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This study presents a collaborative experimental and theoretical investigation into the structures and electronic properties of niobium-doped germanium clusters. Anion photoelectron spectra for Nb1–2Gen− (n = 3–7) clusters were acquired using 266 nm photon energies, enabling the determination of adiabatic detachment energies and vertical detachment energies. In conjunction with these experimental measurements, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted to validate the experimentally obtained electron detachment energies and elucidate the geometric and electronic structures of each anionic cluster. The agreement between DFT calculations and experimental data establishes a solid foundation for assessing the structural evolution and electronic properties of niobium-doped germanium clusters. It is noted that both neutral and anionic clusters exhibit predominantly similar overall structural characteristics, with the exception of Nb2Ge6− and Nb2Ge6. Furthermore, this investigation emphasizes the exceptional chemical stability of the D3d symmetric chair-shaped structure in Nb2Ge6−, providing insights into its bonding characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energetic materials are extensively used as propellants in rockets demanding the understanding of their chemical and thermal stability for safe storage and transportation as well as ease of decomposition. Nitromethane (NM) is one such material with significant performance advantage over other mono propellants. In this manuscript, we report the detailed molecular-level behavior of NM under static and dynamic compression. Dynamic compression experiments were performed up to ∼6.4 GPa using a 2 J/8 ns Nd: YAG laser coupled with time-resolved Raman spectroscopy (TRRS) setup. Static compression experiments were performed up to ∼20 GPa using a diamond anvil cell. During laser-driven shock compression, NM undergoes three phase transitions at 1.1, 2.5, and 3.4 GPa. However, in the case of static compression, the corresponding phase transitions were observed at 0.3, 1.3–1.8, and 2.5 GPa. TRRS was also performed at 300 mJ (1.47 GW/cm2), 500 mJ (2.45 GW/cm2), and 800 mJ (3.9 GW/cm2) and intensity ratios of shocked and un-shocked Raman peaks were utilized to experimentally calculate the shock velocities, which were determined to be 2.66 ± 0.09, 3.58 ± 0.40, and 3.83 ± 0.60 km/s, respectively. These experimental results were corroborated with the one-dimensional (1D) radiation hydrodynamics simulations, performed to obtain shock pressure. The shock velocities at these laser intensities were calculated to be 2.98, 3.69, and 3.92 km/s, respectively, which are in reasonably close agreement with our observed results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge of the frontier orbital, highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), energies is vital for studying chemical and electrochemical stability of compounds, their corrosion inhibition potential, reactivity, etc. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations provide a direct route to estimate these energies either in the gas-phase or condensed phase. However, the application of DFT methods becomes computationally intensive when hundreds of thousands of compounds are to be screened. Such is the case when all the isomers for the 1-alkyl-3-alkylimidazolium cation [CnCmim]+ (n = 1–10, m = 1–10) are considered. Enumerating the isomer space of [CnCmim]+ yields close to 386 000 cation structures. Calculating frontier orbital energies for each would be computationally very expensive and time-consuming using DFT. In this article, we develop a machine learning model based on the extreme gradient boosting method using a small subset of the isomer space and predict the HOMO and LUMO energies. Using the model, the HOMO energies are predicted with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.4 eV and the LUMO energies are predicted with a MAE of 0.2 eV. Inferences are also drawn on the type of the descriptors deemed important for the HOMO and LUMO energy estimates. Application of the machine learning model results in a drastic reduction in computational time required for such calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anion exchange is a facile, post-synthetic method to tune the emission wavelength of colloidal cesium lead halide (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite nanocrystals. While colloidal nanocrystals can exhibit size-dependent phase stability and chemical reactivity, the role of size in the mechanism of anion exchange in CsPbX3 nanocrystals has not been elucidated. We used single-particle fluorescence microscopy to monitor the transformation of individual CsPbBr3 nanocrystals to CsPbI3. By systematically varying the size of the nanocrystals and the concentration of substitutional iodide, we observed that smaller nanocrystals exhibit longer transition times in their fluorescence trajectories, while larger nanocrystals undergo a more abrupt transition during anion exchange. Monte Carlo simulations were used to rationalize the size-dependent reactivity, in which we varied how each exchange event affects the probability for further exchange. Greater cooperativity for simulated ion exchange leads to shorter transition times to complete the exchange. We propose that size-dependent miscibility between CsPbBr3 and CsPbI3 at the nanoscale controls the reaction kinetics. Smaller nanocrystals maintain a homogeneous composition during anion exchange. As the nanocrystal size increases, variations in the octahedral tilting patterns of the perovskite crystals lead to different structures for CsPbBr3 and CsPbI3. Thus, an iodide-rich region must first nucleate within larger CsPbBr3 nanocrystals, which is followed by rapid transformation to CsPbI3. While higher concentrations of substitutional anions can suppress this size-dependent reactivity, the inherent differences in reactivity between nanocrystals of different sizes are important to consider when scaling up this reaction for applications in solid-state lighting and biological imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By combining mechanical treatment of aluminium alloy with subsequent surface modification using micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technology, zinc oxide (ZnO) oxide coatings were prepared, which achieved enhanced hydrophobic properties, excellent antibacterial activity and corrosion resistance. The coatings were oxidised at different MAO discharge intensities using different frequencies. All surfaces were subjected to determination of wettability, corrosion resistance and chemical stability at 1, 7, 14, and 28 days and antibacterial activity of the coatings against the bacterial population of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli with an evaluation of population inhibition after 24 h. The surfaces mechanically modified by blasting showed a hydrophobic character; their subsequent oxidation by MAO contributed to a significant increase in hydrophobic properties. The sample with the highest Zn content (1.1 wt%), prepared at an MAO source frequency of 222 Hz, i.e. at the most intense plasma discharge, showed the most significant chemical stability in simulated body fluid (SBF) and distilled water and showed the highest antibacterial activity after 24 h. Thus, blasting of aluminium alloy surfaces and their subsequent MAO in alkaline electrolyte allows to obtain oxide coatings with antibacterial, hydrophobic and corrosion-resistant properties with the possibility of their use on surfaces with potential occurrence of harmful bacteria. • Oxide layers on aluminium alloy were prepared in alkaline electrolyte. • Frequencies of 49, 95 and 222 Hz, blasting and MAO technology combination were used. • Mechanically modified layers and MAO coatings achieved hydrophobic properties. • ZnO-doped MAO coatings had antibacterial properties and higher corrosion resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon electrodes are widely used for battery and electrolysis due to wide potential window and chemical stability. The carbon electrode made from carbon material ink using printing process is expected as electrode with low cost and large area. Therefore, we have developed carbon material inks and printed electrode by combining micro-wave treated graphite oxide (MwGO) and screen-printing method. However, the MwGO electrodes exhibited low water resistance. Cellulose nanofiber is mixed into the MwGO ink to improve water resistivity. As a result, increase in water resistance is achieved with maintaining electrical conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite materials with the composition (100-x)Cu 1.3 Mn 1.7 O 4 /xLaNi 0.6 Fe 0.4 O 3 (CMxLNF, where: x = 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt%) were evaluated as possible coating materials for SOFC/SOEC metallic interconnects. The introduction of LaNi 0.6 Fe 0.4 O 3 into spinel matrices improved electrical conductivity compared to pure Cu 1.3 Mn 1.7 O 4. The measured Seebeck coefficient values indicate that carrier concentration increased with LaNi 0.6 Fe 0.4 O 3 content, yet the activation energy of the carriers' mobility decreased. Extensive structural and microstructural studies of selected CM/LNF systems showed that composite material components exhibited high stability in relation to one another. Additionally, LaNi 0.6 Fe 0.4 O 3 significantly improved the chemical stability of Cu 1.3 Mn 1.7 O 4 in the presence of chromia, as tested after 150 h of exposure to air at 800 °C. Finally, coatings based on selected composite powders were deposited electrophoretically on the steel and were oxidized for 1500 h in air at 750 °C, confirming that CM10LNF can be applied as effective protective-conducting coatings on low-chromium ferritic steel. • Cu 1.3 Mn 1.7 O 4 (CM) spinel / LaNi 0.6 Fe 0.4 O 3 (LNF) perovskite composites were prepared. • CM/LNF components are mutually stable after sintering. • Adding LNF to CM matrix improves electrical conductivity. • CM/LNF has better chemical stability vs chromia than reference CM. • CM10LNF coating on FSS substrate is more corrosion-resistant than CM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Y-doped BaZrO 3 is a well-researched material for proton-conducting fuel cells. One of the main limitations is the very high sintering temperature (∼ 1600 °C) necessary to densify the material. As Ba is lost at this temperature due to BaO evaporation, the stoichiometry is changed uncontrollably. This study is focused on evaluating the influence of slight changes in stoichiometry on microstructure, chemical stability, and conductivity of 20% Y-doped BaZrO 3 (BZY20) as well as 10% Y- and 10% Sc-co-doped BaZrO 3 (BZY10Sc10). Overall, Ba excess resulted denser microstructures with larger grains. Still, these samples were prone to decomposition by forming BaCO 3. Therefore, a slight Ba deficiency is favorable as the conductivity did not suffer in the examined stoichiometry region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The area of commercial battery innovation to replace safer batteries in widely used secondary batteries offers promising research into solid-state electrolytes (SSEs). Compared to lithium-ion electrolytes, solid-state electrolytes are inherently safer because they replace solvents with non-flammable materials. One of the promising materials for electrolytes today is based on inorganic materials, especially ceramics. Ceramics with superior mechanical, chemical and electrochemical stability and stability against high temperatures are of great interest. NASICON structured Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Ti 1.7 (PO 4) 3 (LATP) is the most studied type of solid electrolyte due to its stability against air and humidity and high ionic conductivity. In this study, LATP samples were synthesized by solid-state synthesis method. The structural, morphological and charge transport properties (ionic conductivities) of the synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Since the modifications applied during the sample preparation process can change the crystal structure and size of the target material, in this study, in order to minimize the formation of impurity phases and to achieve high ionic conductivity it was applied the different synthesis steps (temperature, time, grinding speed, etc.) from the literature. While the ionic conductivity value obtained is among the best values obtained by LATP synthesis methods in the literature, it is the best ionic conductivity value (1.3 × 10−3 S cm−1) obtained by the solid state synthesis method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to its extraordinary electrochemical properties, the CIS@UiO-66 nanocomposite has proved to be one of the most potential materials for modifying electrode surfaces toward 4-NP detection. Herein, CIS nanomaterials are effectively combined onto UiO-66 material, aiming to achieve a unique heterostructure. In this configuration, CIS plays a role as an active material, while UiO-66 acts as an efficient framework with high specific surface area and pore volume, good chemical stability, and large electrical conductivity to uniformly decorate CIS. As expected, with such synergism of CIS and UiO-66, the electrochemical characteristics and detection performance of 4-NP are enhanced remarkably. Namely, electrochemical measurements exhibit kinetic parameters involving oxidation-reduction reactions of both the standard probe and targeted molecules (4-NP). The sensitivity, linear concentration range, LOD value, and selectivity toward the detection of the 4-NP at CIS@UiO-66/SPE are the highest compared to CIS/SPE and UiO-66/SPE, demonstrating the high applicability potential of this proposed electrode in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By combining the spectroscopic quality of a crystalline phase with the outstanding thermal and chemical stability of the matrix glass, nanocrystal‐in‐glass composites (NGCs) exhibit excellent optical properties. However, strong interfacial diffusion occurs during high‐temperature encapsulation, leading to the erosion of the nanocrystals and detrimental effects on the final performance. The control of interfacial diffusion has so far relied on intuition and experience, with the underlying physical mechanisms remaining largely unknown. In this study, through atomistic simulations and experimental verification, we have developed atomic models of NGCs, revealing the dynamic characteristics of the interface and elucidating how the glass structure can regulate the interface diffusion. Finally, we demonstrate how a tunable interface can be achieved through compositional adjustments of the glass matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Whey protein isolate (WPI) generally represents poor functional properties such as thermal stability, emulsifying activity and antioxidant activity near its isoelectric point or high temperatures, which limit its application in the food industry. The preparation of WPI–polysaccharide covalent conjugates based on Maillard reaction is a promising method to improve the physical and chemical stability and functional properties of WPI. In this research, WPI–inulin conjugates were prepared through wet heating method and ultrasound method and their structural and functional properties were examined. RESULTS: In conjugates, the free amino acid content was reduced, the high molecular bands were emerged at sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE), new C–N bonds were formed in Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and fluorescence intensity was reduced compared with WPI. Furthermore, the result of circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy also showed that the secondary structure of conjugates was changed. Conjugates with ultrasound treatment had better structural properties compared with those prepared by wet heating treatment. The functional properties such as thermal stability, emulsifying activity index (EAI), emulsion stability (ES) and antioxidant activity of conjugates with wet heating treatment were significantly improved compared with WPI. The EAI and ES of conjugates with ultrasound treatment were the highest, but the thermal stability and antioxidant activity were only close to that of the conjugates with wet heating treatment for 2 h. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that WPI–inulin conjugates prepared with ultrasound or wet heating method not only changed the structural characteristics of WPI but also could promote its functional properties including thermal stability, EAI, ES and antioxidant activity. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to prepare a new adsorbent activated carbon immobilized on polystyrene (ACPS) for uranium (VI) and thorium (IV) removal from an aqueous solution. Activated carbon (AC) was derived from biochar material by chemical activation to increase the active sites on its surface and enhance the adsorption capacity. Activated carbon (AC) was immobilized on polystyrene (PS) to improve the physical properties and facilitate separation from the working solution. A feasibility study for the adsorption of uranium (VI) and thorium (IV) on the new adsorbent (ACPS) has been achieved. Adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics models of the adsorption process were used to describe the reaction mechanism. Design/methodology/approach: Activated carbon was synthesized from biochar charcoal by 2 M H2SO4. Activated carbon was immobilized on the pretreatment polystyrene by hydrothermal process forming new adsorbent (ACPS). Characterization studies were carried out by scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer, infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. Different factors affect the adsorption process as pH, contact time, solid/liquid ratio, initial concentration and temperature. The adsorption mechanism was explained according to kinetic, isothermal and thermodynamic studies. Also, the regeneration of spent ACPS was studied. Findings: The experimental results showed that pH and equilibrium time of the best adsorption were 6.0 and 60 min for U(VI), 4.0 and 90 min for Th(IV), (pHPZC = 3.4). The experimental results fit well with pseudo-second order, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich models proving the chemisorption and heterogenous adsorption reaction. Adsorption thermodynamics demonstrated that the adsorption process is exothermic and has random nature of the solid/liquid interface. In addition, the regeneration of spent ACPS research showed that the adsorbent has good chemical stability. According to the comparative study, ACPS shows higher adsorption capacities of U(VI) and Th(IV) than other previous bio-adsorbents. Originality/value: This study was conducted to improve the chemical and physical properties of bio-charcoal purchased from the local market to activated carbon by hydrothermal method. Activated carbon was immobilized on polystyrene forming new adsorbent ACPS for eliminating U(VI) and Th(IV) from aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fluorite-perovskite dual-phase Ce 0.9 Pr 0.1 O 2- δ -Pr 0.6 Sr 0.4 Fe 0.9 Al 0.1 O 3- δ (CP-PSFA) oxygen transport membrane (OTM) was developed to explore the properties and interaction of the two phases on the crystal structure, sintering behavior, thermochemical expansion, and oxygen release property, mechanical strength, and stability of the dual-phase membrane. The migration of oxygen vacancies between two phases causes the shrinking and expansion of the lattice of CP and PSFA phases, and the lattice of PSFA with higher TEC is compressed while the CP is stretched in the dual-phase membrane at the high-temperature range. The CP phase can significantly improve the mechanical properties of the dual-phase membrane, among which the flexural strength of the CP-PSFA reaches 303±42 MPa, almost twice that of PSFA membrane. Moreover, the high reducing gas resistance of the CP phase gives the CP-PSFA membrane more excellent high-temperature chemical stability. These results offer new insights into developing mixed ionic-electronic conducting dual-phase OTMs. • The CP and PSFA phases form separately but affect each other's sintering behavior. • The migration of oxygen vacancy from CP to PSFA distorts the lattice of phases. • The stress in the two phases does not affect the migration ability of oxygen ions. • The densifying of the CP and fining grain of the PSFA improve mechanical properties. • The CP phase enhances the structural and chemical stability of the CP-PSFA OTM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxides are attractive and promising compounds for application as thermoelectric materials owing to thermal and chemical stability, cost-effectiveness, and environmental safety. In this work, CaMnO 3 perovskite hollow spheres were synthesized by spray solution combustion synthesis. The effect of the fuel glycine on the phase composition, morphology, and microstructure of CaMnO 3 was studied, and the influence of synthesis parameters on the characteristics of the sintered materials was investigated. The porous CaMnO 3 (porosity 10–20%) forms by pressureless sintering at 1473 K, which is accompanied by the precipitation of marokite CaMn 2 O 4. It is possible to alter the porosity level as well as marokite and pore size in the CaMnO 3 /CaMn 2 O 4 composite by tailoring the fuel amount, which, in turn, affects the thermoelectric properties. The zT value of 0.13 at 1073 K, to the best of our knowledge, is the highest zT reported for the undoped CaMnO 3 material. • Hollow Spheres of CaMnO 3 Produced via Spray Solution Combustion Synthesis (SSCS). • Increasing fuel during SSCS reduced wall thickness of hollow spheres from 140 to 40 nm. • Excess fuel negatively affected CaMnO 3 uniformity after sintering. • Pressureless sintering yields bulk homogeneous CaMnO 3 + 10 vol% CaMn 2 O 4 + 22% pores. • Porosity and marokite of CaMnO 3 perovskite increase zT value at 1073 K to 0.13. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen zirconium phosphate (HZP) is a ceramic material with the formula HZr 2 (PO 4) 3 that can potentially offer anhydrous protonic conductivity, with thermostability for the intrinsic protons up to 650 °C, and good chemical stability in aqueous environments or acid gases. Despite the attraction of these features for electrolyte applications, such as gas separation, fuel cells or electrolysers, work on this material remains in its infancy. A possible reason for this lack of attention may be related to the complexity to obtain the HZP material as a pure phase. For this reason, the current article examines a new hydrothermal synthesis method to produce the ammonium precursor, NH 4 Zr 2 (PO 4) 3 , in its phase pure form, and consequently a refined overall route to produce the desired HZP target material. In the synthesis of the ammonium precursor, we underscore the precise control of reaction conditions that are necessary to obtain the pure NH 4 Zr 2 (PO 4) 3 material, both in its cubic and hexagonal structural polymorphs. For reaction times of 10 h, the cubic phase is obtained by employing a hydrothermal temperature of 150 °C and an aqueous ammonia volume of 2.1 mL, while the hexagonal phase is obtained for a hydrothermal temperature of 200 °C and an aqueous ammonia volume between 2.3 and 2.4 mL. Subsequently, we investigate the required conditions to convert hexagonal NH 4 Zr 2 (PO 4) 3 fully to hexagonal HZr 2 (PO 4) 3 via thermal treatment at 600 °C for 5 h, assessed by a combination of X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. In this way this article aims to open up further research on this interesting HZP material by documenting a robust route for its preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's industries need to be more productive, especially those that shape and machine materials. As a result, engineers and scientists are seeking for cutting tool materials and technologies that have high hot hardness, chemical stability, wear resistance, and toughness while also improving tool life or contact time. Cryogenic treatment of cutting tools has been proven to be a good way for increasing the contact time of any cutting tool material. This study presents the results of turning alloy steel (EN24 grade) using P20 grade carbide inserts under various conditions under continuous machining. Cutting speeds varied from 100 to 500 m/min (in increments of 100 m/min), with feed rates ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 mm/rev in stages of 0.1 mm/rev and a constant radial depth of cut of 1.5 mm were considered under dry machining conditions. Cryogenic treated/coated inserts are better than other inserts in terms of tool life for optimized parameters such as cutting speed 100 m/min, feed rate 0.1 mm/rev, and depth of cut 1.5 mm, according to the study's findings. Under similar conditions of cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut, coated/cryotreated inserts had a tool life increase of about 97.5% over uncoated/untreated inserts, a 50.58% increase over uncoated/crytreated inserts, and a 23.89% increase over coated and untreated inserts, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, the green synthesis of nanomaterials has emerged as an environmentally friendly and sustainable technology for effectively decolourization of dyes. Polysaccharides, recognized for their affordability and efficacy, have become ideal materials for nanoparticle synthesis. The study used a green method to make platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) from the sesbania polysaccharide, for photocatalytic activities. Different instrumental methods were used to describe the synthesized SPtNPs, including FTIR, FESEM, TEM, XRD, and XPS analysis. XPS analysis played a crucial role in examining the purity and chemical stability of the synthesized SPtNPs. TEM micrographs revealed the homogeneous and spherical shape of the nanoparticles. The photocatalytic activity of the SPtNPs was assessed in the organic dyes, with a particular focus on Rose Bengal in wastewater treatment. The SPtNPs exhibited a high photodegradation capacity for the anionic dye, degrading 98.5% of Rose Bengal within 60 min under Visible light. Additionally, a notable achievement in catalyst recyclability was observed. The catalyst having a higher degradation efficiency of 94.8% in after 3 cycles and revealing a calculated rate constant (k) of 0.3408 min−1. This study emphasizes the competitive advantage of environmentally friendly technology over traditional physical and chemical approaches in SPtNP synthesis, emphasizing its efficacy. This technology's green and efficient nature holds significant potential for diverse industrial applications. Furthermore, it shows that it is possible to make nanomaterials in a way that is both sustainable and good for the environment. Specifically, the biosynthesis of SPtNPs is a groundbreaking way to create useful and good products for the environment. Schematic presentation of green synthesized SPtNPs and photocatalytic dye degradation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fabrication of light-weight, highly impact-resistant, and energy-absorbent materials is urgently demanded in many facets of the society from body armor to aerospace engineering, especially under an extreme environment. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), one of the strongest and toughest materials ever found, also have good conductivity, chemical stability, and thermal stability, etc, making them a competitive candidate as building blocks to help achieve the above goal. In this work, a kind of CNT network was prepared by using chlorosulfonic acid (CSA) to release the internal stress of super-aligned carbon nanotube films (SA-CNTF) and dendritic polyamide amine (PAMAM) to further introduce multiple hydrogen bonds and interlocking structures. The fabricated bioinspired carbon nanotube network films (PAMAM@C-CNTF) have a high toughness of 45.97 MJ/m3, showing an increase of 420% compared to neat SA-CNTF. More importantly, the anti-impact performance of the films (e.g., with a maximum specific energy absorption of 1.40 MJ/kg under 80–100 m/s projectile impact) is superior to that of conventional protective materials from steel and Kevlar fiber, and also exceeds that of any other reported carbon-based materials. The hierarchical energy dissipation mechanism was further revealed through experiment and simulation. Additional functions including intelligent heating/anti-icing, ultraviolet protection, as well as electromagnetic interference shielding properties make these network films have great potential in practical multi-protection applications, especially under an extreme environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decades, intensive efforts have been dedicated to overcoming the strength-ductility trade-off dilemma of advanced high-strength steels by creating multi-phase microstructures with chemical heterogeneity. This paper presents a brief summary of the advancements in medium Mn steel (MMnS), which has garnered prominence in automobile applications due to its high strength coupled with good toughness achieved via the modulation of retained austenite (γret) stability. We examine the optimization of integral mechanical attributes such as strength, ductility and toughness. MMnS can reach an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) beyond 2200 MPa; however, there is a steep decline in toughness below 100 J when the UTS is > 1200 MPa. The relevant mechanisms including novel alloying design strategies, innovative processing routines such as flash processing, chemical boundary engineering and meticulous modulation of γ stability through chemical heterogeneity are analyzed. Furthermore, the potential avenues for research and innovation in MMnS are outlined by incorporating laser additive manufacturing technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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High‐temperature CO2 electrolysis via solid oxide electrolysis cells (CO2–SOECs) has drawn special attention due to the high energy convention efficiency, fast electrode kinetics, and great potential in carbon cycling. However, the development of cathode materials with high catalytic activity and chemical stability for pure CO2 electrolysis is still a great challenge. In this work, A‐site cation deficient dual‐phase material, namely (Pr0.4Ca0.6)xFe0.8Ni0.2O3−δ (PCFN, x = 1, 0.95, and 0.9), has been designed as the fuel electrode for a pure CO2–SOEC, which presents superior electrochemical performance. Among all these compositions, (Pr0.4Ca0.6)0.95Fe0.8Ni0.2O3−δ (PCFN95) exhibited the lowest polarization resistance of 0.458 Ω cm2 at open‐circuit voltage and 800 °C. The application of PCFN95 as the cathode in a single cell yields an impressive electrolysis current density of 1.76 A cm−2 at 1.5 V and 800 °C, which is 76% higher than that of single cells with stoichiometric Pr0.4Ca0.6Fe0.8Ni0.2O3−δ (PCFN100) cathode. The effects of A‐site deficiency on materials' phase structure and physicochemical properties are also systematically investigated. Such an enhancement in electrochemical performance is attributed to the promotion of effective CO2 adsorption, as well as the improved electrode kinetics resulting from the A‐site deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) like the zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF‐8) have a high surface area, tunable porosity, and robust thermal and chemical stability, making them attractive candidates for various applications. Here, a strategy is shown that spans that functionality and provides strong photoluminescence (PL) emission, unlocking ZIF‐8‐based materials for chemical and temperature sensors based on PL. The approach is based on laser processing that dramatically boosts the PL response of laser‐irradiated ZIF‐8 (LI ZIF‐8), achieving a 70‐fold increase in intensity relative to the pristine material. The PL characteristics of the irradiated material can be easily tuned by varying the laser power and irradiation time with in situ and real‐time spectroscopic analysis providing insights into the process dynamics. It is found that the observed PL enhancement is primarily due to the laser‐induced transformation of ZIF‐8 into nitrogen‐doped nanocarbons and ZnO nanostructures. The versatility of this laser processing approach is leveraged to create flexible electronics by integrating the LI ZIF‐8/nanocarbon architectures into thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The multifunctional composite material shows excellent performance as flexible electrodes for human‐body monitoring applications, as well as both temperature and flexure sensors with remarkable mechanical resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a series of transition metal‐doped TiO2 was prepared by a simple sol‐solvothermal method. Mix an ethanol solution of tetrabutyl titanate and metal nitrate solution to obtain a homogeneous sol, which is then subjected to solvothermal treatment. After calcination, the metal‐TiO2 naoncomposite was obtained. Selected transition metal precursors, including Cu, Fe, Ag, Cr, Co and Zn, were doped into TiO2 nanocatalysts to assess photocatalytic degradation activities. The results show that 1 mol % Ag−TiO2 photocatalyst has a larger specific surface area, a stable anatase phase and the narrowest forbidden band energy (3.00 eV). In photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) tests, 1 mol % Ag−TiO2 could reach 100 % decolourisation after 70 min and 75.43 % mineralisation after 90 min. ESR analysis confirmed that Ag doping significantly increased the content of ⋅O2− and ⋅OH for the TiO2 catalyst, which are responsible for the oxidation reactions and consequently degradation of pollutants. The photocatalytic degradation mechanism of MO was also proposed. The TOC analyses confirmed the mineralization of MO. The excellent thermal and chemical stability of 1 mol % Ag−TiO2 has also been demonstrated by thermogravimetric analysis and cycling experiments. Electrochemical tests have also demonstrated the excellent electrochemical properties of 1 mol % Ag−TiO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiO2 has advantages such as excellent photocatalytic performance, high chemical stability, low price, and not easy to produce secondary pollution. Therefore, the photocatalytic hydrogen production over TiO2 catalyst was an effective way to achieve hydrogen production from solar energy with low energy consumption and low cost. However, the TiO2 catalyst responds only to UV light due to its wide forbidden band, and the electrons and holes were prone to recombination, resulting in the decrease in photocatalytic activity and quantum efficiency. In recent years, researchers have conducted a series of modifications on TiO2 to improve its visible light response, reduce the rate of carrier recombination, and thereby enhance the efficiency of photocatalytic hydrogen production. This paper reviews several main modification methods of TiO2 including morphology regulation, ion doping, semiconductor recombination, noble metal deposition, dye sensitization and their research progress in the field of photocatalytic hydrogen production. Finally, the modification of TiO2 photocatalyst in the future was predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degradation of water bodies caused by organic pollutants from industrial wastewater discharge has made it necessary to develop new functional materials like hydrophobic–oleophilic materials that can efficiently remediate water. It is factual that many of the synthetic methods for creating hydrophobic–oleophilic materials involve the use of toxic or harmful reactants, such as fluorine or sulfur compounds. However, these methods often have significant drawbacks, including being hazardous to the environment, expensive, and complex to utilize. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a hydrophobic/oleophilic material that is non-toxic and eco-friendly in order to overcome the existing drawbacks. In this regard, we have proposed a modest and eco-friendly approach for constructing a hydrophobic–oleophilic Ph-POSS@HKUST-1 composite material by solution-assisted self-assembly for the conversion of hydrophilic HKUST-1 into hydrophobic HKUST-1 for separation applications. The incorporation of fluorine-free, low surface energy and hydrophobic POSS into HKUST-1 increased the hydrophobicity and oleophilicity of the system. The synthesized Ph-POSS@HKUST-1 composite material has been thoroughly characterized through FT-IR, PXRD, HR-SEM, BET, and thermogravimetric analysis. It has been observed that the material exhibits a contact angle of 137 ± 4° and shows high selectivity and absorption capacity towards organic solvents and oils from water mixtures. Concurrently, the Ph-POSS@HKUST-1@PDA@sponge has been effectively utilized for the separation of solvents and oils and it has shown more than 95% separation efficiency for up to 15 cycles. It is interesting to note that Ph-POSS@HKUST-1 and the Ph-POSS@HKUST-1@PDA@sponge have outstanding stability in abrasive chemical environments which is due to the presence of a mechanically and chemically stable inorganic–organic hybrid POSS nanocage. In addition, ab initio and DFT calculations elicit that the Ph-POSS@HKUST-1 composite is stabilized through π⋯π stacking instead of the C–H⋯π mode of interaction at the HKUST-1⋯Ph-POSS interface. Further electron density features confirm the interfacial interaction at the interface. Our latest research has led us to propose an eco-friendly and non-toxic hybrid composite material for efficiently tackling the issue of organic solvent and oil pollution in water mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxides with the same structure as K 2 NiF 4 have received increasing interest in reversible solid oxide cells (RSOCs) because of the unique advantages of low thermal expansion efficient (TEC), fast oxygen exchange kinetics, and high chemical stability. Herein, Fe-doped Nd 0.8 Sr 1.2 Ni 1-x Fe x O 4±δ (x = 0, 0.15, 0.3, 0.45, NSNF) oxygen electrodes with fast oxygen reduction/evolution reactions (ORR/OER) kinetics are reported. The optimal composition of NSNF is found to be NSNF45 (x equals to 0.45) and the best ratio of NSNF45 to GDC is 6:4 by the mass ratio, delivering a low polarization resistance of 0.067 Ω cm2 at 800 °C. The RSOC with Co-free NSNF45-GDC (6:4) composite oxygen electrode achieves a high peak power density of 1.33 W cm−2 and a favorable electrolysis current density of 1.39 A cm−2 at 1.32 V with 50% steam concentration at 800 °C. Additionally, the reversible cycling between fuel cell and electrolysis modes at 700 °C and the thermal cycling between 700 °C and 300 °C show excellent stability over four hundred hours. The results indicate that composite NSNF45-GDC can be utilized as a promising oxygen electrode material for RSOCs. • A series of Nd 0.8 Sr 1.2 Ni 1-x Fe x O 4±δ are synthesized and evaluated. • The optimal NSNF45-GDC composite shows a R p of 0.067 Ω cm2 at 800 °C. • The cell show good electrochemical performance in both FC and EC modes. • High stability is demonstrated after the reversible cycling and thermal cycling test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borosilicate glasses possess excellent melting properties and high stability against chemical attack by aqueous solutions, enabling this glass family to be used in various fields. In this article, we design a novel glass network in order to achieve a chemically robust glass with a low melting temperature. Therefore, the substitution effect of Na2O by MgO, Al2O3, Li2O, and K2O on the chemical durability and melting properties of sodium aluminosilicate glass (i.e., 80SiO2‒5Al2O3‒15Na2O [mol%]) was examined using a standard hydrolytic resistance test and viscosity measurement. Interestingly, we found that the partial replacement of Na2O by Al2O3, Li2O, and K2O (i.e., 80SiO2‒5Al2O3‒15Na2O → 80SiO2‒6.5Al2O3‒9Li2O‒2.25Na2O‒2.25K2O) makes the glass network with chemical durability and melting properties comparable to those of the commercial borosilicate network, resulting in a low HCl consumption of 0.04 mL/g and working temperature of 1238°C (i.e., temperature at viscosity 104 dPa s). The structural characterizations indicate that the high chemical stability of this glass composition originates from the abundance of SiO4 tetrahedrons with three and four bridging oxygen in the glass network as well as the increase in cationic field strength of mixed alkali ions. These excellent melting properties and superior chemical durability of glass imply the possibility of using the mixed alkali metal oxides aluminosilicate glass together with the commercial borosilicate glass in the markets for numerous practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic frameworks face a trade‐off between the framework stability and the bond dynamics, which necessitates the development of innovative linkages that can generate stable frameworks without hindering efficient synthesis. Although iodine(I)‐based halogen‐bonded organic frameworks (XOFs) have been developed, constructing XOFs based on bromine(I) is desirable yet challenging due to the high sensitivity of bromine(I) species. In this work, we present the inaugural construction of stable bromine(I)‐bridged two‐dimensional (2D) halogen‐bonded organic frameworks, XOF(Br)−TPy−BF4/OTf, based on sensitive [N⋅⋅⋅Br⋅⋅⋅N]+ halogen bonds. The formation of XOF(Br)−TPy−BF4/OTf was monitored by 1H NMR, XPS, IR, SEM, TEM, HR‐TEM, SEAD. Their framework structures were established by the results from PXRD, theoretical simulations and SAXS. More importantly, XOF(Br) displayed excellent chemical and thermal stabilities. They exhibited stable two‐dimensional framework structures in various organic solvents and aqueous media, even over a wide pH range (pH 3–12), while the corresponding model compounds BrPy2BF4/OTf decomposed quickly even in the presence of minimal water. Furthermore, the influence of the counterions were investigated by replacing BF4 with OTf, which improved the stability of XOF(Br). This characteristic enabled XOF(Br) to serve as an efficient oxidizing reagent in aqueous environments, in contrast with the sensitivity of BrPy2BF4/OTf, which performed well only in organic media. This study not only deepens our fundamental understanding of organic frameworks but also opens new avenues for the development and application of multifunctional XOFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfide‐based all‐solid‐state battery (ASSB) with a lithium metal anode (LMA) is a promising candidate to surpass conventional Li‐ion batteries owing to their inherent safety against fire hazards and potential to achieve a higher energy density. However, the narrow electrochemical stability window and chemical reactivity of the sulfide solid electrolyte towards the LMA results in interfacial degradation and poor electrochemical performance. In this direction, we introduce an organic additive approach, that is the mixing of prelithiated trithiocyanuric acid, Li3TCA, with Li6PS5Cl, to establish a stable interface while preserving high ionic conductivity. Including 2.5 wt % Li3TCA alleviates the decomposition of the electrolyte on the lithium metal interface, decreasing the Li2S content in the solid‐electrolyte interface (SEI) thus forming a more stable interface. In Li|Li symmetric cells, this strategy enables a rise in the critical current density from 1.0 to 1.9 mA cm−2 and stable cycling for over 750 hours at a high current density of 1.0 mA cm−2. This approach also enables Li|NbO‐NCM811 full cell to operate more than 500 cycles at 0.3 C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of silicon and aluminum on phase transformation behavior, particularly bainite, and microstructure evolution in Fe–0.2C–2.5Mn steel are presented. Continuous–cooling–transformation (CCT) and time–temperature–transformation (TTT) diagrams are determined experimentally. An aluminum extended empirical formula is introduced to estimate the martensite start temperature (Ms) with a thorough assessment of existing formulae. Results show that aluminum significantly increases Ms and has a stronger influence on promoting ferritic microstructures than silicon. During continuous cooling, alongside bainite, formation of Widmanstätten structures is induced in aluminum‐alloyed steel at higher cooling rates due to increased prior austenite grain size. Silicon decelerates bainite transformation kinetics by enhancing austenite's chemical stability through carbon enrichment via preventing carbide precipitation and by strengthening austenite against displacive phase transformation via solid solution hardening. Although aluminum has similar effects, incubation time is shortened during isothermal treatment because of the increased driving force, which overcompensates for the retardation effects. A finer carbide‐free bainitic microstructure is achieved in aluminum‐alloyed steel with more pronounced film‐like retained austenite (RA) formation and superior carbon enrichment, improving RA stability and suppressing martensite–austenite island formation. Finally, with the proposed formula, an accurate approximation to experimental Ms is accomplished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of the ageing society, wearable strain sensors have great application prospects in the fields of health detection, artificial intelligence, and motion recognition. However, traditional forms of film‐like strain sensors suffer from low sensitivity, adhesion, and impermeability during use, which severely limit their practical applications. To overcome these problems, we propose a strategy to fabricate polyurethane/polydopamine/MXene (TPU/PDA/MXene) composite fibers by wet spinning. Furthermore, the outside is wrapped with (PDMS), giving mechanical strength and chemical resistance. Through a simple and low‐cost wet spinning process, TPU/PDA/MXene fibers are achieved in the preparation of flexible strain sensors, and they can be woven into various forms with good flexibility and comfort according to practical needs. The results indicated that the prepared flexible strain sensor exhibits a high gauge factor (GF) of 57.15 over a large strain range (300 %), which are superior to those of many fiber‐based sensors. Their application properties were also measured by attaching them to fingers, wrists and knees, showing high sensitivity, mechanical durability and chemical stability, and has great potential for wearable strain sensors and flexible strain sensors in complex environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, nanomaterials based on FeIIICoII and FeIIINiII mixed oxides were obtained for the first time by thermal decomposition of polymer complexes of Fe and Co or Ni nitrates with acrylamide. During thermolysis, core‐shell nanomaterials are formed containing nanoparticles of FeCo and FeNi oxides uniformly distributed inside the carbon layer. These nanomaterials are characterized by high chemical and thermal stability. During thermolysis, nanoparticles of mixed oxides FeCo and FeNi were formed with an average crystallite size of 13–22 and 22–33 nm, respectively. Nanomaterials were tested as antifriction and antiwear additives to liquid industrial oil I‐20 A. The values of the friction coefficient decrease by more than 60 % when CoO⋅Fe2O3 with a concentration of 0.05 % is added to the industrial oil I‐20 A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Materials and Methods Results Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Silver sulfadiazine (SSD) is commonly formulated into otic preparations to treat otitis externa, although evidence of stability and antimicrobial efficacy with long‐term storage is lacking.To evaluate the effect of storage time on chemical stability and in vitro antimicrobial activity of SSD diluted in sterile water, including two 1% suspensions using SSD pharmaceutical‐grade powder stored at room temperature (RT) in plastic or sterile glass bottles, and a 1:9 dilution using prescription SSD 1% cream stored at RT in a sterile glass bottle.Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) assessed chemical stability. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole‐susceptible and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole‐resistant strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (SP), meticillin‐resistant (MR) SP, S. schleiferi (SS), MRSS, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli evaluated by 24 h time–kill analysis assessed in vitro antimicrobial efficacy. Each assessment was performed at zero, one, three and six months of storage.LC–MS/MS showed no significant change in concentration over time for any suspension. When adjusted for time and species/strain, all SSD suspensions showed significant reductions in colony forming units (cfu)/mL at 24 h (p < 0.001). Including all suspensions, a bactericidal effect (minimum 3‐log cfu/mL reduction at 24 h) occurred against 94% of total isolates, with failure against 33 of 552 isolates (6%). Bactericidal failure was more likely with the cream‐based suspension (p < 0.05) and at six months (p < 0.01).Powder‐based and cream‐based SSD/sterile water suspensions showed no significant change in concentration and demonstrated in vitro antimicrobial activity for six months. Bactericidal failure was more likely with the cream‐based suspension and after six months of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cymoxanil (CX), an essential fungicide, effectively controls fungal diseases but its environmental instability often leads to decreased efficacy and frequent applications, increasing costs and environmental risks. We propose to address this issue by cocrystal engineering, particularly, utilizing organic small acids as coformers to enhance the stability of CX in alkaline and neutral conditions. This study reports the synthesis of two CX cocrystals with succinic acid (SA) and salicylic acid (SCA). The prepared cocrystals were evaluated using X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, chemical stability experiment, and solubility and dissolution measurements. Hirshfeld surface analysis was applied to quantify the molecular interactions in CX–SA and CX–SCA cocrystals. Notably, the cocrystals preserve high CX residuals in PBS buffer at pH 5.8 and 8.0 and in pure water after 20 days, demonstrating their ability to enhance chemical stability of CX. The findings related to solubility and dissolution rates further underscore the utility of the cocrystals. This work may facilitate the design of a practical system through the cocrystallization of APIs that exhibit instability or other challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising porous materials that have huge potential for gas separation when put in the membrane configuration. MOFs have huge potential due to certain salient features of the MOFs such as excellent pore size, ease of tuning the pore chemistry, higher surface area, and chemical and thermal stabilities. MOFs have been explored for various gas separation and storage applications. This review discusses various approaches for fabricating MOFs‐based membranes for the separation of H2 gas from a variety of feeds having various gases CO2, CO, N2, and CH4 as impurities. The emphasis has been put on three types of membranes for H2 separation which include MOFs‐based hollow fibrous/tubular/disk membranes, MOFs‐based mixed matrix membranes (MMMs), and MOFs‐based stand‐alone membranes. In addition, various challenges such as reducing inhomogeneity between MOFs and polymeric matrices have also been discussed. Similarly, the approaches to successfully decorating MOFs on different supports in different configurations have been explained. The possible ways of improving the MOFs‐based membranes for H2 have also been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are reporting the preparation and use in cross‐coupling reactions of a newly developed, bench‐stable (1‐fluorocyclopropyl)metalloid reagent. The Stille cross‐coupling reaction described for this α‐fluorinated stannane reagent is amenable to a wide range of aryl and alkenyl (pseudo)halides bearing a variety of functional groups. An enantioenriched cross‐coupled product was also obtained from the corresponding 1‐fluorocyclopropyltin reagent bearing an ester handle. Finally, the chemical stability of the 1‐fluorocyclopropyl moiety was also demonstrated by performing several post‐functionalizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensor with a wide linear detection range was developed for the sensitive detection of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), which was achieved by applying a photocurrent polarity transition strategy mediated by quercetin. The coupling reaction between Cr(VI) and quercetin drives the signal polarity from anodic to cathodic. When only quercetin is present in the test solution, photogenerated electrons are transferred to the electrode to generate anodic photocurrent. However, in the presence of the target, the signal probe released Cr(VI), which interacted with quercetin, and the electron transfer direction was changed to achieve signal polarity conversion. Meanwhile, protoporphyrin-sensitized Bi:SrTiO3 nanocubes were used as matrix photoactive materials to provide basic photocurrent. The doping of Bi element would adjust the bandgap of SrTiO3, and the organic–inorganic composite material exhibits good photostability and chemical stability that can maintain stable photoelectric properties over a long period of time. Such a novel signal polarity transition strategy greatly broadened the sensor detection to the range of 0.00007–170 ng mL−1 and obtained a relatively low detection limit (25 fg mL−1), which greatly improved the detection sensitivity and accuracy of the biosensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cesium lead triiodide (CsPbI3) perovskites have garnered significant attention owing to their suitable bandgap for tandem silicon substrates and excellent chemical stability. However, γ‐CsPbI3 prepared via low‐temperature co‐evaporation is limited by a narrow black phase processing window and random crystal orientation, hindering its optoelectronic performance and industrial applications. This study introduced trace amounts of methylammonium iodide (MAI) into the co‐evaporation system, enhancing the crystallization process, promoting columnar grain growth, and stabilizing the γ‐phase perovskite, resulting in films with improved structural integrity and reduced defect density. The optimal Pb/Cs ratio for achieving the best photoelectric performance shifted from 1:1 to 1.1:1 in the presence of MAI. Additionally, the incorporation of MAI allowed for more efficient longitudinal carrier transport, as evidenced by the enhanced photoluminescence (PL) intensity. The bandgap of CsPbI3 remained approximately at 1.7 eV before the δ‐phase transition, ensuring suitability for photovoltaic applications. Ultimately, a photovoltaic device with 12% efficiency is achieved in the p‐i‐n structure without additional post‐annealing of the CsPbI3 perovskite films, demonstrating the practical benefits of MAI incorporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY C‐glycosides are a predominant class of flavonoids that demonstrate diverse medical properties and plant physiological functions. The chemical stability, structural diversity, and differential aboveground distribution of these compounds in plants make them ideal protectants. However, little is known about the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that play these diverse roles in plant physiology. In this study, chard was selected from 69 families for its significantly different flavonoid C‐glycosides distributions between the aboveground and underground parts to investigate the role and regulatory mechanism of flavonoid C‐glycosides in plants. Our results indicate that flavonoid C‐glycosides are affected by various stressors, especially UV‐B. Through cloning and validation of key biosynthetic genes of flavonoid C‐glycosides in chard (BvCGT1), we observed significant effects induced by UV‐B radiation. This finding was further confirmed by resistance testing in BvCGT1 silenced chard lines and in Arabidopsis plants with BvCGT1 overexpression. Yeast one‐hybrid and dual‐luciferase assays were employed to determine the underlying regulatory mechanisms of BvCGT1 in withstanding UV‐B stress. These results indicate a potential regulatory role of BvDof8 and BvDof13 in modulating flavonoid C‐glycosides content, through their influence on BvCGT1. In conclusion, we have effectively demonstrated the regulation of BvCGT1 by BvDof8 and BvDof13, highlighting their crucial role in plant adaptation to UV‐B radiation. Additionally, we have outlined a comprehensive transcriptional regulatory network involving BvDof8 and BvDof13 in response to UV‐B radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the development of sustainable and cost-effective electrocatalysts for nitrogen (N2) fixation has garnered significant attention, leading to the introduction of next-generation materials with electrocatalytic properties. Among the most interesting types of these materials, MXenes and their composite forms with their unique properties like high electrochemical activity, large surface area, tunable properties, excellent electrical conductivity, chemical stability, and abundant transition metals have been widely explored. These properties make MXenes promising candidates for various electrochemical reactions, including water splitting, oxygen reduction, hydrogen evolution, N2 activation and reduction, among others. The interface of these materials could be engineered with other entities which can serve as a promising tool for sustainable production of ammonia (NH3) to address the global nitrogen-related challenges. Moreover, optimizing the interfaces between them and reactants is another way to achieve high catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability. Accordingly, this review aims to offer a comprehensive overview of the current state of research in the field of electrocatalytic N2 fixation deploying MXenes and their composites. The highlights comprise progress made in understanding the catalytic properties and unique performances of MXenes for N2 fixation, as well as challenges that persist in this context and the possible solutions that could be implemented to circumvent these challenges in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tungsten oxides suffer from sluggish ion diffusion kinetics, limited ion storage capacity, and inadequate stability within the aqueous zinc ion electrolyte, thereby constraining their applicability in electrochromic energy storage devices (EESDs). Here, the amorphous hydrated tungsten oxide films with large optical modulation, fast response speed, large capacity, and high cycling stability are reported, enabled by tuning the contents of structural water and adjusting the pH value of aqueous zinc ion electrolyte. The enhancement of the electrochromic and ion storage performance is mainly due to the introduction of structural water which triggers pseudocapacitive behavior dominated by surface redox reaction, resulting in high electrochemical activity and fast electrochemical kinetics. Meanwhile, the relatively low pH value ensures the chemical stability of the hydrated tungsten oxide film, in synergy with surface redox that avoids ion trapping, leading to extraordinary cycling stability of up to 13000 cycles, marking the state‐of‐the‐art stability for tungsten oxide‐based materials in aqueous electrolyte. Based on the hydrated tungsten oxide films, high‐capacity and stable large‐size EESDs are constructed with the capability of visually monitoring energy status, recovering energy, and regulating light. This work provides a simple yet effective strategy for enhancing the performance of tungsten oxide‐based aqueous zinc ion EESDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The irreversible deterioration of electrochemical performance in Ni‐rich cathode materials, attributed to crack propagation and undesired side reactions, poses a critical barrier to the further development of high‐energy power batteries for electrical vehicles (EVs). Herein, a concentration gradient strategy is proposed for synthesizing a Ni‐rich cathode with enhanced mechanical and electrochemical stability to address the issues related to the irreversible structural deterioration. Notably, the concentration gradient structure contributes to superior mechanical strength in secondary particles due to the radially orientated primary particles resulted from Mn composition grading, which effectively alleviate the internal strain caused by structural changes and fatigue destruction during successive cycling. Moreover, the Mn‐rich surface minimizes the parasitic side reactions at the electrode–electrolyte interface. Benefitting from the above, the concentration gradient sample can deliver ≈180.1 mA h g−1 at 1 C and retain 96.2% of its initial discharge capacity after 100 cycles. This work demonstrates that the concentration gradient structure can simultaneously improve the mechanical and chemical stabilities of Ni‐rich cathode and offers a feasible way for designing stable lithium‐ion batteries with high energy density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By virtue of the intrinsic safety and cost‐effectiveness, aqueous Zn‐ion batteries (AZIBs) have gained increasing attention in the realm of energy storage. In spite of the promise of Zn anode, challenges like dendrite growth and side reactions persist as hurdles to be overcome. Addressing this, the rational design of Zn anode current collectors (ZACCs) is an effective solution. Recent years have witnessed the significant strides in the construction of ZACCs, yet the precise pathways for ZACC development remain unclear, lacking a set of specific criteria to guide progress. In this comprehensive review, acknowledging the concerns surrounding Zn anodes, six criteria—electrical conductivity, zincophilicity, orientational deposition inducibility, chemical stability, mechanical durability, and scalability—are innovatively put forward as pivotal benchmarks for the design of ZACCs. Each criterion is accompanied by tailored optimization strategies and corresponding challenges. Furthermore, future trend in ZACCs development is envisaged, along with potential application scenarios for AZIBs. This review will expedite the advancement of ZACCs and contribute to the flourishing landscape of AZIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their exceptional chemical stability in water and high structural tunability, zirconium(IV)-based MOFs (Zr-MOFs) have been considered attractive materials in the broad fields of electrocatalysis. Numerous studies published since 2015 have attempted to utilise Zr-MOFs in electrocatalysis, with the porous framework serving as either the active electrocatalyst or the scaffold or surface coating to further enhance the performance of the actual electrocatalyst. Herein, the roles of Zr-MOFs in electrocatalytic processes are discussed, and some selected examples reporting the applications of Zr-MOFs in various electrocatalytic reactions, including several studies from our group, are overviewed. Challenges, limitations and opportunities in using Zr-MOFs in electrocatalysis in future studies are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although exciplex hosts have been used to enhance the operational lifetime of blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes, their detailed design rule has not been established because of their unresolved degradation. In this work, the underlying mechanisms involved in device degradation are investigated, focusing on the tailor‐tuning effect of the exciplex host to maximize the device's lifetime with a given phosphorescent dopant. Analysis of trap dynamics shows that the stability improvement caused by adding an electron‐donating unit to the N‐type host does not originate from the stable positive polaron state. It is found that the exciplex host modified with minor substituents opens extra pathways for polaron transport and exciton generation rather than chemical stability, resulting in the spatial dispersion of polarons and excitons. The dispersion of excitons and polarons, in turn, enhances the recombination coefficient and suppresses exciton–exciton and exciton–polaron bimolecular interactions, enabling further improved device stability. With comprehensive analysis, a perspective on the role of the host in the degradation mechanism is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flash sintering can prepare ceramics in extremely short time, which can significantly improve fabrication efficiency and is promising for processing nuclear waste. Herein, simulated TRPO waste (16 components containing low-melting components) was directly added into as-prepared Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 , and a series of waste forms were successfully prepared by flash sintering at 950 °C for only 3 min. It was demonstrated that samples prepared by flash sintering showed almost no loss of simulated low-melting-point radionuclide, while samples prepared by pressureless sintering have certain losses of simulated low-melting-point radionuclide. The 42 d leaching rates of Mn, Ce, Nd, and Gd of the flash sintered samples were 8.21 × 10−5, 5.31 × 10−7, 4.04 × 10−6, and 1.04 × 10−6 g m−2 d−1, respectively, showing excellent chemical durability. This work proves that flash sintering technology can effectively suppress nuclear leaks during immobilization, along with excellent chemical durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 is considered a promising host material for immobilizing high-level radioactive waste. However, its interplay between grain sizes, radiation resistance and chemical stability is not well understood yet. Herein, Gd 1.7 Nd 0.3 Zr 0.5 Ce 1.5 O 7 ceramics with defect-fluorite phase and three different grain sizes (96, 390 and 1959 nm) were successfully fabricated and irradiated by 140 keV He ion beam up to a fluence of 8 × 1017 ions/cm2. Phase evolutions, microstructure changes and chemical stabilities were investigated. The nano-grained ceramic exhibits the lowest degree of amorphization and a delayed irradiation-induced lattice expansion and damage evolution process, demonstrating an enhanced ability in suppressing the coalescence of He bubbles inside the grain. Grain boundaries parallel to the surface were found to be more favorable sinks for irradiation-induced defects. Chemical stability tests showed that the 42 days leaching rates of all elements were between 10−7∼10−5 g/m2·d. All samples have maintained this superior chemical stability even after irradiation. Interestingly, the leaching test results also suggested that grain size may be not the primary factor influencing the long-term leaching rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]