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Background: Reproductive tract infections/sexual tract infections (RTI/STIs) have a huge economic impact in terms of costs of healthcare, loss of productivity and the long-term sequelae. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a global health problem. Trends of STIs vary from place to place depending on various epidemiological factors prevailing in that respective geographic area. Aims: The aim of this study was to find out behaviour risk factors of patients attending Suraksha clinic of North Bengal Medical College & Hospital. Methods: The present study was a Hospital based descriptive epidemiological study with cross sectional design conducted in the Suraksha clinic of North Bengal Medical College & Hospital, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. All patients reported to the RTI/STI clinic, Suraksha Clinic of North Bengal Medical College & Hospital were included in the study from April 2019 to May 2019. Template was generated in MS excel sheet and analysis was done on SPSS software. Results: Maximum respondents belonged to age group of >35 years 32 (41%), followed by 25-35 years 27 (34.6%). Maximum respondents reside in rural areas 56 (71.8%), majority of respondents having the education of Secondary level 29 (37.2 %), followed by Higher secondary 27 (34.6%). Majority 57 (73.1%) belong to class V of socio economic status and 15 (19.2%) belong to class IV socio economic status. Maximum participants were female 69 (88.5%). Maximum respondents were having duration of suffering ≥2 years 26 (33.3%). Maximum respondents were having symptom of white discharge with lower abdominal pain 28 (35.9%) followed by white discharge 21 (26.9%), lower abdominal pain 9 (11.5%). Only 2 (2.9%) were having history of drug abuse. OPC was used by 10 (12.8%) and condom was used by 6 (7.7%). Maximum respondents were treated with kit 2 i.e. 39 (50%), 21 (26.9%) were treated with kit 6. Conclusions: There is a need for focused community-based interventions targeting the young, urban, lower-middle-class population to reduce the burden of STIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Self-directed learning (SDL) is the practice of learning on one's own initiative and is characterised by the learner's main ownership of the planning, carrying out, and evaluation of the endeavour. To assess whether undergraduate medical students at North Bengal Medical College in Darjeeling district, West Bengal, are ready for self-directed learning, and because medical professionals need to be self-directed learners to maintain lifelong learning in the field of medicine. Methods: This descriptive epidemiological study with cross sectional design was conducted in North Bengal Medical College, located in Siliguri, Darjeeling district. Total 300 undergraduate medical students of North Bengal Medical College from 1st prof to final prof were included in the study after getting consent to participate in the study. The duration of the study was 6 months (August 2019-January 2020). The data was tabulated in Microsoft Excel software and analysed with SPSS V.20 software. Results: In the present study male were 192 (64%) and female were 108 (36%). Total day scholars were 55 (18.3%) and hostellers were 245 (81.7%). Median SDLRS score was 140.63. The mean sores in the three domains of self-management, desire for learning and self-control were 42.76±6.236, 44.67±6.257, and 52.52±7.563 respectively. Females scored higher in all three domains than males. Day scholars scored higher in all the three domains (self-management, desire for self-learning, self-control) when compared with Hostellers. Conclusions: There is need to modify medical education innovation programmes, such as problem-based learning and to emphasize more on self-directed learning rather than on traditional teacher centered learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layered double hydroxide based metal organic framework-5 (LDH/MOF-5) nanocomposite is synthesized by in situ nucleation and directed growth of MOF-5 crystals on LDH layers. The intercalated benzene dicarboxylate (BDC) ions of the LDH structures coordinate to the Zn2+ ions to form MOF-5 crystals, which are deposited on the surface of the LDH. The structural and morphological analyses of the LDH/MOF-5 nanocomposite are carried out by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), optical spectroscopy and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). Thus, the synthesized ZnAl–LDH/MOF-5 nanocomposite exhibits enhanced dye removal efficiency, compared to pure LDH and MOF-5. The nanocomposite is very selective towards the removal of anionic dyes. The methyl orange (MO) dye adsorption efficiency of ZnAl–LDH/MOF-5 is 51.41% and shows a plateau after 60 min of contact time. The ZnAl–LDH/MOF-5 nanocomposite exhibits an excellent dye removal efficiency of 99.98% after 40 min by a natural sunlight mediated photodegradation process. Such an efficient photocatalytic removal of toxic anionic dyes indicates the potential applications of the ZnAl–LDH/MOF-5 nanocomposite in industrial waste-water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) and elevated plasma lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] are inherited conditions independently associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This study investigated the detection of new cases of elevated Lp(a) during cascade testing of relatives of probands with a definite diagnosis of FH and elevated Lp(a) (≥50 mg/dL). Relatives from 62 adult probands were tested for FH genetically and for elevated Lp(a) using an immunoassay. The prevalence and yield of new cases of FH with or without elevated Lp(a) among relatives and the association between the detection of elevated Lp(a) and the Lp(a) concentration of the probands were assessed. Among 162 relatives tested (136 adults and 26 children), the prevalence of FH and elevated Lp(a) was 60.5% and 41.4%, respectively: FH alone was detected in 31.5%, elevated Lp(a) alone in 12.3%, FH with elevated Lp(a) in 29.0%, and neither disorder in 27.2% of the relatives. Cascade testing detected a new case of FH, elevated Lp(a) and FH with elevated Lp(a) for every 1.5, 2.1 and 3.0 relatives tested, respectively. The proportion of relatives detected with elevated Lp(a) was significantly higher when tested from probands with Lp(a) ≥100 mg/dL compared with those from probands with Lp(a) between 50 and 99 mg/dL (53% vs 34%, p = 0.018). The concordance between the detection of FH and elevated Lp(a) was 56.2% (kappa statistic 0.154), indicating a poor agreement. A dual approach to cascade testing families for FH and high Lp(a) from appropriate probands can effectively identify not only new cases of FH, but also new cases of elevated Lp(a) with or without FH. The findings accord with the co-dominant and independent heritability of FH and Lp(a). [Display omitted] • FH and elevated Lp(a) are both causal risk factors for ASCVD, but most cases remain undiagnosed in the community. • Cascade testing from probands with FH and high Lp(a) can identify 1 case of elevated Lp(a) for every 2 relatives tested. • 1 case of FH and 1 case of FH plus elevated Lp(a) can also be identified for every 2 and 3 relatives tested, respectively. • A dual approach to cascade testing families for FH and high Lp(a) can identify both new cases of FH and elevated Lp(a). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until recently, it was textbook knowledge that the diffusion coefficients could not be estimated in a multi-component system following the widely practised diffusion couple method. The recently proposed constrained diffusion couple method largely solved the problems. The need to produce two intersecting diffusion paths in a multi-component space with very well-controlled compositions of the diffusion couple end members may be tricky in certain situations, depending on the complications of diffusion paths. In this study, we have shown the estimation of all types of diffusion coefficients from a single diffusion profile without neglecting Onsager's cross terms in concentrated ternary Ni-Co-Fe, Fe-rich quaternary Fe-Ni-Co-Cr and concentrated Ni-Co-Fe-Cr-Al quinary alloys. This is applicable in ternary and multicomponent component systems (n ≥ 3) at a stable Kirkendall marker plane position. One can even estimate the impurity diffusion coefficients utilizing the composition profiles at the ends of the diffusion couples following the Hall method, which has been rarely practised in multicomponent systems until now. We have further demonstrated the importance of estimating the tracer and intrinsic diffusion coefficients in a concentrated or multi-principal element alloy in which interdiffusion coefficients can be vague and misleading for understanding the elements' diffusional interactions and relative mobilities. We have also shown the importance of considering the vacancy wind effect in concentrated alloys. The method proposed in this study will help to generate a mobility database with relative ease in various multicomponent systems important for various applications, which was considered impossible until recently. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-Memory computation has received considerable attention in the light of recent advances made in the memristor-based design. Non-volatile memristor devices are compatible with both the crossbar structure, CMOS technology, and can perform logical operations when subjected to suitable voltages. In this work, a generalized synthesis technique is presented to implement the logic functions inside pure memristive-crossbar. To initiate the process, two novel memristive-designs are proposed for 2:1 multiplexer (MUX) that follow Memristor Aided loGIC (MAGIC) design style. Experimental results showed that each design is at least 68.05 %, 35.92 % more energy-efficient than their existing IMPLY, MAGIC-based designs, respectively. One of our proposed MUX designs is optimized in memristor-count, and the other is latency-optimized. The latency-optimized design offers 20 % improvement in performance compared to its existing IMPLY, MAGIC-based peers. Based on the simulation methodology presented in this work, the memristive-MUXes are simulated in Cadence Virtuoso. Subsequently, our proposed MUX designs are used for the technology mapping of the nodes of the Binary Decision Diagrams (optimized in terms of node, path counts) for the logic functions. Our proposed technique optimizes the implemented logic circuits in terms of memristor-count, step-count, and provides the details for – latency, required memristors, energy, area. Comparison of the synthesis results showed that the circuits generated using our proposed MAGIC-MUXes, are at least 82.21 %, 44 % more energy-efficient, and can offer 18.94 %, 18.92 % more performance-improvements than their peers, realized using the existing IMPLY, MAGIC-MUX designs, respectively. Also, our proposed-MUX based circuits need at least 56.73 % lesser crossbar-areas than their existing MAGIC-MUX based peers, which indicates the scope for large scale parallel processing inside a given memristive-memory. • In this work, at first, an optimized gate-level design of 2:1 multiplexer (MUX) is presented. Thereafter, the MAGIC family is used to implement the optimized MUX circuit using memristors. Two novel memristive-designs are proposed – one is latency optimized, and the other needs lesser memristors. • Subsequently, the proposed MUX designs are used to generate the memristive-circuits for the input Boolean functions, using MOGA (Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm)-optimized BDDs (optimized in terms of the node, path counts) as the underlying data structures. • Significant improvements are observed in the synthesis results for a set of different benchmark functions (in performance, energy-efficiency, required memristors, and area), when our proposed MAGIC-MUX based synthesis method is followed instead of the works using the IMPLY, MAGIC (obtained using a recent CAD tool)-based designs of the 2:1 multiplexer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infection of hepatocytes by hepatitis B virus (HBV) depends on surface expression of its receptor Na+-taurocholate-cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), but sufficient NTCP expression is lacking in most cell lines. NTCP can be introduced by plasmid transfection or transduction by viral vectors to render cells permissive for HBV. However, transient transfection of hepatocyte-derived cell lines is inefficient, resulting in inhomogeneous protein expression and does not allow to adapt the level of NTCP expression. We therefore utilized in vitro transcribed mRNA to introduce NTCP into cells. Optimization using alternative cap structures and nucleotide modifications rendered mRNA transfection into different non-hepatic and hepatic cell lines very efficient. After transfection of mRNA, surface expression and functionality of NTCP was demonstrated by staining with an N-terminal HBV-preS peptide and bile acid uptake. Introduction of NTCP by mRNA transfection increased susceptibility of hepatoma cells to HBV in a dose-dependent manner. Transfection of NTCP mRNA into non-liver cells, in contrast, supported bile acid uptake but did still not render the cells permissive for HBV, demonstrating the requirement for additional host factors. Introduction of candidate host factors by mRNA transfection will allow for fast and convenient analysis of the viral life cycle using a transient, but reliable expression system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Memristors are two‐terminal nano‐electronic devices that make it possible to design non‐volatile memory and logic circuits with high integration density. The logic operations of memristor‐based circuits are performed by applying suitable voltages across them. Researchers have been widely experimenting with this device to efficiently implement particular logic functions. However, recently, a synthesis methodology for arbitrary logic functions has been reported, where an input Boolean function is first represented as a Binary Decision Diagram (BDD), followed by the mapping of the BDD‐nodes (netlists of 2‐input NOR and NOT gates) inside a cluster of sliced crossbar‐arrays. The authors propose to map the BDD‐nodes for any input Boolean function to the crossbar‐slices using an improved technique, where each BDD‐node is mapped more efficiently, and the node‐logic is implemented following the Memristor Aided loGIC (MAGIC) design style. Our proposed mapping‐based realization of a BDD‐node has superior performance and energy‐efficiency than the existing IMPLY and MAGIC‐based BDD‐node designs techniques, provided all three node‐designs are implemented inside the similar‐sized crossbars. Comparative‐study of the synthesis results showed that the memristive‐circuits generated using our proposed technique are 26.95% faster, and need 42.32% lesser memristors (on average) than their peers, implemented using the existing approach of slicing crossbar‐architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an enveloped DNA virus that contains a partially double‐stranded relaxed circular (rc) DNA. Upon infection, rcDNA is delivered to the nucleus where it is repaired to covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA that serves as the transcription template for all viral RNAs. Our understanding of HBV particle entry dynamics and host pathways regulating intracellular virus trafficking and cccDNA formation is limited. The discovery of sodium taurocholate co‐transporting peptide (NTCP) as the primary receptor allows studies on these early steps in viral life cycle. We employed a synchronised infection protocol to quantify HBV entry kinetics. HBV attachment to cells at 4°C is independent of NTCP, however, subsequent particle uptake is NTCP‐dependent and reaches saturation at 12 h post‐infection. HBV uptake is clathrin‐ and dynamin dependent with actin and tubulin playing a role in the first 6 h of infection. Cellular fractionation studies demonstrate HBV DNA in the nucleus within 6 h of infection and cccDNA was first detected at 24 h post‐infection. Our studies show the majority (83%) of cell bound particles enter HepG2‐NTCP cells, however, only a minority (<1%) of intracellular rcDNA was converted to cccDNA, highlighting this as a rate‐limiting in establishing infection in vitro. This knowledge highlights the deficiencies in our in vitro cell culture systems and will inform the design and evaluation of physiologically relevant models that support efficient HBV replication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of ethyl cinnamate (EC) (75 μg/ml) in ameliorating the effects of γ-radiation (2, 5, and 8 Gy) on normal liver BRL-3A cells at 1 and 24 h post-irradiation. γ-radiation-induced persistent damage to normal hepatocytes is partly mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-regulated early apoptosis and prolonged inhibition of survival factors. EC treatment increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, decreased ROS yield and lipid peroxidation (LPO), activated the PI3-AKT pathway and p-Bcl-2, and reduced cleaved caspase -3, - 9, and Bax. This study highlights for the first time the potential of ethyl cinnamate as an efficient radioprotector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Novel analysis of attenuation the growth of Aspergillus tamarii on concrete using radiation in the field of conservation of heritage building. • UVC and gamma irradiation decreased the leaching of calcium ions from concrete when infected with A. tamarii. • Increase in compressive strength of concrete cube was observed to be the most in irradiated cubes. • Effect of A. tamarii and low dose radiation led to less deterioration of concrete (except higher dose) than only exposure to A. tamarii. The conservation of concrete-based deteriorated heritage buildings is a big challenging issue worldwide including in India. This study focused on to prevent fungal biodeterioration in concrete using UVC and gamma radiation. M20 graded concrete cubes (5 cm × 5 cm × 5 cm) were infected with Aspergillus tamarii , which was isolated from a 200 years old historic heritage building. M20 signifies a mixture of cement, sand and aggregate (1:1.5:3), made in such a way that the concrete cube has a compressive strength of 20 N/mm2 when examined after 28 days of curing. The fungal growth appeared clearly as calcium oxalate crystals in the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photographs. Several doses of UVC and gamma radiation were applied on concrete cube. The changes in concrete properties were examined after 30 days in terms of weight, compressive strength, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and micro Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). The results exhibited that compressive strength of control (non-infected and non-irradiated), biodeteriorated (infected), UVC (625 µw/cm² × 300 s) and gamma (0.5 KGy) irradiated infected (inhibition) concrete cubes were 19.74 ± 0.46, 18.88 ± 0.43, 20.20 ± 0.34 and 19.93 ± 0.20 N/mm2 respectively whereas negligible weight losses were observed for inhibition cubes compared to biodeteriorated ones. Calcite (1400, 874 and 705 cm−1), one of the major functional band present in concrete became weak after getting infected by Aspergillus tamarii and strong for inhibition samples irradiated with the above doses. The EDXRF analysis exhibited that mass percentage of calcium ions of the biodeteriorated concrete cubes (49.88 ± 0.65%) was lower than that of UV (75.75 ± 0.16%) and gamma (70.95 ± 0.30%) irradiated infected or inhibition concrete cubes. Altogether, the efficacy of the recommended inhibitory dose of ultraviolet and gamma radiation against concrete deterioration in the field of conservation of heritage building was observed to be positive. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental regulations and safety requirements have enhanced the requirement of advanced and ultra-high strength steels. The hot forming process is known to deliver ultra-high strength steels. The boron added steels are heated beyond the austenitization temperature and subsequently deformed and quenched to form deformed components having fully martensitic structure. However, the bare steel suffers from oxidation and decarburization if no coating is applied. The conventional zinc based coatings like, galvanised, galvannealed are not suitable as zinc or iron-zinc phases melt at high temperature of austenitization and give rise to microcrakcs. The present work deals with a new zinc based coating system formed by a combination of electrodeposition and galvanising incorporating nickel in the coating. The coating microstructure is comprised of different nickel-zinc phases having difference in melting points as well. The evolution of coating microstructure at different soaking temperature and time is studied. The coating microstructure and compositions are observed by optical and confocal laser scanning microscope along with Secondary Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The different coating phases undergo melting and there is homogeneous nucleation of iron-rich solids in the coating. The composition and phase fractions of iron and zinc-rich phases are verified from ThermoCalc calculations. The coating transforms to complete iron-rich solid after 300 s of soaking at the austenitizing temperature. However, the initial zinc content largely determines the final fraction of zinc-rich liquid phases. The hot deformation study shows microcrack free regions at different areas of the hat sections. • Nickel-zinc alloy coating by galvanising pre-nickel coated press hardenable steels. • The coating phases undergo multiple transformations during heat-treatment. • The zinc and iron-rich phases are formed with different morphology. • The equilibrium phase fractions are calculated for different nickel content. • The coating after hot deformation shows occasional microcracks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Present study deals with the role of gamma irradiation in modulating lead (Pb) tolerance of Aspergillus niger van Tieghem. and Penicillium cyclopium Westling. Materials and methods: After being exposed to gamma absorbed doses those fungal strains were subjected to heavy metal uptake efficacies and anti-oxidative study. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra and Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) studies were also evaluated. Result: Gamma exposed A. niger & P. cyclopium showed enhanced growth in terms of colony forming unit (CFU) and more Pb uptake efficacies compared to their un-irradiated counterparts. FTIR spectra illustrated the involvement of functional groups in Pb biosorption. SEM photographs revealed the structural deformities in both the fungal strains after being exposed to Pb and gamma. Upregulated anti-oxidative defense system (super oxide dismutase, catalase, total glutathione) in gamma exposed fungal groups are accountable for enhanced Pb tolerance and removal than that of their un-irradiated counterparts. Conclusion: The outcomes of this study exhibit a light towards a new step of heavy metal bioremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Computations inside Memory' has become a latest area of research as 'memory with computing skills' accelerates the chances of developing 'beyond-Von Neumann machines', that is believed to be advantageous in terms of performance and energy-efficiency. 'Memristors' are considered as potential devices for building such memories, as they are highly dense, non-volatile scalable devices with faster switching times and lower energy dissipation and are also compatible with the existing CMOS-technology. Additionally, memristors fit in crossbar structure and can perform logic-computations, when different voltages are applied across them. Previously, various synthesis works have been reported for logic realization using memristors. But logic blocks, implemented using synthesis tools, are not always completely optimized. In this context, we present the alternative memristive-designs for the two most commonly used digital units—Delay (D) and Toggle (T) flip-flops. The proposed designs are based on Memristor Aided loGIC (MAGIC) design style and are specific to crossbar-based pure memristive-memories. A relevant simulation methodology is presented for simulating the proposed MAGIC-designs of D and T flip-flops in Cadence Virtuoso. Comparison with the existing designs of D, T flip-flops (using IMPLY) revealed that both the proposed D, T flip-flops are more performance-efficient (by 28.571%, 20% respectively) and more energy-efficient (by 83.873%, 82.905% respectively) than their corresponding IMPLY-peers. Also, the proposed D, T flip-flops are found to use reduced crossbar areas (by 46.667%, 45% respectively) relative to their counterparts generated using a recent synthesis technique, which makes the designs suitable for massive parallel executions inside memristive-memories of any size. • In this work pure memristive-designs for two most commonly used logic blocks Delay (D) and Toggle (T) flip-flops using Memristor Aided LoGIC (MAGIC) design style have been proposed. • Both the proposed designs are simulated in Cadence Virtuoso (v 6.1.6) using the simulation methodology presented in the work. • Pure memristive-designs for D and T flip-flops that have been reported earlier utilized IMPLY logic. Hybrid designs for the flip-flops reported earlier need both CMOS and memristor for the design purpose. But the hybrid designs thus provided are not compatible for crossbar-based pure memristive-memories (like Memory Processing Unit). Although both MAGIC and IMPLY design styles are suitable for logic realization inside crossbar-based pure memristive-memory, but in this work we preferred MAGIC over IMPLY as – MAGIC realizations do not need additional hardware (resistors), content of one of the inputs (like non-inverted input in IMPLY) is not over-written in MAGIC operations and a single execution voltage is used in logic implementation using MAGIC style. To keep the paper self-contained, earlier reported pure memristive-designs of D, T flip flops using IMPLY design style are included in the manuscript. Recently a synthesis framework SIMPLE MAGIC has been reported, where ABC tool along with a modified library (that includes only 2-input MAGIC-NOR and NOT gates) is used to generate the netlist for an input Boolean function and then the optimal mapping of the netlist inside the crossbar memory is conducted using SIMPLE MAGIC. • SIMPLE MAGIC framework is used and the corresponding results are obtained for D, T flip-flops. • Finally, the proposed flip-flop designs are compared with their pure memristive-counterparts (using IMPLY as also the designs obtained using SIMPLE MAGIC) in terms of memristor-count, required crossbar area, step-count and energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the extensive utilization of radiotherapy in cancer treatments, clinicians often face challenges in achieving desired outcomes. This is because of the existence of secondary radiation effects like bystander phenomenon that influence radiation nontargeted cells and tissues. The concept of bystander effects of radiation was first proposed in the latter half of the last century which led to a paradigm shift in classical dogma of radiation biology. This review primarily focuses on the diverse mechanisms of bystander signal production and response under the influence of different sources of radiation like α-, β-, γ rays as well as protons and ions. The dependency of bystander effects on cell type and linear energies are also reviewed. Furthermore, the reciprocal effects exerted by bystander cells on radiation-targeted cells have been discussed. Radiation-induced signaling in targeted cells stimulates the release of different mediators that induce a plethora of molecular effects on adjacent unirradiated cells, leading to cell death or proliferation. These responses are regulated by the cell type and linear energies of radiation. Different radiation sources have diverse damaging impacts on bystander cells wherein the complex interplay of signaling molecules, inflammation, apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy determine the fate of the cells. Further, the feedback mechanism of bystander cells controls the severity of effects in radiation-targeted cells. From the existing literature, it is difficult to speculate how far the fundamental mechanisms of induction of bystander effects by irradiated cancer cells differ from that of normal cells, although cell-specific responses are observed in bystander cells. To have an accurate idea about the actual scenario, consideration of all possible variations of experimental conditions is necessary. This is crucial for optimal utilization of radiotherapy protocols to serve twofold purposes, increase radiotherapy efficiency while causing minimal health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Herein, we investigated the synthesis and characterization of new CuO nanoparticles (CuO NPs) deposited Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIF-8) photocatalyst with higher catalytic ability for dye degradation. ZIF-8 cubes (∼ 80 nm) were synthesized via a sol-gel method. CuO NPs were deposited on the cubic ZIF-8 surfaces through in-situ nucleation and growth process. The structures and morphology of the CuO NPs/ZIF-8 nanocomposites were established with the results of PXRD analysis, transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images, optical properties, FT-IR spectroscopy and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The as-synthesized material was selected as a photocatalyst to decompose rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) dye. The ultra-small colloidal CuO nanoparticles (~ 5 nm) deposited ZIF-8 photocatalyst exhibited efficient photocatalytic activity for Rh6G degradation under sunlight irradiation. The Rh6G degradation followed a pseudo-first-order kinetics model. Nanocomposite containing 5-wt% of CuO nanoparticles content exhibits highest photocatalytic activity towards dye degradation. The CuO NPs deposited ZIF-8 also worked effectively over a wide pH range from 5.0 to 12.0 and showed high degradation efficiency in alkaline environment. Rh6G dye degradation is enhanced significantly in H 2 O 2 solution. The possible pathway for photocatalytic degradation of Rh6G dye in nanocomposites was proposed. The results indicated that nanocomposites can be used as a highly efficient photocatalyst to decompose organic pollutants. Graphical abstract Ultra-small colloidal ~ 5 nm CuO nanoparticles coated ZIF-8 photocatalyst exhibited efficient photocatalytic activity towards 99.5% Rh6G dye removal under sunlight irradiation. fx1 Highlights • Novel CuO NPs coated ZIF-8 nanocomposite based photocatalysts were synthesized via insitu nucleation and growth method. • Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine 6G aqueous solutions using CuO NPs/ZIF-8 nanocomposites under sunlight irradiation. • CuO NPs/ZIF-8 nanocomposite containing 5-wt% of CuO nanoparticles exhibit highest activity towards 99.5% dye removal. • Dye degradation over a wide pH range and with H 2 O 2 solution promoted by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Studying HBV has been limited by the availability of in vitro and in vivo models. • A selected HepG2 cell clone expressing NTCP supports long-term HBV infection. • HBV has slow infection kinetics requiring 3 days for full establishment of infection. • HBV establishes 1–9 copies of cccDNA per cell which have an estimated half-life of 40 days. • cccDNA levels remain stable by intracellular genome recycling and secondary infection. Background & Aims Several steps in the HBV life cycle remain obscure because of a lack of robust in vitro infection models. These steps include particle entry, formation and maintenance of covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA, kinetics of gene expression and viral transmission routes. This study aimed to investigate infection kinetics and cccDNA dynamics during long-term culture. Methods We selected a highly permissive HepG2-NTCP-K7 cell clone engineered to express sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) that supports the full HBV life cycle. We characterized the replication kinetics and dynamics of HBV over six weeks of infection. Results HBV infection kinetics showed a slow infection process. Nuclear cccDNA was only detected 24 h post-infection and increased until 3 days post-infection (dpi). Viral RNAs increased from 3 dpi reaching a plateau at 6 dpi. HBV protein levels followed similar kinetics with HBx levels reaching a plateau first. cccDNA levels modestly increased throughout the 45-day study period with 5–12 copies per infected cell. Newly produced relaxed circular DNA within capsids was reimported into the nucleus and replenished the cccDNA pool. In addition to intracellular recycling of HBV genomes, secondary de novo infection events resulted in cccDNA formation. Inhibition of relaxed circular DNA formation by nucleoside analogue treatment of infected cells enabled us to measure cccDNA dynamics. HBV cccDNA decayed slowly with a half-life of about 40 days. Conclusions After a slow infection process, HBV maintains a stable cccDNA pool by intracellular recycling of HBV genomes and via secondary infection. Our results provide important insights into the dynamics of HBV infection and support the future design and evaluation of new antiviral agents. Lay summary Using a unique hepatocellular model system designed to support viral growth, we demonstrate that hepatitis B virus (HBV) has remarkably slow infection kinetics. Establishment of the episomal transcription template and the persistent form of the virus, so called covalently closed circular DNA, as well as viral transcription and protein expression all take a long time. Once established, HBV maintains a stable pool of covalently closed circular DNA via intracellular recycling of HBV genomes and through infection of naïve cells by newly formed virions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this report, graphene oxide (GO)‐supported sheet‐like CuO nanostructures have been fabricated through a novel room temperature method using copper‐based metal‐organic framework (MOF)‐anchored graphene oxides. Copper terephthalate metal‐organic framework (Cu‐(BDC)‐MOF) crystals were synthesized onto the surfaces of exfoliated graphene layers via coordination of the metallic centers with the oxygen functionalities of graphene oxides and terephthalate linkers. The alkaline ageing of the MOF supported graphene oxides in NaOH at ambient temperature leads to the GO/CuO hybrid nanostructures. The morphology and structure of the synthesized materials are examined by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The well‐dispersed sheet‐like CuO nanostructures on graphene oxides show excellent performance in supercapacitor applications.The GO/CuO hybrid nanostructures are capable of delivering a high specific capacitance of 606 F g−1 at scan rate of 2 mV s‐1 with excellent cycling stability over 93% retention of initial capacitance. GO supported sheet‐like CuO nanostructure derived from a metal‐organic‐framework template anchored GO are synthesized at room temperature. The GO/CuO hybrid nanostructure have shown high specific capacitance of 606 F g‐1 at a scan rate of 2 mV s‐1, high power densities with a ∼2.0 V operating voltage and excellent recycling stability over 93% of initial capacitance after 1000 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, natural bioactive components draw a major attention for their potent anticarcinogenic activity. Cinnamon, one of the traditional spices, most frequently used in almost every household of tropical countries has got enormous efficacy to combat cancer. Cinnamon as a whole and/or its active components exhibited significant antineoplastic activity in different types of cancer. This review has been carried out to elicit the molecular mechanisms of action of cinnamon and its components on oncogenic regulators and related pathways. Web sites of Google Scholar, Medline, and PubMed were searched for articles written in English and published in peer-reviewed journals from 2003 to 2017. The anticarcinogenic potential of cinnamon varies with the type of cancer and also depends on the administered active compound individually or in combination with some chemicals or even extract of cinnamon as a whole. Some of its active components exert chemosensitization of well-known anticancer drugs. These outstanding properties of this spice necessitate its incorporation in both pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals to explore possibilities of formulation of novel drug from this spice for treatment and prevention strategy of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sodium/bile acid cotransporter NTCP was recently identified as a receptor for hepatitis B virus (HBV). NTCP is glycosylated and the role of glycans in protein trafficking or viral receptor activity is not known. NTCP contains two N-linked glycosylation sites and asparagine amino acid residues N5 and N11 were mutated to a glutamine to generate NTCP with a single glycan (NTCP-N5Q or NTCP- N11Q) or no glycans (NTCP- N5,11Q). HepG2 cells expressing NTCP with a single glycan supported HBV infection at a comparable level to NTCP-WT. The physiological function of NTCP, the uptake of bile acids, was also not affected in cells expressing these single glycosylation variants, consistent with their trafficking to the plasma membrane. However, glycosylation-deficient NTCP (NTCP-N5,11Q) failed to support HBV infection, showed minimal cellular expression and was degraded in the lysosome. This affected the physiological bile acid transporter function of NTCP-N5,11Q in a similar fashion. In conclusion, N-glycosylation is required for efficient NTCP localization at the plasma membrane and subsequent HBV infection and these characteristics are preserved in NTCP carrying a single carbohydrate moiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis, single-crystal structure characterization and detailed magnetic study of a homometallic hexanuclear CuII cluster [Cu6(μ3-OH)2(ppk)6(H2O)2(NO3)4] (1) and a three-dimensional (3D) compound [{MnCu2(dpkO2H)2(dpkO2)N3}·(NO3)·H2O]n (2) (ppk = phenyl-2-pyridyl ketoxime; dpk = di-2-pyridyl ketone) consisting of heterometallic MnII–CuII hexanuclear cores as secondary building units are reported in this paper. In compound 1, two symmetry-related Cu3 triangles consisting of a hydroxido-bridged trinuclear unit, [Cu3(μ3-OH)(ppk)3(H2O)(NO3)]+, are assembled through nitrate bridging giving rise to the homometallic Cu6 cluster. Compound 2 contains heterometallic {MnII2CuII4} cores, which are further connected to each other through an azido bridging ligand in all the crystallographic directions, resulting in a 3D metal–organic framework. Construction of such a heterometallic 3D framework from {MnII2CuII4} units is until now, unknown. Magnetic studies of both 1 and 2 were performed in detail and both compounds show dominant antiferromagnetic interaction in the respective clusters. Compound 1 reveals significant spin frustration and anti-symmetric exchange interaction in the trinuclear cores, with a significantly high value of Jav (−655 cm−1). Furthermore, compound 2 exhibits a dominant antiferromagnetic interaction, which is also supported by an extensive magneto-structural correlation which considers the different magnetic pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We delineate the growth and stabilization of ultra-small (2–3 nm) {Cu3(BTC)2(H2O)2·xH2O} MOF nanoparticles on a 2D layered aminoclay template. The composite shows significant CO2 uptake (5.35 mmol g−1 at 298 K, 1 bar; 46% higher than pristine bulk MOF), superior CO2 separation efficiency from CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 mixtures and higher catalytic proficiency for chemical fixation of CO2 into cyclic carbonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis, single-crystal structure and magnetic properties of a 2D coordination compound [Ni(1,3-ADA)(H 2 O)] n ( 1 ) is reported which exhibits tunable magnetic behavior based on dehydration–rehydration. 1 shows ferromagnetic (FM) interaction between Ni II ions. Combined detailed experimental and theoretical studies reveal that FM interaction arises due to “orthogonal” magnetic orbitals, which become distorted in desolvated state and suppress the FM interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The galvannealed coating have gained importance as a potential solution for auto body panels owing to their superior performance like weldability, paintability and after painting corrosion resistance. Efficient production of galvannealed strip through hot dip galvanising and subsequent annealing root is a challenge as occurrence of surface defects results in material downgrading and rejection. The present work deals with one type of surface defect present at the bottom surface of the galvannealed strip with high defect severity. The defect appearance was like a shining spot by naked eye. It was characterised using Optical Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy to analyse shape, size, morphology and composition. The defect was further analysed by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM). The features of CLSM like high resolution, high depth of focus, 3D surface topography were useful in determining the relative depth of the defect at different regions. The results indicated that the defect occurrence was due to mechanical abrasion of coating with deposited dust of Fe–Zn intermetallic phases at the galvannealing tower top roll. The production line parameters were modified to maintain the temperature and cleanliness of the top roll and a reduction in defect severity was achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fluorescent Ag nanocluster deposited iron based metal organic framework, Ag NC@MIL-101(Fe), has been synthesized by a solution impregnation method (MIL stands for Material from Institut Lavoisier). Silver salt solution was impregnated into the porous MIL-101(Fe) and reduced chemically to Ag nanoclusters. The uniform size and high dispersibility of Ag nanoclusters were characterized by UV-vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). Herein, it is revealed that the stable and monodisperse ultrasmall Ag nanoclusters as small as less than 1 nm in diameter are deposited in the porous MIL-101(Fe). These clusters exhibit highly efficient blue luminescence including a narrow emission profile, a larger Stokes shift and high photostability upon excitation at 330 nm. The as-synthesized Ag NC@MIL-101(Fe) exhibits enhanced catalytic activity towards the heterogeneous reduction of 4-nitroaniline to 4-phenylenediamine under green and ambient conditions. Furthermore, the catalyst can be reused for five consecutive runs with significant recycling stability over 90%. Our results suggest that these fluorescent clusters can be used in green heterogeneous synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The product and process of batch and continuous galvanizing have witnessed a paradigm shift in the last two decades. This is due to the need of high strength and advanced high strength steels as well as stringent requirements of surface quality, formability, and corrosion performance from the end customers. The major concerns in galvanizing research are, coating overgrowth for batch galvanizing leading to excess zinc consumption, and selective oxidation of alloying elements in high strength steels leading to bare spot defects for continuous galvanizing. Additionally, zinc coated steels, especially press hardenable steels (PHS) and advanced high strength steels (AHSS) suffers from liquid metal embrittlement during hot stamping and resistance spot welding processes. The application of pre-coating before galvanizing has gained importance in addressing such perennial industrial issues. Metallic pre-coatings e.g., iron, nickel, copper and/or their alloys e.g., Ni P, Cu Sn etc. have been reported to produce defect-free galvanized coatings with superior properties. The present article presents a comprehensive, comparative, and critical overview of the research articles in this domain. The application of pre-coating and their effect on microstructural development and interface formation are dealt in this article. The effect of such pre-coatings on LME performance as well as corrosion performance is also discussed. Information relevant to filed patents, industrial practices and recent industrial adaptation is also outlined. Finally, the article puts forward prospective research opportunities in this domain. • A comprehensive review of pre-coated galvanized steels in reduction of Fe Zn intermetallic thickness is given. • The effect of pre-metallic coating in selective oxidation behavior of AHSS during continuous galvanizing is detailed. • The effect of pre-metallic coating in LME for resistance spot welding and hot stamping process is summarized. • The improvement in corrosion performance of pre-coated galvanized coatings is explained. • The patents in the technical field of pre-coated galvanized steels are assessed and summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new 3D porous anionic MOF (AMOF-1) based on ZnII and a flexible tetracarboxylate linker has been synthesized. AMOF-1 showed potential for capture and removal of toxic metal ions from aqueous solution with a detection limit in the ppm level. The CuII@AMOF-1′ hybrid obtained by post-synthetic metalation is studied as a heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced high strength steels have gained immense importance for typical auto body structures owing to their light weight and high performance. These steels are mostly alloyed with Mn, Cr, Al, Si, etc. that have a tendency to form oxides on the steel surface during annealing and result in uncoated spots during galvanizing. Various new coating processes and annealing atmospheres have been tried to improve the coatability of such steels. One such method is the use of a diffusion barrier on bare steel. The present investigation has been carried out with DP steel, having Mn content of 2 wt.% coated with copper following the replacement reaction of iron and copper. The annealing and subsequent galvanizing operations were performed using hot dip simulator. XRD and SEM analysis were done to examine the characteristics of deposited copper layer. GDOES analyses showed that inter diffusion of copper and iron took place during annealing. SEM investigations of annealed specimen showed copper depleted iron rich grain boundary regions. Different layers in the galvanized coating were investigated in great detail. The morphology of the inhibition layer of copper coated sample was found to be different compared to conventional galvanized steel although, no compositional variation was detected. The TEM analysis showed that the inhibition layer was lean in copper, as supported by the ThermoCalc Al–Fe–Cu ternary phase diagram showing negligible solubility of copper in Fe 2 Al 5 crystals. The copper was found to be distributed in the overlay zinc coating. TEM elemental mapping revealed segregation of copper at different regions of overlay zinc. The bright field and dark field images confirmed the presence of nano size precipitates within zinc coating. Finally a schematic illustration of the probable mechanism for formation of inhibition layer and copper rich zinc coating in presence of a prior copper coating was formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article reports the syntheses, structural characterization, and magnetic studies of four different Cu(II)-azido compounds based on imidazole or substituted imidazole ligand. The compounds, [Cu2(μ1.1-N3)2(EtimiH)4(ClO4)2] (1) (EtimiH = 2-ethylimidazole), [Cu2(μ-Meimi-)(MeimiH)2(μ1.1-N3)2(μ1.3-N3)]n (2) (MeimiH = 2-methylimidazole; μ-Meimi- is the bridging mononegative anion of 2-methylimidazole), [Cu2(μ-imi-)(imiH)2(μ1.1-N3)2(μ1.3-N3)]n (3), and [{Cu2(μ1.1-N3)2(μ1.3-N3)(μ-imi-)(imiH)3}·H2O]n (4) (imiH = imidazole; μ-imi- = bridging mononegative anion of imidazole), have been synthesized by the self-assembly of Cu(II) salts, azide ion, and the corresponding imidazole bridging ligands. By changing the substitution on the second linker (imidazole or substituted imidazole) and varying synthetic conditions, diverse structural and magnetic features have been achieved in compounds 1-4. Compound 1 has a double end-on azido bridged dinuclear core, while the other compounds (2-4) have 2D networks. Compound 2 and 3 contain 1D chains with alternate μ1.1-N3 and μ-Meimi-bridging, and such chains are further connected through a μ1.3-N3 bridge to result in the formation of the 2D network. Compound 4 is a novel 2D coordination polymer consisting of a zigzag 1D coordination chain having (μ1.1-N3)2, μ-imi-, and (μ1.3-N3)2 bridging groups and the chains undergo bridging through a μ1.3-N3 group resulting in the 2D network. Temperature dependent magnetic measurements show diverse magnetic properties of 1-4. Such versatile magnetic behaviors have been correlated to the respective bridging mode of azide and the corresponding imidazole bridging ligands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel porous anionic MOF {[Mg3(ndc)2.5(HCO2)2(H2O)][NH2Me2]⋅2H2O⋅DMF} (1) having exchangeable dim ethyl amine cations in 1D channels has been synthesized and characterized. Through cation exchange, 1 manifests bimodal functionality, being a turn-off sensor of CuII on one hand, and a selective sensitizer of EuIII emitting intense pure red emission on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] We present the design strategies of permanently porous lanthanide–organic frameworks. [•] We discuss the porous and gas adsorption properties of these materials. [•] We discuss luminescent frameworks and its application in sensing, colour tunability and white-light emission. [•] The single ion anisotropy of such systems are also being discussed which eventually will ensue the slow relaxation of magnetization. [•] The different magnetic interactions and bi-functional magneto-luminescence in lanthanide–organic frameworks have been discussed. [•] We also put forward the future scope of these promising magneto-luminescent lanthanide materials. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Thisreport articulates synthesis, characterization, adsorption,and magnetic properties of four bimetallic Co(II)– or Ni(II)–Ag(I)3D porous frameworks based on mixed-ligand systems. The cyanide-bridgedM(II)–Ag(I) bimetallic compounds with the general formula [MII(L){Ag(CN)2}2·xH2O]n[1, L =piperazine, M = Co; 2, L = piperazine, M = Ni; 3, L = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (dabco), M = Co; 4, L = pyrazine, M = Co] have been synthesized by liquid phasediffusion method at room temperature. Structure determination revealedthat all these compounds have α-polonium type structural topology.The Ag(CN)2–metallo-ligand has beenused to generate 2D −M(II)–CN–Ag(I)–CN–M(II)–layers, which are further linked by different organic pillars to constructa 3D bimetallic Co(II)– or Ni(II)–Ag(I) porous pillared-layeredstructure. The magnetic and adsorption properties of these systemshave been tuned by systematic variation of the pillars such as piperazine,pyrazine, and dabco. Temperature dependent magnetic study revealsthat at low temperature, magnetized states exist for 1, 2, and 3and spin canting behavior isevident; while 4exhibits dominant antiferromagnetism.The degree of spin canting/antiferromagnetism depends on the organicspacers. These compounds contain water filled channels, and desolvatedframeworks show high thermal stability and structural rigidity. Compounds 1, 2, and 4exhibit permanent porosityas established by gas adsorption studies whereas 3doesnot adsorb any gas unveiling that pore size could be modulated bychanging the organic pillars. In the case of 3, the largerpillar dabco reduces pore size significantly resulting in a nonporousstructure. Furthermore, compound 1reveals selectiveCO2uptake properties at 195 K as other gases (N2, H2, O2, and Ar) show only surface adsorption,suggesting that quadrupolar CO2molecules interact effectivelywith the pore surfaces decorated with polar −CN groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes syntheses, structural characterizations and magnetic studies of two different Cu(ii)–azido compounds, a discrete dinuclear complex and an extended 2D network. The compounds, [Cu(μ1,1-N3)(N3)(Me2en)]2 (1) and [Cu3(μ1,1,1-N3)2(μ1,1,3-N3)(μ1,1-N3)2(μ1,3-N3)(Me2en)]n (2), have been synthesized by controlling the relative concentration of the blocking ligand, N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (Me2en). Compound 1 is a dinuclear compound which is formed by a doubly asymmetric μ1,1-N3 bridging ligand, while 2 is a rare Cu–azido system where four different types of binding modes of azide ligands are present in a single compound. Compound 2 contains a hexanuclear core, where the Cu(ii) centres are connected to each other by μ1,1,1, μ1,1 and μ1,1,3 bridging azide ligands. The hexanuclear core acts as a secondary building block and further assembles viaμ1,3 and μ1,1,3 azide groups, forming a 2D network in the crystallographic ac plane. Interestingly, temperature-dependent magnetic study suggests that the dinuclear compound 1 exhibits an antiferromagnetic interaction through the μ1,1-N3 bridge, which has also been supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In the case of 2, an overall dominant ferromagnetic interaction is observed while antiferromagnetic interaction operates between the hexanuclear cores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Effects of gamma rays on the free polyamine (PA) levels were studied in Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek. Seeds exposed to different doses of gamma rays were checked for damage on phenotype, germination frequency and alteration in photosynthetic pigments. Free polyamine levels were estimated from seeds irradiated in dry and water imbibed conditions. Polyamine levels of seedlings grown from irradiated seeds, and irradiated seedlings from unexposed seeds were also measured. Damage caused by gamma irradiation resulted in decrease in final germination percentage and seedling height. Photosynthetic pigments decreased in a dose dependent manner as marker of stress. Polyamines decreased in irradiated dry seeds and in seedlings grown from irradiated seeds. Radiation stress induced increase in free polyamines was seen in irradiated imbibed seeds and irradiated seedlings. Response of polyamines towards gamma rays is dependent on the stage of the life cycle of the plant. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Fish grown in the East Calcutta Wetland (ECW) areas in West Bengal, India amass waste elements within their body through nutritional uptake and accumulation. The present investigation had been carried out to study the extent of accumulation of different waste elements in tissues of Indian major carps (IMCs) commonly cultured in composite industrial wastewater-fed fishponds in ECW, India. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric studies were used to estimate metals like chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) in water and sediment of fishponds, and in fish tissues (gill, liver and muscle) of three economically important IMCs, rohu ( Labeo rohita), katla ( Catla catla) and mrigel ( Cirrhinus mrigala), collected from contaminated and control sites. It is evident from the study that mainly liver is the site of maximum accumulation of the elements, while gill, in most cases, is the site of least metal accumulation in the three IMC species studied. Principal component analysis reveals that Fe and Cr were in the first component and thereby must be having a major influence in trace metals uptake and bioaccumulation. Tissue-specific and species-specific patterns of metal concentration and partitioning were apparent from our present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper describes the production, characteristics, and efficacy of carbon microfibers and carbon nanofibers for the removal of phenol and Pb2+ from water by adsorption. The first adsorbent produced in the current investigation contained the ammonia (NH3) functionalized micron-sized activated carbon fibers (ACF). Alternatively, the second adsorbent consisted of a multiscale web of ACF/CNF, which was prepared by growing carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on activated ACFs via catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and sonication, which was conducted to remove catalytic particles from the CNF tips and open the pores of the CNFs. The two adsorbents prepared in the present study, ACF and ACF/CNF, were characterized by several analytical techniques, including SEM–EDX and FT-IR. Moreover, the chemical composition, BET surface area, and pore-size distribution of the materials were determined. The hierarchal web of carbon microfibers and nanofibers displayed a greater adsorption capacity for Pb2+ than ACF. Interestingly, the adsorption capacity of ammonia (NH3) functionalized ACFs for phenol was somewhat larger than that of the multiscale ACF/CNF web. Difference in the adsorption capacity of the adsorbents was attributed to differences in the size of the solutes and their reactivity towards ACF and ACF/CNF. The results indicated that ACF-based materials were efficient adsorbents for the removal of inorganic and organic solutes from wastewater. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In 1969, Kannan1 gave the definition of a new mapping which had presented a condition which is more lenient than contraction condition. The purpose of this note is to introduce K-Iterated Function System using Kannan mapping which will cover a larger range of mappings. We also prove the Collage theorem for the K-Iterated Function System. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effective 60Co gamma irradiation method for the removal of contaminating surface microorganisms (fungi) of mung (Vigna mungo L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stored seeds, without the loss of germination capacity and minimum loss of nutritional values, are described. Significant depletion of surface fungal population on wheat (96%) and mung (94%) was noticed within 2 kGy, while complete inhibition of surface fungal population was observed at 4.2 kGy. Although the irradiation did not significantly alter the germination potential of the treated grains, it reflected delay in germination as a function of absorbed dose. The seed membrane permeability and nutritional values like carbohydrate and protein content of the radiation-exposed seed were significantly altered. The radiosensitivity of wheat was found more than that of the mung. It was also observed that the germinating potential of the treated seeds did not alter significantly. However, membrane permeability of seeds was altered as a result of gamma irradiation. Precisely, the investigation reflected that the dose range from 1 to 2 kGy was most effective for seed sterilization, keeping their viability and minimum loss of nutritional value like protein and carbohydrate intact. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS There are many reports on radiation sterilization of stored seeds without any consideration of the nutritional quality of the seeds, which is very important for quality control. We should look upon change of quality of seed during seed sterilization. We need to protect/or estimate minimal loss of the nutritional value of stored seed by loss and benefit assessment. The significance and originality of this manuscript is that we try to look for an effective 60Co gamma irradiation method for the removal of contaminating surface microorganisms (fungi) of mung ( Vigna mungo L.) and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) stored seeds, without the loss of germination capacity and minimum loss of nutritional values. The study was concentrated on germination pattern, protein, carbohydrate and intensity of seed membrane damage during radiation processing. Also, our present work emphasized on radiosensitivity of different seed-borne fungi that frequently infected seed grain during storage. This study may help to sterilize the stored seed with consideration of nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we demonstrate the synthesis of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles based metal organic framework MIL-53(Al) nanocomposite [Fe 3 O 4 NPs/MIL-53(Al)] (MIL stands for Material of the Institut Lavoisier) via a facile chemical approach. The fabrication method of nanocomposite is based on the in-situ synthesis of MIL-53(Al) on the surface of pre-synthesized Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles. The structural features of as-synthesised nanocomposite were elucidated by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), optical properties, Fourier transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The nanocomposite exhibited excellent catalytic performance towards intrinsic peroxide oxidation of o -phenylenediamine (OPD). Fe 3 O 4 NPs/MIL-53(Al) nanocomposite was also used for the colorimetric detection of hydrogen peroxide and exhibited detection limit of 0.8499 μmol L−1. Moreover, the nanocomposite was magnetically separable with commercially available magnet and showed significant catalytic stability after six successive cycles. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: DNA polymerase β (Polβ) acts in the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Mutations in DNA polymerase β (Polβ) are associated with different cancers. A variant of Polβ with a 97 amino acid deletion (PolβΔ), in heterozygous conditions with wild-type Polβ, was identified in sporadic ovarian tumor samples. This study aims to evaluate the gamma radiation sensitivity of PolβΔ for possible target therapy in ovarian cancer treatment. Materials and Methods: PolβΔ cDNA was cloned in a GFP vector and transfected in PA1 cells. Stable cells (PA1PolβΔ) were treated with 60Co sourced gamma-ray (0-15 Gy) to investigate their radiation sensitivity. The affinity of PolβΔ with DNA evaluated by DNA protein in silico docking experiments. Results: The result showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) higher sensitivity towards radiation at different doses (0-15 Gy) and time-point (48-72 hours) for PA1PolβΔ cells in comparison with normal PA1 cells. Ten Gy of gamma radiation was found to be the optimal dose. Significantly more PA-1PolβΔ cells were killed at this dose than PA1 cells after 48 hours of treatment via an apoptotic pathway. The in silico docking experiments revealed that PolβΔ has more substantial binding potential towards the dsDNA than wild-type Polβ, suggesting a possible failure of BER pathway that results in cell death. Conclusion: Our study showed that the PA1PolβΔ cells were more susceptible than PA1 cells to gamma radiation. In the future, the potentiality of ionizing radiation to treat this type of cancer will be checked in animal models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• ZnAl-LDH supported Cu-(BDC) MOF single source precursor. • ZnO-CuO nanocomposites from a single source precursor at low temperature via alkaline etching. • Peroxidase like activity towards o-phenylene diamine oxidation (OPDox). • Catalytic Rhodamine 6 G dye degradation. In this study, we report a low temperature chemical decomposition method for the synthesis of ZnO-CuO nanocomposites from ZnAl-layered double hydroxides (ZnAl-LDHs) supported copper terephthalate based metal organic frameworks [Cu-(BDC) MOFs]. The Cu-(BDC) MOFs arrays on the surface of ZnAl-LDHs nanosheets are obtained via in situ nucleation and directed growth from the terephthalate (BDC) anion intercalated ZnAl-LDHs. Cu(II) ion coordinates with BDC ligand in a bidentate bridging fashion to form Cu-(BDC) MOFs. The as prepared Cu-(BDC) MOFs are strongly and uniformly anchored onto the surfaces of ZnAl-LDHs. Decomposition of the resultant ZnAl-LDH supported Cu-(BDC) MOF precursor in alkaline solution for 24 h leads to the formation of ZnO-CuO nanocomposites. The structures and morphology of the nanocomposites are discussed with the results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with selected area electron diffraction (SAED) images, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The resulting ZnO-CuO nanocomposites show peroxidase like catalytic activity towards orthophenylene diamine oxidation (OPD ox) and rhodamine 6 G (R6 G) dye degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology has the impending ability to improve the therapeutic potential of drugs and radiation-based treatment approaches for reducing cancerous cell death while curtailing collateral toxicity to non-cancerous cells. Among all metal nanomaterials, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are establishing themselves as an excellent radiosensitizer and serve as a multimodal modality due to their unique physicochemical properties. The primordial purpose of the work is to evaluate the synergistic effect and molecular level interaction of gamma (γ) radiation on human cervical cancer cell (HeLa) in the presence of AuNPs. Biocompatible AuNPs in combination with γ-radiation were found to exhibit elated cytotoxic effects on cancer cells as evidenced by cell-based assays. The implication of AuNPs facilitates the minimization of radiation dose employment on cultured cells. As per our experimental evaluation, the modus operandi of dual effectors ascertained that a higher amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a key role in cellular functionality collapse. In that scenario, it can be concluded that AuNP-mediated radiosensitization proved to be the plausible candidate for preclinical testing in nanoparticle-based radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article describes the hot-dip coating of a novel Al-Si-Mg-Cu alloy on steel, coating characterization and corrosion property evaluation. Coating morphology and composition were analyzed using SEM, EDS and XRD. The elemental depth profiling of the coating was investigated through GDOES sputtering. The cross-section characterization revealed that the coating consists of two layers: soft thick Al-Si-Mg-Cu alloy layer on the top and hard very thin Al-Fe-Si intermetallic layer underneath i.e. at the steel substrate-coating interface. Further analysis through EDS and XRD of Al-Fe-Si intermetallic layer confirms the presence of Al 8 Fe 2 Si phase. The outer Al-Si-Mg-Cu alloy layer is mostly composed of primary α-Al phase along with segregated Si, Mg 2 Si and θ-Al 2 Cu phases. The corrosion performances of the coating through potentiodynamic polarization showed superior sacrificial properties compared to aluminized steels reported in literature. Salt spray test (SST) revealed the coating can withstand >2000 h salts spray life without red rust formation. Corrosion rate (mpy) of the coating was found to be seven times lower than galvanized (GI) coating with similar sacrificial property in aggressive chloride environment. • Hot-dip Al-Si-Mg-Cu alloy coating was developed on steel sheet surface. • Al 8 Fe 2 Si intermetallic layer was identified at the coating-steel interface. • Growth rate constant of Al 8 Fe 2 Si layer was found to be 1.68 × 10−12 m2/s. • Coating has superior sacrificial properties compared to Type-I, Type-II aluminized steels. • Coating has excellent corrosion resistance compared to galvanized steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug delivery systems (DDSs) that are derived from biocompatible carriers are attractive platforms for sustained release of drugs. In particular, sustained and controlled release of poorly soluble BCS (Biopharmaceutics Classification System) class IV drugs is important and this requires the development of new DDSs. In this work, we exploit two porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) MIL-100(Fe) and MIL-53(Fe) as carriers/DDSs for the release of two BCS class IV drugs hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) and dapsone (DAP). The chosen MOFs are known to possess good physicochemical stability and we realized high drug loading capacity that is attributed to the high porosity of the MOFs. The drug-encapsulated MOFs were characterized thoroughly and our results show ∼23.1% loading of HCT in MIL-100(Fe) and ∼27.6% loading of DAP in MIL-Fe(53), respectively. The release study of these drugs was carried out under simulated physiological conditions that shows sustained release of the drug molecules from the MOFs up to 72 h. Cell viability studies through MTT assays show insignificant cytotoxicity signalling biocompatibility of the proposed DDSs. Our investigations suggest MIL-100(Fe) and MIL-53(Fe) are potential DDSs for enhancing the performance of poorly soluble drugs HCT and DAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new heterometaUic NiII-CuII decanudear cluster. {[Ni4Cu6(µ-OH2)2(dpkO2)8(OAc)4-(H2O)4]·2CH3OH·17H2O} (1), has been synthesized by self-assembly of the constituent metal ions and the precujsor di-2-pyridyIketone (dpk) of multinucleating ligand dpkO22- and is structurally characterized. The duster 1 is formed by the union of two symmetry-related distorted cubane-like pentanuclear cores. A magnetic study of 1 reveals strong antiferromagnetic interactions operating dirough the Ni–O–Ni pathway, which is independent of the assumption D = 0 or D ≠ 0. Tlie pentanuclear cores are ferromagnetically coupled, as supported by density functional theory calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The galvannealed coating has been extensively used in automotive industries because of its superior performance for weldability, paintability and corrosion resistance. However, surface defect of the galvannealed coating is a major concern for the steel manufacturers and the automotive industries. The galvannealing coating process comprises several process steps and each process step may incorporate different types of defects on the coated surface. In the present study, an uncommon surface defect which looks like an indentation mark on the coating surface has been investigated. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) has been used to analyse the morphology and the chemical compositions. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) has been used to measure the depth and the morphology of the defect. It was found that the defect was developed on the steel sheet at the end section of the annealing furnace because of mechanical abrasion with rolls. In-depth analysis suggested that zinc vapour from zinc bath were forming zinc oxide particles in the snout region. Zinc oxide particles were able to travel to the end section of the annealing furnace due to improper snout operation. These particles were getting entrapped in-between the roll surface and the steel strip and forming the surface defect on the galvannealed steel surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structure and performance of hot dip galvanised coating can be improved by incorporation of different alloying elements like Al, Ni, Pb etc. in the coatings. Zn-Ni alloy based coating systems have already been proved to have high corrosion resistance along with improved adherence, weldability, mechanical properties etc. In the present study, the microstructural development of prior nickel coated galvanised coating is studied. The initial nickel coating thickness is about 6 μm and the galvanising time is varied from 3 to 10 s. Nickel‑zinc delta and gamma phases are formed within the coating and iron diffusion is considerably suppressed. Corrosion performances of prior Ni coated galvanised coating and conventional galvanised coatings have been evaluated with the help of electrochemical analysis techniques. The potentiodynamic polarization study shows that both the coatings have similar active dissolution behaviour. The EIS analysis reveals that the passivation behaviours of two different coatings are largely different for prolonged immersion in the electrolyte solution. The prior nickel coated galvanised alloy coating has been observed to develop a stable thin passive layer of oxide which is duplex in nature and the resistance to corrosion is increasing with immersion time. The exposure of nickel rich intermetallic layers with prolonged immersion is also acting as barrier to corrosive ions penetration and increasing the corrosion resistivity. On the contrary the pure galvanised samples first show increasing (up to 10 days) and then decreasing (10 to 20 days) resistance to corrosion due to the initial formation of the oxide film followed by its dissolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triple-negative breast cancer is high heterogeneous, aggressive, and metastatic with poor prognosis. Despite of advances in targeted therapies, TNBC has been reported to cause high morbidity and mortality. A rare subpopulation within the tumor microenvironment organized into a hierarchy of cancer stem cells is responsible for therapy resistance and tumor recurrence. Repurposing of antiviral drugs for cancer treatment is gaining momentum due to reduced cost, labour, and research time, but limited due to lack of prognostic, and predictive markers. The present study investigates proteomic profiling and ROC analysis to identify CD151 and ELAVL1 as potential therapy response markers for the antiviral drug 2-thio-6-azauridine (TAU) in resistant TNBC. The stemness of MDA-MB 231 and MDA-MD 468 adherent cells was enriched by culturing them under non-adherent and non-differentiation conditions. Then, CD151+ subpopulation was isolated and characterized for the enrichment of stemness. This study found that CD151 has overexpressed in stemness enriched subpopulations, and also showed CD44 high and CD24 low expression along with stem cell-related transcription factors octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) and Sex determining Y-box 2 (SOX2). This study also found that TAU induced significant cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in the CD151+TNBC subpopulation and inhibited their proliferation by inducing DNA damage, cell cycle arrest at the G 2 M phase, and apoptosis. Further, a proteomic profiling study showed that the expression of CD151 along with ELAVL1, an RNA-binding protein, was significantly reduced with TAU treatment. KM plotter showed correlation of CD151 and ELAVL1 gene expression with a poor prognosis of TNBC. ROC analysis predicted and validated CD151 and ELAVL1 as best therapy response marker for TAU in TNBC. These findings provide new insight into repurposing antiviral drug TAU for treatment of metastatic and drug resistant TNBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]