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Highlights: Canine parvovirus disease (CPVD) causes lymphopenia/immunosuppression, possibly through apoptosis of leukocytes possibly mediated by galectin-1 and Mincle. Blood samples were taken from confirmed CPV-positive and non-CPV dogs and used for (para)clinicoheamatological evaluation. Optimized qPCR was performed to analyze mRNA levels of caspases 3/7 and 9, galectin-1 and Mincle in blood leukocytes. Results revealed remarkable lymphopenia and changes in mRNA levels of Mincle and galectin-1, but of caspases 3/7 and 9. The lymphopenia and immunosuppression observed in CPVD is not due to lymphocyte apoptosis, and changes in Mincle and galectin-1 functions partially limit parvovirus pathogenecity.Canine parvovirus disease (CPVD) is one of the most common causes of viral diarrhea in dogs. The disease has a mortality rate of up to 90% if left untreated, and can cause gastroenteritis, vomiting, mucoid/hemorrhagic diarrhea, lymphopenia and even immunosuppression. Based on the effects of canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) on the immune system, we investigated the effects of the CPV-2 on hematological indices and the expression of certain immune molecules in blood leukocytes of CPV-positive and non-CPV dogs. The dogs were (para)clinically evaluated, and their disease status was confirmed by antigen rapid detection kits and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To elucidate the nature of the immunosuppression seen in CPVD, we investigated the expression of caspases 3/7 and 9, and some lectin family molecules such as galectin-1 (important in viral adhesion) and Mincle (macrophage‑inducible C‑type lectin receptor), in blood leukocytes using reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). We observed remarkable lymphopenia, lower Hb concentration and higher red blood cell distribution width (RDW) value in CPV-positive dogs. No significant changes in expression of caspases 3/7 and 9 were detected, but galectin-1 and Mincle showed remarkable down and up-regulation, respectively. This proves that the immunosuppression seen in most CPVD is not caused by lymphocyte apoptosis in blood, and that Mincle is partially involved in the immune response to CPV-2. The observed changes in galectin-1 and Mincle may be a defense mechanism against parvovirus by potentially preventing the parvovirus from adhering to the cells. Further research is, nonetheless, needed to elucidate the possible roles of these molecules in CPV-2 pathogenesis and the immune system’s response to parvovirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is an important pathogen of dogs and wild carnivores. It is a single-stranded DNA virus with a high mutation frequency and antigenic drift. To research the prevalence and genetic variation of CPV in Shandong, 62 samples from diseased dogs were collected and examined by using PCR for parvovirus. Our results showed that the positivity was 62.9% (n = 39), VP2 gene were sequenced and compared with reference strains. For the parvovirus subtype prevalence, 7 strains were CPV-2a (17.9%) and 32 strains were CPV-2c (82.1%). The results of phylogenetic analysis of VP2 gene of the CPVs showed all 39 isolates formed a major clade and were distantly related to the commercial vaccine strains. By comparing amino acid (aa) sequences, this study discovered new mutations not previously reported which may be related to host range and antigenicity. Moreover, one CPV-2c strain (QN-55) was isolated and cultured on F81 cells, and characterized by whole-genome sequencing. The TCID50 of this strain was 10–3.2/0.1 mL and animal tests have shown that the strain is fatal to infected dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is a member of the Parvoviridae family, characterized by its small, non-enveloped virions containing a linear single-stranded DNA genome of approximately 5 kb. Parvoviruses entirely reliant on the host cell's division machinery for replication. In this study, we demonstrate that CPV-2 infection triggers the host translation shutoff, a process in which the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) plays a pivotal role. Our findings indicate that the CPV-2 NS1-induced host translation shutoff is not associated with transcription, protein degradation pathways, or eIFa phosphorylation, but rather involves the reduction of phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). In conclusion, this research reveals that CPV-2 NS1 induces a host translation shutoff by reducing mTOR phosphorylation, a mechanism that could potentially inform the development of more efficacious control and therapeutic strategies for CPV-2 and other parvoviral infections. IMPORTANCE Autonomous parvoviruses, which possess compact genomes, are obligate intracellular parasites that necessitate host cell division for their replication cycle. Consequently, the modulation of host translation and usurpation of cellular machinery are hypothesized to facilitate immune evasion, enhance viral transmission, and perpetuate long-term infection. Despite the biological significance, the precise mechanisms by which autonomous parvoviruses regulate host translation remain understudied. Our study elucidates that CPV-2 infection induces a shutoff of host translation through the attenuation of mTOR phosphorylation. This mechanism may enable the virus to subvert the host immune response and engender pathogenic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) is a highly contagious virus that infects wild and domestic canines. Despite the use of a routine vaccination protocol, it is endemic in Iraq. The genetic drift of CPV-2 is a major issue worldwide because it abrogates virus control. In Iraq, there is a knowledge gap regarding the genetic sequences of asymptomatic and symptomatic CPV-2 cases. Therefore, this study aimed to perform a genetic analysis of viral capsid protein 1 (VP1) and viral capsid protein 2 (VP2), two major capsid-encoding genes, to demonstrate the possible role of certain mutations in triggering infection. Materials and Methods: Symptomatic and asymptomatic cases (n = 100/each) were tested by a polymerase chain reaction targeting VP1 and VP2 genes. Results: The analysis revealed numerous synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations in VP1 and VP2 and in the intergenic sequence. Conclusion: The study identified significant genetic mutations in VP1, VP2, and the intergenic regions of CPV-2 in symptomatic and asymptomatic cases in Iraq. These mutations may contribute to the virus's ability to evade control measures such as vaccination. These findings indicate that CPV-2 polymorphisms can influence the clinical state of the disease and/or trigger infection. Understanding these genetic variations provides critical insights into CPV-2 pathogenesis and could inform improved vaccination strategies to mitigate the virus's impact in endemic regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) is a gastrointestinal virus that affects dogs, causing bloody diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration, with the most severe symptoms occurring in canines. Since its emergence, three CPV-2-derived genotypes, CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c, have been described; these arise from mutations in the VP2 protein at residue 426, and their pathogenic effect is compounded. The present study identifies the presence of CPV-2, in 78.47% of the positive samples, with CPV-2b identified as the predominant genotype at 84.54%, using qPCR assays as a method of identification and quantitation of viral particles in infected dogs with gastroenteririts in Ecuador. The sequences of the VP2 region on the three genotypes were obtained using SANGER sequencing, and the presence of mutations in the amino acids of this protein related to the pathogenicity of genotypes 2b and 2c was identified in residue 297. The control of infectious diseases in domestic animals is necessary to safeguard the survival of these animals, so it is necessary to perform constant monitoring to determine the epidemiological status of these pathogens in order to be able to take appropriate containment measures. Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) is a highly contagious virus in canines, and it is mostly spread by touching infected feces. Dogs of all ages can catch it, but puppies are more likely to suffer from it. Severe signs include vomiting, diarrhea with blood, feeling tired, and not drinking enough water. There are three different types of the original CPV-2 that have been found so far, which are CPV-2a, 2b, and 2c. The genome of CPV-2 is about 5.2 kb long and has two open reading frames (ORFs), namely the VP region and the NS region. Based on changes in amino acids at position 426, the VP2 protein distinguishes the gene apart in the VP region. Using a molecular method, this study contemplated the presence of CPV-2 and its variants in dogs that had gastroenteritis, as well as other infections. There were 511 samples tested, and 401 (78.47%) of them were positive for CPV-2. Of these, 144 (25.91%) were positive for the original genotype, 258 (64.34%) for genotype 2a, 343 (85.54%) for genotype 2b, and 167 (41.65%) for genotype 2c. Using the multiplex qPCR for genotyping, CPV-2a and CPV-2b were determined as the most frequent co-infections (16.45%). The three genotypes (2a, 2b, and 2c) were found in the samples examined based on the amino acids at position 426 of the VP2 protein, as demonstrated by the VP2 gene sequencing. Furthermore, it was discovered that in certain samples, a genetic modification at position 297 was connected to the virus's pathogenicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine Parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious virus that causes severe hemorrhagic enteritis and myocarditis, posing a major threat to the life and health of dogs. The molecular mechanism by which VP2, the major capsid protein of CPV, infects host cells and utilizes host cell proteins for self-replication remains poorly understood. In this study, 140 host proteins specifically binding to CPV VP2 protein were identified by immunoprecipitation combined with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Subsequently, the protein Interaction Network (PPI), the annotation of gene ontology (GO) and the database of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were constructed for in-depth analysis. The results showed that CPV VP2 protein participated mainly in cell metabolism, cell biosynthesis, protein folding and various signal transduction processes. According to the results of proteomics analysis, we randomly selected seven proteins for co-immunoprecipitation verification, and the experimental results were consistent with the LC-MS/MS data. In addition, our study found that the expression level of the VP2-interacting protein FHL2 mediated CPV replication. Preliminary studies have shown that knockdown of FHL2 promotes CPV replication by decreasing the expression of interferon β (IFN-β) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), while overexpression of FHL2 can inhibit the replication of CPV by up-regulating the expression of IFN-β and related ISGs. This study lays the foundation for elucidating the potential function of CPV VP2 protein in the process of viral infection and proliferation which provides a theoretical basis for the design of antiviral agents and vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) was first identified in the late 1970s and has since become one of the most significant infectious agents affecting dogs. CPV-2 causes severe diseases such as hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and myocarditis, posing a major threat to canine health, particularly with a high mortality rate in puppies. It is globally recognized as a highly contagious and lethal pathogen. CPV is prone to rapid mutation, leading to the emergence of new variants. Despite widespread vaccination efforts, CPV remains one of the primary causes of acute gastroenteritis and death in young and juvenile dogs. Furthermore, the detection of CPV in swine populations has introduced additional challenges to its control. This review summarizes the current epidemiological status of CPV, highlighting recent advancements in diagnostic techniques and vaccine development. Additionally, it discusses the latest research on the pathogenesis of the virus and the development of antiviral agent research and proposes prevention and control suggestions for CPV under the One Health concept. In particular, there is a need to enhance surveillance of viral dynamics, accelerate the development of novel vaccines, and deepen the exploration of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. This review aims to provide a scientific foundation for effective control of CPV and to guide future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: It is mandatory to demonstrate the removal or inactivation of potential viral contaminants in the manufacturing processes of pharmaceuticals derived from biomaterials. Porcine-derived gelatin is used in various medical fields, including regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and medical devices. However, the steps of virus inactivation in the gelatin manufacturing process are poorly defined. In this study we evaluated virus inactivation in two steps of the gelatin manufacturing process. Methods: Pig skin (4.5 g), including solid pieces as intermediate products, was spiked with model viruses, including CPV (canine parvovirus), BAV (bovine adenovirus), BPIV3 (bovine parainfluenza type 3), PRV (pseudorabies virus), BReoV3 (bovine reovirus type 3), and PPV (porcine parvovirus), and underwent chemical treatment with alkaline ethanol or heat treatment at 62 °C followed by inoculation in relevant cell cultures. Viral titers in the samples were calculated based on the Behrens-Kärber method. Results: Model viruses were inactivated at different rates; however, effective inactivation of all model viruses was demonstrated by an LRV (log reduction value) over 4 by both chemical and heat treatment, and chemical treatment demonstrated rapid inactivation compared to heat treatment. Conclusion: The chemical and heat treatment steps exhibited meaningful viral inactivation capacity. They are integrated parts in the extraction and manufacturing process of porcine-derived gelatin, ensuring virus safety for use in medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine Parvovirus enteritis (CPV-2) is a highly infectious viral disease occurring in puppies resulting in high mortality with a myriad of clinical signs, hematological and biochemical changes during the progression of the disease. This study investigated hematological and biochemical changes in 30 CPV-positive dogs in Ibadan, Nigeria. Severe non-regenerative anemia (35.71%) and leukopenia (22 cases) were prevalent. Thrombocytopenia was severe in 73.33% of cases. Further analysis revealed normocytic hypochromic anemia in 42.86%, microcytic hypochromic anemia in 28.57%, and leukopenia categorized as mild (5), moderate (12), or severe (5). Biochemical changes included hyperproteinemia (26.7%), hyperalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, and elevated liver enzymes in some cases. Renal dysfunction was evident in 16.7% of dogs with elevated creatinine. Significant differences (p

The virus species Protoparvovirus carnivoran 1 encompasses pathogens that infect both domestic and wild carnivores, including feline panleukopenia virus. We identified and characterized feline panleukopenia virus strains in a Marsican brown bear (Ursus arctos marsicanus) and a crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata) in Italy, extending the known host range of this virus.

Background and Aim: Viral gastroenteritis in canines is primarily caused by the canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2). Infections by this virus can cause severe consequences in dogs, such as fever, vomiting, diarrhea, septicemia, systemic inflammation, and immunosuppression. Therefore, the mortality rate of persistent infections caused by this virus is significantly high. The capsid protein VP2 genome of canine parvovirus has undergone many changes, resulting in the emergence of different genotypes, including CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c. Diagnostic procedures often lack the necessary specificity for early infection diagnosis. Early detection of the infection enhances the likelihood of canine survival because the canine will receive prompt therapy. Hence, this study aimed to develop a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based diagnostic technique using SYBR Green for the rapid and accurate detection and quantification of CPV-2. Materials and Methods: The assay was specifically designed to identify a portion of the conserved NS gene using primers that amplify a 125-bp fragment. The qPCR method was executed in the fast mode to expedite the process using Power up SYBR Green Master Mix reagent. A standard curve was constructed using the amplified and purified PCR product of the NS gene. Results: The limit of detection and quantification were determined in the one amplified-DNA copy. The standard curve showed an efficiency of 99.5% and inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation of 0.387%–0.976% and 0.085%–0.430%, respectively. The assay was specific for the amplification of CPV-2, as no amplification was observed for other viral genomes (canine adenovirus II, canine distemper virus, canine coronavirus, and canine astrovirus) or from the negative controls. Inter- and intra-tests for repeatability showed low test variability around the run time. To validate the present assay, 200 samples of fezzes from canines with gastroenteritis and symptoms associated with enteric infection were tested using the qPCR protocol. From the analyzed samples, 136 were positive for CPV-2 by qPCR assay, of which 110 were before diagnostic positive for the virus by endpoint PCR, showing high sensitivity of the current assay. CPV-2 was detected in dogs over 2 weeks old up to dogs 9 years old, where the highest viral concentration found was 16429595 gene copies in dogs aged 2 weeks. Conclusion: In the present study, a rapid, specific, repeatable, and sensitive assay was developed for the detection and quantification of CPV-2. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that in the population of domestic dogs in Ecuador affected with gastrointestinal disease, the virus is presented in dogs of different ages and not only in young dogs.

Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) and feline parvovirus (FPV) cause severe hemorrhagic diarrhea disease in dogs, cats, and fur-bearing and wildlife carnivores worldwide, continuing to pose significant threats. In this study, 140 rectal swabs were collected from 70 domestic dogs and 70 cats with clinical diarrhea in veterinary clinics in Changchun during 2020. A total of 64.3% (45/70) of dogs and 55.7% (39/70) of cats tested positive for CPV-2 or FPV using colloidal gold strips. Amino acid (aa) sequence alignment of the VP2 protein from 39 CPV-2 and 36 FPV samples revealed that 79.5% (31/39) were CPV-2c, 17.9% (7/39) were a new CPV-2a, and 2.6% (1/39) were mink enteritis virus (MEV). and 8.3% (3/36) FPV from the cats was infected by CPV-2, which suggested that CPV-2c was the dominant variant in dogs and FPV was the major pathogen in cats in Changchun city. Phylogenetic relationships of VP2 genes showed that 26 parvoviruses were closely related to domestic strains previously published in China; however, 8 FPVs and CPV-JL-15/China/2020 were clustered in the lineage of South Asiatic and European countries, and 7 out of 8 FPVs were close to Italy. In addition to Q247H, I248Y, F544Y, and E/V545V/K, two novel site mutations of N23D or L630P in NS1 protein, associated with viral cross-species transmissions, were first found as a reminder of genetic relationships of CPV-2 variants and FPVs in the same branch. Thus, regular and massive virus surveillance of parvovirus is necessary to cope with its ongoing infection, circulation, mutations, and evolutions to new subtypes with strong survival abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Identification of candidate reference genes for real time PCR study is a preliminary requirement to normalize experimental data and thus, deduce a reliable conclusion. Complex tissues like mouse mammary gland constitutes various cell types which makes it difficult to identify reference gene constantly expressing under different experimental conditions. Methods: In this study we have identified suitable reference genes for 4T1 tumor cell line derived from mouse mammary tumor cells. We have studied four genes namely Gapdh, Actb, Prdx1 and Ctbp1 for their expression stability in CPV2.NS1 post transfected 4T1 cells by Best Keeper. Result: By our study, three reference genes i.e. Prdx1, Gapdh and Ctbp1 were found to be quite correlated with the BestKeeper index, but by considering all three criteria of selection by BestKeeper algorithm, Prdx1 showed minimum standard deviation and coefficient of variation and was found to be ranked at first position by BestKeeper which suggests Prdx1 to be considered as better internal control gene among all other reference genes taken in our study for qPCR based experiments in 4T1 mouse mammary tumor cell line transfected with CPV2.NS1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine Parvovirus (CPV) is a gastrointestinal virus transmitted through feces that causes severe illness in infected individuals and remains incurable. Unlike its original counterpart, CPV-1, which only affected puppies, CPV-2 has crossed the species barrier numerous times and affects wild animals of all ages. CPV-2 has developed significantly, transforming from CPV-2A to CPV-2B and CPV-2C. Finding an effective treatment method is critical to limit the evolution of the virus and conserve endangered species. While there are preventative vaccines for domestic animals, efforts to address outbreaks in wild animals remain inadequate. This includes current therapies being tested, like monoclonal antibodies, which cannot serve as a long-term solution to combat the adaptive nature of the pathogen. Antiviral Peptide Therapy (APT) uses peptides, or short amino acid chains, designed to target specific viruses and prevent their replication. Here, we propose the novel application of APT for the global treatment of CPV-2 in endangered species and compare it with other therapies developed today. While APT has never been used on animals or to address CPV-2, this method may be more effective than current therapies being explored, and its potential to revive endangered species is very promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvovirus type-2 (CPV-2), the primary causative agent of serious canine enteric diseases, is highly contagious and associated with high fatality rates worldwide. To comprehend the current emergence of CPV-2 in central and eastern China, 130 rectal swabs from domestic or stray dogs with gastroenteritis symptoms were collected during 2020–2023. A total of 118 positive samples were detected via polymerase chain reaction, and further used to amplify and sequence the VP2 gene. Sequence analysis of the deduced amino acids of VP2 protein indicated that CPV-2c was the most prevalent variant (n = 106, 89.83%), followed by the novel CPV-2a (n = 10, 8.47%) and CPV-2b (n = 2, 1.69%) variants. The VP2 protein from the obtained and reference strains showed 86.95% (AH2103 and HB2108) to 99.94% identity. Based on the nine predicted recombination events, some prevalent CPV-2c strains were highly similar to previously isolated strains, indicating their complex evolution and recombination. The predicted analysis suggested that mutations in the antigen epitope (Val219Ile, Phe267Tyr, and Asn426Glu) and other mutations (Met87Leu, Ile101Thr, and Ser297Ala) affect the tertiary structure of the VP2 protein. This research will help us understand the recent evolution and mutation of Chinese CPV-2 and provide suggestions for updating the CPV-2 vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a novel therapy in the field of gastroenterology which has been studied at current times with greater curiosity. Methods: FMT was applied as an adjunct to symptomatic treatment in Canine Parvovirus (CPV) affected dogs for a period of 8 days once daily from the day of presentation. The results were compared with a similar group suffering from CPV infection maintained only on symptomatic treatment. Result: Response to FMT was evaluated on the basis of time taken for resolution of diarrhoea, time of hospitalization, scoring of clinical parameters, recurrence of gastroenteritis within 2 months post therapy of the two groups. Furthermore, adverse events and retention time of the transplant after the procedure were noted. It was observed that the 66.67% (4/6) dogs of FMT treated group had a quicker resolution of diarrhoea (mean 48 hours); FMT treated dogs had better clinical scores compared to symptomatic therapy group (score of 1 or clinically insignificant vs 4 or mildly diseased), lesser recurrence of diarrhoea 2 months post therapy in FMT treated group (16.67% vs 50%). Post FMT one case showed low grade fever (n=1) and epistaxis (n=1) respectively which resolved within 24 hours. The mean retention time of the transplant improved from (20.83±2.39) minutes to (140±12.66) on Day 7th of the trial (p<0.01). Faecal Microbiota Transplantation as an adjunct therapy might aid in early resolution of diarrhoea in acute diarrhoea in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine adenovirus (CAdV) had a high prevalence in fox populations and induced fox encephalitis. No ELISA kits specifically for CAdV-1 antigen had been commercialized for foxes in China. It is crucial to develop a rapid and accurate ELISA method for detecting of CAdV-1. The monoclonal antibodies (mAbs, IgG1A) and HRP-labeled polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) were used to establish the ELISA method in this experiment. The results showed that the optimal concentration and coating time for the mAbs (IgG1A) were 2.15 µg/mL and overnight at 4°C, respectively. The dilution ratio of the HRP-labeled pAbs was 1:2000. Five percent skimmed milk was selected as the blocking agent. The optimal incubation times for blocking, CAdV-1, and HRP-labeled pAbs were all 1 h. The cut-off value for negative rectal swab was determined to be 0.366 ± 0.032. The maximum dilution ratio was 100 TCID50/mL. The ELISA method was positive to CAdV-1, and that was negative to CAdV-2, Canine Parvovirus (CPV) and Canine Distempervirus (CDV). The ELISA method showed good repeatability, sensitivity, and specificity. Compared with RT-PCR, the sensitivity, specificity, and coincidence rates of the ELISA method were 93.75, 90.9, and 92.86%, respectively. These results indicate that the established ELISA method can be used for the large-scale screening and epidemiology surveillance of CAdV-1 in foxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the detection and differentiation of Canine Parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) strains in India using High Resolution Melt (HRM) curve analysis. CPV-2 is a highly contagious virus causing acute haemorrhagic enteritis and myocarditis in dogs, with a high mortality rate. A total of 45 faecal swab samples were collected from suspected CPV cases, out of which 20 tested samples were positive for CPV using PCR targeting the VP2 gene. These positive samples were further analyzed using HRM, which predicted them to belong to the CPV2a strain based on their melting temperature (71.4° or less). Two CPV2a positive samples were sequenced, they were found to belong to CPV2b strains, indicating a discrepancy between HRM prediction and sequencing results. Single nucleotide polymorphic variations were observed at positions 4062 and 4064, confirming their classification as CPV2b strains. Phylogenetic analysis of VP2 capsid gene showed that these field samples were closely related to CPV2c strains, suggesting potential genetic diversity among circulating CPV strains in India. The study highlights the importance of developing geographically specific CPV strain primers for accurate detection and differentiation using HRM. It raises concerns about potential co-infections or the emergence of new strains, indicated by varying melting temperatures in field samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endocan or Endothelial Cell Specific Molecule-1 (ESM-1) has been proven to play a key role in the regulation of processes such as cell adhesion, inflammation and tumor development. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of Endocan as a potential inflammatory biomarker in dogs with Parvoviral Enteritis (PVE) due to increased Endocan levels in the presence of proinflammatory and proangiogenic molecules. The study included 40 dogs (24 males, 16 females), 6-20 weeks old, of different breeds, with diarrhea (bloody/bloodless), weakness and canine parvovirus (CPV) antigen positive dogs. The control group consisted of 20 healthy dogs (12 males, 8 females). Endocan, IL -6 and CRP levels in serum samples of all dogs were analyzed by sandwich ELISA method. Mean Endocan levels were significantly higher in dogs with PVE (68.07 ng/L; 17.30-115.55) compared to the healthy group (11.92 ng/L; 10.32-13.58) (P<0.001). Both mean CRP level (20.87±6.34 mg/L) and mean IL-6 levels (2.32±0.84 pg/ml) in the patient group were statistically significantly (P<0.01) higher than the healthy group (2.24±0.66 mg/L and 1.07±0.61 pg/ml). In addition, due to the positive correlations between Endocan and CRP levels and IL-6 values, Endocan was considered to be a systemic component of the inflammatory process. In conclusion, findings supporting that Endocan levels in dogs with parvoviral enteritis is an important biomarker in patients were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study conducted in Morocco focused on addressing the challenges posed by canine parvovirus (CPV-2) through comprehensive research, vaccine development, and efficacy assessment. Through real-time PCR screening and genotyping, CPV-2 variants were identified circulating in the region. An inactivated vaccine, derived from a CPV-2 strain isolated from a symptomatic dog, was produced and evaluated for safety and efficacy. The vaccine, from the strain named "CaPV M/3-2022", demonstrated safety in vaccinated puppies, with no adverse reactions observed during the trial period. Efficacy trials showed that vaccinated puppies remained healthy and exhibited lower viral excretion post-challenge compared to unvaccinated controls. These results indicate that the vaccine effectively protects against illness related to CPV-2 and reduces viral shedding. The study provides valuable insights into CPV-2 epidemiology in Morocco, offers a promising vaccine solution, and underscores the importance of vaccination in controlling CPV-2 outbreaks and protecting canine health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is one of the most contagious viral agent's causing acute enteritis in young canines with high mortality rate. This study was conducted to investigate the risk factors associated with the occurrence of CPV in dogs using a matched case-control method. The target population was dogs under one year of age referred to veterinary clinics located in South, North, and Razavi Khorasan provinces. The case group (100 dogs) had clinical symptoms of CPV disease and positive PCR test, the control group (100 dogs) had no clinical symptoms, were healthy and the PCR test was negative. Statistical analysis was performed using a multivariable logistic regression model using SPSS software. Based on the obtained results, it was determined that large breeds have a higher chance of CPV than small breeds (OR = 2.56, P = 0.004). Lack of vaccination is a risk factor in the occurrence of CPV with an equal odds ratio (OR = 2.63, P = 0.002). Dogs with homemade food had a lower chance of disease (OR = 0.26, P = 0.01), and the disease was significantly higher in shelter dogs than in domestic dogs (OR = 9.89, P = 0.0001). Dogs that were in contact with other dogs also had a higher chance of developing CPV than dogs that had no contact (OR = 3.01, P = 0.001). Therefore, the awareness of the owners regarding the vaccination of dogs at the appropriate time and preventive care regarding the interactions of dogs is essential to prevent CPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvovirus (CPV) infection is still common among dogs, leading to severe disease with high mortality. The potential of a local isolate of CPV as an effective vaccine to prevent the disease warrants investigation. This study aimed to determine the antibody response in mice against a Bali isolate of CPV propagated in the Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell culture. The virus was purified using polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000 and mixed with an Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. Fifteen 7-week female mice were divided into three treatment groups: treatment group 1 (PEG-purified virus and Adjuvant), treatment group 2 (crude unpurified virus and adjuvant), and treatment group 3 (adjuvant without virus), with five replicates per group. The Bali isolate of CPV was successfully replicated in MDCK cells, achieving a titer of 210-211 hemagglutination (HA) units after eight serial passages through the cell culture. The virus was confirmed as CPV by immunocytochemistry test using a monoclonal antibody and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test using chicken anti-CPV polyclonal antibody. Following the first immunization, the antibody endpoint titer in mice immunized with PEG-purified CPV (5.6) was significantly higher than those immunized with crude unpurified CPV (4.2) and adjuvant without CPV (1.4). Similarly, after the second immunization, the antibody endpoint titer in mice immunized with PEG-purified CPV (7.6) also remained significantly higher than those immunized with crude unpurified CPV (6.4) and adjuvant without CPV (0.8). Significant increases in antibody endpoint titer were observed after the second immunization in mice immunized with PEG-purified CPV and crude unpurified CPV, but not in those given adjuvant without CPV. The Bali isolate of CPV propagated in MDCK cell culture induced a robust antibody response in mice, suggesting it’s a potential as an alternative vaccine candidate for preventing CPV infection in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvovirus infections pose a significant global threat to canine health, necessitating effective vaccination strategies. This study evaluates the viral content in 20 batches of live attenuated canine parvovirus vaccines using real-time polymerase chain reaction and compares the results with the immunofluorescence test. The study involved canine parvovirus strain 39, adapted to Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, and vaccine batches sourced from various local and international suppliers. The immunofluorescence test results showed 18 batches met the permissible titer level of 3 log10 fluorescent antibody infective dose 50%/mL, while two batches (3 and 18) did not. Similarly, real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed the same 18 batches met the permissible titer level, with no significant difference between the methods as indicated by the 95% confidence interval for the difference in results (lower: 4.3949, upper: 5.3600). The findings support integrating advanced diagnostic technologies like real-time polymerase chain reaction into routine vaccine evaluation protocols, ensuring higher standards of veterinary biologics assessment; this transition aims to enhance the accuracy, efficiency, and overall quality of canine parvovirus vaccine evaluation, ultimately improving canine health protection.

Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) is an important causative agent of segmental enteritis in young dogs and has globally distributed variants and subtypes. Viral mutations can alter the pathogenesis and clinical signs, making identifying the samples circulating in a given region relevant. This study described the epidemiological and clinical findings and the molecular characterization of CPV-2 samples circulating in the canine population of Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. We analyzed 27 cases with a complete clinical history and at least one confirmatory etiologic diagnosis. In addition to clinical and epidemiological data, whole blood samples or tissues were tested by PCR for viral DNA detection. Amplified products were sequenced and analyzed, and phylogeny was generated with reference sequences. The disease was diagnosed especially in the summer months, and the most common clinical findings were diarrhea, anorexia, listlessness, and vomiting. Infection was predominant in young (< 6 months) unvaccinated or partially immunized dogs, with mortality exceeding 93%. It was possible to identify 15 CPV-2 samples, four of which were CPV-2a and 11 were new CPV-2a. It can be concluded that canine parvovirus is a disease with high mortality rates, with young unvaccinated dogs being more susceptible, with a predominance of the new CPV-2a variant in the western region of Rio Grande do Sul. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis is a global problem, with the causative agent being the genus Brucella. B. canis can cause undulant fever in dogs, which is a zoonotic disease that can spread not only among dogs but also to humans. This poses a public health threat to society. In this study, a rapid and straightforward immune colloidal gold test strip was developed for the diagnosis of canine brucellosis through the detection of anti-LPS antibodies in serum samples. Rabbit anti-canine IgG conjugated with colloidal gold was employed as the colloidal gold-labeled antibody. The extracted high-purity R-LPS was employed as the capture antigen in the test line (T-line), while goat anti-rabbit IgG was utilized as the capture antibody in the control line (C-line). The colloidal gold strip exhibited high specificity in the detection of brucellosis, with no cross-reaction observed with the common clinical canine diseases caused by Canine coronavirus (CCV), Canine distemper virus (CDV), and Canine parvovirus (CPV). In comparison to the commercial iELISA kit, the sensitivity and specificity of the colloidal gold test strip were found to be 95.23% and 98.76%, respectively. The diagnostic coincidence rate was 98.47%. The findings of this study indicate that colloidal gold test strips may be employed as a straightforward, expeditious, sensitive, and specific diagnostic instrument for the identification of canine brucellosis, particularly in resource-limited regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Canine Parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) infection poses a significant global health risk to susceptible dogs. Hypocobalaminemia, defined as reduced serum cobalamin (CBL) concentrations, is a recognized complication in chronic enteropathies in adult dogs but remains poorly understood in the context of acute enteropathies, especially in young dogs. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and severity of hypocobalaminemia in young dogs with parvovirus enteritis and evaluation of CBL as a predictor of outcome. Materials and methods: Thirty client-owned dogs diagnosed with parvovirus infection and thirty healthy controls were enrolled. Clinical, hematological, and biochemical tests, including CBL and serum methylmalonic acid (MMA) concentrations, were assessed. Results: Results indicated a significantly higher prevalence of hypocobalaminemia in dogs with parvovirus enteritis compared to healthy controls, as well as a significant correlation with a disease severity score. Moreover, survivors demonstrated higher CBL concentrations than non-survivors, suggesting an eventual prognostic value of CBL status. However, parenteral CBL supplementation showed no significant effect on serum CBL or MMA concentrations, highlighting potential challenges in CBL uptake at the cellular level. Discussion: Hypocobalaminemia in this population is caused by multiple factors such as reduced nutritional absorption, gastrointestinal losses, and increased metabolic demands. Further research is needed to develop tailored management strategies, evaluate the effectiveness of CBL supplementation, and understand the mechanisms behind hypocobalaminemia in parvovirus infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis is one of the most common life-threatening diseases in dogs. Immuno-suppression and intestinal barrier disruption predispose affected dogs for sepsis and make them a suitable population to study sepsis. The present study focuses on the diagnostic efficacy of faecal antigen test kit and on the occurrence of sepsis in canine parvovirus enteritis along with its association with morbidity and mortality. Tentative diagnosis for CPV was based on clinical signs and haematology, confirmation was done by Snap® parvo antigen test kit and PCR using faecal samples. Total 29 dogs between 6 weeks to 1 year of age were included comprising 6 healthy and 23 non-vaccinated CPV positive dogs. Efficacy of diagnosing CPV via faecal antigen test kit was found to be 69.50%, while PCR showed 100% efficacy. The overall occurrence of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) on the day of presentation in CPV dogs was 60.80% and survivability with SIRS was 71.43%. Blood culture revealed Staphylococcus spp. This study concludes that faecal antigen test kit gives rapid result with minimum labour and cost, but might give false negative results, and identification of sepsis at early stage might help the clinician in shifting the patient to more aggressive therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvovirus (CPV) poses a significant threat to dogs globally, leading to both illness and death. Examining biomarkers may enhance early detection of the disease, gauge hospital stay duration, increase disease severity, and estimate patient prognosis. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of diagnostic (hematological and biochemical) and prognostic biomarkers (Citrulline, serum amyloid A (SAA), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon (IFN)) in CPV infection. Blood samples were collected from CPV-positive dogs (Experimental Group, n=20) and healthy dogs (Control Group, n=20) included in the study. Consequently of laboratory analyses, it was observed that citrulline, TNF-α, and SOD levels were significantly increased in CPV-positive animals compared to healthy animals, while IL-6 and SAA levels decreased. Also, leukocyte (WBC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), thrombocyte (THR), pH, chloride (Cl), lactate (Lac), glucose, sO2, and HCO3 levels were lower in CPV-positive dogs compared to the healthy ones (P<0.05). As a result, it was interpreted that the inflammatory and oxidative response changes can be measured with the investigated parameters and thus the animals can be in the recovery period despite the clinical symptoms. It was concluded that the measured biomarkers can provide important information in terms of the prognosis of CPV infection when measuring in different periods of the disease or in experimental infection model studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many domestic animals have a profound impact on endangered species through complex interactions and spillover effects in and between coupled human and natural systems. A thorough understanding of the driving forces of human decisions regarding how domestic animals are kept is therefore critical to promote the synergy of human livelihood and biodiversity conservation. Working in the Qinling Mountains of China, we conducted a multidisciplinary study using a structural equation model (SEM) to link households' demographic and economic conditions, peoples attitudes and activities with their decisions, and further investigated how such process influences the potential negative impact of free‐ranging dogs on wildlife. Among 139 blood and saliva samples collected from dogs that were owned by local villagers but allowed to roam freely, 33.3% were positive for at least one of three viral infections, including canine distemper (28.2%), canine parvovirus (25.6%), and rabies virus prevalence (10.3%). SEM modeling revealed that human activity (β = 0.27, p =.012) has significantly increased dogs' potential negative impacts on wildlife by increasing the number of dogs and their direct contact with wildlife, as well as their larger movement range. Conversely, improvement in demographic and economic conditions (β = −0.22, p =.011) and human attitudes (β = −0.51, p =.013) suppresses the influence of free roaming dogs on wildlife. Meanwhile, livelihoods dependent on natural resources increased the likelihood of owners having dog practice that may negatively impact wildlife (β = 0.54, p <.001), without improving the economic conditions of the residents (β = −0.26, p <.001). Based on the above results, we recommend a program that combines educational and conservation efforts to encourages local residents in more responsible dog ownership and recommend reserve managers provide financial incentives to mitigate human‐wildlife conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV‐2) is the most common enteric virus that infects canids. CPV is the causative agent of a contagious disease defined mostly by clinical gastrointestinal signs in dogs. During the late 1970s, CPV‐2 emerged as a new virus capable of infecting domestic dogs and growing across the world. The VP2 gene stands out as a key determinant in the pathogenicity, antigenicity, and host interactions of CPV‐2. Aims: The molecular characterization of the VP2 gene is crucial for understanding CPV evolution and epidemiology. Materials & Methods: Genes encoding the VP2 protein were sequenced and compared to reference strains worldwide. The maximum likelihood method was used to build a phylogenetic tree using CPV VP2 gene nucleotide sequences. Results: Our phylogenetic analysis of the VP2 gene revealed that five strains were very similar and clustered together, and three strains were in the 2b clade, whereas the other two were in the 2a/2b clade. Discussion: This paper reports the molecular characterization of two novel CPV‐2a/2b subtypes in dogs with gastrointestinal symptoms. Genetic analysis was conducted on a CPV genomic region encompassing one of the open reading frames (ORFs) encoding the structural protein VP2. Sequence analysis indicates new and unreported sequence changes, mainly affecting the VP2 gene, which includes the mutations Ser297Ala and Leu87Met. This study represents the first evidence of a new CPV‐2a/2b subtype in Türkiye. Due to VP2's crucial role in encoding the capsid protein of CPV‐2 and its significant involvement in the host‐virus interaction, it is critical to closely monitor its evolutionary changes and be cautious while searching for novel or pre‐existing subtypes. Conclusion: This study highlights the significance of continuous molecular research for acquiring more insights on the circulation of novel CPV mutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Canine parvovirus enteritis (CPE) is a contagious viral disease of dogs caused by the canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. CPV-2 has a high global evolutionary rate. Molecular characterization of CPV-2 and understanding its epidemiology are essential for controlling CPV-2 infections. Objective: This study examined the risk factors and survival outcomes of dogs infected with CPV-2. Molecular characterization of CPV-2 genotypes circulating in Egypt was performed to determine the evolution of CPV-2 nationally and globally. Methods: An age-matched case-control study was conducted on 47 control and 47 CPV-infected dogs. Conditional logistic regression analysis examined the association between the potential risk factors and CPE in dogs. Survival analysis was performed to determine the survival pattern of the infected dogs. Thirteen fecal samples from infected dogs were collected to confirm the CPV genotype by CPV-2 VP2 gene sequencing, assembly of nucleotide sequences, and phylogenic analysis. Results: Unvaccinated and roamer dogs had eight and 2.3 times higher risks of CPV infection than vaccinated dogs and non-roamer dogs, respectively. The risk of death from CPE was high among dogs without routine visits to veterinary clinics and among non-roamer dogs. Molecular characterization of CPV-2 confirmed its genotype identity and relationship with the CPV-2 c and b clade types. Conclusions and Relevance: This study highlights the potential factors for CPE control, especially vaccination and preventing dogs from roaming freely outside houses. Isolated CPV genotypes are closely related to southern Asian genotypes, suggesting a substantial opportunity for global transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this study, 82 fecal samples of suspected FPV infection were collected from different areas of Henan Province from 2020 to 2022 (small sample in 2023), viral DNA was extracted, and FPV identification primers were used to identify 25 FPV-positive cases. VP2 and NS1 primers were further used to amplify the above positive samples, and the whole gene sequences of 11 VP2 and 21 NS1 strains were obtained and analyzed. Homology analysis showed that the amino acid homology of the VP2/NS1 gene of the isolates was 96.1–100% and 97.6–100%, respectively, with that of domestic and foreign endemic strains. The phylogenetic tree results showed that VP2 and NS1 of the local strains were mainly concentrated in the G1 subgroup, while the vaccine strains were distributed in the G3 subgroup, and the two strains were far-related. F81 cells were inoculated with local endemic strain SNF-01 (FPV-LY strain for short) from the FPV G1 subgroup for virus amplification, purification, and titer determination, and the pathogenesis of SNF-01 was detected. After five generations of blind transmission of F81 cells, the cells of the FPV-LY strain were rounded, wire-drawn, and crumpled. After sucrose density gradient centrifugation, the virus titer was determined by the Reed–Muench method to be 1.5 × 106 TCID50/mL. Animal regression tests showed that the strain PFV-LY was highly pathogenic, and the cats showed typical clinical symptoms and pathological changes, and eventually died. Carnivore protoparvovirus-1, feline parvovirus (FPV), and canine parvovirus (CPV) continue to spread in companion animals all over the world. As a result, FPV and CPV underwent host-to-host transfer in carnivorous wild-animal hosts. Here, a total of 82 fecal samples of suspected cat FPV infections were collected from Henan Province from 2020 to 2022. The previously published full-length sequence primers of VP2 and NS1 genes were used to amplify the targeted genes of these samples, and the complete gene sequences of 11 VP2 and 21 NS1 samples were obtained and analyzed. Analysis showed that the amino acid homology of the VP2 and NS1 genes of these isolates was 96.1–100% and 97.6–100%, respectively. The phylogenetic results showed that the VP2 and NS1 genes of the local isolates were mainly concentrated in the G1 subgroup, while the vaccine strains were distributed in the G3 subgroup. Finally, F81 cells were inoculated with the local endemic isolate Luoyang-01 (FPV-LY strain for short) for virus amplification, purification, and titer determination, and the pathogenesis of FPV-LY was detected. After five generations of blind transmission in F81 cells, cells infected with FPV-LY displayed characteristic morphological changes, including a round, threadlike, and wrinkled appearance, indicative of viral infection. The virus titer associated with this cytopathic effect (CPE) was measured at 1.5 × 106 TCID50/mL. Subsequent animal regression tests confirmed that the virus titer of the PFV-LY isolate remained at 1.5 × 106 TCID50/mL, indicating its highly pathogenic nature. Cats exposed to the virus exhibited typical clinical symptoms and pathological changes, ultimately succumbing to the infection. These results suggest that the gene mutation rate of FPV is increasing, resulting in a complex pattern of gene evolution in terms of host preference, geographical selection, and novel genetic variants. The data also indicate that continuous molecular epidemiological surveillance is required to understand the genetic diversity of FPV isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious and potentially lethal virus that affects dogs and other members of the Canidae family, including wolves, foxes, and coyotes. Here, we present a fluorescent lateral flow immunoassay (FLFA) platform for the detection of CDV, which utilizes fluorescent microspheres - fusion protein monoclonal antibody (mAb)-labeled monoclonal antibody. The assay detected CDV within 5  min, with a detection limit threshold of 3  ×  10² TCID50/mL. Notably, the assay demonstrated no cross-reactivity with canine parvovirus, canine coronavirus, canine adenovirus, feline calicivirus, feline herpesvirus, or feline parvovirus. Field and clinical applicability of the assay was evaluated using 63 field samples, including 30 canine fecal samples, 18 swab samples, and 15 blood samples. The coincidence rate between the detection results of clinical samples obtained through FLFA and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was 96.83%. Thus, this assay offers a significant advancement for the rapid diagnosis of CDV at the point of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Canine coronavirus (CCoV), canine rotavirus (CRV), canine parvovirus (CPV), and canine distemper virus (CDV) cause gastroenteritis in dogs, and co-infections of these pathogens are common in China. In particular, CCoV and CRV are confirmed to have important zoonotic potential and cause public health issues. It is difficult to diagnose these diseases based only on clinical manifestations and pathological damage. Methods: In this study, four pairs of specific primers and probes targeting the CCoV M, CRV VP7, CPV VP2, and CDV N genes were designed. The reaction conditions, including the primer and probe concentrations, annealing temperatures, and reaction cycles, were optimized for the development of a quadruplex RT-qPCR for the detection of CCoV, CRV, CPV, and CDV. The assay was used to test 1028 clinical samples to validate its application. Results: A quadruplex RT-qPCR was successfully established for the differential detection of CCoV, CRV, CPV, and CDV, with good specificity, high sensitivity, and excellent repeatability. The assay could specifically detect CCoV, CRV, CPV, and CDV without cross-reactivity with the other canine viruses tested. It showed high sensitivity with limits of detection (LOD) of 1.1 × 102 copies/reaction for all four plasmid constructs. It showed excellent repeatability, with 0.05–0.90% intra-assay variation and 0.02–0.94% inter-assay variation. The 1028 clinical samples were tested using the quadruplex RT-qPCR and a reported reference RT-qPCR. The positivity rates of CCoV, CRV, CPV, and CDV were 9.53%, 0.97%, 25.68%, and 5.06% using the developed assay, and 9.05%, 0.88%, 25.68%, and 4.86% using the reference assay, with agreements higher than 99.32%. Conclusion: The results indicated that a rapid and accurate quadruplex RT-qPCR was developed for the detection and differentiation of CCoV, CRV, CPV, and CDV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) is a highly contagious enteric virus that causes high morbidity and mortality, especially in dogs under six months of age. Recovery from this illness is dependent on several factors, including the patient's prognosis for adequate therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with the death outcome in CPV-2 positive dogs in a case-control study conducted at the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Federal de Lavras (HV-UFLA) in Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Twenty-six dogs with CPV-2 symptoms that arrived at the HV-UFLA between 2017 and 2018 were evaluated for inclusion in the study. Data on medical history, clinical signs, blood count and rapid test of parvovirus and faecal test for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were collected for all the animals. All the dogs received treatment at the HV-UFLA, and the overall fatality rate due to canine parvovirus was 30.77%. Descriptive analysis and univariate and multivariate statistical analyses (logistic regression) were performed to assess the variables that were possibly associated with an unfavourable prognosis (death). In the univariate and multivariate analyses, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) was observed to be a significant risk factor for an unfavourable prognosis in canine parvovirus, as it increased the risk of death by 12.96 times (95% CI 1.85-133.70; P < 0.01) compared with patients who did not exhibit SIRS. Thus, SIRS was strongly associated with an unfavourable prognosis, suggesting that it can be used as a prognostic indicator for canine parvovirus in veterinary practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Due to its promising applications in diagnosis and therapy, amniotic fluid may represent the substrate of the future in obstetric and regenerative medicine. In this study, we explored its potential impact on canine neonatal immunity by investigating, in both maternal plasma and amniotic fluid collected at birth, total and specific immunoglobulins G against the three viruses responsible for most of the neonatal mortalities in dogs: canine parvovirus (CPV-2), infectious canine hepatitis virus (CadV-1), and canine distemper virus (CDV). Our findings revealed that both total and specific plasma maternal IgG titres were not strictly related to vaccination status, whereas specific immunoglobulin G concentrations in amniotic fluids showed some correlation with the bitch vaccination status. Furthermore, puppies that developed pathological conditions (i.e., diarrhoea of any origin) within the first two months of life exhibited significantly lower amniotic CAdV-1 antibody titres compared to healthy ones. The evaluation of antibodies in amniotic fluid at birth could provide crucial information on the actual immune status of newborns. There is a growing interest in the composition of amniotic fluid (AF) in both humans and animals. In addition to its nutritional and protective functions for the foetus, current knowledge demonstrates that AF also serves advanced diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic roles. Newborn dogs have an underdeveloped immune system, making them highly susceptible to dangerous pathogens such as canine parvovirus (CPV-2), canine infectious hepatitis virus (CAdV-1), and canine distemper virus (CDV), thus exposing them to a high risk of mortality in the first weeks of life. Immunoglobulins G (IgGs) represent the only antibody isotype capable of crossing the placenta in a small amount and have been detected also in canine AF. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of AF collected at birth as a marker of passive immunity in canine species. For this purpose, total and specific IgGs against CPV-2, CAdV-1, and CDV were investigated and quantified in both maternal plasma and AF collected at the time of caesarean section. The vaccination status of the bitches was also taken into consideration. Since the immune system can be influenced by gestational age, with preterm infants having immature innate and adaptive immunity, IgG concentrations were correlated with amniotic lecithin, sphingomyelin, cortisol, surfactant protein A, and pentraxin 3 levels. In a previous study from our group on foetal maturity these molecules were measured in the same samples. Finally, correlations between their amniotic content and neonatal outcomes were investigated. This study demonstrates that AF analysis at birth can provide valuable insights into neonatal immunity in puppies, offering a non-invasive method to detect potential early health risks, for improved puppy care and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feline panleukopenia is a contagious viral disease caused by the feline panleukopenia virus (FPV). A closely related pathogen is canine parvovirus (CPV), and amino acid substitutions in this virus allow it to acquire a feline host range. In feline hosts, the disease induced by CPV manifests with similar symptoms to those caused by FPV or milder ones, leading to its underdiagnosis. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of CPV type 2 (CPV-2) in cats with clinical symptoms of panleukopenia and to assess the use of commercial CPV antigen tests for the clinical diagnosis of FPV. Samples from 59 cats from central Slovakia were included in the study. Rectal swabs were collected and clinically tested for parvovirus infection using a commercial antigen test. Antigen-positive samples were confirmed by PCR targeting the viral VP2 gene. The sequences of the PCR products were established with the Sanger method. Of 59 samples, 23 were revealed to be positive for parvovirus infection by both antigen and PCR test (38.9%). Analysis with the National Center for Biotechnology Information BLASTn application showed 99.78–100% pairwise identity with FPV. The mortality rate of parvovirus-infected cats included in this study was 8.69% (2/23). Although feline disease with CPV-2 was not confirmed, the CPV antigen test was able to detect FPV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) and feline parvovirus (FPV) cause severe hemorrhagic diarrhea disease in dogs, cats, and fur-bearing and wildlife carnivores worldwide, continuing to pose significant threats. In this study, 140 rectal swabs were collected from 70 domestic dogs and 70 cats with clinical diarrhea in veterinary clinics in Changchun during 2020. A total of 64.3% (45/70) of dogs and 55.7% (39/70) of cats tested positive for CPV-2 or FPV using colloidal gold strips. Amino acid (aa) sequence alignment of the VP2 protein from 39 CPV-2 and 36 FPV samples revealed that 79.5% (31/39) were CPV-2c, 17.9% (7/39) were a new CPV-2a, and 2.6% (1/39) were mink enteritis virus (MEV). and 8.3% (3/36) FPV from the cats was infected by CPV-2, which suggested that CPV-2c was the dominant variant in dogs and FPV was the major pathogen in cats in Changchun city. Phylogenetic relationships of VP2 genes showed that 26 parvoviruses were closely related to domestic strains previously published in China; however, 8 FPVs and CPV-JL-15/China/2020 were clustered in the lineage of South Asiatic and European countries, and 7 out of 8 FPVs were close to Italy. In addition to Q247H, I248Y, F544Y, and E/V545V/K, two novel site mutations of N23D or L630P in NS1 protein, associated with viral cross-species transmissions, were first found as a reminder of genetic relationships of CPV-2 variants and FPVs in the same branch. Thus, regular and massive virus surveillance of parvovirus is necessary to cope with its ongoing infection, circulation, mutations, and evolutions to new subtypes with strong survival abilities.

ABSTRACT Canine parvovirus (CPV) can cause high morbidity and mortality rates in puppies, posing a significant threat to both pet dogs and the breeding industry. Rapid, accurate, and convenient detection methods are important for the early intervention and treatment of canine parvovirus. In this study, we propose a visual CPV detection system called nucleic acid mismatch enzyme digestion (NMED). This system combines loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), endonuclease for gene mismatch detection, and colloidal gold lateral chromatography. We demonstrated that NMED can induce the binding of the amplicon from the sample to the specific labeling probe, which in turn triggers digestion by the endonuclease. The sensitivity and visual visibility of LAMP were increased by combining endonuclease and colloidal gold lateral chromatography assisted by a simple temperature-controlled device. The sensitivity of the NMED assay was 1 copy/μL, which was consistent with quantitative PCR (qPCR). The method was validated with 20 clinical samples that potentially had CPV infection; 15 positive samples and 5 negative samples were evaluated; and the detection accuracy was consistent with that of qPCR. As a rapid, accurate, and convenient molecular diagnostic method, NMED has great potential for application in the field of pathogenic microorganism detection.IMPORTANCEThe NMED method has been established in the laboratory and used for CPV detection. The method has several advantages, including simple sampling, high sensitivity, intuitive results, and no requirement for expensive equipment. The establishment of this method has commercial potential and offers a novel approach and concept for the future development of clinical detection of pathogenic microorganisms.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of canine parvovirus (CPV) infection in dogs that were presented to Animal Hospital of Atatürk University and housed in shelter. Materials and Methods: The samples were obtained from 83 dogs kept animal shelter and 17 dogs presented animal hospital showing clinical signs of CPV infection. The 40 stool samples of 100 dogs (40%) examined by the rapid test were positive for the presence of CPV, and the 60 stool samples (60%) were negative. Results: In this study, it was determined that there was an important association between the presence of CPV and vaccination status, housing place, cleanliness frequency of housing place, anthelmintic treatment as well as anorexia, vomiting, dehydration and abdominal pain findings. Conclusion: All the dogs in this study were young (1.5 to 7.5 months? age range) and had contact with free-roaming stray dogs outside the house and garden. Thus, contact with stray dogs might play an important role in the increased prevalence of CPV. Also, the effective prevention practices should be implemented considering risk factors and common circulation of CPV infection in Erzurum province.

Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) was first identified in the late 1970s and has since become one of the most significant infectious agents affecting dogs. CPV-2 causes severe diseases such as hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and myocarditis, posing a major threat to canine health, particularly with a high mortality rate in puppies. It is globally recognized as a highly contagious and lethal pathogen. CPV is prone to rapid mutation, leading to the emergence of new variants. Despite widespread vaccination efforts, CPV remains one of the primary causes of acute gastroenteritis and death in young and juvenile dogs. Furthermore, the detection of CPV in swine populations has introduced additional challenges to its control. This review summarizes the current epidemiological status of CPV, highlighting recent advancements in diagnostic techniques and vaccine development. Additionally, it discusses the latest research on the pathogenesis of the virus and the development of antiviral agent research and proposes prevention and control suggestions for CPV under the One Health concept. In particular, there is a need to enhance surveillance of viral dynamics, accelerate the development of novel vaccines, and deepen the exploration of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. This review aims to provide a scientific foundation for effective control of CPV and to guide future research directions.

Introduction: The objective of the present study was to report, for the first time, the presence of canine parvovirus type 2c (CPV-2c) in domesticated dogs with acute gastroenteritis and to characterize the antigenic variants circulating in Palestine. Methodology: A veterinary clinical-based epidemiological study was carried out between December 2022 and April 2023. Fifty fecal samples were collected from dogs with gastroenteritis and screened for CPV-2 infection by polymerase chain reaction. The distribution of positive cases according to various epidemiological factors was studied. Partial sequencing of the viral protein 2 (VP2) gene was performed for the analysis of CPV-2 variants. Results: Most of the investigated samples (60%; n = 50) during the study period were found positive for CPV-2 infection. There was no difference in the distribution of positive cases of CPV-2 infection based on age group, gender, location, and vaccination status. The analysis of nucleotide and amino acid sequences from amplified products, as well as phylogenetic analysis, revealed the presence of CPV-2c clustered with Asian CPV-2c variants. Conclusions: In summary, this study represents the initial genetic analysis of CPV-2 present in Palestinian dogs with gastroenteritis and provides evidence that confirms the existence of the CPV-2c variants. To determine the prevailing CPV-2 variant associated with the infection, it is crucial to conduct further sequence analysis using large populations of both domestic and wild canines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of canine parvovirus (CPV) in 1978, probably as a result of the cross-species incursion of feline panleukopenia virus, resulted in the current pandemic of canine parvoviral enteritis. It has been 40 years since the virus was first identified in Nigeria and it has been afflicting dog population in the country unabatedly. As such, in this review, CPV molecular epidemiology in Nigeria entailing its prevalence, occurrence of subtypes, co-infection and genetic evolution are analysed. All the three subtypes of the virus have been identified in the country with CPV-2a subtype being preponderant. However, in recent years there has been an upsurge in the number of CPV-2c and it is often associated with bloody diarrhoea even in vaccinated puppies. Therefore, there is need for proper assessment of the molecular epidemiology of the virus for proper institution of effective control policies to eradicate this pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]