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The use of synthetic pesticides carries a significant risk of pests developing resistance, leading to decreased pesticide effectiveness. ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters, especially the ABCC subfamily members, have been suggested to act as efflux pumps for various pesticides, thereby contributing to pesticide resistance. So far, the identification of potential pesticide substrates of insect ABC transporters is most often based on the quantification of transcript in arthropods. Here, we screened and identified the potential pesticide substrates of ABCC‐9C from Tribolium castaneum based on an in vitro ATPase activity assay. Together with affinity evaluation‐, cytotoxicity analysis‐, and RNA interference‐based bioactivity tests, we revealed that the insecticides, carbofuran, and buprofezin, are potential substrates of TcABCC‐9C. Additionally, we identified an amphipathic translocation channel in the transmembrane domain of TcABCC‐9C formed by 8 transmembrane helices. Molecular docking suggested that both carbofuran and buprofezin bind at the same site within the translocation channel via hydrophobic interactions. These findings indicate that TcABCC‐9C might play a critical role in multi‐pesticide resistance, providing a potential target for managing pesticide resistance and laying the groundwork for future pest control strategies. Given the conservations among ABCC subfamily members, the experimental model we developed in this study can be also applied to identify the potential substrates of other ABCC transporters, as well as to predict insecticide resistance mediated by ABCC transporters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many countries widely use pesticides to increase crop productivity in agriculture. However, their excessive and indiscriminate use contaminates soil and other environments and affects edaphic microbial communities. We aimed to examine how the pesticides carbofuran and picloram affect the structure and functionality of soil microbiota using cultivation-independent methods. Total DNA was extracted from microcosms (treated or not with pesticides) for amplification and metabarcoding sequencing for bacteria (16S gene) and fungi (28S gene) using Illumina—MiSeq platform. Data analysis resulted in 6,772,547 valid reads from the sequencing, including 3,450,815 amplicon sequences from the V3-V4 regions of the 16S gene and 3,321,732 sequences from the 28S gene. A total of 118 archaea, 6,931 bacteria, and 1,673 fungi taxonomic operating units were annotated with 97% identity in 24 soil samples. The most abundant phyla were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, Euryarchaeaota, and Ascomycota. The pesticides reduced the diversity and richness and altered the composition of soil microbial communities and the ecological interactions among them. Picloram exerted the strongest influence. Metabarcoding data analysis from soil microorganisms identified metabolic functions involved in resistance and degradation of contaminants, such as glutathione S-transferase. The results provided evidence that carbofuran and picloram shaped the soil microbial community. Future investigations are required to unravel the mechanisms by which soil microorganisms degrade pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous increase in food production to support the growing population, ensuring agricultural sustainability using crop‐protecting agents, such as pesticides, is vital. Conventional pesticides pose significant environmental risks, prompting the need for eco‐friendly alternatives. This study reports the synthesis of new amide‐based insecticidal active ingredients from biomass‐derived monomers, specifically furfural and vanillin. The process involves reductive amination followed by carbonylation. The synthesis of the furfural‐based carbamate yield reaches a cumulative 88 %, with catalysts Rh/Al2O3 and La(OTf)3 being recyclable at each stage. Insecticidal activity assessments reveal that the furfural carbamate exhibits competitive performance, achieving an LC50 of 254.22 μg/cm2, compared to 251.25 μg/cm2 for carbofuran. Ecotoxicity predictions indicate significantly lower toxicity levels toward non‐target aquatic and terrestrial species. The importance of the low octanol‐water partition coefficient of the biobased carbamate, attributed to the oxygen heteroatom and electron density of the furan ring, is discussed in detail. Building on these promising results, the synthesis strategy was extended to six other biobased aldehydes, resulting in a diverse portfolio of biomass‐derived carbamates. A techno‐economic analysis reveals a minimum selling price of 11.1 $/kg, only half that of comparable carbamates, demonstrating the economic viability of these new biobased insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Carbofuran was once a highly toxic carbamate pesticide widely used in the prevention and control of pests in the agricultural field. In recent years, the problem of excessive residues of carbofuran in agricultural products has been reported, posing a great threat to human beings, mammals, and the environment. The maximum permitted levels of carbofuran in food have been established under different legislations worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen supervision and rapid detection of carbofuran residues in food. Due to its high solubility and high yield, nanobody has been paid more attention in recent years. To further improve their sensitivity and stability to meet the demands of actual detection, the Nb5 was selected for in vitro evolution research. The structure models of Nb5 were constructed based on AlphaFold and verified by Ramachandran Plot, ERRAT, and Verify 3D. The key amino acid sites of Nb5/carbofuran were determined by LeadIT software and alanine scanning. The result showed that the carbofuran molecule was inserted into the pocket composed of CDR2, CDR3, and FR3. Nb5 and carbofuran were driven by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic forces. Based on the confirmed mutation sites (Arg56, Trp58, Thr101, Val102, Ala103, Asp104, Cys105), a phage display saturation mutation library was established to screen mutants, and their performance was characterized. The IC50 of H10 was 17.6 ng/mL, the sensitivity was twice compared with that of the wild type Nb5, and the affinity constant was 1.54 x 106 L/mol. This study provides an effective idea for the affinity maturation of nanobodies against small molecule drugs in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farmers heavily treat crops with fertilizers and pesticides in an effort to maximize production. It causes a great deal of ecological destruction in addition to poor soil health. Crop poisoning can occasionally arise from the overuse of insecticides. Some well‐known pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, and endrin, are members of the organophosphate, organochlorine, and carbamates families and remain in crops for extended periods of time. Remaining organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are thought to be endocrine disruptors and carcinogenic. A person's risk of developing endometriosis, hypopadias, cryptorchidism, and malignancies of the breast, lung, cervix, and prostate may increase if there is an accumulation of OCP in their body. Reports have also linked the effects of OCP exposure to human growth, cerebral development, and psychomotor development. Since they are no longer allowed to be manufactured or used, organochlorine insecticides have raised a great deal of concern because they can still be found in large quantities, even in remote locations. Living things become harmful over an extended period of time when exposed to such chemical residues. Pesticide overuse can have detrimental effects on the food chain and the ecosystem. It entirely changes the pH of the soil and lowers its fertility. Food products can become hazardous to humans if they are consumed soon after a pesticide application. This review study raises important concerns about crops treated with excessive pesticides that endanger human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, carbofuran (CF) was eliminated from wastewater using pomegranate peel nano adsorbent (PPNA). Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) before and after adsorption were used to assess the process efficiency. BET demonstrated that the PPNA has a specific surface area of 356.5 m2/g. The PPNA was tested under some environmental factors, such as contact time, concentration, adsorbent dose, temperature, and pH. Experimental work was done within the range of 10–50 mg/l initial concentration and the best biosorption capacities were found at 30 min contact time, 0.7 g adsorbent dose, 25 °C, and pH 2. The Freundlich isotherm was the best-fitting isotherm model. The pseudo-second-order model provided the best fit to the process kinetics and indicated that the intra-particle diffusion stage is the rate-limiting step for the process. The study of thermodynamics showed that carbofuran adsorption on PPNA was physisorption (ΔG = −3.2334 kJ/mol) and spontaneous at high temperatures (ΔH = 22.2058 kJ/mol, ΔS = 85.0355 J/mol K). Design of a single-stage batch adsorber for the adsorption of CF from aqueous liquors using PPNA was also done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbofuran insecticide is one of the insecticides most often used by Indonesian farmers. The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) 2011 in the decision of UNEP/FAO/RC/CRC.11/6, agreed that the active ingredient Carbofuran is dangerous to human health and the environment. P. fluorescens bacteria are known to be able to remediate carbofuran-contaminated soil. This study examines more deeply the biodegradation and biotransformation processes of Carbofuran in P. fluorescens bacteria. The research was carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University; Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, State Polytechnic of Malang; and Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Udayana University from February to August 2020. The results showed that P. fluorescens was able to degrade the insecticide Carbofuran in liquid media up to 82 % and the growth of P. fluorescens bacteria reached 2.9 x 1012 CFU/mL, bacteria P. fluorescens is able to degrade the insecticide Carbofuran in a mixture of soil and compost up to 85 % and the growth of P. fluorescens bacteria reaches 7.5 x 1013 CFU/mL, resulting in Carbofuran insecticide derivatives from the biotransformation process, there are 3-hydroxy-7-phenol; 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2,2,7-triol; (2Z)-2-[(2Z)-pent-2-en-1-ylidene]butane-1,4,4-trio; 7-phenol; 2,2,3-trihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-7-yl hydrogen carbonate; 2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-7-yl acetate; 7-(hydroxymethoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2,2,3,5-tetrol; 3-hidroksi-2-fenilpropil Carbamat; 2-(3-hydroperoxy-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethane-1,1-diol, 3-keto-7-fenol; 4-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one; 3-hydroxy-carbofuran; and 7-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-3,5-diol. Carbofuran derivative compounds from the biodegradation of P. fluorescens bacteria are less toxic than the active ingredient Carbofuran.

To meet the increasing demands for food production, the utilization of cost‐effective pesticides like carbofuran (CB) becomes essential. CB poses a significant risk to human health due to its high toxicity. Therefore, accurate quantification of CB residue is essential for environmental safety and human health. Electrochemical sensors have proven to be an outstanding choice for the accurate detection and quantification of carbofuran residues. CB is electrochemically inactive and was first hydrolyzed in an alkaline medium to yield an anodically active phenolic derivative carbofuran phenol (CP). This report details the development of a voltammetric sensor for the accurate detection of CB residues utilizing the cyclic voltammetry technique and the electrochemical reactions of CP at WS2 nanosheet‐modified electrodes in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The constructed sensor has displayed a linear range of carbofuran detection from 10–90 μM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.38 μM and sensitivity of 0.303 μA μM−1 cm−2. Additionally, the developed sensor has been employed to monitor CB residues in real soil and water samples and it shows a recovery greater than 95 %. The developed sensor enables the cost‐effective monitoring of carbofuran in real samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Streptomyces saraceticus strain 31 (SS31) exhibits antagonistic activities against a variety of phytopathogenic bacteria, fungi and nematodes. In our effort to integrate SS31 into an effective pest management programme for controlling plant pathogens, we assessed the toxicities of 74 pesticides commonly employed in agricultural production on SS31 using paper disc assays. Most of the test insecticides, acaricides, nematicides and plant growth regulators showed no antagonistic effects towards SS31. However, all six tested herbicides, glyphosate, paraquat, glufosinate‐ammonium, quizalofop‐ethyl, pendimthalin and butralin exerted strong inhibitory effects on SS31. Among the 42 tested fungicides, half of them, including acid amides, strobilurins, carbamates, antibiotics and morphine displayed no detrimental effects on SS31. Notably, copper‐based fungicides demonstrated high toxicity to SS31. Although chlorothalonil and thiophanate methyl + streptomycin displayed inhibitory effects on SS31, applying these pesticides with SS31 in pot tests resulted in a lower Meloidogyne incognita galling index compared with the mock control under greenhouse conditions. Additionally, applying SS31 with carbofuran or ethoprop effectively controlled M. incognita. These findings can provide strategies to refine application timing and enhance the beneficial effects of SS31. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to develop a solar-powered device to control the bloodworm Chironomus spp. in rice fields instead of using harmful chemical pesticides. The developed control device uses clean solar energy and helps to protect the environment from pesticide pollution residuals. The developed control device generates a continuous high-voltage electrocution current under soil surface to exterminate adult bloodworms and larvae. The device is provided with a fully automated electronic control circuit, an electrocution generator, and a group of electrodes. Three factors were examined to assess the efficacy of the bloodworm control device. Four electrocution potential levels (8, 12, 16, and 20 kV) were tested. Additionally, three electrode depth levels (60, 120, and 180 mm) were examined with three operating periods (10, 20, and 30 minutes). The results show high significance bloodworm population reduction using the developed device, comparing with the chemical insecticide control treatment using Furadan (Carbofuran) 10% granular. The reduction percent in bloodworms reached 90.92% and 91.94% in adult bloodworms and larvae, respectively, at the highest levels of the tested variables. The operating costs of the device ranged from 25 to 40 USA $ ha-1, while the consumed energy ranged from 40 to 100 kW h ha-1 . The use of the solar-powered control device is effective in exterminating adult bloodworms and their larvae in a short time. So, it is recommended to use the solar-powered control device to exterminate the bloodworm in rice fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, analytical study of carbofuran (CAF) and fluometuron (FLM) pesticides was carried out using direct spectrofluorimetric method in various solvents. Results showed that CAF and FLM are naturally fluorescent in all solvents under study including organic (MeOH, MeCN, DMF) and aqueous micellar one (CTAC, SDS, Brij-700). For the analysis of FLM, CTAC give the best fluorescence signal enhancement. Analytical performances, such as limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) was evaluated after solvent optimization and were found to vary, respectively, between 0.1 and 11 ng mL− 1 and between 0.3 and 36.6 ng mL− 1. Analytical application in various environmental aqueous samples matrices (sea, tap, runoff and well waters) give satisfactory recovery rates in the limits of 73.7–113.7% for both pesticides. This method is described for its simplicity for routine analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the dietary exposure risks of pesticide residues in vegetables for the general population, the presence of 39 pesticides was determined in 70 samples, of which 13 were detected. The most frequently detected pesticide was bifenthrin, with a detection rate of 35.7%, mainly found in gingers, followed by isoprocarb and acephate (11.4%) and dimethoate (8.6%). In 17.1% of the samples two or more pesticide residues were found. Acute, chronic and chronic cumulative dietary exposure risk was assessed. Chronic exposure risks were determined by Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). Estimated chronic exposure to carbofuran, omethoate, disulfoton and dimethoate of approximately 49%, 52%, 40% and 3%, respectively, were at non-carcinogenic human risk. Acute exposure risk to acephate was considered to be of concern due to the high acute hazard quotient (aHQ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nematicidal efficacy of liquid formulation of Pochonia chlamydosporia, Bacillus subtilis, Purpureocillium lilacinum, Trichoderma viride and vermiculite formulation of Rhizophagus intraradices were challenged against Meloidogyne incognita under glasshouse conditions. The in vivo experiment were piloted to test the potential of these biological agents by soil drenching of liquid formulation @ 1 ml/pot or soil application of vermiculite formulation @ 1g/pot/dose. Their effect was compared with the granular application of Carbofuran @ 1g/pot/dose. All the liquid bioformulations investigated were capable of enhancing plant growth and lowering the pathogenicity and parasitic success of M. incognita in carrots. The soil drenching of P. chlamydosporia caused a significant reduction of galls in the root (51%), nematode population in the root (43.6%), egg mass in the root (65.3%) and infective juvenile population in soil (51.8%) over other treatments and Carbofuran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide residue has been detected not only on agricultural lands but also in bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, and the sea. This study was aimed at exploring the potency of local bacterial isolates to degrade carbofuran, an active pesticide compound. Two biosurfactant-producing bacteria were isolated from hydrocarbon-compound-contaminated seas (NF9) and agricultural land with a long-term history of pesticide application (AB2). Bacteria were selected according to their ability to grow on a mineral medium, Bushnell Haas Agar, with the addition of 41.86 ppm of carbofuran pesticide as the sole carbon source. Their growth was characterized morphologically, biochemically, and molecularly based on their 16S rRNA genes. All isolates were Gram+ and indicated as Bacillus thuringiensis KD168 for isolate NF9 and Bacillus paranthracis C9 for isolate AB2. Both of the isolates were immobilized in sodium alginate and polyurethane matrixes. Both B. thuringiensis NF9 and B. paranthracis AB2 were able to degrade carbofuran, as indicated by the presence of carbofuran residue that ranged from 1.03 to 1.89 ppm; however, the residue was undetected after 15 days of incubation. We also confirmed that bacterial cells were immobilized and retained in polyurethane as well as in the sodium alginate matrix. The immobilization of the bacterial cells showed the abilities of the cells to degrade pesticides and their potential to be developed as bioremediation agents in polluted areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbofuran insecticide is one of the insecticides most often used by Indonesian farmers. The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) 2011 in the decision of UNEP/FAO/RC/CRC.11/6, agreed that the active ingredient Carbofuran is dangerous to human health and the environment. P. fluorescens bacteria are known to be able to remediate carbofuran-contaminated soil. This study examines more deeply the biodegradation and biotransformation processes of Carbofuran in P. fluorescens bacteria. The research was carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University; Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, State Polytechnic of Malang; and Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Udayana University from February to August 2020. The results showed that P. fluorescens was able to degrade the insecticide Carbofuran in liquid media up to 82 % and the growth of P. fluorescens bacteria reached 2.9 x 1012 CFU/mL, bacteria P. fluorescens is able to degrade the insecticide Carbofuran in a mixture of soil and compost up to 85 % and the growth of P. fluorescens bacteria reaches 7.5 x 1013 CFU/mL, resulting in Carbofuran insecticide derivatives from the biotransformation process, there are 3-hydroxy-7-phenol; 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2,2,7-triol; (2Z)-2-[(2Z)-pent-2-en-1-ylidene]butane-1,4,4-trio; 7-phenol; 2,2,3-trihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-7-yl hydrogen carbonate; 2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-7-yl acetate; 7-(hydroxymethoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2,2,3,5-tetrol; 3-hidroksi-2-fenilpropil Carbamat; 2-(3-hydroperoxy-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethane-1,1-diol, 3-keto-7-fenol; 4-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one; 3-hydroxy-carbofuran; and 7-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-3,5-diol. Carbofuran derivative compounds from the biodegradation of P. fluorescens bacteria are less toxic than the active ingredient Carbofuran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the interaction between pesticide contamination in the plant system and the dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition is important to understand the impact of pesticides and plants on the ecological function of DOM. The present study investigated the effects of DOM on the bioaccumulation and biotransformation of carbamates in plants, carbamate exposure on DOM composition, and plant root secretion on the interaction between DOM and carbamates. The concentrations of carbamates and their metabolites in living cabbage plants were continuously tracked through an in vivo analytical method. The presence of DOM was found to reduce the highest bioconcentrations and shorten the time it took to reach the highest bioaccumulated amounts of isoprocarb and carbofuran in plants, while it showed no significant effect on the uptake behavior of carbaryl. DOM profiling results indicated that carbamate exposure substantially decreased the number and molecular diversity of DOM. Notably, plant root secretion alleviated carbamate-induced DOM molecular alterations by inducing a higher turnover rate of DOM compared to that in the uncontaminated group, highlighting the role of plants in mitigating the effects of exogenous pesticide exposure on DOM composition and maintaining DOM molecular homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of changing parameters on the photocatalytic degradation of carbofuran (CBF) using laser-treated TiO2 nanotube arrays on a Ti mesh under simulated sunlight irradiation and assessing toxicity during photocatalytic degradation. Various parameters, including the stirring effect, light intensity, initial CBF concentration, and variation in the active surface area of laser-treated TiO2 photocatalysts, were examined to determine their impact on degradation efficiency. The photodegradation kinetics were monitored using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with a PDA detector (UPLC-PDA) and UV-Vis spectrophotometry, while mineralization was assessed by a total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer. The photocatalytic degradation of CBF is enhanced by an increase in the active surface area of the TiO2 photocatalyst, light intensity, and the introduction of stirring, but it decreases with an increase in the initial concentration of CBF. The toxicity assessments revealed that the cytotoxicity of CBF initially increased during the degradation process but decreased after further treatment, indicating the formation and subsequent breakdown of toxic intermediates. The phytotoxicity test showed that longer degradation times resulted in higher toxicity to plant growth. This study provides new insights into the photocatalytic degradation of CBF with TiO2, the importance of parameter optimization for more efficient treatment, and the use of toxicity tests to confirm the success of the photocatalytic process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the ameliorative effects of Carissa carandus fruit pulp extract against the hepato histopathological changes of Carbofuran treated mice. Methods: There were 40 animals divided into four groups (10 animals in each group) and study consists of 8 days. 1: Vehicle Control group (VC) (0.1mL 5% DMSO in corn oil was provided daily for first three days and for remaining days (4 to 8) of study pure water was given), 2: Carrisa carandus group (CC) (0.1mL of 5% DMSO in corn oil was given for first three days, followed by 4th day rest and from 5th -8th days of study CC was provided), 3: Carbofuran group (CF) (treated with 0.1mL CF in 5% DMSO in corn oil for first 3 days and for remaining days (4 to 8) of study pure water was given), 4: Carbofuran+ Carrisa carandus group (CF+CC) (provided with 0.1mL CF in 5% DMSO in corn oil for first three days, followed by one day rest and for 5-8 days, 0.1mL of CC fruit extract in 5% DMSO in corn oil was given). All the animals were dissected on 9th day to remove liver lobes for further processing. Results: Carbofuran exposure induced several hepato-histopathological changes that included damaged hepatic vein, apoptotic hepatocytes, irregular hepatic cords with disrupted sinusoids, macrophages infestation and micronuclear formation. Most of these pathologies were ameliorated in Carrisa carandus treated group. In CF group, significant decrease in mean number of CSA of hepatocytes, CSA of hepatic nuclei, number of hepatocytes and oval cells/per unit area (2,495.45µ²m), and animal body weight was significantly (p<0.05) lower than CF+CC (29.556±0.293) and CF (24.111±0.85) groups as compared to VC (30.667±0.5773) and CC (31.22±0.8570) groups respectively. Conclusions: Findings of this study concluded that CF exposure damage the histopathology of liver and CC (Carrisa carandus) extract can be used as hepatoprotective agent against exposure of Carbofuran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes through Molecular dynamics simulations the interactions between two carbamate pesticides, Carbofuran (CFN) and Methomyl (MML), with PVA hydrogels, crosslinked with malic acid (CLPHMAs), for the quantitative capture of these insecticides and the remediation of aqueous solutions. The crosslinked hydrogels were prepared and characterized by FTIR, SEM, TGA, and equilibrium swelling ratio. The FTIR spectra revealed the presence of a peak around ~ 1719 attributed to the ester group (C–O–C), which resulted from the esterification reaction between PVA and the crosslinker. The simulations correlate with experimental trials based on the Design of Experiments (DoE), allowing the capture of CFN and MML in aqueous solutions of 500 mg L−1, using a capture time of 10 min. In conclusion, both tools enhance each other, demonstrating that CLPHMAs can remove these pesticides, constituting a technological alternative for treating contaminated water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbofuran pesticide is used to control insects in agriculture and acts as a contaminant that pollutes aquatic ecosystems, exerting harmful effects on fish health. The present study was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative effects of moringa leaf powder after fish being exposed to carbofuran on hematobiochemical and histological changes, oxidative and antioxidative mechanisms in the soft tissues of rohu Labeo rohita. Fish were divided into three groups (A, B, and C). Group A treated as control while groups B and C were exposed to two sublethal doses (0.32 and 0.84 mg/L) of carbofuran for 28 days. At day 28, ten fish were removed from the high dose group and transferred to carbofuran-free freshwater (group D) for recovery responses. Results revealed that concentrations of hemoglobin (HGB), red blood cells (RBCs), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), albumin, globulin, total proteins, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxin (T4) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) significantly decreased. White blood cells (WBCs), triglycerides, cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood glucose, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), urea, and creatinine levels were elevated significantly in carbofuran exposed fish. Results showed a significant rise in oxidative stress content (TBARS and ROS), and a decline in the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) in the brain, kidney, liver, and gills of exposed fish. Histological alterations showed deleterious effects on different organs in carbofuran-exposed fish. After the recovery period, all parameters were recovered to some extent. The results of this study indicated that carbofuran is harmful to fish even at low doses. Therefore, extreme care should be taken to prevent the drainage of carbofuran into water bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of pesticides carbendazim (CBZ), diuron (DI) and carbofuran (CF) in surface water using a sustainable, handmade, and low-cost composite electrode (CE) based on graphite and polycaprolactone (PCL). The cyclic voltammetric (CV) results showed a quasi-reversible oxidation peak for CBZ around +0.76 V, and an irreversible oxidation peak for DI and CF at +0.88 and +1.32 V, respectively. Under optimized conditions, the anodic peak currents were proportional over ranges of 5.0-1059.0 µg L−1 for the binary analysis of CBZ and DI, with detection limits of 4.0 and 18.0 µg L−1, and limits of quantitation of 13.0 and 55.0 µg L−1, respectively. The proposed electrochemical method also exhibited good repeatability (n = 10) and intermediate precision (n = 3), with a relative standard deviation of 5%. In addition, the method successfully determined CBZ and DI in surface water samples without any sample pretreatment. Comparison with the reference chromatographic method ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) showed no significant differences at a 95% confidence level, demonstrating the applicability of the method. Additionally, the composite electrode offers advantages such as low cost, easy manufacturing, and simple operation.

Study’s Novelty Excerpt • This study is novel in its investigation of indigenous bacteria from farmland soils in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria, for their ability to biodegrade the pesticides dichlorvos and carbofuran, which are common pollutants. • By isolating and optimizing the conditions for the growth and pesticide degradation capabilities of Bacillus sp., Serratia sp., and Pseudomonas sp., this research provides crucial insights into the potential bioremediation applications of these bacteria. • The detection of opd and mcd genes further showcases the genetic basis for pesticide degradation, highlighting the environmental biotechnological potential of these isolates in mitigating pesticide pollution. Full Abstract Pesticides are organic compounds synthesized and used for pest control. The excessive and continuous dispersion of pesticides in the environment results in environmental pollution, necessitating remediation. This study investigated the potential of bacteria isolated from farmland soils in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria, with a history of dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyldimethylphosphate) and carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) application, to biodegrade these pesticides. Three sampling sites were involved in sample collection, and the soil physicochemical parameters from each sample were determined. Isolation, identification, and screening of the bacterial isolates capable of utilizing the pesticides as sole sources of carbon were carried out. The following parameters (concentration of the pesticides, pH, temperature, agitation, and incubation time) were optimized to maximize degradation. The potent bacterial isolates were further subjected to molecular analysis for the detection of opd and mcd genes. The pesticide-degrading bacteria were identified as Bacillus sp., Serratia sp., and Pseudomonas sp. Serratia sp. recorded the highest growth in the presence of 1% v/v dichlorvos, while Pseudomonas sp. exhibited maximum growth at a 1% w/v carbofuran concentration. The optimized conditions that yielded the maximum microbial growth are: 100 mg/L pesticide concentration for Serratia sp and 300 mg/L for Pseudomonas sp, a pH of 7.0 and an agitation level of 100 rpm for both organisms, a temperature of 35°C for Serratia sp and 30°C for Pseudomonas sp, and an incubation time of 5 days for both organisms. The opd and mcd genes were identified from Serratia sp. and Pseudomonas sp. respectively. These results suggest that the isolated bacteria have the potential to degrade dichlorvos and carbofuran pesticides from the contaminated soil

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

AbstractA selective adsorbent was synthesized based on the coating of a molecularly imprinted poly (methyl methacrylate-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (poly (MMA-EGDMA)) on the surface of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to obtain MMA-EGDMA@MOF-199 and used for the separation and preconcentration of carbofuran. Subsequently, carbofuran was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize the synthesized adsorbent. Both pH and extraction time were optimized as crucial extraction parameters. The adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was 20 mg g−1. The selectivity of the synthesized adsorbent for similar compounds was also investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the calibration curve was linear from 1.0 to 400 μg L−1. A high extraction efficiency (94%) was obtained for carbofuran with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.4 µg L−1. The adsorbent was successfully applied to the SPE of carbofuran from fruit samples after its extraction, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present research work was designed to explore the mitigating properties of Carissa carandus fruit pulp extract on the pancreatic histopathologies of Carbofuran treated mice. Methods: There were 4 experimental groups: 1) Vehicle Control group (VC); treated with 0.1mL of 5% DMSO solution in corn oil for first 3 days and normal water for next five days. 2): Carbofuran group (CF); received 0.1mL of 5% DMSO+5mg/kg Carbofuran solution in corn oil for 3 days followed by normal water for rest of 5 days. 3): Carissa carandus group (CC); received 0.1mL of 5% DMSO solution in corn oil for 1-3 days, not treated with any dose on day 4 and 0.1mL of Carissa carandus solution was given for remaining 4 days. 4) Carbofuran+ Carissa carandus group (CF+CC); treated with 0.1mL of 5% DMSO+5mg/kg Carbofuran solution in corn oil till day 3, no treatment on day 4 and 0.1mL of Carissa carandus solution from day 5 to 8. Animals were dissected on the 9th day of study to recover intact pancreas for histopathological and micrometric studies. Results: All histopathological and micrometric results proved that carbofuran is highly toxic for endocrine and exocrine pancreas. Prominent histopathological landmarks like lipid droplets in various areas inside the islets of Langerhans, acinar fat cells and lipid steatosis in exocrine tissue clearly illustrated degenerative effect of carbofuran. The relative area occupied by endocrine and exocrine cells per unit area (116 µm2) was significantly (p≤0.05) lower for CF as compared to VC. Similarly significant (p≤0.05) increase in mean width of inter acinar spaces was obvious in CF (5.5±0.4µm) as compared to VC (1.7±0.2µm). All these histological and micrometric deteriorations of carbofuran treatments were noticeably reversed in CF+CC group. Conclusions: These findings clearly indicate that carbofuran is a potent toxicant for endocrine and exocrine pancreas and Carissa carandus fruit pulp extract possess rescuing and regenerative potentials against such pancreatoxic effects of carbofuran in male mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbofuran is one of the most toxic broad‐spectrum pesticides. We evaluated the effects of carbofuran on two species of microalgae, Pseudopediastrum boryanum and Desmodesmus communis, through measurements of cell viability, biomass, chlorophyll content, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ability of these algae to remove carbofuran dissolved in the media was also determined. For the evaluations, both microalgae species were exposed to carbofuran (FURADAN 350 SC®) at concentrations of 100, 1000, and 10,000 µg L–1 for 7 days. Algae cell viability and chlorophyll‐a concentration were not affected by the presence of carbofuran. Both species grew when exposed to the pesticide; however, the microalgae D. communis grew less than its respective control when exposed to the highest concentration (10,000 µg L–1 of carbofuran), indicating an adverse effect of the pesticide on this species. A significant increase in ROS production was observed in D. communis and P. boryanum when exposed to the highest concentration tested. The microalgae P. boryanum completely removed carbofuran in the media within 2 days, regardless of the concentration, whereas D. communis achieved the same result only after 5 days of exposure. Growth inhibition was observed only until the disappearance of carbofuran from the media. The present study suggests the use of microalgae, mainly P. boryanum, as potential tools for the remediation of environments contaminated by carbofuran because of their resistance to the insecticide and their ability to remove it rapidly from water. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:926–937. © 2023 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coconut cultivation faces serious challenges caused by pests and diseases, whose targets are often not reached by conventional application methods such as spraying and soil application. New control strategies, such as vegetative endotherapy, have emerged, but knowledge gaps persist regarding many aspects, especially in pesticide translocation within palm trees, which is crucial for an efficient practical field application. This study investigated the translocation of a mixture of commercial insecticides and fungicides—difenoconazole, imidacloprid, thiabendazole, cyproconazole, thiamethoxam, spirodiclofen, and carbosulfan—applied via pressurized and nonpressurized endotherapeutic methods to coconut stems. This assessment aimed to quantify the concentrations of pesticide translocation through the stem, from the application site to the plant canopy. Due to the difficulty of applying the solution to the instrument used for pressurized endotherapy, the solution had to be diluted and used at a lower volume. In experimental field conditions, stem samples were assessed at 50 and 100 cm above the application point following endotherapy treatments conducted over a period ranging from 2 to 45 days. The analyses were performed using LC-MS/MS. In the pressurized method, the highest concentrations were observed for difenoconazole (1684 µg kg−1), imidacloprid (1278 µg kg−1), and thiabendazole (781 µg kg−1). Conversely, in the nonpressurized method, the highest concentrations were recorded for imidacloprid (5803 µg kg−1), followed by difenoconazole (3660 µg kg−1) and thiabendazole (2598 µg kg−1). To address the issue with formulation conditions in the pressurized method and to allow a comparison between the two application methods, we simulated extrapolated results for comparison with the nonpressurized method. This evaluation aimed to evaluate both methods under similar formulation conditions (volume and concentration). The results predicted that if the solution had not been diluted, the pressurized method would present the best translocations, mainly near the plant canopy, except for carbofuran. All pesticides were translocated independently of their physical–chemical properties or formulation. No pesticide residues were detected in the coconut water and pulp up to 120 days after the endotherapy application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bird crime is a serious problem in many countries around the world. This study focuses on the situation in Slovakia, summarising data on bird crime in the country between 2016 and 2022. Over the course of that period, 92 cases were recorded in 27 districts involving 33 animal species. At least 249 protected birds and 78 mammals fell victim to illegal activities, and 61 poisoned baits were discovered. Social value is the monetary value which state institutions use to quantify the damage incurred to wildlife. Slovak law determines whether an illegal act is an offence or a criminal act based on the value of the incurred damage. The total social value of all of the protected animals as a result of illegal activities was estimated at € 696,250. Intentional poisoning, typically using carbofuran, was the most common of illegal act identified in the recorded cases, followed by shooting and trapping. An analysis of the recorded cases of bird crime was also used to assess the risk in each of Slovakia’s districts in relation to landscape structure variables. The percentage share of arable land was found to be a reliable predictor of bird crime, regardless of whether the birds had been poisoned or shot. These findings can help to develop better preventive inspections to detect bird crime incidents. We also recommended several management measures to help tackle bird crime more quickly and effectively.

Organophosphorus poisoning is a critical condition that can cause central nervous system depression, respiratory failure, and death early on. As its clinical manifestations closely resemble those of carbamate pesticide poisoning, the aim of this case study is to present a case of misdiagnosis, initially identifying carbofuran poisoning as organophosphate in a patient suspect of a heatstroke. We also present a case of intentional self-poisoning with organophosphate dichlorvos to underline the likelihood of pesticide poisoning in patients exhibiting acute cholinergic symptoms when the ingested substance is not known. In such cases, empirical treatment with atropine and oxime can be started pending timely differential diagnosis to adjust treatment as necessary.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of wild birds fell victim to pesticides poisoning in South Korea. The main outbreak of pesticide poisoning intensively occurred in winter, when food is rapidly reduced, and hungry birds easily fell victim to food contaminated with pesticides, resulting in ecologically fatal mass mortality. From 2017 to 2018 in South Korea, 1379 wild birds fell victim to pesticide poisoning. In detail, 832 (60.33%) waterfowls such as Baikal teals, and 547 (39.67%) forest birds such as brown-eared bulbuls died. The major pesticides identified in wild birds died of acute pesticide poisoning were carbofuran, monocrotophos and phosphamidon. Taken together, it is pesticide poisoning caused by artificially spraying rice seeds contaminated with pesticides that gives rise to mass death of wild birds in winter in South Korea, and continuous public education and dedicated institutions are needed to prevent this accident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives of Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology / Arhiv za Higijenu Rada I Toksikologiju is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study proposes a simple and controlled method for producing TiO2 with phase junction, oxygen vacancies, and Ti3+ by combining picosecond pulsed laser irradiation and electrochemical anodization. Ti mesh was pretreated by irradiating with a picosecond pulsed laser technique using an Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) at two fluencies, 15 J/cm2 and 30 J/cm2. The samples were then subjected to electrochemical anodization to form TiO2 nanotube arrays on the previously laser-treated surface. This study will investigate the possibility of forming TiO2 nanotube arrays on a pre-laser-treated Ti substrate and determine their physicochemical and photocatalytic properties. The samples were characterized by FESEM, XRD, Raman, XPS, and UV-Vis DRS. UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to observe the progress of photocatalytic degradation for all samples, and degradation products were determined using GC-MS. With the synergistic effects of phase junction, oxygen vacancies, and Ti3+, the laser-treated TiO2 with 30 J/cm2 showed a higher photocatalytic degradation rate (85.1%) of the pesticide carbofuran compared to non-laser-treated TiO2 (54.8%), remaining stable during successive degradation cycles, which has promising practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a method of simultaneously analyzing pesticide concentration and assessing its risks was developed. Assessments were conducted to evaluate the distribution characteristics and risks to human health of pesticides in shallow groundwater in agricultural areas. We developed multi-residue analytical methods using liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) to analyze 57 pesticides in groundwater. In addition, risk assessments were performed by setting scenarios considering the routes of pesticide infiltration into groundwater. For the simultaneous analysis of 57 pesticides, the liquid–liquid extraction method was applied twice using dichloromethane under acidic and alkaline conditions. The extract was concentrated and analyzed using LC-MS/MS (41 pesticides) and GC-MS/MS (16 pesticides). The precision and accuracy ranges of the analytical methods were 0.1~12.9% (within ±15%) and 80.3~113.6% (within ±20%), respectively. The limit of quantification was found to range from 0.0004 to 0.0677 μg/L. In total, 57 pesticides were monitored in 200 groundwater wells from 2019 to 2020. Twenty-six pesticides, including metolachlor and imidacloprid, were detected, with an average concentration of 0.0008 μg/L in groundwater. The pesticide types and detection levels differed depending on the survey period and surrounding land. When the risks associated with alachlor, metolachlor, and carbofuran were assessed, their health risks when found in groundwater were evaluated to be negligible (non-carcinogenic risk: less than 10−3, carcinogenic risk: less than 10−6). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rice root knot nematode (M. graminicola) is considered as a major threat in basmati rice. The main characteristic symptoms produced by M. graminicola are terminal hook shaped or spiral galls on the roots and other symptoms of damage include patches of stunted and yellowish plants. Methods: A field experiment was conducted in Kharif season of 2018 and 2019 at Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut (UP) to test the efficacy of bio-agents against the root knot nematode. In this experiment, three bio-agents (Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas florescence) and one chemical (carbofuran) were tested in randomized block design with three replications. Result: It was observed that tested bio-agents and chemical significantly reduced the galls per plant in comparison to the control. At 30 and 60 day after transplanting, minimum (12.7 and 10.0 galls/plant) and (20.9 and 18.8 galls/plant) were recorded with Bacillus subtilis @ 20 g/M² (2×108 cfu/g) during 2018 and 2019, respectively. In case of control, 52.7 and 62.5 galls/plant were recorded at 60 days after transplanting during both years. All the tested bio-agents were found effective in reducing the nematode population, increase the growth parameters and yield of basmati rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some bacteria can degrade organic micropollutants (OMPs) as primary carbon sources. Due to typically low OMP concentrations, these bacteria may benefit from supplemental assimilation of natural substrates present in the pool of dissolved organic matter (DOM). The biodegradability of such auxiliary substrates and the impacts on OMP removal are tightly linked to biotransformation pathways. Here, we aimed to elucidate the biodegradability and effect of different DOM constituents for the carbofuran degrader Novosphingobium sp. KN65.2, using a novel approach that combines pathway prediction, laboratory experiments, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Pathway prediction suggested that ring hydroxylation reactions catalysed by Rieske‐type dioxygenases and flavin‐dependent monooxygenases determine the transformability of the 11 aromatic compounds used as model DOM constituents. Our approach further identified two groups with distinct transformation mechanisms amongst the four growth‐supporting compounds selected for mixed substrate biodegradation experiments with the pesticide carbofuran (Group 1: 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid, 4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde; Group 2: p‐coumaric acid, ferulic acid). Carbofuran biodegradation kinetics were stable in the presence of both Group 1 and Group 2 auxiliary substrates. However, Group 2 substrates would be preferable for bioremediation processes, as they showed constant biodegradation kinetics under different experimental conditions (pre‐growing KN65.2 on carbofuran vs. DOM constituent). Furthermore, Group 2 substrates were utilisable by KN65.2 in the presence of a competitor (Pseudomonas fluorescens sp. P17). Our study thus presents a simple and cost‐efficient approach that reveals mechanistic insights into OMP‐DOM biodegradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to pesticides, at levels above the regulatory limits, is detrimental to health. Rice, being a staple food of Filipinos, is a significant vector of pesticide residues in the diet. The current study aimed to determine the exposure of Filipinos to different pesticide residues in well-milled rice using the National Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (NTMDI) approach. The NTMDI of 71 permitted pesticide active ingredients (PAIs) was estimated using the 2013 national food consumption data, established maximum residue limits (MRL), and the estimated average weight of the population groups. Estimates were then compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for each PAI. The top six PAIs were then subjected to probabilistic analysis of exceeding the ADI. Results showed that all Filipino population groups were at risk of exposure to thiram, isoprocarb, and carbofuran with a 100% probability of exceeding the ADI. Exposures of Filipinos to these PAIs across all population groups were up to 870, 435, and 348% ADI, respectively. Infants and children were the most at-risk populations due to their low body weight. The NTMDI estimates, therefore, recognize the need to conduct a more refined dietary exposure assessment on the identified PAIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In glass house, we studied the effects of different management practices [carbofuran @ 1 and 2 kg a.i./ha-1, Trichoderma harzianum @1 and 2 % w/w and neem (Azadirachta indica L.) oil @ 1 and 2 % w/v (1500 ppm)] as seed treatment on root-knot nematode (RKN) and their impact on plant growth of mungbean. The neem oil (i). stimulated the nodule formation and functioning, (ii). improved the uptake of major nutrients [N (1.65 %), P (0.39 %), K (2.58 %), Ca (4.28 %) and Mg (0.58 %)] and (iii). increased shoot length (32.59 %), root length (12.89 %), fresh and dry weight of shoot (57.07 % and 75.41 % resp.) than untreated inoculated control plants. However, it decreased the root fresh (11.83 %) and dry weight (31.26 %) over control. While carbofuran treatment, showed decreased plant growth than control. The nematode incidence [root galls/plant, egg masses/plant and nematode population] was least with carbofuran followed by neem oil and T. harzianum. Neem oil significantly enhanced plant yield (number and weight of pods per plant) by 70% and 108%, respectively, compared to other treatments including carbofuran, T. harzianum, and control. The neem oil and T. harzianum not only provided good biocontrol of root-knot nematode but also enhanced to vegetative growth and nodulation in mungbean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides are commonly applied in agriculture to manage pests, parasites, weeds, and other crop diseases to maximise product output value and minimise or reduce yield losses. Pesticides are widely and indiscriminately used in crop production in most countries. Carbofuran is a highly toxic insecticide commonly used to protect crops in agricultural areas. Exposure to carbofuran can cause harmful effects on both the ecological environment and human health, particularly on non-target species such as birds and aquatic organisms. Carbofuran continues to be used, although it has been banned in some countries. This review paper highlights carbofuran usage, its residue, toxicity, and mechanisms of degradation pathways in water, soil, and food, especially in agriculture. It has been shown that hydrolysis, photolysis, and microbial degradation are the main pathways for carbofuran degradation. Carbofuran phenol is significantly less toxic than all photo-metabolites, while 3-ketocarbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran are practically as harmful as the parent compound. Hence, more study is needed on degradation pathways that may thoroughly minimise the toxicity of this deadly pesticide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the adsorption of two model pesticides, namely, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and carbofuran on activated carbons obtained by chemical activation with phosphoric acid of peach stones. The effect of the synthesis conditions on the surface area development was analyzed. The highest surface area was obtained with an impregnation time of 5 h, an impregnation ratio equal to 3.5, an activation temperature of 400 °C, and 4.5 h of activation time. Under these conditions, the maximum specific surface area was equal to 1182 m2·g−1 which confirms the high porosity of the activated carbon, predominantly in the form of micropores. The surface chemistry of this activated carbon was also characterized using pH at point of zero charge, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Both kinetics and equilibrium adsorption tests were performed. Adsorption kinetics confirmed that 2,4-D adsorption follows a pseudo first-order adsorption kinetic model, while carbofuran adsorption is better described by a pseudo second-order one. Regarding the equilibrium adsorption, a higher adsorption capacity is obtained for 2,4-D than carbofuran (c.a. 500 and 250 mg·g−1, respectively). The analysis of the thermodynamics and characterization after use suggest a predominantly physisorption nature of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agronomy is seriously stuck by pest and diseases; as a corollary, massive quantities of synthetic pesticides are used in agriculture with many harmful effects of non-target entities. This study planned to rate pesticide risks to earthworms using pesticide risks in the tropics to man, environment and trade (PRIMET), a pesticide risk model in the mono-modal equatorial agroecological zone of Cameroon: the case of the Tiko plain along the Cameroon coastal line. Data on pesticide application scheme, pesticide persistence in the soil (DT50soil) and pesticide ecotoxicological properties (LC50 and NOEC) were gathered and inputted one after the other into PRIMET to find the predicted exposure concentration (PEC), no effect concentration (NEC) and exposure toxicity ratio (ETR = PEC/NEC). For ETR < 1, there is No Risk, if 1 ≤ ETR ≤ 100, there is a Possible Risk; and if ETR > 100, there is a Definite Risk. For acute risk, independent on the pesticide category, the majority (91%) of pesticides were predicted to pose "no risk" to earthworms. In the chronic risk category, more pesticides were predicted to exhibit risk as compared to acute risk. The insecticide category had significantly higher (p < 0.05) ETRs as compared to other pesticides families. For the 44 compounds evaluated, imidacloprid (ETR = 620, PECn = 21.9 mg/kg) and ethoprophos (ETR = 648, PECn = 108.2 mg/kg) were predicted by the model to pose a definite chronic risk to earthworms. In the possible risk category, 10 insecticides (71.4%) were recorded with carbofuran (ETR = 68, PECn = 11.35 mg/kg) being the riskiest. Out of 10 herbicides assessed, only triclopyr (ETR = 2, PECn = 1.84 mg/kg) was risky. Metaldehyde, the lone molluscicide evaluated, was also predicted to pose a possible chronic risk to earthworms (ETR = 4, PECn = 24 mg/kg). All the fungicides modelled no acute risk to earthworms. For chronic risk, six fungicides (37.5%) were recorded; difenoconazole (PECn = 0.28 mg/kg; ETR = 7) unveiled the highest possible chronic risk. The mainstream of herbicides (90%) assessed were predicted to model no acute and no chronic risk to earthworms under the prevailing use system. Pesticides which were predicted for both an acute and a chronic risk to earthworms comprised acetamiprid, cadusafos, imidacloprid and ethoprophos. Embracing eco-friendly methods in food production, limiting the use of potentially risky compounds and advocating securer ones may safeguard environmental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the experiments were conducted to test the efficacy of culture filtrate of bioagents against larval mortality and egg hatching of Meloidogyne graminicola. In this experiment, five bioagents viz. Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma S13, Trichoderma S7, Paceliomyces lilacinus and Pochonia chlamydosporia and one nematicide (Carbofuran @ 0.02%) were taken at 5 and 10% concentration and data were recorded after 24, 48 and 72 hours of inoculation. Maximum larval mortality of 71.65% and minimum egg hatching of 45% were recorded in Trichoderma @ 10% concentration whereas minimum larval mortality of 41.65% and maximum egg hatching of 63.30% were recorded in P. lilacinus at 10% concentration after 72 hours of inoculation. While, 100% larval mortality and 75% egg hatching was recorded in carbofuran @ 0.2% concentration after 72 hours of inoculation. In the case of Potato Dextrose Broth @ 10% larval mortality of 6.65% and egg hatching of 86.65% were recorded. Whereas, control (distilled water) recorded 3.30% larval mortality and egg hatching of 83.30% was recorded after 72 hours of inoculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pesticide's possible consequences on aquatic ecosystems are highlighted in the study on the effects of carbofuran on Clarias batrachus hepatotoxicity. The current study examines the hepatotoxic potential of carbofuran at various dosages and time points. Pesticide is frequently found in urban or agricultural catchments' waterways. Pesticides carbofuran were tested for both individual and collective toxicity. Following exposure to carbofuran, Clarias batrachus fish had routine examinations on six distinct occasions: days 1, 7, 15, 30, 45 and 60. Clarias batrachus was treated and monitored periodically throughout its exposure to carbofuran on days 1, 7, 15, 30, 45, and 60. Total protein, Albumin and globulin show significantly decrement after exposure to carbofuran after 1, 7, 15, 30, 45, 60 days. Albumin/Globulin ratio show significant decrement after 1, 7, 15 days, similarly it show significant increment after 30, 45, 60 day of carbofuran treatment. The current study's toxicity trends show that carbofuran exposure over 60 days had the highest toxicity trends. The indiscriminate use of these compounds endangers human health, damages ecosystems and poses a hazardous threat to non-target organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of changing parameters on the photocatalytic degradation of carbofuran (CBF) using laser-treated TiO2 nanotube arrays on a Ti mesh under simulated sunlight irradiation and assessing toxicity during photocatalytic degradation. Various parameters, including the stirring effect, light intensity, initial CBF concentration, and variation in the active surface area of laser-treated TiO2 photocatalysts, were examined to determine their impact on degradation efficiency. The photodegradation kinetics were monitored using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with a PDA detector (UPLC-PDA) and UV-Vis spectrophotometry, while mineralization was assessed by a total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer. The photocatalytic degradation of CBF is enhanced by an increase in the active surface area of the TiO2 photocatalyst, light intensity, and the introduction of stirring, but it decreases with an increase in the initial concentration of CBF. The toxicity assessments revealed that the cytotoxicity of CBF initially increased during the degradation process but decreased after further treatment, indicating the formation and subsequent breakdown of toxic intermediates. The phytotoxicity test showed that longer degradation times resulted in higher toxicity to plant growth. This study provides new insights into the photocatalytic degradation of CBF with TiO2, the importance of parameter optimization for more efficient treatment, and the use of toxicity tests to confirm the success of the photocatalytic process.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to prepare proficiency testing samples that are closer to the actual samples and have good homogeneity and stability， and the ability of national laboratories to detect procymidone， carbofuran， and parathion in vegetables was analyzed through proficiency testing.MethodsThe proficiency testing samples were prepared by adding the target standard solution to the vegetable juice that was sold in the market， and the uniformity and stability were tested. The assigned value and standard deviation of proficiency testing were obtained by robust statistics， and the z value was applied to evaluate the results submitted by the participating laboratories.ResultsThe prepared samples were tested for homogeneity and stability， and met the proficiency testing requirements. The samples were applied to proficiency testing， and 94 laboratories participated nationwide， of which the laboratory satisfaction rate in the procymidone project was 84.5%； the laboratory satisfaction rate in the carbofuran project was 83.3%； the laboratory satisfaction rate in the parathion project was 89.6%.ConclusionThe sample prepared by the preparation method in this study has favorable homogeneity and stability and can meet the requirements of the sample for proficiency testing. The statistical results of proficiency testing showed that the detection ability of procymidone， carbofuran， and parathion in vegetables used in participating laboratories was generally favorable. Through this capability verification activity， we gained an understanding of the testing level of laboratories in this field and achieved the expected results.

Introduction: Carbofuran, a broad-spectrum carbamate insecticide (endocrine disruptor) affects thyroid glands. Selenium- NPs is effective as selenite as a trace element for thyroid gland functioning while being less hazardous. Aim of wWork: The aim is to examine probable protecting effect of Cys Se-NPs on carbofuran induced rat thyroid glands damage. Materials and Methods: Forty adult male albino rats were divided randomly to four groups; control group, carbofuran group: received 2.4 mg/kg bw carbofuran, carbofuran & Cys Se-NPs group: received carbofuran as previous group in addition to 0.3 mg/kg bw Cys Se-NPs and finally Cys Se-NPs group: received Cys Se-NPs. Serum analysis of T3 and, T4 hormones and tissue GSH and MDA markers were evaluated. Thyroid sections of 5 μm thickness were prepared for H&E stains, Masson’s trichrome stains and detection of Ki67 antibodies immunohistochemical stain. Other thyroid specimens were processed for examination by transmission electron microscope. Results: Carbofuran group significantly revealed reduction in GSH and both T3, T4 and increase level of MDA. Thyroid follicles were highly disorganized and destructed, with follicular cells stratification and significant increase in epithelial thickness. Exfoliated cells were detected in the colloid with reduction in its volume. Carbofuran & Cys Se-NPs group revealed significant rise in GSH and T3, T4 and reduction in MDA level. Histological and ultrastructure abnormalities were improved significantly. Ki67 index was reduced by 3.69% compared to 62.4% in carbofuran group. Conclusions: Cys Se-NPs improved the changes induced by the toxic effects of carbofuran which can be a promising therapy against ROS produced by the carbofuran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]