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Using CHFS data and quantile regression method, this study empirically analyzes the impact of current homestead housing on rural household financial asset allocation in China. The main findings are...

The objective of the authors is to establish an innovative concept of the complex hesitant fuzzy set (CHFS), which is the combination of the hesitant fuzzy set and the complex fuzzy set to manage complex and awkward information in the real‐decision theory. The structure and the basic properties of the proposed set are studied in detail. Based on the internal structure of the set and to find the degree of the discrimination between the pairs of the CHFSs, the generalized distance measures and modified generalized distance measures are defined. Several properties and their relationship between them are derived in detail. Also, several cases of the proposed measures are exposed which reduce them to the existing studies. Furthermore, based on these proposed measures, a decision‐making approach is established under the uncertain environment and several numerical examples are given to examine the feasibility and validity of the explored measures. Finally, the credibility of the modified and parameterized distance measures based on CHFSs is verified by comparing them with some existing measures.

Objectives The aim of the present study was to improve the accuracy and reliability of ORIF in patients with condylar head fractures (CHFs) by developing a design for patient specific fixators, navigation and repositioning guides, as well as the algorithms of their clinical application. Materials and methods 14 patients with 16 CHFs were treated by ORIF with the use of CAD/CAM technology. After virtual reduction of the bony fragments, the appropriate length and diameter of the screws was chosen. In biomechanically unfavorable cases (type p) patient specific reinforcement plates were used together with the positional screws for reinforcement of the bone-fixator system. And in cases of severely comminuted fractures patient specific 3-D plate was applied. Results The CT data, obtained immediately after the operation revealed the good anatomical reduction. Any deviations of the small fragments noted were near 1 mm in all cases. Postoperative clinical examination at 3 months follow up showed good occlusion and mouth opening not less than 3 cm in all patients. The lateral and anterior mobility of the mandible was restored with small limitations of protrusive mobility in 1 case. All the patients were satisfied with the outcomes. Conclusions The application of the CAD/CAM technologies and the new design of the surgical guides and patient specific reinforcement plates for CHFs helps to improve the accuracy and quality of fragments reduction and stability of fixation with minimal risks of intraoperative complications. Clinical relevance CAD/CAM technologies improve the clinical effectiveness of treatment patients with the CHFs.

It has been shown that the introduction of several transition metal (TM) dopants into SnO2 lithium‐ion battery anodes can overcome the issues associated with the irreversible capacity loss from the conversion reaction of SnO2 and the aggregation of the metallic Sn particles formed upon lithiation. As the choice of the single dopant, however, plays a decisive role for the achievable energy density – precisely its redox potential – we investigate herein TM co‐doped SnO2, prepared by using a readily scalable continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis (CHFS) process, to tailor the dis‐/charge profile and by this the energy density. It is shown that the judicious choice of different elemental doping combinations in samples made via CHFS simultaneously improves the cycling performance and the full‐cell energy density. To support these findings, we realized a lithium‐ion full‐cell incorporating the best performing co‐doped SnO2 as negative electrode and high‐voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) as positive electrode–to the best of our knowledge, the first full‐cell based on such anode material in combination with LNMO as cathode active material.

The purpose of this manuscript is to explore the notion of a complex hesitant fuzzy set (CHFS), as a generalization of the hesitant fuzzy set (HFS) and complex fuzzy set (CFS) to cope with the unce...

We propose and design a tapered polarization splitter (PS) using the single-polarization property of an elliptical-hole core circular-hole holey fiber (EC-CHF). It is reported that polarization splitting without any crosstalk is enabled using the PS with EC-CHF. In this paper, we show that the mode coupling is enhanced with a tapered PS structure, and the full waveguide separation at the input and output ends can be simultaneously realized. We also propose a full-vectorial finite element beam propagation method using coordinate transformation to efficiently analyze a waveguide whose structure varies along the longitudinal direction. In this approach, computational accuracy and efficiency are greatly improved. (C) 2020 Optical Society of America

In the present study, lignin-contained cellulosic fiber material as a substrate was used for immobilizing Cu-BTC metal–organic framework, the composite was strategically synthesized using trimesic salts as linker sources. The growth of Cu-BTC onto lignocellulosic fiber was conducted in aqueous solution by a layer-by-layer method, and the effect of preparation temperature, time, and number of layers of Cu-BTC deposition was also investigated. The products were characterized by ATR FT-IR, XRD, and SEM. The results showed that the as-prepared Cu-BTC in water was partially hydrolyzed phase of Cu-BTC prepared in organic solvents. Cu-BTC metal–organic frameworks were homogeneously immobilized on carboxymethylated high yield pulp fibers (CHFs). Increasing the growth temperature and time would enhance the deposit of Cu-BTC onto fiber surface slightly, however increasing the growth layers would promote the deposit ratio significantly (from 26.17 to 68.59%, 2 layers to 6 layers). The specific surface area of synthesized Cu-BTC@CHFs had a distinct promotion compared with unmodified fibers, showing a certain gas adsorption capacity.

Graphene-based coaxial hybrid fibers (CHFs) with a typical core-sheath structure have attracted extensive attention in recent years because of their potentially excellent mechanical performance. However, direct introduction of the micrometer-thick graphene stack structure on the extremely inert fiber surface with little negative effect has barely been reported so far and is still a great challenge. In the present work, a facile and cost-efficient dimensionally confined hydrothermal reduction, static adsorption, and thermal-assisted shrinkage sequential treatment strategy was developed to fabricate one-dimensional CHFs. The large-scale reduced graphene oxide-metal organic framework (RGO-UIO-66) hybrid layer and poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBO) fiber serve as the sheath part and core part, respectively, and the final product is denoted as PGU-CHFs. The experimental results confirmed that the prepared monofilament composite with thermoplastic polyurethane (PGU-CHF-TPU) exhibited an excellent and stable intrinsically self-healing efficiency (about 85%) over 5 cycles and an extraordinary uvioresistant performance (increased by 128%) compared to those of pristine PBO fibers after 288 h UV aging irradiation. Moreover, the anti-ultraviolet (UV) properties of PGU-CHFs at 96 h are basically at the optimum level among most of the reported literatures at present after comparison. The highly near-infrared photothermal conversion ability and stability of micrometer-thick RGO stack structure and the synergism of RGO-UIO-66 hybrid sheath layer including UV adsorption, shielding attenuation, and reflection are responsible for the satisfactorily interfacial self-healing efficiency and UV-resistance properties of PGU-CHFs, respectively. Considering the diversities and versatilities of RGO and MOFs, the proposed fabrication strategy will promisingly endow PBO fibers with great application potential in the other fields such as fiber-based sensors and smart fibers.

The synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles using continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis (CHFS) reactor systems is an up-and-coming process to manufacture high-quality nanomaterials with singular control of the experimental parameters on the scale of seconds as opposed to hours. VO2-based systems manufactured using an autoclave reactor lack scalability, and current commercial products feature particle sizes too large for feasible application. In this paper, the detailed implementation of a CHFS system that can operate at and above supercritical water conditions (22.06 MPa at 374˚C) is described. Control over the CHFS system’s temperature, flow rate, and precursor concentration parameters allowed the tunability of size, crystallinity, and shape of VO2 nanoparticles to be investigated across seven studies. The resulting VO2 nanoparticles were characterized for size, shape, morphology, and crystallinity using dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). This investigation resulted in new operating procedures that enable the synthesis of high-quality, uniform, spherical, and pure M-phase VO2 nanoparticles under 50 nm in diameter in the residence time of a few seconds. Additionally, the procedure described in this paper is performed in a single step, thus eliminating the tedious post-annealing process.

Objective To assess the superiority of adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction (AD-SVF) injection into the fingers vs placebo in reducing hand disability in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients. Methods We performed a double-blind, multicentre, phase II trial from October 2015 to January 2018 in France. SSc patients with a Cochin Hand Function Scale (CHFS) ≥20/90 were randomized 1:1 to receive injection of AD-SVF or placebo. AD-SVF was obtained using the automated processing Celution 800/CRS system. The placebo was lactated Ringer’s solution. The primary efficacy end point was the change of the CHFS score from baseline to 3 months. Secondary efficacy endpoints included the CHFS score at 6 months, hand function, vasculopathy, hand pain, skin fibrosis, sensitivity of the finger pulps, Scleroderma Health Assessment Questionnaire, patients and physician satisfaction, and safety. Results Forty patients were randomized. The AD-SVF and placebo groups were comparable for age, sex ratio, disease duration, skin fibrosis of the hands and main cause of hand disability. After 3 months’ follow-up, hand function significantly improved in both groups with no between-group difference of CHFS (mean change of −9.2 [12.2] in the AD-SVF group vs −7.6 [13.2] in the placebo group). At 6 months, hand function improved in both groups. Conclusion This study showed an improvement of hand function in both groups over time, with no superiority of the AD-SVF. Considering the limits of this trial, studies on a larger population of patients with homogeneous phenotype and hand handicap should be encouraged to accurately assess the benefit of AD-SVF therapy. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, https://clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02558543. Registered on September 24, 2015.

The research article aims to characterize the physicochemical, morphological, thermal and mechanical properties of novel Cereus Hildmannianus Fibers (CHFs) are reported for the first time in this w...

Crystalline spinel quaternary ferrites MxZn1−xFe2O4 (M = Co, Ni; x = 0.2, 0.35, 0.5, 0.65, 0.8) were synthesised through conventional batch hydrothermal synthesis (HT) at 135 °C as well as via continuous flow hydrothermal synthesis (CHFS). The as prepared compounds were thoroughly characterised from a compositional (ICP-MS, XPS) and structural (XRD) point of view in order to compare the synthetic approaches and achieve a greater understanding of how the chosen approach influences the characteristics of the resulting spinel.

Chromium oxides with the spinel structure have been predicted to be promising high voltage cathode materials in magnesium batteries. Perennial challenges involving the mobility of Mg2+ and reaction kinetics can be circumvented by nano-sizing the materials in order to reduce diffusion distances, and by using elevated temperatures to overcome activation energy barriers. Herein, ordered 7 nm crystals of spinel-type MgCr2O4 were synthesized by a conventional batch hydrothermal method. In comparison, the relatively underexplored Continuous Hydrothermal Flow Synthesis (CHFS) method was used to make highly defective sub-5 nm MgCr2O4 crystals. When these materials were made into electrodes, they were shown to possess markedly different electrochemical behavior in a Mg2+ ionic liquid electrolyte, at moderate temperature (110 °C). The anodic activity of the ordered nanocrystals was attributed to surface reactions, most likely involving the electrolyte. In contrast, evidence was gathered regarding the reversible bulk deintercalation of Mg2+ from the nanocrystals made by CHFS. This work highlights the impact on electrochemical behavior of a precise control of size and crystal structure of MgCr2O4. It advances the understanding and design of new cathode materials for Mg-based batteries.

Glucose, a readily available biomass precursor is used for the production of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) via a fast, efficient, and environmentally benign continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis (CHFS) process using supercritical water, an approach that can readily be scaled up for industrialization, producing materials with enhanced properties. The water-soluble CQDs exhibit an average particle size of 2.3 ± 0.5 nm, with an optimum emission intensity at 446 nm on excitation at 360 nm. The as-synthesized CQDs with no extra modification show promising sensitivity and good selectivity for the highly toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic chromium(VI) ion (limit of detection of 1.83 ppm) and for the essential bioactive transition metal, iron(II) ion (limit of detection of 6.09 ppm). The life-cycle assessment confirms that in comparison to the conventional batch synthetic method, the continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis process is significantly a more efficient and greener route for the synthesis of carbon quantum dots from the glucose biomass precursor.

Starch nanoparticles (SNPs) and Chitin nanofibers (ChFs) have been recognized to be effective for emulsion stabilization. Hence, the use of multiple solid nanoparticles seems to be a promising approach to improve emulsion stability. This work aims to study emulsions stabilized by a combination of SNPs and ChFs at different concentrations over storage time and different environmental conditions. Sonicated emulsions were found to have a significantly higher stability compared to non-sonicated emulsions. Furthermore, SNP/ChF-stabilized emulsions showed smaller droplet sizes and higher stability within a wide range of temperatures and pH, suggesting a synergistic effect between both particles as stabilizers. The addition of NaCl showed limited impact, particularly in concentrations up to 200 mM, on the improvement of the stability of emulsions. The combined use of SNPs and ChFs allowed emulsion stabilization at lower solid nanoparticles concentrations than when only either SNPs or ChFs were used.

The theory of complex hesitant fuzzy set (CHFS) is a modification technique of the complex fuzzy set (CFS) to cope with awkward and unreliable information’s in daily life issues. CHFS contains the grade of truth in the form of complex number, whose real and imaginary parts are in the form of the finite subset of the unit interval. CHFS is the mixture of hesitant fuzzy set (HFS) and CFS, which handles the complex and uncertain information in real-world issues which is compared with fuzzy sets and complex fuzzy sets. The positive membership in CHFS is in the form a polar coordinate belonging to unit disc in the complex plane. The aims of this manuscript are to explore some similarity measures (SMs), weighted SMs (WSMs) such as cosine SMs, weighted cosine SMs, SMs based on cosine function, WSMs based on cosine function, SMs based on tangent function, and WSMs based on tangent function of CHFS. Some special cases of the presented measures are discussed in detail. Moreover, we use our described SMs and weighted SMs of CHFS in the environment of medical diagnosis and pattern recognition to assess the practicality and competence of the described SMs. Finally, to find the validity and proficiency of the investigated measures based on CHFSs, the comparison between explored measures with some already defined measures and their graphical representations are also discussed in detail.

Using microdata from the China Household Financial Survey Project (CHFS 2015), a negative binomial model is used to study the impact of social capital and financial literacy on the lending behavior of farmers with different incomes. The study found that the positive impact of social capital on the formal borrowing behavior of low- and middle-income farmers was significant, while the impact on informal borrowing behavior and both types of borrowing behavior of high-income farmers were not significant. Financial literacy has a significant positive effect on formal lending behavior only for high-income farmers. Financial literacy has a significant positive effect on formal lending behavior only for high-income farmers.

In conventional microchannels, the flow boiling performances are strongly affected by the highly transitional two-phase flow regimes. In this study, a novel capillary structure made from micro-pinfin fence has been explored and fabricated in microchannels to rectify the usually chaotic and unstable two-phase flows during boiling processes. A highly stable and efficient single annular two-phase flow regime is demonstrated experimentally and visually on two distinguished fluids: DI-water with high surface tension and completely wetting fluid of HFE-7100. More importantly, sustainable thin film evaporation has been established and resulted in the formation of a highly desirable V-shaped HTC curve, i.e., achieving high HTC at high working heat fluxes. This study aims at systematically characterizing flow boiling on this new microchannel configuration as well as the resulted superior stabilities of flow boiling. The experimental results show that the effective heat transfer rates are up to 92 kW/m2 K at G = 389 kg/m² s on water and 42 kW/m2 K at G = 231 kg/m² s on the HFE7100, respectively. Compared to performance in smooth microchannels, the enhancement of HTC is up to 300%. Without using inlet restrictors, CHFs are enhanced up to 830 W/cm2 and 216 W/cm2, corresponding to enhancements of 437% and 86% on water and HFE-7100, respectively.

У 2020 році Канадським серцево-судинним товариством (Canadian Cardiovascular Society – CCS) та Канадським товариством серцевої недостатності (Canadian Heart Failure Society – CHFS) були запропоновані рекомендації щодо ведення пацієнтів із серцевою недостатністю (СН), що базуються на результатах клінічних досліджень функціональної мітральної регургітації, застосування інгібіторів натрій-глюкозних котранспортерів (НЗКТГ2; SGLT2), застосування інгібіторів рецепторів ангіотензину-неприлізину (ARNI) при СН зі збереженою фракцією викиду (ФВ) та застосування тафаміду при амілоїдозі серця (АМС).

This longitudinal study compared functional, anatomical, and quality of life (QoL) outcomes after closed reduction (CR) versus open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of condylar head fractures (CHFs). The aim was to determine predictability of results and to establish prognostic factors for poor outcomes, thus allowing therapeutic decision making between CR and ORIF. All fractures of the non-surgical group were treated by CR with maxillomandibular fixation (CR-MMF) according to an managed analogically. Morphological and functional results were acquired using axiography and clinical functional diagnostics, as well as MRI in problematic cases. Outcomes were compared with those of a collective of patients treated by ORIF with small fragment screws (SFS), according to a uniform standard. A total of 26 patients with 29 unilateral and bilateral CHFs of the non-surgical group were examined over a period of 28.5 months after completion of therapy and compared with a collective of 54 patients with 73 CHFs treated by ORIF. Statistically significant differences were found between both groups in protrusion and mediotrusion on the fracture side, in favour of ORIF. Significantly more patients in the ORIF group were symptom free in terms of the Helkimo dysfunction index and the RDC TMD compared with conservatively treated patients. Associations between Angle class and Helkimo dysfunction index, and between occlusion or number of teeth and pain after CT, could be confirmed. Given their respective indications, both treatment options demonstrated acceptable results in the majority of cases. However, for therapeutic decision making, it is crucial that the long-term results after CR are significantly less predictable. Our study showed only few positive prognostic factors for a stable functional outcome after CR such as isolated CHFs with stable occlusal conditions in younger patients (

To pursue sustainable and balanced economic development, it is urgent to transform the economic development models from investment-driven to consumption-led. Factors underlying the consumption pattern of households in China, especially the rising wealth and its impact, deserve special attention from both policy makers and academic researchers. This paper aims to investigate how asset portfolios, consisting of housing asset, financial asset, production asset, durable asset, and vehicle asset affect consumption behavior based on household panel data. It is proved that the composition of asset portfolios significantly affects consumption of households. Asset levels and asset prices have positive influences on household consumption. Furthermore, various household assets have different impacts on household consumption patterns, divided into living type, developing type, and enjoying type of consumption, especially there is a larger wealth effect on developing type of consumption. More importantly, it shows a pattern of urban and rural dual economic structure. The disparity is even higher from a wealth perspective. The availability to wealth is of great importance. Therefore, the findings suggest inclusive financial reforms to create conditions for promoting property income and facilitating financial capacity of households, which is necessary for policy formation of Chinese economic transition.

The paper demonstrates the analysis of Corona Virus Disease based on a probabilistic model. It involves a technique for classification and prediction by recognizing typical and diagnostically most important CT images features relating to Corona Virus. The main contributions of the research include predicting the probability of recurrences in no recurrence (first time detection) cases at applying our proposed approach for feature extraction. The combination of the conventional statistical and machine learning tools is applied for feature extraction from CT images through four images filters in combination with proposed composite hybrid feature extraction (CHFS). The selected features were classified by the stack hybrid classification system(SHC). Experimental study with real data demonstrates the feasibility and potential of the proposed approach for the said cause.

Blue-luminescent N-doped carbon quantum dots (NCQDs) exhibiting rarely observed excitation independent optical properties are synthesised from citric acid in the presence of ammonia via a Continuous Hydrothermal Flow Synthesis (CHFS) approach. CHFS is an eco-friendly, rapid synthetic approach (within fractions of a second) facilitating ease of scale-up industrialization as well as offering materials with superior properties. The synthesised NCQDs readily disperse in aqueous solution, have an average particle size of 3.3 ± 0.7 nm, with highest emission intensity at 441 nm (and a narrow full width at half maximum, FWHM ∼78 nm) under a 360 nm excitation wavelength. N-doped carbon quantum dots, without any further modification, exhibited a high selectivity and sensitivity as a nano-sensor for the highly toxic and carcinogenic chromium(VI) ions. The nano-chemo-sensor delivers significant advantages including simplicity of manufacturing via a continuous, cleaner technology (using targeted biomass precursor), high selectivity, sensitivity and fast response leading to potential applications in environmental industry as well photovoltaics, bio-tagging, bio-sensing and beyond.

Using the 2015 and 2017 waves of the China Household Finance Survey (CHFS), we measured financial literacy and study its relationship to households' demand for digital finance. We found that a majority of households in the People's Republic of China possess limited financial literacy. The low levels of financial sophistication are responsible for the low usage of digital finance among Chinese households. Further, the positive impact of financial literacy on digital finance is more pronounced for wealthy, high-income, and young households, women, and households in urban and coastal areas. Our results are robust to using a variety of specifications and controlling for endogeneity, peer effects, cognition, and voluntary self-exclusion.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune disease causing complex hand disability. A reliable tool for hand function assessment in SSc is the Cochin Hand Functional Disability Scale (CHFS). More recently, a short-form CHFS of 6 items (CHFS-6) has been developed. Objectives To validate the CHFS and the new CHFS-6 in Romanian patients with SSc. Patients and methods Consecutive patients with SSc who completed the CHFS were included. All patients were assessed according to the recommendations of the European Scleroderma and Research Trials and also completed the Scleroderma Health Assessment Questionnaire and the Hand Mobility in Scleroderma questionnaire. Finger range-of-motion distances were measured. Results Seventy patients, 63 female and 7 male patients (age median, 53.0 years; interquartile range [IQR], 21.0 years), were included. Twenty seven had diffuse cutaneous involvement (dcSSc). Median CHFS and CHFS-6 at baseline were 25.0 (IQR, 37.0) and 8.0 (IQR, 13.0), respectively.The internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.96, respectively, 0.90, in all 70 patients) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.98 for both, in 38 patients) of both CHFS and CHFS-6 were excellent. The CHFS-6 had a very high correlation with the CHFS. There were moderate to good correlations with Hand Mobility in Scleroderma, Scleroderma Health Assessment Questionnaire, and the anthropometric measurements (construct validity). In patients with early dcSSc with a second evaluation, we found good to moderate sensitivity to change (standardized response mean of 0.8 and effect size of 0.4 for CHFS, and standardized response mean of 1.1 and effect size of 0.6 for CHFS-6). Conclusions The CHFS and CHFS-6 are valid and easy-to-use tools for hand involvement in SSc, which can be used in clinical or research setting.

We report experimental studies of the role of easy-to-activate nucleation sites in pool boiling on hybrid hydrophobic-hydrophilic surfaces. Microstructured surfaces with controlled wettability and nucleation sites are designed and fabricated to investigate their individual and collective effects on the boiling heat transfer performance. Our results reveal that excellent critical heat flux (CHF) up to 231.5 W/cm2 is attainable only when the surface has good wettability but is free of easy-to-activate nucleation sites. However, with the presence of easy-to-activate nucleation sites on the boiling surface, only limited CHFs can be achieved irrespective of the surface wettability, suggesting a suppression effect of nucleation sites on the CHF. Based on the previous experimental observation of the dynamic network-like wetting pattern at high heat fluxes, a wetting-deterioration mechanism is proposed to explain the suppression effect of easy-to-activate nucleation sites on the CHF. Easy-to-activate nucleation sites continuously generate bubbles that pose a large flow resistance for the liquid to wet the hot surface and thus lead to early dry-out.

Condylar head fractures (CHFs) are increasingly treated by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). However, there are no reports on the three-dimensional postoperative volumetric transformation of the condyle, especially with regard to fragmented cases. Protruding hardware can lead to severe complications, so the goal of this study was to examine the amount of condylar bony resorption occurring after ORIF.Included were surgically treated CHFs with eligible cone beam computer tomography (CBCT) datasets immediately after ORIF (T1) and after implant removal (T2), plus fractures of the condylar neck and base as a reference. 2D vertical and 3D volume changes of the condylar head after ORIF of CHFs were evaluated by CBCT datasets transformed into 3D models for 3D volumetric assessment using Slicer freeware.Among a total of 50 fractures (38 patients), including 41 CHFs (ORIF with titanium positional screws, including 15 minor and 12 major fragmented cases) plus nine extracapsular fractures (eight upper neck and one base fracture), postoperative condylar volume decreased by a mean of 0.27 cm³ (median 0.25 cm³; SD 0.23 cm³) or 16% (median 14%; SD 11%). Major fragmented CHFs showed significantly higher resorption rates (p 0.001, range 8-42%). Age correlated with a decrease in condylar volume (mean 2.4% per 10 years of age, (p = 0.011). No significant correlation could be established between loss of condylar volume and fracture localization. A protrusion of metallic implants was seen in 20% of the assessed cases.Due to substantial volume changes of the condylar head occurring after ORIF, protrusion of implants (both metallic and resorbable) needs to be taken into consideration. An early removal of metallic ostheosyntesis material (around 4 months after ORIF) is strongly recommended to avoid adverse short- and long-term effects.

A hydrophobic surface promotes bubble nucleation due to hydrophobicity. Thus, a hydrophobic surface has a higher boiling heat transfer coefficient (BHTC) than a hydrophilic surface. In contrast, a hydrophilic surface supplies liquid to a heating surface. This mechanism enhances the critical heat flux (CHF). In this respect, there is a trade-off between a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic surface. In this study, we examined the effect of heterogeneous wetting surfaces on flow boiling performance. We designed four types of hydrophobic stripes; there are two directions, parallel and crossed to the flow, and the width (the pitch) of the hydrophobic stripes in each direction is 3 or 1 mm. In the macro-channel, the flow boiling performance on the surfaces depended on the patterns. The parallel striped surfaces had higher CHFs than the crossed striped surfaces. In addition, the narrow patterns in each direction had higher CHFs than the wide patterns. The difference in BHTC among the parallel striped surfaces was not large, but the difference in BHTC among the crossed striped surfaces was considerable. A visualization technique revealed that the merging and confinement of bubbles were key factors in explaining the boiling characteristics. Considering the drag coefficient and bubble breakup, we suggest appropriate designs of the hydrophobic pattern for the improvement of BHTC and CHF in the flow boiling performance.

Vanadium dioxide–carbon nanotube (VO2–CNT) nanocomposite materials were produced via a continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis (CHFS) method. The composites were made in a single step from CHFS using dispersions of commercially available single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) or multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in a metal salt solution (aq.). The room temperature gas sensing characteristics of the VO2-CNT nanocomposites were investigated and compared with sensors of CHFS-made VO2 without added carbon. The VO2-CNT nanocomposites were found to display high sensitivity to H2O vapour, showing excellent potential as humidity sensors. Furthermore, p-type responses to ammonia gas were observed, with the VO2 (no carbon) sensors showing the largest response. Overall, surface composition and microstructure were found to greatly influence sensor responses to H2O vapour and NH3 gas.

The redox reaction centers in natural organisms conducting oxygenic photosynthesis are well arranged in a physically separated manner to convert sunlight into chemical energy efficiently. Mimicking natural photosynthesis via precisely constructing oxidative and reductive reaction centers within photocatalysts is ideal for enhancing catalytic performances in artificial photosynthesis. In this study, new covalent heptazine frameworks (CHFs) with spatially separated redox centers are rationally designed for photocatalytic production of H2 O2 from water and oxygen without using any sacrificial agents. Both experimental and computational investigations indicate that the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction occurs on the heptazine moiety, whereas the two-electron water oxidation reaction occurs on the acetylene or diacetylene bond in the CHFs. This unique spatial separation feature is critical for enhancing charge separation and achieving efficient H2 O2 production. Meanwhile, the measured exciton binding energy of the diacetylene-containing polymer is merely 24 meV. Under simulated solar irradiation, the rationally designed CHFs can achieve a solar-to-chemical conversion efficiency of 0.78%, surpassing previously reported photocatalytic materials. This study establishes a molecular engineering approach to construct periodically arranged and spatially separated redox centers in single-component polymer photocatalysts, representing a hallmark to create more exciting polymer structures for photocatalysis moving forward. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Steady-state and transient internal-flow critical heat flux (CHF) experiments were carried out under two flow conditions, at atmospheric pressure, on 316 stainless steel (316-SS) and iron-chromium-aluminum (FeCrAl) tubes. Slow power transients at a low mass flow ( 300 k g / m 2 − s ) with very low subcooling ( X e = − 0.0054 ) generated premature CHFs, which were prevented by faster power transients and high mass flow ( 1 , 000 k g / m 2 − s ). The measured transient CHFs increased linearly with increasing power transients, compared with the steady-state CHF. Yet, the wall superheat at the CHFs decreased with faster power transients. Transient CHF correlations highlighting heterogeneous spontaneous nucleation were calibrated to the measured CHFs and compared with other existing correlations. Transient CHF multipliers were acquired from pool and flow boiling empirical CHF correlations that were generated. The multipliers were applied to the RELAP5-3D nuclear system code to analyze the discrepancies between the measured data and the predicted CHF and post-CHF behavior, which improved peak cladding temperature predictions by 24.6%. A variance-based global sensitivity study perturbing the experimental uncertainties and cladding material thermal properties showed the diminishing influence of flow boiling heat transfer with increasing power transients, highlighting the significance of the volumetric heat capacity for the cladding integrity during transients. Transient CHF correlations were applied to the most limiting design basis accident: a hot-zero-power reactivity-initiated accident on a generic pressurized water reactor RELAP5-3D model.

The fabrication of graphene nanoribbon (GNR) arrays in which GNRs have precise widths and edge configurations is critical for the practical application of graphene-based materials into nanoelectronics. Using density functional theory calculations, we study and establish the structural and chemical relationship for three well-known carbon nanostructures: GNRs, graphdiyne and related carbon sheets, and carbon honeycomb frameworks (CHFs). Graphdiyne and related carbon sheets containing C C triple bonds can be chemically converted into the corresponding CHFs through the face-to-face crosslinking reactions of their triple bonds. The yielded CHFs are thermodynamically stable and intrinsically incorporate orderly-aligned GNR arrays. The incorporated GNRs have either armchair or zigzag edges, depending on the A- or Z-type crosslinking reactions the carbon sheets undergo. CHFs incorporating zigzag edged GNRs can have ferromagnetic ground states with unpaired electrons located at the zigzag edges. The edges of CHFs derived from graphdiyne-like carbon sheets, including unpaired electrons localized at zigzag edges, are chemically inert against O 2 and H 2 passivation. Therefore, the face-to-face crosslinking reactions of graphdiyne and related carbon sheets may serve as a promising way to design and synthesize 3D carbon architectures that integrate orderly-aligned and edge-protected GNR arrays with atomically precise structures.

Variations in bed- and bedset-scale permeability in bioturbated siliciclastic rocks result in heterogeneity that is difficult to model at a reservoir scale. This paper presents a technique to upscale permeability, such that the permeabilities of the bioturbated zones are explicitly included in the upscaled values. Study of 28 cored wells of the Lower Cretaceous Viking Formation in the Provost Field, Alberta, Canada integrated sedimentologic and ichnologic features to define recurring bed-/bedset-scale hydrofacies (HFs) characterized by a geometric mean permeability derived from plug samples. Permeability was upscaled by calculating equivalent vertical and horizontal permeabilities for composite hydrofacies (CHFs) using expressions for layered media. The equivalency of the vertical and horizontal permeability values assigned to the CHFs against those of the HFs was evaluated using a simple numerical flow model. Reservoir-scale flow was then simulated along a hydrogeological cross-section that was constructed using the CHFs. The resulting flow regime was consistent with flows simulated using published permeability estimates from tight reservoir units of the Viking Formation. This approach has the potential, therefore, for upscaling permeability for reservoir-scale modeling in tight oil and gas reservoirs, and more broadly in reservoirs where permeability is highly variable at the bed/bedset scale.

A smart surface that is a TiO 2 -coated surface (TCS) is a hydrophobic surface initially, but becomes a hydrophilic surface when heated. Therefore, such a surface can be used to enhance both boiling heat transfer (BHT) and critical heat flux (CHF) in pool boiling. In the present study, the time effect of the wetting transition of TCS was focused on. The CHF on TCS was enhanced more when the holding time of the heat flux in high-temperature regime was increased. By observing changes in contact angles on TCS through heat treatment in air, it was found that the wetting transition was affected not only by the temperature, but also by the time. Thus, a variation of the receding contact angle was correlated in the form of an exponential function. The suggested empirical correlation includes temperature and time, and it describes the transition of the receding contact angle. The correlation was also used to predict the CHF on TCS in pool boiling. As a result, CHFs on TCS could be explained using the correlation.

This article investigates the impact of social interactions on household entrepreneurial behavior using the data of the China Family Finance Survey (CHFS) in 2015. The results show that social interaction has a positive influence on household entrepreneurship. More social interactions are associated with a higher likelihood of participating in both business and agricultural entrepreneurship. Moreover, the positive effect of social interaction on entrepreneurship increases with the relaxation of financial constraints faced by households. Finally, entrepreneurship is more motivated by social interaction for women than men. The results obtained in the benchmark are testified to be reliable after addressing the potential endogeneity of social interactions and using a different regression method.