990 to 144,645 in 2021 and AML affected the male and the elderly populations disproportionately. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between the burden of AML and the SDI value. Developed nations generally exhibited higher age-standardized incidence rate, age-standardized death rate, and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate than the developing nations. We also analyzed the prevalence of smoking, high body mass index, and occupational benzene and formaldehyde exposure in the AML population in different SDI regions. Moreover, smoking and high body mass index were more prevalent in developed countries, whereas occupational exposure to these chemicals was the predominant risk factor in developing countries. Conclusion The global burden of AML has increased over the past 32 years, with rising morbidity and mortality. The incidence of AML is differentially distributed across different SDI countries or regions. AML incidence is higher in the elderly and in men. The proportions of smoking, high body mass index, and occupational exposure to benzene and formaldehyde varied by region. The findings highlight the need for region-specific prevention and call for future research on preventive strategies and new treatments to lower AML incidence and improve patient outcomes.

Abstract Background The current cancer epidemiological profile in Yemen suffers from a lack of locally representative data and resources, posing a challenge in determining the real incidence, prevalence, survival and mortality rates, particularly data extracted from national hospitals. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the cancer burden and trends in Yemen for 2020, including incidence and mortality rates. Methods The current study provides cancer statistics and their trends in Yemen, including incidence and mortality, in 2020 by using descriptive statistics. The data was obtained using the Global Cancer Observatory (GCO) 2020 online database. Results According to the (GCP) database in 2020, the crude incidence rate (CIR) of all cancers in Yemen was 55.2 per 100.000. The age-standardized rate (ASR) was 97.0 per 100.000, and the cumulative risk (0–74) was 22.0 per 100.000. The age-standardized rate (ASR) was 76.5 per 100.000, and the cumulative risk (0–74) was 19.6 per 100.000. Furthermore, the crude mortality rate (CIR) of all cancers was 40.6 per 100.000. Breast cancer was most prevalent in Yemen across all age groups and genders (31.1%), followed by colorectal cancer (7.7%) and leukemia (5.7%). Breast cancer also ranked as the primary cause of mortality at an estimated percentage of 13.5%, followed by colorectal cancer (8.8%) and stomach cancer (7.1%). Conclusion Cancer has become a significant life-threatening illness in Yemen with an increase in the disease burden of breast cancer in women. Furthermore, leukemia in children and colorectal cancer in both sexes have experienced a more significant burden as well. Therefore, it is imperative for initiatives for cancer control and prevention to be prioritised at national and regional levels.

Despite decades of declining mortality rates, lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. This article examines lung cancer incidence, stage at diagnosis, survival, and mortality using population‐based data from the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Over the past 5 years, declines in lung cancer mortality became considerably greater than declines in incidence among men (5.0% vs. 2.6% annually) and women (4.3% vs. 1.1% annually), reflecting absolute gains in 2‐year relative survival of 1.4% annually. Improved outcomes likely reflect advances in treatment, increased access to care through the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, and earlier stage diagnosis; for example, compared with a 4.6% annual decrease for distant‐stage disease incidence during 2013–2019, the rate for localized‐stage disease rose by 3.6% annually. Localized disease incidence increased more steeply in states with the highest lung cancer screening prevalence (by 3%–5% annually) than in those with the lowest (by 1%–2% annually). Despite progress, disparities remain. For example, Native Americans have the highest incidence and the slowest decline (less than 1% annually among men and stagnant rates among women) of any group. In addition, mortality rates in Mississippi and Kentucky are two to three times higher than in most western states, largely because of elevated historic smoking prevalence that remains. Racial and geographic inequalities highlight longstanding opportunities for more concerted tobacco‐control efforts targeted at high‐risk populations, including improved access to smoking‐cessation treatments and lung cancer screening, as well as state‐of‐the‐art treatment. Recent declines in lung cancer mortality have outpaced those for incidence, reflecting gains in relative survival that are partly due to recent shifts to earlier stage at diagnosis. Persistent racial and geographic disparities reflect longstanding opportunities for public health intervention to reduce smoking and improve health care access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Japan, comprehensive cancer statistics data have been collected through national cancer registries, but these data are rarely summarized and reported in research articles. Methods: Here, we compiled the national registry data on malignant tumors originating from gynecologic organs (ovary, corpus uteri, cervix uteri) in Japan. Results: The number of new patients in 2019 was 13,380, 17,880, and 10,879, respectively, and the number of deaths in 2021 was 5081, 2741, and 2894, respectively. Compared with 40 years ago, the incidence of ovarian cancer has tripled, the incidence of uterine corpus cancer (mainly endometrial cancer) has increased eightfold, the mortality rate of uterine corpus cancer has tripled, and the incidence of cervical intraepithelial cancer has increased ninefold in data standardized by the world population. Compared with the United States, the incidence rate of ovarian cancer has overtaken and the mortality rate of uterine corpus cancer is the same, while both the incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer are higher in Japan. Conclusion: The incidence of gynecologic cancer is increasing significantly in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in the United States and compiles the most recent data on population‐based cancer occurrence and outcomes using incidence data collected by central cancer registries (through 2020) and mortality data collected by the National Center for Health Statistics (through 2021). In 2024, 2,001,140 new cancer cases and 611,720 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. Cancer mortality continued to decline through 2021, averting over 4 million deaths since 1991 because of reductions in smoking, earlier detection for some cancers, and improved treatment options in both the adjuvant and metastatic settings. However, these gains are threatened by increasing incidence for 6 of the top 10 cancers. Incidence rates increased during 2015–2019 by 0.6%–1% annually for breast, pancreas, and uterine corpus cancers and by 2%–3% annually for prostate, liver (female), kidney, and human papillomavirus‐associated oral cancers and for melanoma. Incidence rates also increased by 1%–2% annually for cervical (ages 30–44 years) and colorectal cancers (ages <55 years) in young adults. Colorectal cancer was the fourth‐leading cause of cancer death in both men and women younger than 50 years in the late‐1990s but is now first in men and second in women. Progress is also hampered by wide persistent cancer disparities; compared to White people, mortality rates are two‐fold higher for prostate, stomach and uterine corpus cancers in Black people and for liver, stomach, and kidney cancers in Native American people. Continued national progress will require increased investment in cancer prevention and access to equitable treatment, especially among American Indian and Alaska Native and Black individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing survival (life-testing) data and drawing inferences about them is a part of engineering and health sciences. So far, various statistical tools, e.g., survival (reliability) function (s f), probability density function (pd f), and hazard rate function (HR) were available among decision-making scientists to handle time-to-event data (complete or censored). But because functions (pd f) estimators were interval (window) based, they mostly gave qualitative ideas having pictorial representation resembling step functions, ordinate remain constant when abscissa vary over an interval, thereby giving incomplete information. However, it can be sorted out with the use of kernel estimates of the above mentioned functions, resulting into smooth estimators. Moreover, the metric based on aging intensity function (AI) gives an alternative way of studying lifetime or clinical datasets as it is a quantitative measure (not interval-based), thereby depicting a broader view of a given data. In our study, we primarily focus on AI and HR functions estimated using four different kernels. We apply them to a case study of patients with primary malignant tumors of sternum (cf. Daniel and Cross, 2014) with the right-censored data. Our result shows that kernel estimates of HR and AI functions for patients with high grade tumor (HGT) are higher than for patients with low grade tumor (LGT), as expected. Thus, the study opens up a new direction for applying AI and HR functions in health sciences and engineering studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Effective treatment of cancer requires understanding the nature of the disease and accurately addressing the main root causes. General risk factors for cancer include poor nutrition, an acidogenic diet, an unhealthy lifestyle, and exposure to carcinogens such as toxins, chemicals, and radiation. The risk of developing cancers may be reduced by sufficient oxygenation and maintaining optimal alkalinity and nutritional balance at the cell level. The review paper summarizes some diet and lifestyle modifications that may potentially be considered for preventing and controlling some cancers. Moreover, worldwide statistical data for cancer incidence rates published by International Agency for Research on Cancer are analyzed for certain cancers regionally, concerning the effect of dietary habits and environmental factors that meaningfully correlate with the global trends of cancer. The study of cancer root causes integrated with analyzing the statistics related to cancer incidence rates suggests that the risk of developing cancer may be reduced by modifying dietary habits and lifestyle factors, as well as reducing exposure to carcinogens. Those with healthy balanced dietary habits may have a lower cancer risk than those who frequently have unhealthy diets; hence, considering a balanced natural diet and healthy lifestyle may be suggested as a complementary or alternative solution in cancer treatments.

Effective treatment of cancer requires understanding the nature of the disease and accurately addressing the main root causes. General risk factors for cancer include poor nutrition, an acidogenic diet, an unhealthy lifestyle, and exposure to carcinogens such as toxins, chemicals, and radiation. The risk of developing cancers may be reduced by sufficient oxygenation and maintaining optimal alkalinity and nutritional balance at the cell level. The review paper summarizes some diet and lifestyle modifications that may potentially be considered for preventing and controlling some cancers. Moreover, worldwide statistical data for cancer incidence rates published by International Agency for Research on Cancer are analyzed for certain cancers regionally, concerning the effect of dietary habits and environmental factors that meaningfully correlate with the global trends of cancer. The study of cancer root causes integrated with analyzing the statistics related to cancer incidence rates suggests that the risk of developing cancer may be reduced by modifying dietary habits and lifestyle factors, as well as reducing exposure to carcinogens. Those with healthy balanced dietary habits may have a lower cancer risk than those who frequently have unhealthy diets; hence, considering a balanced natural diet and healthy lifestyle may be suggested as a complementary or alternative solution in cancer treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cancer incidence rates are rising at an alarming rate in India and are expected to rise by 12% in the next 5 years. Hence, a thorough knowledge of the existing scope of the cancer problem is required to provide an approach for analyzing and regulating the impact of cancer across the country. Objectives: This study aimed to determine whether the cancer incidence rates of all the states and union territories across the six geographical regions of India are statistically different from each other or not and also to identify the highly cancer-affected states. Materials and Methods: The data have been obtained from the website www.indiastat.com from 2009 to 2020. The one-way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey's test and t-test, is used for the statistical evaluation. Results: The multiple comparison tests revealed that the difference between the cancer incidence rates is significant in all the states and union territories in every region of India. The highly affected states in the six geographical regions of India are Uttar Pradesh (UP), Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, and Madhya Pradesh. The most highly affected state among them is UP. These states contributed to nearly half of India's cancer burden in 2020. Conclusion: This study offers significant information on the current status of cancer incidence rates in India for 12 years. As India is observing an increase in cancer incidence, therefore, additional efforts are required to strengthen cancer prevention and control strategies, particularly in India's most cancer-affected states.

Abstract Background Statistical information (e.g., on long-term survival or side effects) may be valuable for healthcare providers to share with their patients to facilitate shared decision making on treatment options. In this pre-registered study, we assessed cancer survivors’ need for generic (population-based) versus personalized (tailored towards patient/tumor characteristics) statistical information after their diagnosis. We examined how information coping style, subjective numeracy, and anxiety levels of survivors relate to these needs and identified statistical need profiles. Additionally, we qualitatively explored survivors’ considerations for (not) wanting statistical information. Methods Cancer survivors’ need for statistics regarding incidence, survival, recurrence, side effects and quality of life were assessed with an online questionnaire. For each of these topics, survivors were asked to think back to their first cancer diagnosis and to indicate their need for generic and personalized statistics on a 4-point scale (‘not at all’- ‘very much’). Associations between information coping style, subjective numeracy, and anxiety with need for generic and personalized statistics were examined with Pearson’s correlations. Statistical need profiles were identified using latent class analysis. Considerations for (not) wanting statistics were analyzed qualitatively. Results Overall, cancer survivors (n = 174) had a higher need for personalized than for generic statistics (p

Although the COVID-19 pandemic affected the diagnostic and treatment of cancer, it also had a positive impact on the growth of the oncology drugs market globally, with certain market segments registering an increase in demand for drugs with respect to the COVID-19 emergency. Nevertheless, oncology represents a key driver for the growth of the pharmaceutical industry (registering approximately 25% of the total pharmaceutical industry revenue in 2020), and the global oncology drugs market size was valued at 141,33 billion dollars in 2019, and it is expected to reach 394,24 billion dollars by 2027. In 2020, the Romanian pharmaceutical market accounted for a revenue of 3.35 billion EUR, earning about 13 times less than the European leader, Germany. Also, as cancer survival rates are low, new programmes should improve screening, diagnosis and treatment in Romania. In general, the reduction in cancer mortality and the progress against cancer has accelerated in the past decade due to more targeted cancer control interventions and investment in improved early detection and treatment, with an important role played by the anticancer treatment with specific anticancer drugs, and also, having information and understanding the profitability of pharmaceutical companies, it is essential to formulating evidence-based policies to reduce drug costs while maintaining the industry’s capacity to innovate and provide essential medicines.

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in the United States and compiles the most recent data on population‐based cancer occurrence and outcomes using incidence data collected by central cancer registries and mortality data collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2023, 1,958,310 new cancer cases and 609,820 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. Cancer incidence increased for prostate cancer by 3% annually from 2014 through 2019 after two decades of decline, translating to an additional 99,000 new cases; otherwise, however, incidence trends were more favorable in men compared to women. For example, lung cancer in women decreased at one half the pace of men (1.1% vs. 2.6% annually) from 2015 through 2019, and breast and uterine corpus cancers continued to increase, as did liver cancer and melanoma, both of which stabilized in men aged 50 years and older and declined in younger men. However, a 65% drop in cervical cancer incidence during 2012 through 2019 among women in their early 20s, the first cohort to receive the human papillomavirus vaccine, foreshadows steep reductions in the burden of human papillomavirus‐associated cancers, the majority of which occur in women. Despite the pandemic, and in contrast with other leading causes of death, the cancer death rate continued to decline from 2019 to 2020 (by 1.5%), contributing to a 33% overall reduction since 1991 and an estimated 3.8 million deaths averted. This progress increasingly reflects advances in treatment, which are particularly evident in the rapid declines in mortality (approximately 2% annually during 2016 through 2020) for leukemia, melanoma, and kidney cancer, despite stable/increasing incidence, and accelerated declines for lung cancer. In summary, although cancer mortality rates continue to decline, future progress may be attenuated by rising incidence for breast, prostate, and uterine corpus cancers, which also happen to have the largest racial disparities in mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gingivobuccal and oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas are commonly considered together as a single clinical entity for staging and treatment purposes. Though there is data suggesting a significant difference between SCC of various oral cavity subsites, very few studies have compared clinicopathological characteristics between the tongue and gingivobuccal primaries. We retrospectively analysed 225 patients with biopsy-proven gingivobuccal (GB) and oral tongue (OT) SCC operated between April 1, 2018 and April 30, 2021 in All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India to compare their clinicopathological characteristics. Demographic, clinical and histopathological data were collected from electronic medical records. An independent sample t-test was used to compare means and Pearson chi-square test or Fisher exact test was applied to compare the distribution of categorical variables. A relative male preponderance (12:1 vs. 5:1, p = 0.036) and increased smokeless tobacco consumption (82% Vs. 69%, p = 0.003) was seen in GB-SCC. Significantly higher proportion of patients with OT-SCC presented with early primaries (T1/T2) (54.1% vs. 24.8%, p < 0.001). Similarly, a higher proportion of GB-SCC patients presented with palpable neck nodes (cN +) (81% Vs. 67%, p = 0.02). Due to early primary tumours at presentation, stage I/II disease was also significantly higher in cases of OT-SCC (36.5% Vs.13.7%, p < 0.001). No difference was noticed in age at presentation, neck node status, and other clinicopathological parameters. GB-SCC has a higher male preponderance than OT-SCC due to relatively higher consumption of smokeless tobacco in males. Oral tongue cancers presented at an earlier stage than gingivobuccal malignancies. No difference in neck node status, however, suggests a relatively aggressive disease behaviour and early regional metastasis in tongue cancers. Follow up data regarding recurrence and survival is required to further characterise the differences between these two common OSCC subsites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer registration is better understood with the Globocan project. In our article, we compiled the cancer incidence, mortality, and survival data of Türkiye. We presented incidence and mortality related data from the Global Cancer Observatory, and survival related data from CONCORD-3. Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) were excluded from interpretations for all indicators. The number of new cancer cases in Türkiye with a population of more than 80 million was estimated as 227,310 people in total, 128,802 in men and 98,508 women. In the same year, 125,788 people was estimated that died due to cancer, of which 78,633 were men and 47,155 were women. The age-standardized incidence rate per 100,000 (ASIR, world standard population) of all cancers except for NMSC was estimated to be 225.6 (283.0 for men and 184.0 for women). The five most common cancers were breast cancer with the ASIR of 46.6, following prostate cancer (ASIR = 42.5), lung cancer (ASIR = 40.0), colorectal cancer (ASIR = 20.6), and thyroid cancer (ASIR = 14.3). The age-standardized mortality rate per 100,000 (ASMR, world standard population) of all cancers was estimated to be 119.9 (171.0 for men, 81.1 for women). The top 5 most common cancers for both sexes and all age groups were lung, breast, colorectal, prostate and thyroid cancers, respectively. On the other hand, the top 5 most common cancer-caused deaths for both sexes and all age groups were lung, colorectal, stomach, pancreas, breast cancers, respectively. The top 5 cancers with worst 5-year age-standardized net survival rate for the sites of cancers in Türkiye between 2010 and 2014 were as follows: pancreas 10.4%, lung 14.9%, liver 15.9%, esophagus 19.0% and stomach 24.9%. Not only existing and increasing potential behavioral and possible environmental risk factors by time are a public health threat for Türkiye, but also some unchangeable factors e.g. the aging population and the prolongation of life expectancy are contributing increasing cancer incidence. In addition to incidence data, mortality and survival data are also considered, preventive strategies with public health principle should be strengthened. In addition, population-based cancer registries and research on cancer epidemiology based on the data released from these registries should be supported.

Background: Statistical information (e.g., on long-term survival or side effects) may be valuable for healthcare providers to share with their patients to facilitate shared decision making on treatment options. In this pre-registered study, we assessed cancer survivors' need for generic (population-based) versus personalized (tailored towards patient/tumor characteristics) statistical information after their diagnosis. We examined how information coping style, subjective numeracy, and anxiety levels of survivors relate to these needs and identified statistical need profiles. Additionally, we qualitatively explored survivors' considerations for (not) wanting statistical information.Methods: Cancer survivors' need for statistics regarding incidence, survival, recurrence, side effects and quality of life were assessed with an online questionnaire. For each of these topics, survivors were asked to think back to their first cancer diagnosis and to indicate their need for generic and personalized statistics on a 4-point scale ('not at all'- 'very much'). Associations between information coping style, subjective numeracy, and anxiety with need for generic and personalized statistics were examined with Pearson's correlations. Statistical need profiles were identified using latent class analysis. Considerations for (not) wanting statistics were analyzed qualitatively.Results: Overall, cancer survivors (n = 174) had a higher need for personalized than for generic statistics (p < .001, d = 0.74). Need for personalized statistics was associated with higher subjective numeracy (r = .29) and an information-seeking coping style (r = .41). Three statistical need profiles were identified (1) a strong need for both generic and personalized statistics (34%), (2) a stronger need for personalized than for generic statistics (55%), and (3) a little need for both generic and personalized statistics (11%). Considerations for wanting personalized cancer statistics ranged from feelings of being in control to making better informed decisions about treatment. Considerations for not wanting statistics related to negative experience with statistics and to the unpredictability of future events for individual patients.Conclusions: In light of the increased possibilities for using personalized statistics in clinical practice and decision aids, it appears that most cancer survivors want personalized statistical information during treatment decision-making. Subjective numeracy and information coping style seem important factors influencing this need. We encourage further development and implementation of data-driven personalized decision support technologies in oncological care to support patients in treatment decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the COVID-19 pandemic affected the diagnostic and treatment of cancer, it also had a positive impact on the growth of the oncology drugs market globally, with certain market segments registering an increase in demand for drugs with respect to the COVID-19 emergency. Nevertheless, oncology represents a key driver for the growth of the pharmaceutical industry (registering approximately 25% of the total pharmaceutical industry revenue in 2020), and the global oncology drugs market size was valued at 141,33 billion dollars in 2019, and it is expected to reach 394,24 billion dollars by 2027. In 2020, the Romanian pharmaceutical market accounted for a revenue of 3.35 billion EUR, earning about 13 times less than the European leader, Germany. Also, as cancer survival rates are low, new programmes should improve screening, diagnosis and treatment in Romania. In general, the reduction in cancer mortality and the progress against cancer has accelerated in the past decade due to more targeted cancer control interventions and investment in improved early detection and treatment, with an important role played by the anticancer treatment with specific anticancer drugs, and also, having information and understanding the profitability of pharmaceutical companies, it is essential to formulating evidence-based policies to reduce drug costs while maintaining the industry's capacity to innovate and provide essential medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Breast and prostate cancers are serious public health issues that create considerable burden to both people and healthcare systems worldwide. Cancer is a heterogeneous disease influenced by numerous components, and its diverse intricate pathology challenges disease prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and survival. Although recent statistics suggest improvements in cancer diagnosis and treatment, many challenges remain before cancers are curable. This review presents relevant summarized information related to breast and prostate cancer. Cancer is a global issue, and it is expected to have a major impact on our continuing global health crisis. As populations age, we see an increased incidence in cancer rates, but considerable variation is observed in survival rates across different geographical regions and cancer types. Both breast and prostate cancer are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although cancer statistics indicate improvements in some areas of breast and prostate cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, such statistics clearly convey the need for improvements in our understanding of the disease, risk factors, and interventions to improve life span and quality of life for all patients, and hopefully to effect a cure for people living in developed and developing countries. This concise review compiles the current information on statistics, pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments associated with breast and prostate cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African American/Black individuals have a disproportionate cancer burden, including the highest mortality and the lowest survival of any racial/ethnic group for most cancers. Every 3 years, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths for Black people in the United States and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence (herein through 2018), mortality (through 2019), survival, screening, and risk factors using population-based data from the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In 2022, there will be approximately 224,080 new cancer cases and 73,680 cancer deaths among Black people in the United States. During the most recent 5-year period, Black men had a 6% higher incidence rate but 19% higher mortality than White men overall, including an approximately 2-fold higher risk of death from myeloma, stomach cancer, and prostate cancer. The overall cancer mortality disparity is narrowing between Black and White men because of a steeper drop in Black men for lung and prostate cancers. However, the decline in prostate cancer mortality in Black men slowed from 5% annually during 2010 through 2014 to 1.3% during 2015 through 2019, likely reflecting the 5% annual increase in advanced-stage diagnoses since 2012. Black women have an 8% lower incidence rate than White women but a 12% higher mortality; further, mortality rates are 2-fold higher for endometrial cancer and 41% higher for breast cancer despite similar or lower incidence rates. The wide breast cancer disparity reflects both later stage diagnosis (57% localized stage vs 67% in White women) and lower 5-year survival overall (82% vs 92%, respectively) and for every stage of disease (eg, 20% vs 30%, respectively, for distant stage). Breast cancer surpassed lung cancer as the leading cause of cancer death among Black women in 2019. Targeted interventions are needed to reduce stark cancer inequalities in the Black community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is the leading cause of death among Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders (AANHPIs). In this report, the American Cancer Society presents AANHPI cancer incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. Among AANHPIs in 2016, there will be an estimated 57,740 new cancer cases and 16,910 cancer deaths. While AANHPIs have 30% to 40% lower incidence and mortality rates than non-Hispanic whites for all cancers combined, risk of stomach and liver cancers is double. The male-to-female incidence rate ratio among AANHPIs declined from 1.43 (95% confidence interval, 1.36-1.49) in 1992 to 1.04 (95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.07) in 2012 because of declining prostate and lung cancer rates in males and increasing breast cancer rates in females. The diversity within the AANHPI population is reflected in the disparate cancer risk by subgroup. For example, the overall incidence rate in Samoan men (526.5 per 100,000) is more than twice that in Asian Indian/Pakistani men (216.8). Variations in cancer rates in AANHPIs are related to differences in behavioral risk factors, use of screening and preventive services, and exposure to cancer-causing infections. Cancer-control strategies include improved use of vaccination and screening; interventions to increase physical activity and reduce excess body weight, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption; and subgroup-level research on burden and risk factors. CA Cancer J Clin 2016;66:182-202. © 2016 American Cancer Society.

Background: Cancer registration is better understood with the Globocan project. In our article, we compiled the cancer incidence, mortality, and survival data of Türkiye. We presented incidence and mortality-related data from the Global Cancer Observatory, and survival-related data from CONCORD-3. Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) were excluded from interpretations for all indicators. The number of new cancer cases in Türkiye with a population of more than 80 million was estimated as 227,310 people in total, 128,802 in men and 98,508 in women. In the same year, 125,788 people were estimated that died due to cancer, of which 78,633 were men and 47,155 were women. The age-standardized incidence rate per 100,000 (ASIR, world standard population) of all cancers except for NMSC was estimated to be 225.6 (283.0 for men and 184.0 for women). The five most common cancers were breast cancer with an ASIR of 46.6, following prostate cancer (ASIR = 42.5), lung cancer (ASIR = 40.0), colorectal cancer (ASIR = 20.6), and thyroid cancer (ASIR = 14.3). The age-standardized mortality rate per 100,000 (ASMR, world standard population) of all cancers was estimated to be 119.9 (171.0 for men, 81.1 for women). The top 5 most common cancers for both sexes and all age groups were lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, and thyroid cancers, respectively. On the other hand, the top 5 most common cancer-caused deaths for both sexes and all age groups were lung, colorectal, stomach, pancreas, and breast cancers, respectively. The top 5 cancers with the worst 5-year age-standardized net survival rate for the sites of cancers in Türkiye between 2010 and 2014 were as follows: pancreas 10.4%, lung 14.9%, liver 15.9%, esophagus 19.0% and stomach 24.9%. Not only existing and increasing potential behavioral and possible environmental/occupational and metabolic risk factors over time are a public health threat for Türkiye, but also some unchangeable factors e.g. the aging population and the prolongation of life expectancy are contributing to increased cancer incidence. The prevalences of tobacco use and obesity are alarming. Policies to combat risk factors should be strengthened, especially the implementation of legal regulation regarding tobacco control in the field to achieve control of tobacco-related cancers. Incidence, mortality, and survival data are also considered, and preventive strategies with public health principles should be strengthened. In addition, population-based cancer registries and research on cancer epidemiology based on the data released from these registries should be supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in the United States and compiles the most recent data on population‐based cancer occurrence and outcomes. Incidence data (through 2018) were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program; the National Program of Cancer Registries; and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data (through 2019) were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2022, 1,918,030 new cancer cases and 609,360 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States, including approximately 350 deaths per day from lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer death. Incidence during 2014 through 2018 continued a slow increase for female breast cancer (by 0.5% annually) and remained stable for prostate cancer, despite a 4% to 6% annual increase for advanced disease since 2011. Consequently, the proportion of prostate cancer diagnosed at a distant stage increased from 3.9% to 8.2% over the past decade. In contrast, lung cancer incidence continued to decline steeply for advanced disease while rates for localized‐stage increased suddenly by 4.5% annually, contributing to gains both in the proportion of localized‐stage diagnoses (from 17% in 2004 to 28% in 2018) and 3‐year relative survival (from 21% to 31%). Mortality patterns reflect incidence trends, with declines accelerating for lung cancer, slowing for breast cancer, and stabilizing for prostate cancer. In summary, progress has stagnated for breast and prostate cancers but strengthened for lung cancer, coinciding with changes in medical practice related to cancer screening and/or treatment. More targeted cancer control interventions and investment in improved early detection and treatment would facilitate reductions in cancer mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer-related diseases represent the second overall cause of death worldwide. Human papilloma virus (HPV) is an infectious agent which is mainly sexually transmitted and may lead to HPV-associated cancers in both men and women. Almost all cervical cancers are HPV-associated, however, an increasing number of head and neck cancers (HNCs), especially oropharyngeal cancer, can be linked to HPV infection. Moreover, anogenital cancers, including vaginal, vulvar, penial, and anal cancers, represent a subset of HPV-related cancers. Whereas testing and prevention of cervical cancer have significantly improved over past decades, anogenital cancers remain more difficult to confirm. Current clinical trials including patients with HPV-related cancers focus on finding proper testing for all HPV-associated cancers as well as improve the currently applied treatments. The HPV viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7, lead to degradation of, respectively, p53 and pRb resulting in entering the S phase without G1 arrest. These high-risk HPV viral oncogenes alter numerous cellular processes, including DNA repair, angiogenesis, and/or apoptosis, which eventually result in carcinogenesis. Additionally, a comprehensive analysis of gene expression and alteration among a panel of DNA double strand breaks (DSB) repair genes in HPV-negative and HPV-positive HNC cancers reveals differences pointing to HPV-dependent modifications of DNA repair processes in these cancers. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding HPV-related cancers, current screening, and treatment options as well as DNA damage response-related biological aspects of the HPV infection and clinical trials.

Abstract Background Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a common leukemia subtype and has a poor prognosis. The risk of AML is highly related to age. In the context of population aging, a comprehensive report presenting epidemiological trends of AML is evaluable for policy-marker to allocate healthy resources. Methods This study was based on the Global Burden of Disease 2017 database. We analyzed the change trends of incidence rate, death rate, and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rate by calculating the corresponding estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) values. Besides, we investigated the influence of social development degree on AML’s epidemiological trends and potential risk factors for AML-related mortality. Results From 1990 to 2017, the incidence of AML gradually increased in the globe. Males and elder people had a higher possibility to develop AML. Developed countries tended to have higher age-standardized incidence rate and death rate than developing regions. Smoking, high body mass index, occupational exposure to benzene, and formaldehyde were the main risk factors for AML-related mortality. Notably, the contribution ratio of exposure to carcinogens was significantly increased in the low social-demographic index (SDI) region than in the high SDI region. Conclusion Generally, the burden of AML became heavier during the past 28 years which might need more health resources to resolve this population aging-associated problem. In the present stage, developed countries with high SDI had the most AML incidences and deaths. At the same time, developing countries with middle- or low-middle SDI also need to take actions to relieve rapidly increased AML burden.

Objective: To determine the clinical features and treatment outcomes of pediatric extracranial germ cell tumor (EGCT) in Thailand. Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review of children under 15 years old with newly diagnosed EGCT who were treated at Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital from January, 2004 to December, 2013 was conducted. Results: Forty-four patients were included in the study. The median age at diagnosis was 1.74 years (1 day-14.7 years) with the median follow up time of 6.9 years (14 days-15.2 years). Twenty-eight patients (64%) had extragonadal tumor. The most common primary tumor location was the sacrococcygeal area. Majority of the patients (61%) had malignant EGCT; yolk sac tumor was the most common diagnosis. Six patients (14%) had stage IV disease. Forty patients (91%) underwent surgery; 27 patients (61%) received chemotherapy. Thirty-eight patients (86%) achieved remission; 3 patients (7%) subsequently relapsed at a median time of 1 year. Eight patients (18%) died, mostly from tumor progression. The 5-year event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) rate were 78.3% and 81.1%, respectively. Patients achieving total tumor removal had significantly better 5-year EFS and OS. Cox regression analysis revealed that the adequacy of surgery was the only prognostic factor for survival. Conclusion: The survival rate of pediatric EGCT in our study was relatively favorable, but still inferior to that of developed countries. Novel therapy may be warranted for those patients who are unresponsive to the current treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cancer is one of the most important causes of death in the world and has an increasing trend globally. We aimed at investigating the five leading cancers in Iranian women based on a 10-year history of cancer registry reports and illustrating the trends in all cancer sites and breast cancer as the top leading one from 2003 to 2015. Methods: Data were obtained from national cancer registry study. Age-Specific Incidence Rate (ASR) data were obtained from Iran’s annual national cancer registry reports between 2003 to 2010 and 2014 to 2015. Using Joinpoint regression, we analyzed incidence trends over time for all cancer sites and the top leading cancer from 2003 to 2015. Results: Breast cancer was ranked first in Iranian women. Its ASR raised from 15.96 in 2003 to 32.63 in 2015. Results of trend analysis based on Annual Percent Change (APC) index showed 5.6 (95%CI: 2.9 to 8.3) and 4.6 (95%CI: 2.0 to 7.2) annual increase in the incidence of all cancer sites and breast cancer from 2003 to 2015, respectively. Conclusion: This study indicates significant increasing trends in all cancer sites and breast cancer incidence in Iran. Despite the national coverage of cancer registry over the past decade, more considerations should be taken into account, especially in Breast cancer.

The purpose of the study was to compare data on the cancer incidence rates for 2016 between the official reports on cancer statistics and federal cancer registry, collected in December 2018.Material and Methods. The study estimated the total data on 18 parameters from 35 regions of Russia, covering 66.3 million people (2016). The database of the Russian cancer registry and the database containing reports on the state cancer statistics were used. The cancer statistics/cancer registry ratio was assessed.Results. No differences in cancer incidence between the official reports on cancer statistics and cancer registry data were found. In the official reports on cancer statistics, the mortality rate, the proportion of posthumously recorded patients per 100 newly diagnosed, the proportion of deaths from diseases not related to cancer per 100 deceased patients, the cancer prevalence and the prevalence rate of unspecified malignant tumors were slightly reduced (to 10 %, 9 %, 5 %, and 4 %, respectively), and the rate of cancer detection, the proportion of histologically verified diagnoses and the proportion of cancers detected in stage III were increased (to 19 %, 10 % and 14 %, respectively) compared to those in cancer registry data.Conclusion. Improvement in the quality and completeness of information about cancer patients is associated rather with increasing the annual report length than with the need to improve the cancer registration system itself.

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in the United States and compiles the most recent data on population-based cancer occurrence. Incidence data (through 2017) were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program; the National Program of Cancer Registries; and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data (through 2018) were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2021, 1,898,160 new cancer cases and 608,570 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. After increasing for most of the 20th century, the cancer death rate has fallen continuously from its peak in 1991 through 2018, for a total decline of 31%, because of reductions in smoking and improvements in early detection and treatment. This translates to 3.2 million fewer cancer deaths than would have occurred if peak rates had persisted. Long-term declines in mortality for the 4 leading cancers have halted for prostate cancer and slowed for breast and colorectal cancers, but accelerated for lung cancer, which accounted for almost one-half of the total mortality decline from 2014 to 2018. The pace of the annual decline in lung cancer mortality doubled from 3.1% during 2009 through 2013 to 5.5% during 2014 through 2018 in men, from 1.8% to 4.4% in women, and from 2.4% to 5% overall. This trend coincides with steady declines in incidence (2.2%-2.3%) but rapid gains in survival specifically for nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). For example, NSCLC 2-year relative survival increased from 34% for persons diagnosed during 2009 through 2010 to 42% during 2015 through 2016, including absolute increases of 5% to 6% for every stage of diagnosis; survival for small cell lung cancer remained at 14% to 15%. Improved treatment accelerated progress against lung cancer and drove a record drop in overall cancer mortality, despite slowing momentum for other common cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]