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Avian excavators (woodpeckers and other species) select nest sites based on the characteristics of the nest patch, nest tree, and substrate. These characteristics could increase foraging opportunities or reduce the risk of predation, but there is also a potentially important role for wood hardness in restricting nest-site selection, a role that has been little explored and is expected to vary among species according to their ability to excavate. We examined patterns of nest-site selection in 8 woodpecker species in the humid Chaco of South America, where the dominant trees have extremely hard wood. We hypothesized that (1) wood hardness is the main factor driving the selection of excavation sites, and (2) interspecific variation in body size and foraging behavior (traits frequently related to excavation ability) explain interspecific variation in the wood hardness of excavated nest substrates. From 2016 to 2019 in well-preserved forests of the Argentine Chaco, we compared nesting cavities excavated in wood (cases; n  = 42) vs. potential wood substrates without cavities (matched controls) and made 187 focal observations of foraging woodpeckers. Woodpeckers selected nesting substrates with softer heartwood than potential substrates, regardless of any other characteristics of the tree or nest patch. Wood hardness around nest cavities increased with body size and the prevalence of chiseling during foraging, traits that were positively correlated. Woodpeckers often excavated in Prosopis spp. (Algarrobos) but rarely in Schinopsis balansae (Quebracho), a tree with exceptionally hard internal wood, in which cavity adopters frequently nest in non-excavated cavities. Wood hardness is critical to assessing the role of woodpeckers as cavity facilitators, understanding the costs and benefits of excavation, and interpreting excavation patterns across species and forests globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to report the occurrence of Ixodes silvanus outside its distribution range, in the Chaco Serrano vegetation unit of the Chaco Phytogeographic Province, central Argentina. Ticks were collected from vegetation and on birds between November 2021 and December 2023. A possible seasonal activity was observed in the immature stages of I. silvanus, with larvae in autumn-winter and nymphs in spring-summer, consistent with a behavioral diapause. A total of 937 ticks were identified as I. silvanus and confirmed molecularly, 741 host-seeking and 196 parasitizing 49 passerine birds (of 9 species, 6 genera and 5 families). All host-seeking ticks were found in leaf litter in forests dominated by the invasive tree Ligustrum lucidum, suggesting a possible link between environmental changes and the establishment of I. silvanus in this region. The prevalence of I. silvanus on birds was 27.4%, with significant participation of the Turdus genus and new host associations documented. The findings suggest that I. silvanus may be expanding its range, potentially facilitated by environmental modifications, the movement of austral migratory birds (Turdus nigriceps, Synallaxis frontalis and Zonotrichia capensis), and the range expansion of other bird species (Turdus amaurochalinus, Turdus chiguanco and Turdus rufiventris). Therefore, I. silvanus may represent a biological invasion and a potential threat to wild bird populations as a vector of pathogenic microorganisms. Future studies are required to determine the implications this could have. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: Bryophytes are an important group of plants in forest ecosystems that act as primary colonizers, moisture regulators and nutrient fixers. Due to their sensitivity to disturbance, they are used as bioindicators in impact studies. Nevertheless, there are extensive areas poorly studied that currently are undergoing significant changes due to agricultural and livestock practices, as is the case in Chaco. As part of a major project which aims to determine the impact on land-use change on the bryophyte diversity in Chaco, samples collected in the region have been analyzed with the aim of updating knowledge of the bryophyte flora in the province. M&M: Samples from preserved and non-preserved areas from Chaco were studied according to the traditional techniques for bryophytes and mounted in water-glycerin-phenol or Hoyer's solution. Results: As a result, 26 species distributed in 19 genera and 13 families, are newly recorded to Chaco Province. Conclusions: The results improved our understanding of a poorly explored flora in a region with unique characteristics. These findings reinforce the value of floristic studies to collect data about poorly known species and their distribution, and to provide a basis for applied studies. In Argentina, despite efforts made in recent decades, there is still a lack of understanding regarding bryophyte diversity. This, combined with rapid changes in land use, may lead to the alteration or disappearance of bryophyte communities before they are even studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean is one of the most widely cultivated species worldwide. Empirical studies have shown that animal pollination can contribute between 0 and 50 % to soybean yields. However, the role of animal pollination in soybean production is often overlooked in management decisions. Understanding the factors driving variability in pollinator contribution can aid in developing effective management strategies. In this study, we experimentally assessed the contribution of both autonomous and animal pollination across nine widely cultivated soybean cultivars in the Chaco region of Argentina. Additionally, we explored whether specific traits of these cultivars could explain the observed variability in pollination contribution. We used field exclosure experiments to study cultivars that differed in flower color, genetic modifications, and maturity groups, and analyzed the variability in pollinators' contributions across years and locations. We found that the overall reduction in production between open and bagged plants was, on average, 40 % (CI 25–51 %). The contribution of pollinators varied depending on flower color, maturity groups, and locations, but not across different years or genetic modifications. Cultivars with purple flowers showed greater differences between open and bagged plants compared to those with white flowers, indicating that flower color may influence the attractiveness of flowers to pollinators. Additionally, pollinators' contribution varied across maturity groups, potentially due to the differential timing of the flowering affecting the local abundance of pollinators within the crop. Notably, the variable used to estimate pollinators' contribution (i.e., seeds, pods, or yield) conditioned the results. Pollinators' contribution can be highly variable, and traits associated with cultivars can help improve our understanding of such heterogeneity. Our results showed that the contribution of pollinators to soybean cultivars in the Chaco region of Argentina ranges from modest to high. This suggests that conserving pollinators and managing agricultural fields at plot and landscape scales can significantly impact soybean production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lilloa is the property of Fundacion Miguel Lillo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Soybean is one of the most widely cultivated species worldwide. Empirical studies have shown that animal pollination can contribute between 0 and 50 % to soybean yields. However, the role of animal pollination in soybean production is often overlooked in management decisions. Understanding the factors driving variability in pollinator contribution can aid in developing effective management strategies. In this study, we experimentally assessed the contribution of both autonomous and animal pollination across nine widely cultivated soybean cultivars in the Chaco region of Argentina. Additionally, we explored whether specific traits of these cultivars could explain the observed variability in pollination contribution. We used field exclosure experiments to study cultivars that differed in flower color, genetic modifications, and maturity groups, and analyzed the variability in pollinators’ contributions across years and locations. We found that the overall reduction in production between open and bagged plants was, on average, 40 % (CI 25–51 %). The contribution of pollinators varied depending on flower color, maturity groups, and locations, but not across different years or genetic modifications. Cultivars with purple flowers showed greater differences between open and bagged plants compared to those with white flowers, indicating that flower color may influence the attractiveness of flowers to pollinators. Additionally, pollinators’ contribution varied across maturity groups, potentially due to the differential timing of the flowering affecting the local abundance of pollinators within the crop. Notably, the variable used to estimate pollinators’ contribution (i.e., seeds, pods, or yield) conditioned the results. Pollinators’ contribution can be highly variable, and traits associated with cultivars can help improve our understanding of such heterogeneity. Our results showed that the contribution of pollinators to soybean cultivars in the Chaco region of Argentina ranges from modest to high. This suggests that conserving pollinators and managing agricultural fields at plot and landscape scales can significantly impact soybean production.

Abstract Land‐use change is a major driver of biodiversity loss, affecting tropical forests and savannas at an unprecedented rate. To protect these ecosystems and their biodiversity, national conservation areas and international conservation funding have increased considerably in these regions. Understanding of how conservation funding allocation relates to dynamics in deforestation and conservation areas is crucial to identifying what mobilizes and distributes conservation funding. By applying fixed‐effect models on 30 years of dynamics in forest cover, conservation areas and conservation funding in the main deforestation regions of South America, we analysed the conservation funding allocation strategies in relation to deforestation (proactive vs. reactive), conservation areas (expanding or consolidating) and previous investment (agglomerating or not). We also assessed whether allocation strategies vary across regions and the stages of deforestation and conservation. We found that funding allocation followed conservation areas and higher prior funding levels over space and over time, across all regions and deforestation stages. This highlights the important role of recognized conservation areas (including protected areas and Indigenous territories) in mobilizing financial support for conservation. The allocation strategies relating to forest dynamics, however, varied depending on the scale of analysis, whether we look at the temporal or spatial dimension, and in which regions we assessed the allocation patterns. Capturing region‐level biases and within‐region dynamics is crucial for more effective and equitable conservation. As public and private actors commit to mobilizing more conservation funding and conserving more areas of the Earth, our insights on the relations between forest change and conservation efforts can help improve the allocation of conservation areas and conservation funding. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Latin American & Caribbean Studies (Taylor & Francis Ltd) is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Páginas. Revista digital de la Escuela de Historia de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario is the property of PAGINAS Revista digital de la Escuela de Historia de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista del Museo de Antropología is the property of Museo de Antropologia - IDACOR and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of the Argentine Society of Dermatology / Revista de la Journal Sociedad Argentina de Dermatología is the property of Editorial Biotecnologica S.R.L and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The South America Dry Diagonal (SADD) is the most extensive and continuous portion of dry vegetation on the continent, characterised by lower rainfall and a marked dry season. Epiphytes are very poorly known and understudied in this area, even though they represent a high proportion of plant diversity in South America. Here, we compiled a dataset of epiphyte records from the SADD. The compiled epiphyte records date from 1859 to 2021, covering all four SADD domains, four countries, and 24 ecoregions. We utilised two databases for life form classification: Epilist and Brazil Flora Group. Our dataset contains 41,039 records distributed among 1119 epiphyte and hemiepiphyte species belonging to three main groups: angiosperms, ferns, and lycophytes. The SADD domains host a high number of unique species in each domain, with the Cerrado and Caatinga regions serving as primary hosts for the majority of species in the SADD dataset. Despite notable differences in species composition among domains, the least significant differences were observed between the Caatinga and Cerrado, as well as between the Chaco and the Pantanal. Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, and Polypodiaceae families exhibited the highest species diversity within the region. However, the species containing the highest number of specimens collected varied considerably among the domains. Herein, we also outlined some inconsistencies in the life-form classification across taxonomic bases, acknowledging the challenges of categorising epiphyte species while considering their intraspecific life-form variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South American Dry Diagonal, also called the Diagonal of Open Formations, is a large region of seasonally dry vegetation extending from northeastern Brazil to northern Argentina, comprising the Caatinga, Cerrado, and Chaco subregions. A growing body of phylogeography literature has determined that a complex history of climatic changes coupled with more ancient geological events has produced a diverse and endemic‐rich Dry Diagonal biota. However, the exact drivers are still under investigation, and their relative strengths and effects are controversial. Pleistocene climatic fluctuations structured lineages via vegetation shifts, refugium formation, and corridors between the Amazon and Atlantic forests. In some taxa, older geological events, such as the reconfiguration of the São Francisco River, uplift of the Central Brazilian Plateau, or the Miocene inundation of the Chaco by marine incursions, were more important. Here, we review the Dry Diagonal phylogeography literature, discussing each hypothesized driver of diversification and assessing degree of support. Few studies statistically test these hypotheses, with most support drawn from associating encountered phylogeographic patterns such as population structure with the timing of ancient geoclimatic events. Across statistical studies, most hypotheses are well supported, with the exception of the Pleistocene Arc Hypothesis. However, taxonomic and regional biases persist, such as a proportional overabundance of herpetofauna studies, and the under‐representation of Chaco studies. Overall, both Pleistocene climate change and Neogene geological events shaped the evolution of the Dry Diagonal biota, though the precise effects are regionally and taxonomically varied. We encourage further use of model‐based analyses to test evolutionary scenarios, as well as interdisciplinary collaborations to progress the field beyond its current focus on the traditional set of geoclimatic hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argentina. General Archive of the Nation. Written Documents Department. Argentine Confederation. Ministry of War and Navy. 58-1-1. Paper. [Part of the map of the Chaco that by order, and under the direction of the General Command is being drawn up by the engineer attached to the E.M. of the latter.] Undated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geoclimatic events driving South American aridization have generated biota differentiation due to barriers and new environment formation. New environments allow species climatic niche evolution, or the geographical expansion of an existing one. Understanding the role these processes play may clarify the evolution of South American biota. Gomphrena L. ranges across almost all the continent's arid environments. We tested whether South American drylands are biogeographically connected through the Gran Chaco but, due to different aridity levels, lineage diversification could have also been associated with the evolution of climatic niches and morphological or physiological traits. With available data, we generated a dated phylogeny, estimated ancestral ranges, performed diversification analyses, reconstructed ancestral states of two characters, and examined if niches have changed between lineages. Results showed that Gomphrena diversified throughout the easternmost South American drylands ~15.4 Ma, and subsequently three independent clades colonized the western arid regions during the last Andean pulse, and after the marine transgressions (~4.8–0.4 Ma) via the Gran Chaco. The colonization implied an increase in the diversification rate of annuals over perennials and the progressive east–west differentiation of the occupied climatic niche. This diversification was influenced by C4 photosynthesis, which could have acted as a niche opener to conquer new environments after the Paranaean Sea withdrew. Spatiotemporal patterns found in Gomphrena suggest that geographical expansion and evolution of climatic niches played a common but decoupled role in promoting diversification. These results show that the Gran Chaco may have acted as a historical connection linking South American drylands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on observations made during botanical surveys in the southern sub-Andean of Bolivia, analysis of collected material, review of herbarium material and online databases, we determined that the Ceiba populations of the xeric Bolivian-Tucuman forests, previously identified as Ceiba chodatii, correspond to a new species. Given that the morphological, ecological and distributional characteristics differ from those observed in populations of C. chodatii, we propose Ceiba guarani sp. nov. Our field observations and distribution data from the revised specimens indicate that C. chodatii is naturally restricted to the Chaco plains and a strip of the southern Subandean foothills, whereas Ceiba guarani is distributed mainly in the Subandean ranges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Crítica y Resistencias: Revista de conflictos sociales latinoamericanos is the property of Fundacion El llano - Centro de Estudios Politicos y Sociales de America Latina (CEPSAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Se ha demostrado recientemente que los criollos del Chaco Subhúmedo argentino constituyen un nuevo complejo biocultural, sobre el cual nos resulta desconocida su etnobotánica médica. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en describir y analizar en su preciso contexto socio-cultural los conocimientos y usos medicinales de las plantas para este complejo biocultural y en compararlos con los obtenidos para otros grupos criollos del Gran Chaco argentino. Los datos fueron obtenidos de primera mano a lo largo de seis trabajos de campo realizados entre 2017 y 2022, en los alrededores de Juan José Castelli y Miraflores al norte de la provincia del Chaco, Argentina. La metodología empleada para el análisis de los datos fue la correspondiente a la etnobotánica clásica. Se registraron 721 datos etnobotánicos de usos medicinales de las plantas correspondientes a 200 taxa -el 79 % de ellas nativas- pertenecientes a 62 familias botánicas. Estos fueron registrados a partir de 1485 reportes individuales de los colaboradores entrevistados, los cuales hacen alusión a un total de 135 tipos de indicaciones terapéuticas, clasificadas en 15 subcategorías de uso medicinal. A pesar de las similitudes halladas a nivel de flora medicinal al comparar los datos con los criollos del Chaco Húmedo y Semiárido, los usos medicinales de las plantas fueron sustancialmente diferentes. Dichas diferencias no se deberían a distinciones en la flora de cada distrito fitogeográfico, sino a distintas prácticas culturales entre los criollos que los habitan. Estos resultados confirman la condición distintiva del complejo biocultural de los criollos del Chaco Subhúmedo y, como consecuencia, destacan la originalidad de los mismos.

Austrolebias accorsii is redescribed based on specimens from type-locality, nearby temporary pools, and other locations within the same hydrologic unit. Additionally, a novel Austrolebias species is described, exclusively found in two temporary waterbodies in "Abayoy", a unique vegetation type situated in the transitional zone between the Dry Chaco, Chiquitano Dry Forest, and Pantanal Flooded Savannas ecoregions in southeastern Bolivia, bordering Paraguay, where the last voluntarily isolated indigenous people outside the Amazon in America reside. Diagnostic characters for both species are presented. Within Austrolebias two species groups are recognized with different morphological characters, geographical distribution, and ecological traits of their habitats. Furthermore, we suggest the usage of median and interquartile range rather than mean and standard deviation to analyze morphometric and meristic data of rivulids, given the typically non-Gaussian distribution of this data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: The knowledge about the forage plants of the “criollos” of the central-northern of the province of Chaco (Argentina), their forms of management and the extra-nutritional effects those have on their livestock, is studied. M&M: Interviews recorded with 51 Creole residents during six campaigns carried out between 2017 and 2022 is used. The uses are described in their precise sociocultural context of reference, and unpublished ethnobotanical data on the subject are compiled and updated with which a diachronic comparison is made with the current ones. Results: A total of 624 ethnobotanical data is recorded on 185 types of forages corresponding to 143 wild or feral plant taxa and 11 exotic ones. A total of 31 ethnobotanical data were obtained regarding their foraging practices, as well as 34 about the extra-food effects of their ingestion. Only half of the total plants and types of forage recorded in the field were identical to those cited in unpublished historical sources on the subject for the same bio-cultural complex. In total 850 ethnobotanical data associated with 348 forage plants were recorded. Conclusions: Knowledge about forage plants is embedded in a socio-cultural bias based on a differential valuation of the livestock that consumes them. This enormous volume of knowledge and appreciation of the native forest as a source of maintenance for its livestock reaffirms the high significance that its livestock activity has as a source of sustenance among Chaco’s creole people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artículo se detiene en los primeros films del documentalista argentino Alejandro Fernández Mouján que abordan, en su conjunto, distintas problemáticas de la región de Chaco (Argentina) en un contexto de avance neoliberal. El análisis se detiene en los diálogos que estos films establecen entre sí a partir de la recurrencia de ciertos motivos audiovisuales y del trabajo sobre operaciones de archivo. A la luz de la trayectoria del realizador, este artículo también estudia cómo la búsqueda narrativa en estos films navega entre las formas y las temáticas del cine ambiental, sin alejarse de los lineamientos de la tradición del documental social argentino y latinoamericano.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, a major effort has been made to develop a method of recording and comparing the numerous string games practiced in various parts of the world. Originally, within the framework of the diffusionist paradigm, the aim was to look for similarities, as clues to technical borrowings that could help to understand contacts between human groups. Based on fieldwork carried out in the central Paraguayan Chaco, where indigenous people live in agricultural settlements established by the Mennonites to implement intensive agriculture, the author compares the string figure making of Nivacle and Enlhet women in two neighboring communities. The aim is to understand the meaning of the technical and graphic differences observed in these two communities, and then, in contrast to the diffusionist hypothesis, to examine the way in which string figure making, like language or handicrafts, participates in the processes of ethnic affiliation.

In this article we set out to examine the personal and political ties established between President Juan Domingo Perón and Monsignor Nicolas De Carlo, Bishop of the Diocese of Resistencia (Chaco, Argentina). Between the years 1946 and 1951, this priest became one of the referents of the Argentine ecclesiastical hierarchy closest to the government with which he had many coincidences that earned him recognition, but, at the same time, the anger of some of his peers. Through this analysis we seek to investigate the participation of sectors of the Church in the process of building Peronism in peripheral areas of the country.

Las nuevas formas del hambre en la Argentina del siglo XXI impactan de manera más aguda en las infancias de regiones periféricas como el nordeste argentino (NEA). El acceso limitado a nutrientes potencia las desigualdades sociales preexistentes que abarcan tanto niveles de ingreso como infraestructura disponible. El agronegocio homogeneiza la oferta alimentaria e incrementa la malnutrición en la población argentina en general más allá del incremento en la productividad por hectárea. Los saberes médicos suelen abordar la malnutrición como un problema individual, pero tanto sus causas como sus consecuencias son sociales. Este trabajo es un estudio exploratorio del impacto de la desigualdad nutricional en infancias de tres localidades del NEA, en la Provincia del Chaco: Presidencia Roque Sáenz Peña, Taco Pozo y Fortín Lavalle. Los niños, sus familias y los profesionales médicos intervinientes fueron seleccionados como objeto de estudio por la posibilidad de reconstruir este proceso a partir de las prácticas impulsadas por el Estado desde los Centros de Atención Primaria de Salud (CAPS). Los hallazgos permiten deducir que la medicalización de los cuerpos malnutridos es parte del los agronegocios como un proceso que posee consecuencias ambientales y que potencia la exclusión social al ampliar la oferta calórica y reducir el acceso a nutrientes.

Introducción y objetivos: Se estudian los conocimientos sobre las plantas forrajeras de los criollos del centro-norte de la provincia del Chaco (Argentina), así como sus formas de manejo y efectos extra-alimenticios que las mismas tienen sobre el ganado. M&M: Se emplean entrevistas registradas a 51 pobladores criollos durante seis campañas realizadas entre 2017 y 2022. Se describen los usos en su preciso contexto socio-cultural de referencia y se compilan y actualizan datos etnobotánicos inéditos sobre la temática con los cuales se efectúa una comparación diacrónica con los actuales. Resultados: Se registra un total de 624 datos etnobotánicos sobre 185 tipos de forrajes correspondientes a 143 taxa vegetales nativos o asilvestrados y 11 exóticos. Un total de 31 datos etnobotánicos se obtuvieron respecto a sus prácticas forrajeras, así como 34 acerca de los efectos extra-alimentarios de su ingestión. Solo la mitad del total de plantas y tipos de forrajes registrados a campo resultaron idénticos a los citados en fuentes históricas inéditas sobre la temática para el mismo complejo biocultural. En total se registran 850 datos etnobotánicos asociados a 348 plantas forrajeras. Conclusiones: Los conocimientos sobre plantas forrajeras se hallan embebidos de un sesgo socio-cultural basado en una valoración diferencial del ganado que las consume. Este enorme volumen de conocimientos y apreciaciones del bosque nativo como fuente de mantención de sus animales de cría reafirma la elevada significación que posee su actividad ganadera como fuente de sustento para los criollos del Chaco.

Social anthropologists have long appreciated the notion of comparison as an important conceptual tool in the discipline. In this paper I ponder the meanings implicit to an Ayoreo (a Zamucoan speaking group living in Paraguayan Chaco) notion of 'comparison' through the idiom of what they describe as -acãrájai and the sets of transformations it enacts. In proposing that Ayoreo ontology is inherently comparative, the aim of this article is not just to provide an ethnographic account of different contexts of Ayoreo lived world, be that as it may, but also to optimistically present a daunting task to an anthropological way of thinking about the notion of comparison. By addressing a question on how we can experience ethnographically how the differences compared by Ayoreo people are themselves differently comparing and redefining everything as their variants, I attempt to list similarities and dissimilarities between the concept of -acãrájai and the anthropological notion of comparison and they appeared to me through my own comparative/ethnographic apparatus and to raise awareness of misunderstandings between them, to redefine our own way of making identities and differences through the notion of comparison by defining it by its differential relations to the notion of -acãrájai. For it, this paper examines how one intellectual object twists the other and how the background from which each one of them emerge are placed on the same footing, in a manner that -acãrájai and comparison are reciprocally constitutive of each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2011, in the area currently known as El Impenetrable National Park (Chaco, Argentina), certain animals were "protected" and became part of the attractions offered to tourists. This article aims to describe and analyze the relationships between humans and animals in the mentioned area, where environmental conservation and tourism converge with family livestock production. It is an ethnographic research carried out between 2021 and 2023 that encourages us to think about ways to reconcile conservation with human presence in the environment. The physical space of the park underwent changes linked to the productive activities' humans carried out there. The environmental conservation promoted seeks to eradicate the harmful hunting of "wild animals". Although such animal condition (wild) reflects separation between humans and nature, it is relative (it does not apply to all humans or to all animals) and permeable (through the physical movement of animals and humans across park borders and through the similar treatment that locals give to animals). Finally, the promotion of experiences with animals within the park prioritizes the presence of some to the detriment of others. The criteria of animal differentiation reveal a territorial and animal strategy aimed at transforming sources of income generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Ciencias Sociales Interdisciplinares is the property of Common Ground Research Networks and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Si bien el libro de Tornetti fue citado por algunos autores, éstos pareciera que no lo consultaron porque hubieran mencionado valiosos datos allí consignados. Es nuestra intención dar a conocer esta obra que adjuntamos, traducida al castellano, publicada en Italia en 1711. Previamente analizamos los motivos y el contexto en que fue escrita por un longevo párroco de iglesia, conciudadano del biografiado, en tiempos difíciles para la Italia del siglo XVIII. De allí que analizamos brevemente el desarrollo del género biográfico dentro de los jesuitas del Paraguay, como a su vez una biobibliografía del Padre Antonio Ripari, para luego abordar los aspectos centrales, es decir el autor, la dedicatoria, el impresor y sobre todo el contenido del texto. Un protagonista jesuita que se convirtió en paradigma de un tiempo y ejemplo para jóvenes, entregando la vida por la profunda convicción de su fe cristiana.

ABSTRACT Climate influences species distribution and selects different morphological traits. The Chaco biome has climatic gradients, leading us to question morphological trait distribution. Using Fabaceae as a study model, we aimed to understand how the dispersal traits of this family, such as fruit types, dispersal syndromes and dispersal units, are distributed along the climatic gradients in the Chaco. We performed a spatial analysis in order to generate spatial predictors and thus identify on which spatial scales climate and soil variables are relevant to the distribution of the traits. Also, we used Threshold indicator rate analysis to identify the variation of the traits along the gradients. Temperature seasonality, precipitation seasonality, and annual mean precipitation are significant predictors of the distribution of the analyzed traits. Anemochory and barochory show the occurrence of reductions in intermediate gradient values for temperature seasonality. Regarding precipitation seasonality, craspedium showed greater reductions. At intermediate values of the rainfall gradient, we observed an increase in the occurrence of drupes and follicles. Craspedium increases in drier regions. Understanding the dispersion patterns of Fabaceae, a group of significant ecological and ethnological relevance in the Chaco, should contribute to the consolidation of conservation plans in different dry forest areas in South America.

Este artículo analiza, desde la arqueología y la historia, las estrategias de asentamiento y movilidad de las sociedades indígenas de la llanura santiagueña y del Chaco en relación con la escasez o demasía de agua. Se enfoca en distintos sectores dentro de este gran espacio y discute el uso de ríos y bañados, así como la implementación de pozos y represas. Indaga asimismo en la relación entre paleomabiente, organización socio política, control de los recursos y envergadura de los trabajos necesarios para aprovecharlos. Las coordenadas cronológicas atienden a dos duraciones diferentes. El análisis arqueológico se extiende entre el 1000 de la era cristiana y la conquista española, período que conoció dos eventos paleoclimáticos de signo opuesto: el Cálido Medieval y la Pequeña Edad del Hielo. El relato histórico, en cambio, se ocupa de un período más breve y particularmente árido -la primera mitad del siglo XVIII-, de plena expansión de las misiones jesuíticas.

After the military campaigns undertaken by the Argentine State against the indigenous peoples in Patagonia and the Gran Chaco, the problem of what to do with the indigenous people displaced from their lands became important at the end of the 19th century. In this context, the proposal of acculturation of the indigenous people through civil reductions emerged, which in Argentina was mainly promoted by Enrique Lynch Arribálzaga, founder of the Napalpí Reduction in 1911 and in charge of supervising it between 1912 and 1917. The model of civilian reductions confronts with the religious missions, with a large tradition in America, and with different alternatives of civilian and military colonies, resulting in the most favored project in terms of state funding. In this article, we focus on the tensions and ambiguities found in the author's image of the indigenous as well as in the changing positions that his management awakens in the Chaco society, for which we analyze the newspaper El Colono, the main newspaper of Resistencia at the beginning of the twentieth century. We investigated how the different actors of the Chaco society position themselves in relation to the discussions and projects about the indigenous people of the region, the main points of conflict and the representations with which they dispute about the place -symbolic and real- of the indigenous people of Chaco.

Challenges in readings of documentary sources appear frequently in the crosses between anthropology and history. From both historical anthropology and ethnohistory — diffuse and sometimes overlapping fields of interaction, in both cases the search for qualitative information on social groups of the past comes from the study of documentary sources — useful metaphors have emerged and become valid methodologies: reading against the grain, along the grain, between the lines, etc. Less has been discussed about the composition of the corpus and the periodization that researchers do or replicate when approaching our work. Following Walter Mignolo (1995) and others, I am interested in discussing the articulation of a historically diverse corpus based on the notion of “colonial semiosis”. According to this idea, the different types of sources are linked by the referent they share, the colonial situation, whether they were produced during the colonial period. Based on the case of a series of documents selected for the first half of the 20th century in Argentina, I suggest that the study of continuities and ruptures benefits from a corpus that is not usually considered by colonial studies. In the case of the imaginaries about the indigenous groups of the Chaco, I point out some benefits and challenges in taking three different types of sources in their intention, production, and circulation (ministerial reports, ethnographic photography, and official historiography) to account for their relationship with a previous period. I believe that such an exercise, far from diminishing the specificity of our task, contributes to a more complex understanding of the colonial period and with the possibility of a better un-disciplinary communication.

South American drylands roughly form two diagonals both termed in the biogeographical literature as the "South American dry diagonal" (SADD). However, they correspond to two different geographical areas. One comprises the Caatinga, Cerrado and Chaco domains, thus encompassing the areas between northeastern Brazil and northwestern Argentina. The other stretches from Patagonia in southern Argentina to the Pacific deserts of northern Chile and Peru, thus also including the Monte, Prepuna and dry Puna domains. I termed them the eastern and western SADDs, respectively (i.e., eSADD and wSADD). In this mini review I attempt to summarize the major climatic features of the two South American dry diagonals, their possible origins, biogeographical patterns within and around them and to explore possible interconnections. The eSADD is generally more humid than the wSADD and has more pronounced rainfall seasonality, with precipitation concentrated in summer, while the wSADD tends to be less seasonal due to year-round aridity, with little precipitation largely occurring in winter. The origin of both diagonals appears to go back to the middle Miocene, associated with global cooling. Biogeographical studies show that these diagonals are important in structuring South American distribution patterns south of the Equator, both acting as barriers for humid-adapted lineages and corridors for arid-adapted taxa. Remarkably, the two diagonals appear to have few plant and animal taxa in common, which may explain why biogeographers speaking about one diagonal seem to ignore the existence of the other.

Phylogeographical studies combined with species distribution modelling can provide evidence for past climate refugia. During the Pleistocene, the Chaco phytogeographical province (ChPP) underwent changes in the distribution range, and the flora might have found refugia in different habitats according to their climatic requirements. This contribution aims to infer the effects of historical geoclimatic changes on the evolutionary history of Capsicum chacoense , the southernmost chilli pepper growing in the ChPP. We analysed 27 localities with plastid markers and 23 with nuclear markers, covering the geographical range of the species. We performed statistical phylogeography, in addition to current and past species distribution modelling. We found three haploclades, diverging 2.3–1 Mya, intermingled throughout the mountain ranges of the ChPP as a consequence of glacial cycles. According to the species distribution modelling, the expansion of the species distribution occurred during interglacial periods. We found two dispersal routes from south to north of the species distribution, concomitant with the migration routes of birds that disperse their fruits. The spatial distribution of genetic diversity showed the highest genetic diversity values at higher elevations. The main orographic systems of the study area were identified as areas of presumed population stability. Consequently, mountains are priority regions for conservation because they contain areas with high genetic diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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El Estado dirigista y planificador liderado desde 1946 por Juan Perón, basa su política económica en la redistribución del ingreso, la “justicia social, la independencia económica y la soberanía política”. Desde esa concepción doctrinaria, las economías regionales fronterizas, como el Chaco forestal y algodonero, forman parte de las políticas estatales de concertación en defensa de los bosques, los obrajeros y los empresarios forestales. Durante el tercer peronismo (1973-1975) los objetivos son más pragmáticos, privilegian subsidios y créditos, así como la creación de institutos y estaciones experimentales, para reconstituir la riqueza maderera argentina. Se trata de otro tipo de concertación. Este estudio histórico analiza el accionar legislativo (en base al Archivo Parlamentario del Congreso de la Nación Argentina) como uno de los instrumentos específicos de la concertación política intersectorial, para interpretar características, continuidades y cambios en el Chaco forestal durante la gestión de los gobiernos nacionales peronistas

Since the late 1990s, the Argentinean Chaco has been subject to the advance of an agricultural frontier that has turned it into a deforestation hotspot on a global scale. Environmental conflicts arise on a daily basis, as the advance of this frontier pits communities against companies, landowners and local authorities. The aim of this article is to capture the conflicts that characterize the advance of the agricultural frontier by observing its “productivity”, particularly in its social and territorial dimensions. The hypothesis is that conflicts can be understood as territorial “fabrics”, which can be studied in order to reveal the functioning of a society in ongoing transformation. Based on the case of the Wichís in the province of Salta, the demonstration is founded on the analysis of public policies, the long-term monitoring of conflicts, and interviews with all the actors involved.

Witchcraft as a causal agent of diseases and other misfortunes has been a subject of recurrent interest in the studies of the Chaco peoples of Argentina. The aim of this article is to analyze from an existential phenomenological perspective how witchcraft is experienced by a young mother and her little disabled son every day and how this notion is shaped individually to find viable solutions to the problems this woman must face both in their own home and in the community. As part of the analysis, I have included the relationships these peoples have with the local public health system and with my own presence in the community as a physician but also as an ethnographer. In this sense, at a methodological level, the work takes into account the intersubjective dimension of ethnography and a detailed approach to the experience of the ethnographer and her interlocutors, taking into account the influence of the structures and the geopolitical order that mediate these experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study is to characterize the Slovak community in the northern Argentine province of Chaco, which was formed between 1923 and 1935 in the town of Saenz Peña and its surroundings. Approximately three-quarters of the Slovak immigrants in Chaco came from Slovak minorities in Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria, which were established there during the 18th-19th centuries. The different natural, economic, ethnic, linguistic, and cultural conditions in the Chaco province caused discontinuous trends to become dominant in the ethno-cultural development of the Slovak colonists. Their consequence was the emergence of the Argentinian variety of the Slovak dialect. There was also an economic transition from the family subsistence farming to farming whose production was dictated by the demands of the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agricultural activities of the original Czecho-slovak colonists and their descendants in the Chaco province of Argentina are carried out on the family farm, the chacra. The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the development of the chacra as an independent productive and economic unit in the rural zone and to sketch selected specificities of farming on the area of the family farm. In terms of time, I focus on the period from the early 1920s (when the migration of Czecho-slovaks, or Moravians, Czechs, and Slovaks to Argentina became more massive) to the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During samplings carried out to evaluate the diversity of calyptrate flies (Diptera: Calyptratae) in northeastern Argentina, Mesembrinella bicolor (Fabricius, 1805) was first detected. This finding represents the second species of Mesembrinellidae from Argentina, after Mesembrinella bellardiana Aldrich, 1922 and the southernmost known record for a species of Mesembrinellidae. A brief diagnosis of both species is included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Anaschisma includes four species in America, of which, A. lilliputanum is recorded for the first time to the Argentina. The specimens were analyzed morphologically using conventional techniques for Pottiaceae (Bryophyta). A distribution map of the genus, description and illustration in SEM and LM of the species are provided. Comments and differences between this taxon and A. schiavoneae from Argentina are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents Tadesgná, a Toba woman “colocada” (placed) in Buenos Aires, and the reconstruction of her experience in shelters, a police station, jail, a hospital and a hospice in the years 1885- 1886. The analysis of this part of her biography allows us to understand some common denominators in the fate of indigenous women during that decade: the places where they were taken to, the multiple and successive transfers from one master to the following one, the language barrier difficulties and the several forms of violence they were subjected to. If we focus on the characterisation read in the sources with reference to her first menstruation period and her facial tattoo, it is clear that the discourses stemming from criminology, legal medicine, law, police and journalism were based on a racialisation and a configuration of gender that branded indigenous women with the utmost negativity, thus naturalising their ill-treatment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Confluenze. Rivista di Studi Iberoamericani is the property of Universita di Bologna, Dipartimento di Lingue, Letterature e Culture Moderne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)