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Coqis built around a well-delimited kernel that performs type checking for definitions in a variant of the Calculus of Inductive Constructions (CIC). Although the metatheory of CIC is very stable and reliable, the correctness of its implementation in Coq is less clear. Indeed, implementing an efficient type checker for CIC is a rather complex task, and many parts of the code rely on implicit invariants which can easily be broken by further evolution of the code. Therefore, on average, one critical bug has been found every year in Coq. This article presents the first implementation of a type checker for the kernel of Coq (without the module system, template polymorphism and η-conversion), which is proven sound and complete in Coq with respect to its formal specification. Note that because of Gödel's second incompleteness theorem, there is no hope to prove completely the soundness of the specification of Coq inside Coq (in particular strong normalization), but it is possible to prove the correctness and completeness of the implementation assuming soundness of the specification, thus moving from a trusted code base (TCB) to a trusted theory base (TTB) paradigm. Our work is based on the MetaCoq project which provides meta-programming facilities to work with terms and declarations at the level of the kernel. We verify a relatively efficient type checker based on the specification of the typing relation of the Polymorphic, Cumulative Calculus of Inductive Constructions (PCUIC) at the basis of Coq. It is worth mentioning that during the verification process, we have found a source of incompleteness in Coq's official type checker, which has then been fixed in Coq 8.14 thanks to our work. In addition to the kernel implementation, another essential feature of Coq is the so-called extraction mechanism: the production of executable code in functional languages from Coq definitions. We present a verified version of this subtle type and proof erasure step, therefore enabling the verified extraction of a safe type checker for Coq in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the persistent challenge of early reading difficulties in the United States and the effectiveness of phonics-based instruction in addressing it. Topics include the historical shifts in reading instruction methods, the recent legislative mandate for systematic synthetic phonics in kindergarten through second grade classrooms, and the need for assessments to monitor its impact on struggling early readers.

This paper explores the role of U.S. intelligence in assessing the effectiveness of national-level strategies and plans. A high-speed information environment may require a more dynamic, continuous planning and evaluation cycle. More frequent evaluation would require more interaction between intelligence and strategy planning than is currently the case. The paper reviews evaluation more broadly, discusses the current state of collaboration between intelligence and planners, and introduces the results of a survey and interviews. The paper recommends that intelligence assist planners in discussion of the problem; checking critical assumptions; monitoring baseline indicators; and developing new methodologies in artificial intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metacognitive reading strategies, such as monitoring and regulating one's reading processes, are critical for enhancing reading comprehension and achievement. However, their effectiveness can vary across different educational contexts and student populations, necessitating flexible instructional approaches. This study examines the predictive utility of metacognitive reading strategies on metacognitive reading skills and reading achievement scores using data from the PISA 2018 assessment. Specifically, it compares the effectiveness of these strategies across four distinct educational contexts: the United States, OECD countries, non-OECD countries that participated in the assessment (Partner Countries), and the census data (Full Sample). Methods: A multi-stage analytical approach was used, combining Random Forest models for feature importance analysis with survey-weighted linear regression to assess the relationships of reading strategies on metacognitive skills and reading achievement. The analysis utilized data from the PISA 2018 Student Questionnaire, which included responses from 612,004 students across 79 countries. The study focused on three key metacognitive reading skills: Understanding and Remembering, Summarizing, and Assessing Credibility, as well as reading achievement scores based on ten plausible values. Results: The Random Forest analysis identified several metacognitive reading strategies as consistent predictors of metacognitive reading skills, with some variations in relative importance by educational setting. Notable metacognitive reading strategies included underlining important parts of the text, carefully checking the representation of important facts in summaries, and verifying information on websites. These strategies showed a positive correlation with higher metacognitive skills and overall reaching achievement. The direction of the relationships between metacognitive reading strategies, metacognitive skills, and reading achievement scores was consistent across contexts, indicating a modest yet significant association between strategy use and both outcomes. Conclusions: This study enhances our understanding of how metacognitive reading strategies influence reading skills and achievement in diverse educational settings. The findings highlight the potential benefits of reinforcing specific strategies to support students' reading comprehension. Given the consistent positive relationships between strategy use, metacognitive skills, and reading achievement, targeted interventions to promote these strategies could effectively improve reading comprehension across diverse educational contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractApproximately one in six people worldwide are affected by infertility in their lifetime. Infertility can take an intense emotional toll on those experiencing it. These intense experiences lead to a variety of coping techniques, some of which take the form of leisure activities. Building on leisure coping and infertility coping literature, this study uses an auto-netnographic approach to examine the use of social networking, specifically Twitter, as leisure in coping with infertility. Through the reflective analysis of 867 separate tweets, resulting themes include connection, emotions, external influence, self-care, solutions oriented, and monitoring. The results of the member checking session and the author’s personal reflection of the analysis are also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractEstablished as a variation of the Poisson regression, the Conway-Maxwell-Poisson regression (CMPR) considers overdispersion, a serious disadvantage existent in count data analysis, where the variance of the data is higher than the mean. These make the response variable to be a function of the one or more of the explanatory variables. In CMPR model and related series, this is very well known that multicollinearity plays an unfavorable role in the properties of the maximum likelihood estimator. This research proposes another bootstrapped Liu-type shrinkage estimator to deal with the multicollinearity problem in the CMPR model. This was done by bootstraps, the methods used to select them; k and d, parameters in the biasing process. The applicability of the above proposed bootstrapping method was checked when there is multicollinearity with other influencing factors. From observational conclusions of the Monte Carlo simulation study, it can be deduced that for all the combination factors all the proposed methods are superior to the standard methods in terms of MSE. The real application provides the required results which in turn corroborates with these simulated results that is to say these proposed methods are better than the other ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The numerous disruptions have an impact on how data is transmitted in complex space communications. Furthermore, these noises cause data burst errors. Low-density parity checking codes (LDPC) are therefore essential for locating and correcting errors. By usage of conventional hamming encoders and decoders, one bit error was discovered and fixed. Length is restricted to one bit. To identify and correct several bits of errors, this proposed Syndrome based Multi-Bit Error Detection and correction Codes (MBE- DCC) are used in this work. An identity bit generator matrix and a parity bit generator matrix are used in the initial MBE-DCC encoding method. The damaged encoded data is then sent across the space communication link after being subjected to numerous interruptions and mistakes. The receiver side of space communications uses detection by error location, detection of syndrome, modules for error corrections, to carry out the MBE-DCC process of decoding. With the study of simulation results the MBE-DCC code shows better performance while comparing to the LDPC codes in terms of delay and power. Hence the proposed code is used for low power and high speed applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a program written in a symbolic computing package that allows one to check whether a singular point of a linear meromorphic system of arbitrary order is regular. The program is based on the known method for reducing this system by linear substitution to a linear differential equation with meromorphic coefficients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality assessment tools serve an important role in evaluating economic evaluations. This article showcases the first application of the Checklist for Health Economic Quality Evaluations (CHEQUE) tool in a systematic review setting and offers descriptive reflections on its use. We applied CHEQUE to 21 diverse economic evaluations in a systematic review of medical education. We visualized weighted CHEQUE scores, calculate correlations between methods and reporting sections, and provided all data and R code for reuse in future applications. Finally, we provided a detailed overview of our judgments and alternative considerations of the checklist items, and suggestions for further development. Scores ranged from 18% to 94% depending on the applied weighting method, with a positive correlation between the method and reporting quality. CHEQUE enables systematic and standardized assessment but may benefit from refinement in scoring clarity and burden reduction. Our study provides insights for future guidance on applying and developing CHEQUE or similar tools in economic evaluation quality assessment. • Our study provides the first application of the Checklist for Health Economic Quality Evaluations (CHEQUE) tool in a systematic review setting. • We demonstrated CHEQUE's utility, challenged our interpretation and decisions in assigning quality scores, and provided suggestions for the development of further guidance to use this tool. • Our reflections on using CHEQUE provided a foundation for refining quality assessment tools to further enhance their application in systematic reviews and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely accepted that "Project Management is the application of knowledge, skills, [attitudes,] tools, and techniques to project activities in order to meet project requirements" (PMBoK, 2013). The 'application' is not merely in doing project works, but aims to "meet project requirements." This simple definition suggests that no project delivery would make sense until requirements are defined, documented, and agreed upon--and effectively implemented, especially in megaprojects. A recurring challenge is that many experienced project managers caution against mentioning the term 'requirements' to clients, fearing it might complicate the project from the outset. This concern is compounded by the fact that project lifecycle methodologies typically expect the client to furnish a project brief in the form of 'Owner's Requirements Specifications' or 'Project Requirements.' However, some organisations may lack the capability or willingness to define and take ownership of such requirements. It soon turns into, "Tell us what requirements must be--for you are the experts!" The danger with this scenario is quite pernicious. Not only could the owner be handing out a blank cheque to the appointed team, but they are also being set up to deliver something the client will be quick to denounce and reject, saying, "This is not what we asked for; you have done your own thing!". In the rare instances where clients provide 'copy-and-paste' requirements--adapted from previous projects--these may introduce confusion rather than clarity. Such inherited requirements frequently fail to align with the project's unique context, diverging unpredictably at the client's discretion instead of honing in on a coherent and elaborate baseline as the project evolves--from generic, highlevel to detailed requirements. Still, successful projects must meet requirements and client's needs!. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its role in the crustacean moulting process, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase) is interesting to monitor the good proceeding of the moult cycle, as well as relevant in assessing changes in the moulting process caused by stressors. The present study aimed to measure the NAGase activity to monitor the moulting process of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus fossarum. Firstly, an optimised protocol measuring the NAGase activity was made, allowing a robustness and reproducibility of measurements. Then, intrinsic variability of NAGase response was checked under two physiological factors: the gammarid moult cycle and gender. For both genders, a significative increase of activity was observed during premoult, instead of a basal activity detected during postmoult and intermoult. However, the NAGase female profile was preconised to study since it was defined with more precision. Finally, a 16-day exposure of female gammarids to different levels of treated or non-treated wastewater effluents was made. If delays of tissue development appeared on effluent exposed specimens, NAGase activity was similar between the different conditions. This apparent desynchronization between tissue and molecular activities accentuates the diagnostic of moult impairment and raises the interest to use markers at different organisational levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Since the 1970s, the advent of satellite altimetry has provided an effective database for determining the marine gravity field, effectively filling the gaps of shipborne gravity data. In recent years, the accuracy of satellite altimetry gravity data has improved significantly with the continuous im‐ provement of satellite altimetry techniques. In order to evaluate the quality of the latest satellite altimetry gravity data in deep sea area, the download satellite altimetry gravity data in versions SS V24.1, SS V29.1, DTU10, DUT15, GETECH are comparative analyzed with the shipborne gravity data with the scale of 1∶200 000 in the Western Pacific Area. Methods: The accuracies of five different versions of satel‐ lite altimetry gravity data are externally checked by using shipborne gravity line-type data and the corre‐ sponding grid data separately. The correlation coefficient, mean deviation, root mean square error and stan‐ dard deviation between every satellite altimetry gravity data and the shipborne gravity data are calculated to compare and analyze. Based on comparative analysis results, the linear regression method is used to re‐ move the system deviation between the satellite altimetry gravity data and the shipborne gravity data, and the minimum curvature filtering method is used to suppress the noise in the satellite altimetry gravity data to improve the data accuracy. Results: The results show that: (1) Five versions of satellite altimetry gravity da‐ ta are highly linearly correlated with shipborne gravity data, but there are system deviation between them. The accuracies of SS V29.1, V24.1 and DTU15 are high, and the standard deviation between them and shipborne gravity data are 1.51×10－5 m/s², 1.67×10－5 m/s² and 1.66×10－5 m/s2 respectively, which is better than the comparison results obtained by previous scholars. (2) The linear regression method can help to figure out the relationship between the satellite altimetry gravity data and the shipborne gravity data, which can eliminate system deviation between the satellite altimetry gravity data and shipborne gravity data. After regression calculation, the average difference beteween the satellite altimetry gravity and the ship‐ borne gravity data decreased to 0, and the root mean square error is greatly reduced, ranging from 1.50× 10－5 m/s² to 2.20×10－5 m/s² . (3) The minimum curvature filtering method can effectively suppress the noise of shipborne gravity data and altimetry gravity data, and make the distribution features of satellite al‐ timetry gravity data more clear and improve the accuracy of satellite altimetry gravity data . After noise sup‐ pression, the root mean square error and standard deviation are equal, ranging from 0.97×10－5 m/s2 to 1.48×10－5 m/s², among which the standard deviation between SS V29.1 and shipborne gravity data is the smallest, 0.97×10－5 m/s² . Conclusions: According to the comparative analysis, the accuracy of the latest five versions of satellite altimetry gravity data are better than their former versions and can meet the needs of marine gravity research on scales around 1∶500 000 to 1∶1 000 000. The linear regression method and minimum curvature filtering method can be used efficiently and easily in improving the accuracy analysis of satellite altimetry gravity data in the Western Pacific area, which can lead to better applications of the satel‐ lite altimetry gravity data and deserve to be promoted [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saliva, a complex biofluid helps in maintaining the oral health by serving as the first line of defense against dental caries and periodontal diseases. To evaluate and analyse influence of stress as a factor that affect the pH of saliva in young adults aged 19-25 years in the Konkan region of Maharashtra is the aim of this study. 120 saliva samples were checked which included both males and females with pH paper. Stress levels were quantified with STAI tests. The results showed that individuals with high levels of stress had lower pH values implying acidic saliva. Gender differences were also found. Males were more affected by the stress levels as their salivary pH were comparatively lower than females. Stress in adolescents is inversely proportional to the oral acidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catamorphisms are functions that are recursively defined on list and trees and, in general, on algebraic data types (ADTs), and are often used to compute suitable abstractions of programs that manipulate ADTs. Examples of catamorphisms include functions that compute size of lists, orderedness of lists, and height of trees. It is well known that program properties specified through catamorphisms can be proved by showing the satisfiability of suitable sets of constrained Horn clauses (CHCs). We address the problem of checking the satisfiability of those sets of CHCs, and we propose a method for transforming sets of CHCs into equisatisfiable sets where catamorphisms are no longer present. As a consequence, clauses with catamorphisms can be handled without extending the satisfiability algorithms used by existing CHC solvers. Through an experimental evaluation on a nontrivial benchmark consisting of many list and tree processing algorithms expressed as sets of CHCs, we show that our technique is indeed effective and significantly enhances the performance of state-of-the-art CHC solvers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A complex number λ is said to be non-free if the subgroup of SL (2 , ℂ) generated by X = 1 1 0 1 and Y λ = 1 0 λ 1 is not a free group of rank 2. In this case, the number λ is called a relation number, and it has been a long standing problem to determine the relation numbers. In this paper, we characterize the relation numbers by establishing the equivalence between λ being a relation number and u : = − λ being a root of a 'generalized Chebyshev polynomial'. The generalized Chebyshev polynomials of degree k are given by a sequence of k integers (n 1 , n 2 , ... , n k) using the usual recursive formula, and thereby can be studied systematically using continuants and continued fractions. Such formulation, then, enables us to prove that, the question whether a given number λ is a relation number of u -degree k can be answered by checking only finitely many generalized Chebyshev polynomials. Based on these theorems, we design an algorithm deciding any given number is a relation number with minimal degree k. With its computer implementation we provide a few sample examples, with a particular emphasis on the well-known conjecture that every rational number in the interval (− 4 , 4) is a relation number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a simple, environmentally friendly, and efficient procedure for preparing natural water samples for the voltammetric determination of trace amounts of Se(IV). The method is based on premixing a sample with Amberlite XAD-7 resin at 50 °C. The composition of the 10 mL solution consists of the sample to be analysed, 0.1 mol L−1 of acetate buffer at pH = 4.0, and 0.5 g of Amberlite XAD-7. After 2 min of stirring, a voltammetric measurement is carried out using a fixed bismuth microelectrode using the following potentials: −2.5 V for 2 s and −0.55 V for 30 s. The voltammetry is recorded by varying the potential from −400 mV to −1000 mV. An undisturbed Se(IV) signal is obtained in the presence of 10 mg L−1 of Triton X-100, 5 mg L−1 of SDS, 10 mg L−1 of CTAB, 5 mg L−1 of Rhamnolipid, 5 mg L−1 of HA, 10 mg L−1 of FA, and 2 mg L−1 of NOM. The validity of the developed procedure is checked by analysing the certified reference materials SPS-SW1 (surface water) and TM-25.5 (Lake Ontario water) additionally enriched with surfactants and humic substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of equations and inequalities is one of the most important areas of the school mathematics course. This is mostly explained by the fact that the concepts of equation and inequality are widely used in various fields of mathematics, as well as in solving important practical problems. Among these equations and inequalities, irrational equations and inequalities have a special role and importance. Some types of irrational equation and inequality solving methods are considered in the article. Along with various solution methods, it is applied in artificial methods in solving irrational equations and inequalities. Regardless of what method is applied in solving irrational equations and inequalities, it is necessary to make sure that the equation or inequality obtained at each subsequent stage is the same as the previous one. Or checking the roots obtained when solving the given equation without any restrictions is one of the main issues. In the article, especially in many cases, the methodical interpretation of the stage of expecting the new inequality to be the same as the previous one, bringing it to a rational inequality by increasing the strength of both sides of the irrational inequality several times, is given with examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While reading an L2 text, learners may come across difficult words. In this context, limited vocabulary knowledge hinders their reading comprehension. Furthermore, when faced with difficult words, L2 learners have multiple options to get the meaning: looking them up in a dictionary, checking online, ignoring the word and continuing reading, seeking assistance from others or inferring the meaning from the context or information available. This process of inferring meaning of difficult words while reading a text is known as "lexical inferencing." It is important to understand the sources learners use to infer the meaning of difficult words. This study seeks to identify and categorize the sources used by selected Odia L2 learners based on their word knowledge, and statistically analyze the usage of these sources by the participants. Forty intermediate Odia ESL learners from different colleges in Odisha were selected for the study, and were grouped into English medium and Odia medium. They were asked to read and infer the meaning of 53 difficult words placed in five texts by employing think-aloud procedure. The results reveal no significant difference between the two groups in using word-based knowledge sources (WBKS) for lexical inferencing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Derecho Privado is the property of Fundacion Fernando Fueyo Laneri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Yasna 38, which is the middle Yasn of the Haft (seven) Ha(t), is devoted to the praise of waters and women/goddesses. In the third and fifth paragraphs of this Yasna, some attributes are used for waters that are either unique or have a very low degree of repetition in the Avesta, and for this reason there is ambiguity about their meaning; Especially Ahurānĩ, which some have interpreted as "Ahura's Wives". By comparing Zand of Yasna 38 and other Pahlavĩ religious texts, it seems that this text is the basis for dividing the types of water in that texts which increases the importance of its investigation. However, Zand's review does not help much to resolve the ambiguity in the meaning of this verse, because in most cases, they have repeated the Avestan word and only added a commentary to it. In some cases, the meaning or interpretation of Pahlavĩ, in terms of etymology and appearance, is not similar to the Avestan word, and it seems that there was no consensus about these words and their meaning at the time that Zand was compiled. The aim of this research was to compare the attributes and phrases expressed in the Avestan text and Zand. These words were translated and found their roots, and the extent of their adaptation was checked in two periods, and an attempt was made to answer these questions: to what extent were the interpretations of the author of Zand. How much were they loyal to the Avestan text, and to what extent has the trustworthiness of the translation been observed in their work, and to what extent have the thoughts and opinions of Sassanid Mobads in influenced this translation and interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we establish three geometric inequalities involving an arbitrary point of a triangle. We also propose three related conjectures which have been checked by the computer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Marc Morial, President and CEO of the National Urban League, testified before the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs on racism and discrimination in banking. He highlighted historical discriminatory practices in banking, such as redlining and biased lending, that have disproportionately affected communities of color. Morial advocated for greater fairness in financial services, emphasizing the importance of investing in Black-owned banks and passing legislation to address discriminatory practices and increase equitable access to banking. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik (JIHHP) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Property-based testing (PBT) is a technique for validating code against an executable specification by automatically generating test-data. We present a proof-theoretical reconstruction of this style of testing for relational specifications and employ the Foundational Proof Certificate framework to describe test generators. We do this by encoding certain kinds of "proof outlines" as proof certificates that can describe various common generation strategies in the PBT literature, ranging from random to exhaustive, including their combination. We also address the shrinking of counterexamples as a first step toward their explanation. Once generation is accomplished, the testing phase is a standard logic programing search. After illustrating our techniques on simple, first-order (algebraic) data structures, we lift it to data structures containing bindings by using the $\lambda$ -tree syntax approach to encode bindings. The $\lambda$ Prolog programing language can perform both generating and checking of tests using this approach to syntax. We then further extend PBT to specifications in a fragment of linear logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Handwritten digit recognition is critical in the field of deep learning, especially for Latin digits, which are widely utilized in a variety of applications including postal systems, bank check processing, and teaching tools. Recognizing these digits effectively is critical for automating operations that need human-written numbers. Because of its capacity to extract spatial characteristics from pictures, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have shown to be extremely good at categorizing and detecting handwritten numbers. CNNs are more successful at handling differences in handwriting and noise than older approaches. Our CNN model, designed to recognize Latin digits, obtained an 80% accuracy rate, exceeding numerous previous tests. The model efficiently eliminates overfitting by utilizing dropout layers, allowing for greater generalization to previously unknown data. This durability makes the model ideal for practical applications, since it ensures high reliability in digit classification tasks across a wide range of handwriting styles and characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the term substitution by focusing on the ways in which it has been defined and/or applied in the context of pronunciation errors, especially by two different scientific disciplines: Polish language teaching (more precisely: phonodidactics) and speech therapy. Interestingly, despite the fact that the term refers to the same or similar object of study, it is not necessarily used with the same meaning. The paper opens with a review of definitions from general and specialized dictionaries along with a formulation of the concept. The study was carried out according to a socio-terminology approach, taking into account the contextual updating of meanings, observed polysemy and synonymy, as well as a socio-cognitive approach, checking the popularity of using the term and ways of understanding it in a specific context. Both the general term and the term specified by a modifier (e.g., phonetic, phonological substitution) have been described and exemplified thanks to the database of texts from both disciplines to show similarities and differences resulting from the adopted perspectives or goals (research or practical ones) that the representatives of each field of study set for themselves. The analysis made it possible to observe the process of determinologization, as well as the co-occurrence of several different concepts in both disciplines, referenced by the same terms. The study fits into the descriptivist trend, but it aspires to be a point in the discussion about the precise formulation of descriptions, especially in disciplines that share interests with other fields of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Word recognition has garnered significant attention due to its wide-ranging real-time applications, including postal automation, signature verification, bank check processing and writer identification. Handwritten word recognition poses a formidable challenge in computer vision, primarily due to the diverse writing styles exhibited by individuals. Presently, researchers are increasingly focused on developing holistic word recognition approaches. This holistic approach treats entire words as single, indivisible entities for the purpose of feature extraction and recognition, rendering it well-suited for identifying words with overlapping characters. In this study, authors have proposed a holistic approach for recognizing offline handwritten words in the Devanagari script, employing VGG16 (Visual Geometry Group) as a versatile feature extractor. Three classifiers, namely Gaussian Naive Bayes (Gaussian NB), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Random Forest (RF), are considered for classifying these word images. Based on the extracted features and the aforementioned classifiers, words are categorized into one of 50 distinct word classes. Various performance evaluation metrics, including Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-score and Area Under the Curve (AUC), are employed to assess the effectiveness of the proposed system. It is worth noting that the Random Forest (RF) based classification technique achieved exceptional accuracy, with impressive recall, high precision and a remarkable F1-score. Additionally, the XGBoost based classification exhibited comparable performance, achieving the highest possible AUC in this study. Furthermore, to underscore the significance of this work, authors have presented a comparative analysis of the proposed approach with existing state-of-the-art methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]