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In the realm of chemical processing, particularly at the industrial scale, safety is of utmost importance. A predominant factor causing accidents within the chemical industry is runaway phenomena, primarily initiated by uncontrolled exothermic reactions. This review critically examines the often‐overlooked decomposition mechanisms as a significant contributor to thermal energy release, necessitating a comprehensive revision and understanding of both experimental and theoretical strategies for assessing thermal degradation. Key to this discourse is the explication of calorimetry as the principal experimental technique, alongside ab initio quantum chemistry simulations as a robust theoretical framework for quantifying the most relevant properties. However, more than mere cognisance of these methodologies is required for a meticulous thermal stability assessment. The review emphasizes identifying and quantifying fundamental parameters through experimental and theoretical investigations. Only upon acquiring these parameters, including kinetic, thermodynamic, onset, and peak characteristics of the exothermic decomposition reactions, can one effectively mitigate risks and hazards in designing and optimizing chemical processes and apparatus. Furthermore, this review delineates qualitative and quantitative methodologies for hazard assessment, proffering strategies for estimating safe operational conditions and sizing relief devices. The paper culminates in exploring future trajectories in thermal stability assessments, focusing on emerging applications in lithium‐ion batteries, electrolyzers, electrified reactors, ionic liquids, artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches. Thus, the paper underlines the evolving landscape of thermal risk management in contemporary and future chemical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work focuses on the development of dynamic grey‐box models for real‐time applications. Such models can be used in systems for automated prevention of accidents in the chemical industry. The development of grey‐box models for complex technological control objects is illustrated with the example of chemical absorption of CO2 by aqueous monoethanolamine solutions. It is demonstrated how a rigorous rate‐based model can be used to support the development of the grey‐box models. The approach is explained in detail and the results are presented in the form of a mathematical system. The outcomes of this work are applied in the development of market software tools for prevention of accidents in industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical industry oversees the transformation of raw materials into products through unit operations that require appropriate organization to avoid accidents. Hence, it is important to do analyses to identify any possible mistakes, substances involved, or common sources of accidents in the industry to avoid such errors and design better safety measures to create a safer space for the chemical industry, which is hugely important and boasts a worldwide presence. This document presents an analysis of chemical industry‐related accidents in Saudi Arabia, namely fires, explosions, and toxic clouds which occurred in the chemical and petrochemical industries and while transporting hazardous materials in the last 46 years. Three databases—one for each type of accident—were created with information collected from articles, newspapers, videos, and papers. 'Explosion', 'fire', and 'toxic clouds' were the key words used for the research, focusing on accident taking place in Saudi Arabia. Once the information had been collected, the accidents were filtered, checked, and moved to a fourth general database. It is shown that 54.0% of all related accidents were fires, 25.4% toxic clouds, and 20.6% were explosions. The provinces with the most registered accidents were Riyadh (15), Jeddah (10), and Jubail (6). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major accidents in the chemical process industry occur with low frequency but may lead to severe damages affecting a myriad of stakeholders. Managing major accident risks of chemical industrial systems is regulated in the Seveso Directive of the European Union. However, the conventional risk assessment mainly focuses on the objective aspects of risks and lacks in incorporating public concerns and context-related issues. Aiming to overcome this limitation and enhance the public's engagement and trust in risk assessment and management, the present study built an integrated risk index for ranking risks considering both technical aspects and societal concerns. A hypothetical case-study is used to demonstrate the application of the proposed risk index. At last, the outcomes of using the integrated risk index and the conventional risk assessment approach are compared and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety hazards cannot be ignored during the promotion of local economic development in chemical parks. In a crowded chemical industrial park, heavy casualties and serious economic losses may be incurred in a toxic gas leak accident. Accordingly, the location of emergency shelters and occupant escape routes in chemical parks during gas leakage accidents were examined in this study. Additionally, the risk of leakage in chemical parks throughout the year was assessed by selecting the average values of wind direction, wind speed and temperature across four seasons, and criteria for selecting emergency shelters were set according to the minimum risk of toxic gas leakage throughout the year. Moreover, a 30,000 t/a carbon-five separation construction project was adopted as a case study, where instantaneous leakage of an auxiliary raw material liquid ammonia storage tank occurred. The Floyd algorithm was then used to calculate the evacuation paths for people at multiple sources and multiple endpoints. The influence of the dynamic diffusion of toxic gas around the leakage source point on evacuation route safety was thoroughly analyzed, and occupant evacuation plans were employed in the chemical park based on the shortest evacuation path with the least impact from toxic gases. The findings produced by this study may provide reliable technical support guidance for safety evacuation in regard to toxic gas leakage accidents for personnel in chemical industry parks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Literature on resilience to Natech of the chemical and process industry is reviewed. • Contributions are classified in three areas: Frameworks, quantitative methods, reviews. • Key aspects of the Resilience Engineering for the assessment of Natech scenarios are discussed. • A critical analysis of the existing literature is performed, highlighting gaps and limitations. • Research needs are identified to bridge Resilience Engineering to Natech risk management. The threat of natural hazards and their devastating consequences is challenging the resilience of society. Especially in industrial areas, where relevant quantities of hazardous materials are handled, natural hazards may trigger severe technological accidents (Natech). Resilience Engineering (RE) principles have been recently introduced in the context of process safety and Natech accidents, aiming at the development of systems able to withstand and rapidly recover from unexpected events. A systematic review of the literature addressing the application of resilience drivers to the framework of Natech assessment and management was carried out, providing a critical evaluation of strategies, methods, and tools proposed for resilience to Natech events. The study focused on chemical and process industries and related sectors, as the petrochemical and energy industry, analysing both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The fundamental aspects necessary to develop methods and tools for the quantitative resilience assessment of industrial facilities facing natural hazards have been identified. These mainly address the phases of the resilience evolution process (REP), the features of Natech scenarios, and the resilience metrics. Gaps and limitations in the state of the art, deserving attention in future research, were identified and discussed. These include the development of a detailed framework for the REP, a comprehensive assessment of the post-accident phases, and the integration of specific features of Natech scenarios. Other important aspects identified are the need to bridge the gap between qualitative and quantitative methods and the importance of developing a multidimensional approach to achieve a comprehensive understanding and assessment of the resilience of facilities exposed to natural hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The most significant dangers, associated with equipment handling/lifting loads, are overturns, collapses and drop loads. • Crane accidents can be more severe if occur in major accident hazard establishments. • Crane accident data to be used to perform complete risk assessments are lacking. • Correlation accident-cause are development using bowtie analyses. The most significant dangers, associated with equipment for handling/lifting loads in industrial contexts, maintenance activities and intermodal transport, are overturns, collapses and load falls. Accidents have a significant potential for injury, death and damage especially in major hazard industries due the potential release of hazardous substances. The literature review shows a lack of data to be used in performing complete risk assessments in sectors where the use of cranes could increase the risk due to the plant operability. The aim of this study is to fill this gap. The analysis of the accident and near-miss reports and the construction of a database have been the starting point of this work. The definition of the correlation accident-cause, by means of the development of bowtie analyses, supports in calculating the accidental rates and in understanding the main improvements to reduce the number of the undesired events, and to support the risk management. Focusing on major accident hazards, the top events have been identified and the bowties have been developed. By using the dataset, quantitative bowties have been provided to the risk analyst for several contexts. A case-study, which is a facility inside a refinery, has been used to quantify the effect due to crane activity inside the establishment in term of frequencies. Data processing is subject to uncertainties of various kinds, linked to technological change, the greater or lesser complexity of regulations and compliance with them. The results have been validated by using a similar dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have revealed that major accidents in Chemical Process Industry (CPI) are most commonly due to explosions. Thus, analytical studies of explosion-related risk assessments are performed to predict the consequences of potential explosions. As physical experiments on explosions are very expensive, modelling and simulation techniques using theoretical models are becoming increasingly popular, allowing researchers to replicate the potential explosion scenarios. In this regard, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models are more than appropriate. Although CFD simulations are widely applied, they have several weaknesses such as high computational costs as well as potential simulation inaccuracies due to inaccurate modelling steps. The weaknesses can be overcome with appropriate techniques such as model simplification, defining the appropriate method, grid design and boundary conditions. Many studies have reported different aspects and perspectives of explosion modelling and simulation techniques, but few evaluate the techniques across every different type of explosion. This subject is critical, as modelling steps and techniques directly affect the accuracy of simulation results. Hence, a review of the assumptions and simulation techniques that are used to reduce the computational costs associated with gas explosion modelling for each of the different explosion types is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the accident data information published by the chemical accident information network, this paper makes a statistical analysis on 14 087 hazardous chemical accidents in China from 2011 to 2020 from the month, region, grade, type and plate of the accident, and uses the grey relation analysis method to study the correlation between accident types and seasons・ The results show that the overall trend of accidents is to increase first and then decrease, and 2015 is the year w让h the highest number of accidents; June to August and November to January are accident prone months, and spring and winter have the greatest correlation with fire accidents, and summer and autumn have the highest correlation with explo・ sion accidents ・ The reason is mainly related to the impact of extreme weather and natural disasters; the five provinces of Jiangsu, Shandong, Guangdong, Zhejiang and Hubei are accident prone areas, which are related to the developed chemical industry; among the accident types, leakage accidents account for the highest proportion and poisoning accidents are the lowest; dangerous chemicals are most prone to accidents during storage and transportation. According to the results of statistical analysis, reasonable preventive countermeasures are put forward in order to reduce the occurrence of dangerous chemical accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequent occurrence of accidents in the chemical industry has caused serious economic loss and negative social impact. The chemical accident investigation report is of great value for analyzing the risk factors involved. However, traditional manual analysis is time-consuming and labor-intensive, while existing keyword extraction methods still need to be improved. This study aims to propose an improved text-mining method to analyze a large number of chemical accident reports. A workflow was designed for building and updating lexicons of word segmentation. An improved keyword extraction algorithm was proposed to extract the top 100 keywords from 330 incident reports. A total of 51 safety risk factors was obtained by standardizing these keywords. In all, 294 strong association rules were obtained by Apriori. Based on these rules, a Bayesian network was built to analyze safety risk factors. The mean accuracy and mean recall of the BM25 model in the comparison experiments were 10.5% and 14.38% higher than those of TF-IDF, respectively. The results of association-rule mining and Bayesian network analysis can clearly demonstrate the interrelationship between the safety risk factors. The methodology of this study can quickly and efficiently extract key information from incident reports which can provide managers with new insights and suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A colorimetric and fluorometric nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD)-based probe for trace water detection in organic solvents are reported. [Display omitted] • A colorimetric and fluorometric probe was constructed. • Visual and fluorescence trace water recognition in organic solvent were realized. • The probe exhibited record low detection limits together with good reversibility. • The record response speed in dioxane (150 ms) and others (less than 1.2 s). The presence of minute quantities of water in organic solvents can affect the progress of many reactions and cause unnecessary losses and even safety accidents in the chemical industry, especially in the productions process of organic fine chemicals. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out high-performance strategies for trace water detections in commonly used organic solvents. In this work, a fluorescent sensing system based on competitive binding of protons has been developed, demonstrating remarkable responses by UV–vis absorption and fluorescence two-modes toward a trace amount of water in organic solvents including 1,4-dioxane (Diox), tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetonitrile (MeCN), acetone (ACE), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and mixed organic solvents (THF: MeCN=1: 1). The key component of the sensing system is a newly designed fluorophore NBD-PMA , which can be deprotonated to form a dynamic non-luminescent adduct, namely NBD-PMA-F , by an organic fluoride salt tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF). NBD-PMA-F can be reprotonated via using trace water, exhibiting fluorescence turn on of the system. The as-prepared sensing system shows superior sensitivity, low detection limits (v / v , 0.0007 %), quick response speed (≤1.2 s) and good reversibility. Moreover, naked-eye visual rapid detection has also been successfully realized at ambient temperature, which demonstrated their practical applications value for trace water determinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering has published a special issue on Sustainable Development in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, featuring articles from the International Conference on Sustainable Development in Chemical and Environmental Engineering (SDCEE‐2024) held in Patiala, India. The conference focused on sustainable practices in chemical and environmental engineering and included keynote talks from global experts. One article in the issue presents a method called the "Inherent Health Hazard Level Index (IHHLI)" for assessing the severity of health hazards caused by fugitive emissions in petrochemical workplaces. Another article identifies design criteria for implementing inherent safety in the chemical process industry. A third article discusses the production of medium chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHAs) from fatty acids under non-sterile conditions, which could reduce the cost and environmental impact of mcl-PHA production. [Extracted from the article]

This study aimed to identify factors affecting the incidence of chemical accidents in chemical process industries. The present study investigated 840 accidents in 42 chemical process industries over 11 years (2008–2018). Data analysis was conducted using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA and CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM). Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS AMOS v. 22. Moreover, χ2/df, RMSEA, CFI, NFI, and NNFA (TLI) indices were used as model fit indices. The descriptive results showed that 45.3% and 32.14% of the accidents were related to transportation and the release of chemicals, respectively. Factor analysis showed that 6 latent factors and 37 indicator variables affected the accidents. SEM findings showed that latent factors, including individual and occupational training, risk management, and their indicator variables, had indirect effects on the chemical accidents (P < 0.05). In contrast, unsafe conditions and unsafe acts latent factors with their indicator variables had a direct impact on the incidence of chemical accidents (P < 0.05). The findings confirmed that chemical accidents are affected by different causal layers. Using different methods of accident analysis and combining them with scientific and updated techniques of other sciences, that is, mathematics, as well as statistics, can improve accident analysis and controlling methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the environmental and safety risks of hazardous chemical explosions in chemical enterprises, the fault tree analysis was used to establish a fault tree model of hazardous chemical explosions and comprehensively analyze the possibility of the explosions. The 34 basic events that caused hazardous chemical explosions were expounded, and the minimum cut and path sets were obtained. The structure importance of basic events were calculated. According to the minimum path sets, the basic events when the accident does not occur were determined, and combined with the sequence of structure importance, the preventive measures for hazardous chemical explosion accidents were proposed. The fault tree model intuitively clarified the correlation between the direct causes of hazardous chemical explosion accidents, and proposed directions for effectively reducing the probability of hazardous chemical explosion accidents in the chemical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite India being home to some of the worst chemical industry disasters, there is no proper accident reporting and analysis mechanism. The National Informatics Centre of the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) presented an online accident database called CAIRS to assist Past Accident Analysis (PAA). This paper compares CAIRS with major accident databases widely used by safety professionals. The parameters considered for compassion are scope, accessibility, method of data collection, quality, and the frequency of reporting. Past accident analysis showed that the total number of reported events is more or less steady and the number of major accidents is decreasing marginally in European countries, whereas in India only a few states report accidents using the CAIRS platform. The analysis raised serious concerns about the monitoring of reported information in the Indian database. At present, the information available in this database is not reliable and any conclusion based on this information can be misleading. Suggestions are offered to enhance the efficacy of the Indian accident database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the risk identification methods on chemical industry safety were reviewed at home and abroad, involving the chemicals, chemical reactions, production facilities and transmission pipelines,. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis are conducted to compare these methods of risk identification. As the most frequently used qualitative method, HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Analysis) was usually used for the identification of technology deviation and FMEA (Failure Model and Effects Analysis) was aimed to identify the cause of accident. Besides, FTA (Fault Tree Analysis) and ETA (Event Tree Analysis) were used to identify the severity of accident consequences from a quantitative perspective. The identification on possibility and severity of accidents in the whole chemical industry can be achieved by combining the qualitative and quantitative methods, but the fuzzy risk factors in chemical industry should be analyzed by using the fuzzy mathematics method. In the future, risk identification methods need to be combined with the statistical model and big data algorithms so as to improve the intrinsic safety level of chemical technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mass chemical exposure emergencies are infrequent but can cause injury, illness, or loss of life for large numbers of victims. These emergencies can stretch and challenge the available resources of healthcare systems within the community. Political unrest in the Middle East, including chemical terrorist attacks against civilians in Syria and increasing chemical industry accidents, have highlighted the lack of hospital preparedness for chemical incidents in the region. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a course designed to empower frontline healthcare providers involved in mass casualty incidents with the basic knowledge and essential operational skills for mass chemical exposure incidents in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was used to develop a blended learning, simulation enhanced, competency-based course for major chemical incidents for front line healthcare providers. The course was designed by experts from different disciplines (disaster medicine, poisoning / toxicology, and Hazard Material Threat - HAZMAT team) in four stages. The course was piloted over five days at the Officers Club of the Ministry of Interior (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia). The 41 participants were from different government health discipline sectors in the country. Pre- and post-tests were used to assess learner knowledge while debriefing sessions after the decontamination triage session and simulation-enhanced exercises were used for team performance assessment. Results: The overall knowledge scores were significantly higher in the post-test (69.47%) than the pre-test (46.3%). All four knowledge domains also had significant differences between pre- and post-test results. There were no differences in the pre and post-test scores for healthcare providers from the different health disciplines. A one-year post-event survey demonstrated that participants were satisfied with their knowledge retention. Interestingly, 38.3% had the opportunity to put this knowledge into practice in relation to mass chemical exposure incidents. Conclusion: Delivering a foundation level competency-based blended learning course with enhanced simulation training in major chemical incidents for front line healthcare providers may improve their knowledge and skills in response to such incidents. This in turn can improve the level of national preparedness and staff availability and make a crucial difference in reducing the health impacts among victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data about illegal activities connected to the waste cycle refer to an alarming situation linked to the development of waste fires in Italy and the world in the last few years. Hence the interest in implementing new methodologies to study fires in piles of waste, understand the incidental dynamics, and draw scientific evidence on the nature of combustion is crucial. The investigation focused on a real case waste disposal fire in a company in northern Italy. Initially, the trigger involved a heap of unsorted municipal waste, with flames spreading to other heaps of twigs, wood, and paper and plastic storage areas. The damage was limited by the prompt intervention of the Fire Brigade, who took a few hours to tame and extinguish the flames. The entire dynamic was captured by internal security cameras and made available for investigations. This key element made it possible to compare the real evolution to model estimations. Therefore, the present work aimed to approach an actual case study via numerical simulation to give insight into the fire accident. To this end, it was decided to use the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) for an open field application. The application produced interesting results and paved the way for further research questions and debates regarding the effectiveness of this strategy for investigating incidental scenarios. In particular, it was possible to recreate the incidental dynamics assuming different compositions of the initial fuel matrix and their impact on the fire dynamics. However, some issues have emerged, including the lack of reliable data concerning fuel matrixes and their behaviour in open spaces. Another limitation is linked to the software unsuitability to implement heterogeneous material properly. On the contrary, internal safety distances among piles of stored waste were defined through empirical models and compared to what is embodied in the technical fire prevention rule draft concerning waste disposal facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accidental subsea releases are a matter of concern in the oil and gas industry. It may halt the production and lead to a flammable gas cloud on the sea surface close to the spider-deck of oil rigs. The ignition of the flammable cloud is not desirable. The proper prediction of flammable gas volumes from subsea releases is of paramount importance to reduce the level of risk. It also helps the elaboration of emergency plans. The use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is proved to be an efficient, safe, and relatively low-cost tool applied to analyze the gas plume dynamics underwater. Motivated by the scenario of real accidental subsea gas releases, this work studied the behavior of submerged gas plumes in a 9 m x 7 m 2D computational domain representing a water tank. The case setup, which was validated against experimental data in previous works, considered the Eulerian-Eulerian approach with the Volume of Fluid (VOF) multiphase model. The study simulated different leak sizes and leak rates, aiming to evaluate if there was a relation between the Reynolds numbers and the geometrical features of the resultant plume, such as rising time, fountain height at the rising time, fountain heights after 15 s of the release and horizontal dispersion distance. For all the plume parameters there was a relationship between their behavior and the leak Reynolds number, and, especially for rising time, and fountain heights, this relation showed independence from the leak size. This indicates that, at least for the considered size of the water column, the Reynolds number of the can be the main parameter considered when determining these plume properties at the surface. This study is valuable to support the development of mitigating measures in the case of an accidental gas release underwater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human and Organizational Factors (HOFs) are usually the root causes of complex system failures. Human reliability analysis (HRA) methods to build the structure of HOFs have been proposed. However, they typically lack validated data. To address this limitation, learning from the past has been considered regarding the EU Major Accident Reporting System's (eMARS) records. Category data analysis has been applied to support the quantitative analysis. With the HOFs related near-miss and major accidents recorded by eMARS reports, the obtained results show deep insights about the co-influence and contributions of HOFs to the accidents and the possibility to predict the hazards to the process safety, environment, and cost consequences. Our framework contributes to enhancements in HOFs accidents control and mitigation by enabling risk awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Michael addition reaction of acrylic acid has caused thermal runaway of acrylic acid, thereby causing many explosion and fire accidents in the chemical industries. The aim of the present study is to gain a better understanding of the reaction mechanisms of Michael addition oligomers of acrylic acid (MAO) during a runaway polymerization on the basis of thermal and evolved gas analysis. The Michael addition reaction of acrylic acid occurs at a temperature lower than the temperature at which thermal polymerization occurs, triggering the initiation of thermal polymerization and the associated thermal runaway, and after the thermal runaway, the pressure generated by the reaction with the product, MAO, can cause tank rupture. We discussed the reaction mechanisms of MAO including thermal polymerization and thermal decomposition on the basis of high-sensitivity reaction calorimetry and evolved gas analysis of MAO and its thermal polymer. From the results of the thermal analysis using Calvet-type calorimeter and thermogravimetry–differential scanning calorimetry-mass spectrometry-infrared spectrometry (TG-DSC-MS-IR), MAO can be polymerized exothermically at more than 180 °C, and its thermal polymer decomposes to propanoic acid, carbon dioxide, ethylene and low-molecular hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, and cyclopropane at more than 195 °C. Michael addition oligomerization of acrylic acid was found to not only thermally initiate free radical polymerization due to its heat generation but also increase the possibility of the tank explosion after runaway polymerization due to the large pressure generation induced by thermal decomposition of MAO polymer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensors may be pervasively distributed throughout the plant, in the workplace and also worn by workers. They offer, coupled with Artificial Intelligence, a great opportunity to make safety management at Seveso sites much more dynamic and participatory. The article discusses how it is possible to exploit innovative systems based on pervasive sensors and AI to introduce important elements of flexibility and resilience in the SMS-MAH, while maintaining the consolidated structure envisaged by the Seveso legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data uncertainties caused by the lack of knowledge and nature variation or randomness present vital challenges to domino effects modelling. To improve the assessment of the propagation probabilities and consequences of the domino-effect accidents, the influence of various types of uncertainties on risk assessment results needs to be investigated. However, a systematic identification of data uncertainties in domino effects has not been studied yet. In the current study, the data uncertainties in different categories (accidental, Natech, and intentional) of domino events are identified thoroughly based on historical data and literature. Meanwhile, the possible sources of the identified uncertainties are analysed by considering the environment, safety management, and operation factors. Finally, we discuss possible solutions to model uncertainties in risk assessments of domino effects. This study is a pilot study for uncertainty analysis and helps to identify the critical uncertainties that are of necessity to be considered in the domino effect risk assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major accidents continue to happen in the process industry and often have serious consequences. There are questions on how these accidents happen and how we can monitor safety in a process plant to prevent these accidents from happening. The possibility of measuring the safety level in a process plant is very compelling and different approaches using key performing indicators (leading and lagging indicators with some metrics) have been proposed. The industry has evolved towards a complex sociotechnical environment where the traditional accident causation models used that try to explain how and why accidents happen are no longer valid (or at least are not the fittest option) to analyse these complex systems. New accident models have been developed lately trying to cope with the complexity of new industrial systems. These (relatively) new systemic models have their roots in systems theory. In this work, a novel methodology is presented to measure safety level in a process plant using a systemic approach. The systemic model used in this work is Systems Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP). The measurement of the safety level is done according to the status of safety checkpoints which is a new concept introduced in this work. A safety checkpoint is a requirement defined to prevent a loss scenario to happen or to satisfy safety measures associated to the loss scenario. The outcome of the analysis obtained with this methodology can be presented in different ways to help management to make informed risk-based decisions and take the actions needed to prevent accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen, CNG and LNG are highly explosive gases, which can create extremely hazardous conditions if released into an enclosure. The gases' behaviour was checked under accidental release conditions by CFD simulations. It has been proved that too large a gas release diameter orifice could create a dangerous situation, and a gas concentration level above the lower explosive limit, even before emergency ventilation activation. The suggested practical solution for the hazard mitigation could be a limitation of the gas installation diameters fitted on the buses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous increase in digitalization and automation in the chemical industry leads to more interconnected systems via internal and external networks. These systems are vulnerable to cyber-physical attacks and can affect safety. To protect chemical plants against safety-related failures and security-related attacks, a comprehensive and combined safety and security analysis is required. This article presents a uniform methodology, which includes safety hazards and security vulnerabilities as well as an analysis of potential hazards due to interaction between both. A strong focus is placed on the easy applicability of the method by integrating well-known safety procedures like HAZOP into the methodology. The article summarizes research results submitted for publication in (Biernath, 2022). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Seveso III Directive, adopted by the European authorities in 2012, has updated the European regulation on industrial risks and on the prevention of industrial accidents. Among the prescriptions, there is the periodical review of the safety report for upper-tier establishments at least every five years (Article 10-5). In France, this prescription has been transposed in national regulation by the obligation, for operators of these establishments, to write a "review notice" five years after the last safety report has been submitted and accepted by the Competent Authority. This notice must study 11 points to determine if the facilities are still in adequation with their environment and if new technologies or new safety measures may be implemented to improve risk management. Following this notice and depending on its conclusion two options are available. In case of strong changes / modifications (of the facilities, environment, regulation), a revision / new version of the safety report has to be submitted to the Competent Authority. The second option, in case of no major modification and if the conclusions of the existing safety report are still valid, is to update this existing safety report. Contrarily to this last option, the revision of the safety report implies that the French authorities will process it and new prescriptions may be added to the establishment. This paper describes the requirements and contents (the 11 points) of a French review notice of the safety report for an upper-tier Seveso establishment, and its advantages / drawbacks compared to the automatic revision of the safety report every five years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When performing risk assessment on chemical hazards, such as fire and explosion, it is necessary to comprehensively identify the hazards and the scenarios leading to the occurrence of fire and explosion in order to consider specific risk reduction measures. It is required to utilize specialized knowledge about the characteristics of chemical substances related to the reaction process, ignition phenomena, and associated functions. Especially in medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), it is difficult to perform risk assessments for hazardous chemicals. This paper proposes a simple hazard scenario identification method focusing on the three elements of combustion (fire triangle), that is fuels, ignition source, and oxygen. Hazard scenarios of causing a fire or explosion when combustible chemicals are handled in an open area can be classified into four patterns. Based on the confirmed pattern for hazard scenarios, the triggering event could be comprehensively identified, and the hazard scenario leading to the occurrence of fire and explosion could be easily identified. Furthermore, by considering workplace condition, etc., the occurrence of industrial accidents and the spread of damage to the surrounding area could be included in the hazard scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The release of hazardous materials induced by natural events affecting industrial facilities presents peculiar characteristics because of the huge potential extension of the affected areas. The reduction of both the likelihood and the magnitude of such events represents an essential step to reduce the risk associated with Natech accidents. Nevertheless, the evaluation of damage to the environment in Natech events has been poorly addressed. In the present study, past accidents analysis was carried out, using both a detailed description of specific accidents and an extended database of Natech events. Lessons learnt as well as possible common patterns and main features related to such accidents were identified and discussed. The results of the present study can be intended as a preliminary step for the development of models for the quantitative assessment of damage to the environment in major accidents caused by natural events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildfires are uncontrolled fires involving the combustion of wild vegetation. When a wildfire front approaches the Wildland-Industrial Interface there can be a serious threat for process and storage equipment items located at the plant boundary. Ensuring the integrity of such equipment prevents the fire from spreading inside the plant site and causing major accidents such as fire, explosion, and toxic gas dispersion. The provision of adequate clearance areas is paramount since the early stages of the plant design. Once the facility is built, the implementation of safety measures can protect industrial items and ensure tank integrity. A tailored methodology for the calculation of safety distances between wild vegetation and tanks accounting for the safety system was developed and applied to a case study. The outcomes provide useful information on the effectiveness of safety measures for the protection of industrial items exposed to wildfire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dealing with pressurized releases of CO2 from Carbon Capture and Storage systems is of topical interest for the safety assessment of such infrastructures. Evidence shows that a sublimating bank of CO2 can be formed following a loss of containment, which acts as a delayed source of heavy CO2 gas. This source of hazard requires estimation in terms of sublimating mass flow rate, flux, and thermal features. In this work, we illustrate an experimental apparatus to measure the main properties of sublimating CO2 banks for estimating safety parameters. Data concerning mass flow rate, fluxes and temperature were successfully estimated. We measured mass fluxes in the range from 160 to 240 g/(min·m2) of CO2, and we observed a relevant temperature variation. From experimental data, we proposed an approach to evaluate a representative driving force that includes the central feature of the CO2 to accumulate in the vicinity of the sublimating bank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2005, the Buncefield accident showed us that a tank overfilling scenario cannot be treated as a simple liquid spill. After extensive research conducted by HSE, it was established that liquid cascades tended to fragment into droplets and a proportion of the release would form a vapour that could subsequently disperse and if confined, explode. HSE published a Technical Note in 2013 that included a simple mathematical approach to simulate the vapour cloud generation due to evaporation from a cascading liquid. Unfortunately, this empirical approach was limited in its application to a few types of fuels, while the associated explosion prediction also restricted its usage to zero wind conditions and specific congestion situations. Because the tank-overfilling risks can be relevant to other materials and (weather) conditions as well, Gexcon has expanded the HSE model to calculate the vapour cloud generation due to the overfilling of a tank containing a volatile liquid. The model has been extended to account for the evaporation rate from the generated liquid pool at the bottom, and now incorporates a pure thermodynamic method to calculate the vapour cloud generation of any overflowing flammable liquid. This way, it has become a pure "source term prediction" method, and now allows the result to be used as input for a subsequent dense gas dispersion phase (which may be subject to certain wind conditions), to evaluate potential explosion risk in any meteorological and confinement situation. Furthermore, the "tank overfilling" model predicts both cloud and pool contents, providing the possibility to calculate the subsequent pool fire event due to direct ignition of the remaining liquid spill. Typical results of the extended "tank overfilling" method, such as vapour concentrations at the bottom of the liquid cascade, and "cascade" vaporisation rate have been compared with the experimental data and showed very good agreement. The extended "tank overfilling model for cascading liquids" is now available in the Gexcon EFFECTS consequence modelling software. Because the method now also includes the pool evaporation source rate and uses a thermodynamic "droplet evaporation" method, its applicability has been expanded to "non-zero" wind situations, while suitable for any chemical or Hydrocarbon mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First systematic investigation on human and organizational factors, maintenance, and accidents in South African CPIs. • Contributes to the significant gap in literature on past accidents in Chemical Process Industries in South Africa. • Provides insights for risk management and safety in the industry, guiding future research and policy decisions. • Emphasizes the importance of multiple independent variables for accident prevention and effective risk management practices. • The study highlighted the importance of practicality in procedures, warns excessive procedures can hinder risk management. Accidents continue to be a major concern in the production, storage, and use of hazardous substances, and accidents have occurred either during maintenance or lack thereof. However, there is limited academic coverage of the initiatives implemented to prevent such accidents in South Africa. In recognition of this gap, the study explored participants' perceptions on the relationship between human and organisational factors, maintenance, and accidents using a quantitative approach on data analysis. A questionnaire was distributed online and used to collect data from employees of a chemical and process industry company in South Africa, with 247 valid responses out of 316 obtained from 450 participants invited to voluntarily participate in the study. The findings of the study revealed several noteworthy correlations. Firstly, there were positive and significant relationships between various factors such as procedure implementation, communication accuracy, communication satisfaction, permit to work system, competency level, and risk management. These factors were found to have an impact on the occurrence and frequency of maintenance-related accidents. Specifically, maintenance activities were shown to reduce the likelihood of accidents, while effective risk management practices resulted in a similar outcome. Additionally, communication satisfaction was found to be associated with improved risk management during maintenance operations. The implementation of a permit to work system was also found to reduce the risk during maintenance and contribute to accident reduction. Furthermore, a higher competency level was found to be associated with effective risk management during maintenance and a decrease in accidents. Lastly, communication accuracy was found to be linked to more effective risk management during maintenance, leading to a decrease in accidents. Based on these findings, it is recommended that companies in the chemical and process industry continue to prioritize human and organization factors as well as maintenance practices to ensure safe and reliable operational performance. By focusing on these aspects, companies can minimize the occurrence of accidents and promote a safe working environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I got to know Mike well since I became a member of the Center's Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) and later its chair, as he was an unwavering advocate of its mission of supporting the students and being a conduit for industrial advice for them. Thoughts from a few other longtime-standing Steering Committee members are: I Bill Efaw i : Mike was a true champion for improving process safety across our petrochemical industry. As Mike wished, we will continue the work and hope to achieve the quality Mike would have wanted since the publication would help users to make better safety decisions, certainly in view of the current transitional changes. [Extracted from the article]

We build on the literature on categorization to develop and test a model of input-level spillover effects. Our model predicts that, when one firm suffers an accident with a particular input, investors will punish other users of that input by discounting their stocks, and that the magnitude of this negative spillover can be predicted by the nonresponsible firm’s level of input usage. We also hypothesize that the magnitude of the punishment will be moderated by intermediaries’ assessments of the input: Ex ante regulatory sanctions on the input will amplify negative spillovers, while the presence of input-level associations will weaken these effects. Finally, we predict that similarity between the responsible and nonresponsible firm in terms of two peripheral attributes— input portfolio and geographic location—will amplify the negative effect of input usage. We find strong support for our predictions in an event study that examines the stock market valuations of 270 nonresponsible manufacturing firms triggered by 78 industrial accidents involving a toxic chemical. We highlight our study’s theoretical and empirical contributions to the categorization and spillover literatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1967, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) has sponsored a series of safety symposia. The goal of these symposia is to reduce the frequency and severity of accidents in the Chemical Process Industries (CPI). The Safety and Health Division of AIChE was established to serve as a central hub for the collection and dissemination of this process of safety information. Over the years, this dissemination expanded to several process safety symposia tracks at the Global Congress on Process Safety. Three symposia manuscripts have been assembled and archived into a database accessible on the Internet through the AIChE Academy.Loss prevention symposium (LPS)Process plant safety symposium (PPSS)Center for chemical process safety (CCPS) symposiumThe technical papers presented at these symposia cover a wide range of topics such as fire protection, risk reduction, explosion analysis, plant maintenance practices, process safety management, and many other topics. A total of 2524 papers were scanned and organized into a form which can be used to search for information on process safety topics. A spreadsheet of the contents of the archives was created. This paper describes the organization of the process safety archives and presents an example of how the archives can be used to find information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emergency response plays an important role in preventing or delaying the domino effect of chemical accidents. Requirements for emergency response to a major accident may exceed the capacity of the emergency department within the region of responsibility for the accident, in which case multi-department emergency response is necessary. In this work, modeling problems related to the arrival of emergency teams at different times in multi-department emergency response are discussed. These problems will dynamically influence the time to failure of adjacent facilities in the event of a fire. A timed colored hybrid Petri-net (TCHPN) approach is proposed to solve these problems and analyze multi-department emergency response processes. An example of responding to a tank fire illustrates the proposed approach. An emergency response process is simulated, and probabilities of fire escalation prevention under different fire levels are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new quantitative risk assessment method for domino accident is presented. • Field theory and Monte Carlo simulation are applied in the method. • This method provides a methodology for considering the synergic effects. • Three stages in domino accident are indicated in the result of risk assessment. • The characteristics of different accidents are shown in the dynamic individual risk curves. A domino accident is a typical multi-hazard coupling disaster in the chemical industry that often has serious consequences and social impact. The quantitative risk assessment of domino accidents faces several difficulties caused by their complexity, unpredictability, and synergic effects. This paper proposes a new method for quantitative risk assessment of domino accidents in the chemical industry based on field theory and Monte Carlo simulation. The method is intended to obtain the dynamic distribution of the individual risk caused by the domino accident. Monte Carlo simulation is used to account for all accident scenarios and to calculate the average risk distribution. The application of field theory enables the consideration of the synergic effects. To evaluate the efficacy of the assessment method, a typical domino scenario in a chemical plant in Yancheng, China, is taken as a case study. The results show that domino accidents consist of three stages: rapid development stage, stabilization stage, and weakening stage. The risks of fire, explosion, and toxic releases also have different distribution characteristics: flat, peak, and slope. The results also show that the risk of domino accidents increases due to the synergic effects of physical effects and human vulnerability. The new risk assessment method can provide guidance for the prevention, mitigation, and risk management of domino accidents in the chemical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes a chemical hazard that can adversely affect the environment and humans in the event of accidents at high-risk facilities, lead to man-made pollution, large casualties and deaths. The existing methods of assessment of the effects of chemical contamination were analysed. The toxic properties of poisonous substances (PSs) have been revealed. The calculation algorithm has been presented and the technique for the prediction of the chemical situation after the release of explosive or emergency spills, highly toxic substances (HTS) into the environments has been disclosed. The sequence of solution calculation of the estimation of chemical parameters problem using conditional initial data has been shown. A computer program has been developed to handle the parameters of chemical contamination and to calculate losses among working personnel and residents who may end up in the accident zone of chemical industry facilities or into the environment (PS, HTS). The analysis of the calculations without the use of a computer program for processing chemical parameters of contamination and using it confirms the reliability of its design based on the Microsoft Visual Studio software (Visual C#). The method of calculation and estimation of a chemical situation after accidents and destruction at chemical industry facilities has been offered. The practical application of the developed computer program has been described, which enables the specialists in the field of civil protection (CP) to make calculations more quickly to determine the degree of vertical stability of air, depth and area of distribution of chemical cloud, time of reaching the settlement, losses of both working personnel and population, more promptly to make decisions both in peacetime and in a special period. Conclusions were made regarding the calculations performed and the results obtained when solving the problems of chemical situation estimation using modern technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Safety Research project was carried out in an ammonia plant of OCI Nitrogen, located at the Chemelot site in Geleen, The Netherlands. This research focused on the development of a method to monitor accident processes in the chemical industry mainly caused by mechanical integrity of static equipment like vessels, tanks and heat exchangers. A significant part of the mechanical integrity failure scenarios originates from material degradation and corrosion mechanisms which may develop over a relatively long-time period, possibly taking months, years or even longer. Mechanical failure scenarios from two process units have been worked out and visualized using a bowtie. The research project shows that the monitoring of early warnings can provide information about the current development of mechanical failure scenarios. In addition, early warnings can be used to initiate inspections if there is a likelihood that the mechanical failure scenario has been activated. Considering the shift from breakdown maintenance to preventive and predictive maintenance and risk-based inspection (RBI), inspections based on early warnings could also be a new step in the field of maintenance efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evacuation path planning is an important research topic in emergency management of chemical accidents. Facing the challenges of the continuous increase in the frequency of multi-hazard chemical accidents including fires, explosions, and toxic releases, the requirement to improve the evacuation path planning method considering the dynamic and multi-hazard characteristics of the accidents has become increasingly urgent. In order to address the shortcomings of the static, single-hazard, and passive evacuation path planning methods, this paper proposes an evacuation path planning method for multi-hazard accidents in chemical industries based on advance and on-site risk perception. This method applies dynamic and comprehensive risk analysis as the equivalent distance criterion to improve the D* path planning algorithm. A chemical park in Guangzhou, China, is adopted as a case study to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method and quantitatively demonstrate the effect of the method in improving evacuation efficiency. This paper further discusses the flexibility of the proposed method in considering environmental factors, evacuation preferences, and emergency response requirements. The evacuation path planning method proposed in this paper is expected to contribute to the optimization of emergency management of multi-hazard accidents and provide guidance for the enhancement of safety and loss prevention in chemical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents evaluation of safety performance of three hazardous facilities based on current safety practice by measuring their safety weighted hazard indices (SWeHI) of multifarious units of chemical process and what can be done to avoid any potential accidents in context of Bangladesh. Assessing hazard potential over safety procuration is a key indicator of how well a facility is prepared to reduce its vulnerability. The risks associated with hazardous facilities are always greater in a country like Bangladesh as the safety issues are not often been prioritized by its key stakeholders. In recent years, there were number of deadly accidents occurred in the chemical industries and storage warehouses which resulted multiple fatalities and significant property damage. The accident could be avoided using proper safety protocols in those facilities. Here safety performance of three facilities was assessed based on survey data. These facilities deal with flammable, explosive and toxic chemicals. This index is on the basis of fire & explosions properties and toxic release properties as well as the safety precautions against it. It helps professionals to identify the overall hazard potential and distinguish less protected units from other well operated units. The paper features on an approximate yet workable assessment of risks at a low cost and based on the current safety practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Teeth are generally considered as the most durable structures that resist physical, chemical and biological insults than skeletal tissue. Human identification through dental remains is of prime importance when the remains are found in chemical accidents such as acid attacks or uneventful accident in chemical industries, where soft tissues cannot provide reliable information. Proper examination and analysis of dental remains can provide vital information in forensic context. Objective: The present study aims to evaluate the morphology and radiographic features of teeth after exposure to highly acidic environment. Material and Method: A sample of total 80 extracted permanent teeth was used. Teeth were exposed to different acidic conditions like - 35% hydrochloric acid (30ml), 69% nitric acid (30ml), 98% sulphuric acid (30ml), 85% phosphoric acid (30ml) at intervals of 30 min, 1 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr, 8 hr, 16 hr and 24 hr. Before and after exposure to acids, radiographic and stereomicroscopic images were taken. Results: The effect of acids on teeth depends on various factors such as the type and concentration of the acid, and also the time period. The morphological and radiological changes normally includes - changes in dimensional stability, changes in texture and colour, changes in the appearance of fissures and cracks and also appearance of the fracture and fragmentation of the samples. Conclusion: Teeth can serve as a tool in identification of the victim when in contact with acidic condition. Hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid cause changes in the teeth and it is possible to deduce the approximate duration for which a body has been immersed in acid based on the changes observed. The characteristics of teeth may be of assistance in cases of human identification where soft tissue features are unavailable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information related to the change in chemical regulations in China despite background of rising environmental concerns and a number chemicals accidents. It mentions that legal system of chemical regulation in China consists of laws, administrative regulations, departmental rules and standards; and also mentions about United Nations Globally Harmonized System which comprises all the 28 hazards in the United Nation Globally Harmonized System (GHS) 4th revision.

Chemical process industries often handle, store and transport chemicals which are flammable and/or toxic. Also, often, processes are employed which are carried out at high temperatures of pressures. These happenings constitute major hazards which carry the risk of serious accidents. The bigger the hazard, the greater is the risk associated with its existence. Despite the best intentions of the industries not to allow any accident to occur, major accidents keep occurring all over the world. This makes it necessary to develop newer methods with which the likelihood of accidents can be forecast and steps taken to prevent those accidents from occurring. This paper presents an overview of the already developed, and still evolving, methods for assessing risk of accidents in chemical process industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal runaway is a hazardous problem frequently occurring in the chemical productions. An effective way to avoid accidents caused by thermal runaway is preliminary hazard analysis which can help determine the comparatively safe operating condition in the design phase. In this paper, a series of batch reactor thermal runaway scenarios based on esterification of isopropyl propionate has been studied and according to mixing law the optimal inhibitor injection location has been confirmed. The reactor model is established by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology and verified by RC1e test. The effect of cooling temperature, cooling velocity and stirring speed are investigated in detail. Based on the failure status analyses, the appropriate location of temperature probe was then determined by the divergence (DIV) criterion. Finally, the inhibitory mixing performances were evaluated by a global mixing criterion. The results indicated the mixing time and inhibitory region were greatly influenced by the injection location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Historical data analysis shows that escalation accidents, so‐called domino effects, have an important role in disastrous accidents in the chemical and process industries. In this study, an agent‐based modeling and simulation approach is proposed to study the propagation of domino effects in the chemical and process industries. Different from the analytical or Monte Carlo simulation approaches, which normally study the domino effect at probabilistic network levels, the agent‐based modeling technique explains the domino effects from a bottom‐up perspective. In this approach, the installations involved in a domino effect are modeled as agents whereas the interactions among the installations (e.g., by means of heat radiation) are modeled via the basic rules of the agents. Application of the developed model to several case studies demonstrates the ability of the model not only in modeling higher‐level domino effects and synergistic effects but also in accounting for temporal dependencies. The model can readily be applied to large‐scale complicated cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accidental events in chemical industry can cause damages to human health, environment and economy. To prevent such events in industries, it is essential to identify and analyze the past events. To the best of our knowledge, such an analysis has not been done for the French chemical industry sector, which is the second producer in Europe. To fill this gap, 169 events were selected and collected in the French database ARIA (Analysis, Research and Information on Accidents). These events occurred between 1974 and 2014. The causes and consequences of the events were analyzed. The study shows that the causes were mainly related to operator errors. Then, a semi-quantitative analysis of risk was also carried out, based on the frequencies and consequences of the events. This analysis confirms that chemical industry activities present a significant risk. Based on this analysis, national agencies can make some recommendations or rules in order to reduce the number of events in chemical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A database of 300 security-related accidents in the chemical industry was populated. • Threats were analyzed with respect to geographical area and industrial sector. • Cyber-attacks were found to play a significant role in recent years. • Critical infrastructures are those where hazardous materials are stored. • Lessons learnt revealed the need for a robust security management system. Security threats are becoming an increasing concern for chemical sites and related infrastructures where relevant quantities of hazardous materials are processed, stored or transported. In the present study, security related events that affected chemical and process sites, and related infrastructures, were investigated. The aim of the study is to frame a clear picture of the threats affecting the chemical and process industry, and to issue lessons learnt from past events. A database of 300 security-related accidents was developed and populated, starting from European and American sources. Threat categories that caused such events were identified and analyzed. The attack modes were investigated. Important differences were found with respect to geographical areas and industrial sectors affected. The use of explosives (both military and improvised explosive devices) is by far the more frequent attack mode, although armed attacks and arson are also frequent events and may result in an in-depth penetration of the attackers. In recent years, cyber-attacks are also posing important threats. Lessons learnt call for the implementation of a specific security management system in the chemical and process industry, aiming at the physical and cyber protection of industrial sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]