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Aim: Evaluate constitutional differences in chin morphology and volume, and mandibular tooth size, between different facial divergence patterns. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 284 pretreatment cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of growing and non‐growing patients who were stratified into 4 groups based on mandibular plane inclination to cranial base (SN) angle. Linear and angular measurements were made on the lateral CBCT images: mandibular lateral incisor crown (I‐C) total (I‐A) lengths, the distances between point D (centre of symphysis) and both incisor apex (D‐A) and menton (D‐Me) and between cemento‐enamel junction and menton (CEJ‐Me); chin width at the level of the central incisor apex (CWA) and point D (CWD); and the angles of the anterior and posterior symphyseal slopes. The volume of the symphysis was measured using a specialized 3D imaging software. Group differences and associations between parameters were gauged through the three‐way ANOVA analysis. Results: I‐C, I‐A, D‐A, D‐Me and CEJ‐Me were greater in the hyperdivergent group (p <.001). CWA and CWD were wider in the hypodivergent group (p =.003). Volume of the chin and inter‐slope angles were similar in all groups (p >.05). The anterior slope angle decreased with hyperdivegence (p <.005) in opposite pattern to the posterior slope angle (p <.005). Conclusions: Shape differences in mandibular symphysis were observed between opposite divergence patterns. Mandibular incisors were longer with hyperdivergence and shorter with hypodivergence. However, chin volumes were similar across divergence groups. These findings underline the role of genetic and environmental factors that impact facial growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This reflection on the consistency of social crossroads takes as a case study a very specific social organization that is generalized exchange; the position defended here is that it serves as a “holding together” of the heterogenous landscape (Deleuze & Guattari 1980). In the first half of the twentieth century, the range of the Himalayan highlands bordering Burma/China/India gave rise to a series of monographic studies of the “tribes” and “groups”—the dominant terminology at the time—known as Chin, Naga, Kachin, etc. Their authors highlighted a recurring feature of a social organization based on asymmetrical exchange between “wife-givers” and “wife-takers” clans. From the second half of the twentieth century onwards, this vast corpus fueled a theoretical debate initiated by structural anthropology concerning the ‘categories indicative of matrimonial destiny’ around which “generalized exchange” is organised. The seminal works of Marcel Granet (1939), Claude Lévi-Strauss (1947) and Edmund Leach (1954), to name but a few, are considered in what follows in the light of the sudden disappearance—although the result of a long process—of the political systems provoked by the Burmese coup d’état of 1962. The aim of this article is to understand, on the basis of fieldworks carried out in the 2000s, the forms of neutralization, appropriation and other manipulations to which generalized exchange has been subjected since then. From a factual point of view, this is due to the emergence of political and religious centralisms with a hegemonic tendency; but also, from a methodological and conceptual point of view, to the trans-ethnic scope of generalized exchange and the choice of evaluating from this angle over the long term the consistency of a heterogeneous landscape.

Objective To explore the characteristics and correlation of the chin and airway in females with skeletal Class Ⅱ mandibular retraction for reference for clinical diagnosis and therapy. Methods This study was approved by the hospital Medical Ethics Committee. Forty cases of skeletal Class Ⅱ mandibular retraction adult females with average angle were selected as the research group, and sixty cases of skeletal Class Ⅰ patients with average angle were selected as the control group. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images for all subjects were analyzed using three-dimensional modeling software. Measurements included the chin morphology, position, and upper airway morphology. Results Compared with skeletal Class I patients, patients with skeletal Class Ⅱ mandibular retraction had smaller anterior chin thickness, base bone volume, chin total volume, and larger chin angle, chin depression, chin curvature, and alveolar area with statistically significant differences (PPPr = -0.277, Pr = -0.222, Pr = -0.261, Pr = -0.225, Pr = 0.245, Pr = 0.249, Pr = 0.213, Pr = 0.217, Pr = 0.208, Pr = -0.211, Pr = -0.237, Pr = 0.231, P

Purpose: Age- and disease-related changes in oropharyngeal anatomy and physiology may be identified through quantitative videofluoroscopic measures of pharyngeal area and dynamics. Pixel-based measures of nonconstricted pharyngeal area (PhAR) are typically taken during oral bolus hold tasks or on post-swallow rest frames. A recent study in 87 healthy adults reported mean post-swallow PhAR of 62%(C2-4)², (range: 25%-135%), and significantly larger PhAR in males. The fact that measures were taken after initial bolus swallows without controlling for the presence of subsequent clearing swallows was identified as a potential source of variation. A subset of study participants had completed a protocol including additional static nonswallowing tasks, enabling us to explore variability across those tasks, taking sex differences into account. Method: Videofluoroscopy still shots were analyzed for 20 healthy adults (10 males, 10 females, Mage = 26 years) in head-neutral position, chin-down and chin-up positions, a sustained /a/ vowel vocalization, and oral bolus hold tasks (1-cc, 5-cc). Trained raters used ImageJ software to measure PhAR in %(C2-4)² units. Measures were compared to previously reported mean postswallow PhAR for the same participants: (a) explorations of sex differences; (b) pairwise linear mixed-model analyses of variance (ANOVAs) of PhAR for each nonswallowing task versus postswallow measures, controlling for sex; and (c) a combined mixed-model ANOVA to confirm comparability of the subset of tasks showing no significant differences from postswallow measures in Step 2. Results: Overall, PhAR measures were significantly larger in male participants; however, most pairwise task comparisons did not differ by sex. No significant differences from postswallow measures were seen for 5-cc bolus hold, chin-down and chin-up postures, and the second (but not the first) of two repeated head neutral still shots. PhAR during a 5-cc bolus hold was most similar to postswallow measures: mean ± standard deviation of 51 ± 13%(C2-4)² in females and 64 ± 16%(C2-4)² in males. Conclusions: PhAR is larger in men than in women. Oral bolus hold tasks with a 5-cc liquid bolus yield similar measures to those obtained from postswallow rest frames. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Prevention & Treatment For Stomatological Diseases is the property of Journal of Prevention & Treatment For Stomatological Diseases Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Conocimiento Enfermero is the property of Colegio Oficial de Enfermeria de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: For optimal clinical outcomes in full mouth rehabilitations, it is vital to determine the optimal jaw relations and confirm the appropriate vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO). The current study aims to evaluate various facial measurements as an adjunct in determining VDO in dentate individuals. Methods: A total of one hundred and twenty subjects, sixty males and sixty females, of the age group 19-30 were selected for the study. VDO (chin–nose distance) and other facial measurements like the glabella to subnasion (G-S) distance, both right and left pupil to rima oris (P-R) distance, both right and left corner of mouth to outer canthus of eye (M-E) distance, and both right and left ear to eye (E-e) distance were measured using a Vernier caliper. Results: The mean ± standard deviation of the C-N distance, G-S distance, right P-R distance, right M-E distance, left M-E distance, right E-e distance, and left E-e distance were 67.70 mm ± 3.22 mm, 60.29 mm ± 3.67 mm, 65.99 mm ± 3.72 mm, 66.00 mm ± 3.91 mm, 69.51 mm ± 3.71 mm, 69.48 mm ± 3.68 mm, 69.59 mm ± 3.98 mm, and 69.51 mm ± 3.95 mm, respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficient between the C-N distance and M-E distance was found to be 0.739 (right), 0.730 (left); that between the C-N distance and E-e distance was found to be 0.738 (right), 0.732 (left); that between the C-N distance and P-R distance was found to be 0.660(right), 0.670(left); and that between the C-N distance and G-s distance was found to be 0.417. Conclusions: The present study reported a high positive correlation between the chin to nose distance and the distance between both the right and left lateral corner of the mouth to the outer canthus of the eye, and the distance between both the right and left ear to the eye. Hence, these measurements can be used as an adjunct for establishing VDO in the edentulous patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Laryngoscopy is a diagnostic procedure utilized in critical care to examine and visualize the larynx through the diversion of upper airway structures. Its primary functions are airway management and tracheal intubation. The objective of this study was to detect the predictors of laryngeal exposure during microlaryngeal surgery (MLS). Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on a consecutive sample of 100 patients presenting laryngeal lesions that were trans-orally microsurgeries to treat various glottic diseases (biopsies revealed 68% benign lesions such as vocal fold polyps, cysts, and nodules, and 32% glottic masses) and prepared for MLS. Results: This study included 100 patients presenting laryngeal lesions from both sexes with the age of 47.0 ± 14.7 years, in multivariate logistic regression analysis, all these parameters were significant predictors for Cormack–Lehane and Italian Grading (P < 0.05). Body mass index (BMI) (OR = 3.449, 95% CI = 2.463–8.187), mandibular protrusion test (OR = 2.981, 95% CI = 1.922–4.044), mento-sternal length (OR = 3.722, 95% CI = 1.980–7.794), and atlanto-occipital joint (AOJ) extension (OR = 1.572, 95% CI = 1.865–4.263). Cormack–Lehane and Italian Grading was significantly associated with BMI, mandibular protrusion test, Mallampati Index, mento-thyroid, mento-sternal length, and AOJ extension, it increased with BMI of > 35, with more protruded mandible (class C), higher Mallampati Index (class III) and shorter mento-sternal distance (≤ 12.5 cm). Conclusions: During microlaryngeal surgery, BMI, mandibular protrusion test, Mallampati Index, mento sternal and AOJ extension were significant predictors of Cormack–Lehane and Italian Grading which makes it easier for laryngeal exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The determining effect of facial hard tissues on soft tissue morphology in orthodontic patients has yet to be explained. The aim of this study was to clarify the hard-soft tissue relationships of the lower 1/3 of the face in skeletal Class II-hyperdivergent patients compared with those in Class I-normodivergent patients using network analysis. Methods: Fifty-two adult patients (42 females, 10 males; age, 26.58 ± 5.80 years) were divided into two groups: Group 1, 25 subjects, skeletal Class I normodivergent pattern with straight profile; Group 2, 27 subjects, skeletal Class II hyperdivergent pattern with convex profile. Pretreatment cone-beam computed tomography and three-dimensional facial scans were taken and superimposed, on which landmarks were identified manually, and their coordinate values were used for network analysis. Results: (1) In sagittal direction, Group 2 correlations were generally weaker than Group 1. In both the vertical and sagittal directions of Group 1, the most influential hard tissue landmarks to soft tissues were located between the level of cemento-enamel junction of upper teeth and root apex of lower teeth. In Group 2, the hard tissue landmarks with the greatest influence in vertical direction were distributed more forward and downward than in Group 1. (2) In Group 1, all the correlations for vertical-hard tissue to sagittal-soft tissue position and sagittal-hard tissue to vertical-soft tissue position were positive. However, Group 2 correlations between vertical-hard tissue and sagittal-soft tissue positions were mostly negative. Between sagittal-hard tissue and vertical-soft tissue positions, Group 2 correlations were negative for mandible, and were positive for maxilla and teeth. Conclusion: Compared with Class I normodivergent patients with straight profile, Class II hyperdivergent patients with convex profile had more variations in soft tissue morphology in sagittal direction. In vertical direction, the most relevant hard tissue landmarks on which soft tissue predictions should be based were distributed more forward and downward in Class II hyperdivergent patients with convex profile. Class II hyperdivergent pattern with convex profile was an imbalanced phenotype concerning sagittal and vertical positions of maxillofacial hard and soft tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Aydin Dental Journal is the property of Aydin Dental Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The chin is an essential element of the facial unit and influences how people perceive facial aesthetic appeal. Hyaluronic acid (HA) gel injections are tried‐and‐true therapies for regenerative therapies with a record of success in efficacy and safety. Aims: To determine the best type of concentration of HA and way of injection for deep and superficial planes of chin. Materials and Methods: VYC‐20L and VYC‐25L (Juvederm Voluma XC® Juvéderm Volux®; Allergan plc) are 20‐ and 25‐mg/mL HA gels with lidocaine, respectively, were injected with cannulas and needles on the bone, respectively. Results: Chin reinforced respecting the measures with good contouring. No serious complications. Patient was satisfied with results. Discussion: We advise using VYC 20L superficially above the muscle or with a cannula for injection, and we recommend using VYC 25L in the supraperiosteal plane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 40-year-old man with temporomandibular joint synovial chondromatosis. It is reported that this condition manifested with symptoms including progressive occlusal changes, chin deviation, and left preauricular swelling over several years. It is further reported that despite no prior joint disease or trauma, diagnostic imaging revealed thickened, calcified synovium around the left mandibular condyle, leading to joint widening and condylar subluxation.

Brucellosis, caused by several species of Brucella, continues to be a significant illness that poses a global threat to public health. China remains a persistent hotspot for brucellosis, despite the implementation of extensive control measures. This study aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis in different breeds and regions of China from 2014-2024, and to provide predictions on the future prevalence patterns of brucellosis in cattle and humans. The analysis comprised a total of 80 research studies, which consisted of 187 datasets and a combined sample size of 3,130,706. We estimated the overall pooled seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis in China to be 1.5% (95% CI: 0.6-2.6%). Subgroup analysis revealed that the seroprevalence in dairy cattle was 3.1%, surpassing the seroprevalence in beef cattle (1.3%) and yak (1.5%). Regions that had authorized vaccination programmes exhibited higher seroprevalence (1.8%) compared to regions that did not have vaccination (0.5%). Notably, the study observed a simultaneous rise in both the prevalence of brucellosis in cattle and the number of human brucellosis cases. This suggests that high-quality routine surveillance of brucellosis in cattle will be essential for predicting and responding to cases in humans. Additionally, given the existing prevention and control measures, brucellosis will likely continue to be prevalent in both cattle and people. This systematic review will assist policymakers in adjusting animal surveillance and interregional livestock movement policies, ultimately contributing to the public safety goal of preventing brucellosis in humans by controlling it in animals.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of bupropion on periodic limb movements during sleep (PLMS) and chin electromyography tone in children taking it for their mood disorder, compared to the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and of bupropion combined with SSRIs. METHODS: Six adolescents (aged 16.0 ± 0.63 years) taking bupropion alone and 6 adolescents (aged 15.9 ± 1.36 years) taking bupropion in combination with an SSRI antidepressant were recruited, along with 10 adolescents (aged 16.2 ± 0.2 years) taking different SSRIs, and they were also enrolled together with 17 age- and sex-matched control patients (aged 15.5 ± 1.26 years). Polysomnographic studies were obtained, and participants leg movement activity during sleep and muscle tone were assessed quantitatively (atonia index) during all sleep stages. RESULTS: Participants taking SSRIs showed PLMS indices significantly higher than those of control patients, whereas adolescents taking bupropion showed only slightly increased indexes of nonperiodic leg movements during sleep. No differences in PLMS were observed between adolescents taking bupropion alone or in association with SSRIs. The atonia index showed, within each sleep stage, the lowest values in the 2 groups taking SSRIs and the highest in the control patients; adolescents taking bupropion alone tended to show values slightly smaller than those of the control patients. CONCLUSIONS: We found that similar to adults, in adolescents SSRIs but not bupropion are associated with increased PLMS. Bupropion also seems to counteract the SSRI-induced increase of PLMS, when administered in combination; thus, the dopaminergic effect of bupropion seems to outmatch the antidopaminergic action of SSRIs. Conversely, bupropion does not counteract the effects of SSRIs on chin electromyography tone. CITATION: DelRosso LM, Mogavero MP, Fickensher A, Bruni O, Schenck CH, Ferri R. Effects of bupropion and SSRI antidepressants on leg movement activity and chin muscle tone during sleep in adolescents. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(1):151-161.

The article presents a case study of a 40-year-old woman diagnosed with cutaneous leishmaniasis after returning from a trip to Costa Rica. Topics discussed include the clinical presentation and diagnostic challenges of leishmaniasis, treatment options such as miltefosine, and the importance of preventing sand fly bites in endemic areas.

The heightened public interest in and usage of non-invasive cosmetic procedures has translated to the practice of jawline and chin augmentation. Implants have historically been a cornerstone of chin augmentation; however, more recently, as non-invasive procedural techniques and modalities develop, questions have been raised as to whether there is still a need for implants. Francesca Ramadan explores the innovative options available to address even the most acute patient concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that children taking trazodone have less leg movements during sleep (LMS) and higher rapid eye movement (REM) sleep atonia than children taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) but more than normal controls. METHODS: Fifteen children (9 girls and 6 boys, mean age 11.7 years, standard deviation [SD] 3.42) taking trazodone (median dosage 50 mg/d, range 25-200 mg) for insomnia and 19 children (11 girls and 8 boys, mean age 13.7 years, SD 3.07) taking SSRIs for depression, anxiety, or both were consecutively recruited, as well as an age- and sex-matched group of 25 control children (17 girls and 8 boys, mean age 13.7 years, SD 3.11). LMS were scored and a series of parameters was calculated, along with the analysis of their time structure. The Atonia Index was then computed for each non-REM sleep stage and for REM sleep. RESULTS: Children taking trazodone exhibited slightly higher leg movement indices than controls but lower than those found in children taking SSRIs and their time structure was different. Chin electromyogram atonia in all sleep stages was not significantly altered in children taking trazodone but was decreased in children taking SSRIs, especially during non-REM sleep. CONCLUSIONS: In children, SSRIs but not trazodone are associated with a significantly increased number of LMS, including periodic LMS, and increased chin tone in all sleep stages. The assessment of periodic limb movement disorder and REM sleep without atonia might not be accurate when children are taking SSRIs because of their significant impact. CITATION: DelRosso LM, Mogavero MP, Bruni O, Schenck CH, Fickenscher A, Ferri R. Trazodone affects periodic leg movements and chin muscle tone during sleep less than selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants in children. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(12):2829-2836.

Facial aesthetics play an important role in the personality and beauty of a person. A 42-year-old woman who had a 12-year history of rhinoplasty before visiting us that her surgeon did an extraoral genioplasty by grafting excess cartilage of her nose to chin for esthetic reasons. The patient had a deformity that resulting soft tissue ptosis in the chin. To correct this, we removed grafted cartilages from the chin then performed a routine advancement genioplasty. Finally, we did bone grafting among advancement operations. Thus, we made the facial contour of her face appear slenderer and smooth after surgery. The surgeon must be aware of possible long-term complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective of the present article was to evaluate the ımpact of dental midline angulation in asymmetrical faces. Materials and Methods: A full‐portrait image was used to create a set of digitally modified images with a different degree of facial asymmetry, towards the right and the left side of the face respectively. Half of the images were designed with an equivalent angulation of the dental midline in respect to the curve of the lower third of the face and half of them without. Through a web survey, 250 laypeople and 250 orthodontists were asked to assess the attractiveness of each image separately. Results: As the asymmetry of the face was increased, facial attractiveness was further decreased both for laypersons and orthodontists. For each one of the modified images, when the dental midline was following the curve that was formed from the inclination of the simulated asymmetry of the face, the smile attractiveness scores were significantly higher compared to a straight dental midline. Conclusion: Facial asymmetries derived from the inclination of the nose, the chin and the commissural line of the lips can significantly affect the smile attractiveness. An orientation of the dental midline towards the facial asymmetry in order to follow the facial curve, can be beneficial for the smile attractiveness compared to a perpendicular to the face dental midline. During the design of a smile, clinicians have to take into consideration deviations in facial midline, in order their restorations to be in harmony with the rest of the face. Clinical Significance: During the design of a smile, clinicians have to take into consideration deviations in the facial midline, in order their restorations to be in harmony with the rest of the face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The chin‐down posture is a widely used compensatory manoeuvre for patients with dysphagia. The aim of this study was designed to systematically measure the effectiveness of chin‐down manoeuvre application. Methodology: We retrieved the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, EBSCO, Medline, CNKI, WANFANG, VIP and SinoMed databases from inception to 30 August 2022. Raters independently screened literature according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of the included literature was evaluated, and data were extracted. The software Review Manager software 5.3 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Fourteen studies with a total of 571 patients were included in this meta‐analysis. The meta‐analysis indicated that chin‐down manoeuvre could significantly reduce the risk of aspiration (MD = −1.35, 95% CI [−2.25, −0.44], Z = 2.92, p <.01), decrease the chin angle (MD = −12.20, 95% CI [−14.61, −9.79], Z = 9.91, p <.001), shorten oral transit time (MD = −0.81, 95% CI [−1.20, −0.43], Z = 4.17, p <.001), reduce the maximum swallowing pressure at upper oesophageal sphincter (MD = −82.07, 95% CI [−112.77, −51.37], Z = 5.24, p <.001) and decrease pharyngeal residue. Conclusions: Existing evidence indicated that chin‐down manoeuvre could reduce the risk of aspiration and pharyngeal residue, decrease the maximum swallowing pressure at UES. More large‐sample, high‐quality clinical trials are still needed in the future to further ascertain the results of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The facial lower third and chin contribute significantly to overall facial balance. Beginning with an anatomical exploration, this article defines the chin's unique features and the evolutionary significance of its projection in humans. The often-overlooked senescent changes of the chin are discussed, as well as congenital contour and projection defects. A sequential treatment model is offered to manage these inherent and acquired lower-third deformities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Although maxillomandibular advancement is the treatment of choice for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in the presence of underlying maxillomandibular complex hypoplasia, there is still a gap in the literature regarding the impact of genioplasty upon upper airway volume (UAV). Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of isolated osseous genioplasty upon UAV. Methods A retrospective analysis of all patients subjected to isolated osseous genioplasty between July 2015 and July 2022 was conducted. Cone-beam computed tomography was performed preoperatively and postoperatively to assess the chin and hyoid 3-dimensional (3D) spatial position and UAV changes after surgery. Results A total of 44 patients were included in the study. Regarding surgical movements of the chin, almost all patients received a sagittal movement (n = 42; 39 forward and 3 backward), while in 8 patients a vertical movement (5 upward and 3 downward) was applied, and in 6 patients the chin was centered. Statistically significant increases in total UAV (P =.014) and at the level of the oropharynx (P =.004) were observed. Specifically, chin centering, upward and forward movements enlarged the oropharynx volume (P =.006,.043 and.065, respectively). Chin advancement enlarged the hypopharynx volume (P =.032), as did upward movement of the hyoid bone (P <.001). Conclusions Results of the study suggest that aesthetic osseous genioplasty impacts the UAV: each 3D spatial chin movement differently impacts the upper airway by enlarging or narrowing it. However, further studies addressing the apnea-hypopnea index are required to assess its effectiveness in treating OSAS. Level of Evidence: 4 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since coming to power, Xi Jinping has significantly elevated the importance of national security and technological innovation in the country’s overall priorities. He has invested considerable time, effort, and political capital to establish an expansive techno-security state based upon his strategic and ideological vision. This brief examines the five major methods Xi’s administration has undertaken to develop its techno-security state: developing a national security state, innovation-driven development, military strengthening, military-civilian fusion, and economic securitization.

Lip and chin avulsion often results from orofacial trauma that occurs primarily in dogs and cats. Suture placement passing through the skin and around the incisor or canine teeth is the most common reconstructive method in animals. However, the reconstruction would be challenging in young puppies and kittens due to the limited growth of the teeth. A two-month-old kitten was presented for avulsion of a bilateral mandibular lip avulsion following a high-rise syndrome. Oral examination and skull radiographs demonstrated no mandibular fracture. Dental fracture was not observed. After aseptic preparations and under general anesthesia, four intraosseous-subcutaneous ‎sutures using 3-0 nylon were placed to adhere the degloved lip and chin to the mandibular bone. The sutures passed through the both mandibles and the subcutaneous tissue. Then, the labial mucosa and gingiva were opposed by simple continuous sutures using 4-0 Dexon. Post-operative antibiotic and anti-inflammatory were administered. Chlorhexidine mouthwash was ‎recommended for the first five days after surgery. Sutures were removed two weeks later. Infection, abscess formation, necrosis, and dehiscence are the commonly reported complications after lip and chin reconstruction. Using this technique, no complications were observed during a six months period.

Introduction: Tooth eruption anomalies occur in both temporary and permanent teeth. They also affect all maxillary and mandibular teeth, in particular the incisors. Localization outside the maxilla is a rare phenomenon, with psychological, functional and above all aesthetic consequences. In traditional African society, mystical considerations can be evoked to explain it. The aim was to manage an ectopic permanent incisor located on the chin, in order to avoid the disturbances that can occur in children. Case presentation: This was an 11-year-old child whose lower permanent incisor had erupted outside the mandibular bone, in the cellular tissue of the chin arch, outside the chin and lower lip muscles. Treatment: it consisted of extraction of the affected tooth, followed by suturing of the wound and antibiotic therapy. This treatment not only restored aesthetics and function, but also prevented the marginalization of the young patient. Conclusion: This case study highlights the need for aesthetic, psychological and functional management to ensure the patient’s well-being and overall development.

Background Traditionally, the patient's head is placed in a neutral position with a chin-lift to facilitate light wand guided endotracheal intubation. However, our study found that the sniffing position was more effective. In this study, we aimed to compare the two positions of light wand guided endotracheal intubation. Methods Sixty adult patients were included in the study, after obtaining informed consent, and were randomly assigned to one of two groups: a control group in a neutral position with a chin-lift (group C, n = 30) and a sniffing position group (group S, n = 30). In group C, the anesthesiologist inserted a light wand after lifting the patient's mandible using the thumb of their non-dominant hand inside the patient's mouth. In group S, a light wand was inserted after the patient's head was flexed with the neck extended. We assessed variables such as light-search time, number of intubation attempts, time to achieve intubation, and side effects including blood tinge on the endotracheal tube, hoarseness, sore throat, and anesthesiologist satisfaction. Results The light-search and intubation times were shorter in group S than in group C. The incidence of blood tinge on the endotracheal tube was higher in group C than in group S. Anesthesiologist satisfaction was higher in group S than in group C. Conclusions The sniffing position was more effective in facilitating light wand guided endotracheal intubation than the neutral position with a chin-lift.

Background: Chin flaws are far more common than recognized. Denial of genioplasty by parents or adult patients can present a surgical planning enigma, especially in patients with microgenia and chin deviation. This study aims to investigate the frequency of chin imperfections on patients seeking rhinoplasty, review the conundrum they generate, and offer management suggestions based on over 40 years of the senior author's experience. Methods: This review included 108 consecutive patients presenting for primary rhinoplasty. Demographics, soft tissue cephalometrics, and surgical details were obtained. Exclusion criteria included prior orthognathic or isolated chin surgery, mandiblular trauma, or congenital craniofacial deformities. Results: Of the 108 patients, 92 (85.2%) were female. Mean age was 30.8 years (SD±13, range 14–72). Ninety-seven (89.8%) patients exhibited some degree of objective chin dysmorphology. Fifteen (13.9%) had Class I deformities (macrogenia), 63 (58.3%) Class II (microgenia), and 14 (12.9%) Class III (combined macro and microgenia in the horizontal or vertical vectors). Forty-one (38%) patients had Class IV deformities (asymmetry). While all patients were offered the opportunity to correct chin flaws, only 11 (10.1%) underwent such procedures. Five (4.6%) patients had simultaneous osseous genioplasty (mean advancement 7.8mm, range 5–9mm); 7 (6.5%) received fat grafting to the chin (mean volume 4.4cc, range 1–9cc). Conclusions: A considerable proportion of primary rhinoplasty patients possess quantifiable chin dysmorphology on circumspect examination, high-resolution photographs and cephalometric analysis. Only a small number agree to surgical interventions that pursue full facial harmony. Potential reasons for these findings, patient aversion, and mitigation strategies will be discussed. Level of Evidence III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these evidence-based medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chin, a distinguishing feature of Homo sapiens, has sparked ongoing debates regarding its evolutionary origins and adaptive significance. We contend that these controversies stem from a fundamental disagreement about what constitutes a well‐defined biological trait, a problem that has received insufficient attention despite its recognized importance in biology. In this paper, we leverage paleoanthropological research on the human chin to investigate the general issue of character or trait identification. First, we examine four accounts of the human chin from the existing literature: the mandibular differential growth byproduct, the bony prominence, the inverted T‐relief, and the symphyseal angle. We then generalize from these accounts and propose a three‐stage framework for the process of character identification: description, detection, and justification. We use this framework to reinterpret the four accounts, elucidating key points of contention surrounding the chin as well as other morphological characters. We show that debates over the chin carry broad and important biological implications that extend beyond this trait and that are not mere semantic issues of definition. Research highlights: The general problem of how to appropriately define and identify phenotypic traits is exhibited in debates about the human chin.Trait identification can be usefully split into the stages of description, detection, and justification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osseous genioplasty and chin augmentation with implants are the two main treatment options for retrognathia. This retrospective cohort study was performed to compare the prevalence of complications and patient satisfaction following osseous genioplasty and chin augmentation by implant. Eighty patients were included: 38 underwent advancement osseous genioplasty and 42 received chin implants (alloplastic, either Medpor or Silastic) intraorally or extraorally. The patients were assessed for complications 12 months after surgery, including neurosensory disturbances, infection or extrusion, wound dehiscence, and the need for reoperation. Patient satisfaction was evaluated using a visual analogue scale. The infection rate was significantly higher in the chin implant group than in the genioplasty group (P = 0.028). Moreover, dehiscence and the need for reoperation appeared to be more common following chin augmentation with implants. However, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of neurosensory disturbances between the two groups (P = 0.137). In the chin implants group, the extraoral approach resulted in a lower dehiscence rate than the intraoral approach. Patients in the genioplasty group had significantly higher satisfaction scores than those in the chin implant group (P = 0.001). Overall, the rates of the complications assessed were lower and patient satisfaction was higher after osseous genioplasty when compared to chin augmentation with implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alluzience (abobotulinumtoxinA RTU; Ipsen, Paris, France and Galderma SA, Lausanne, Switzerland) is the first ready-to-use (RTU) botulinum toxin type A liquid solution approved for the treatment of glabellar lines in Europe. In this article, the authors provide consensus recommendations on the aesthetic usage of abobotulinumtoxinA RTU. Members of the International Board on Alluzience convened to develop consensus on the treatment of glabellar lines as well as other facial wrinkles based on their own extensive experience. Consensus recommendations were developed to provide practical guidelines for injection of abobotulinumtoxinA RTU. General guidance on proper assessment, treatment planning, and patient education is provided, as well as specific injection guidelines per indication. Indications covered include glabellar lines, crow's feet, horizontal forehead lines, lateral eyebrow lift, lower eyelid wrinkles, bunny lines, drooping nasal tip, perioral wrinkles, drooping mouth corners, masseter hypertrophy, hollow cheek lines, dimpled chin, and platysmal bands. These guidelines provide a practical framework to support routine injection of facial muscles with Alluzience. Level of Evidence: 5 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The profound influence of orthodontic treatments on facial aesthetics has been a topic of increasing interest. This study delves into the intricate interplay between orthodontic treatments, facial feature alterations, and aesthetic perceptions. Methods: A total of 73 patients who had undergone orthodontic treatment were included in this study. Facial photographs were taken before and after treatment. Ten orthodontists provided facial aesthetic ratings (FAR) for each patient's frontal, profile, and overall views. 48 facial landmarks were manually placed by the orthodontists and normalized using Generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA). Two types of phenotypes were derived from facial landmarks. Global facial phenotypes were then extracted using principal component analysis (PCA). Additionally, 37 clinical features related to aesthetics and orthodontics were extracted. The association between facial features and changes in FAR after orthodontic treatment was determined using these two types of phenotypes. Results: The FAR exhibited a high correlation among orthodontic experts, particularly in the profile view. The FAR increased after orthodontic treatment, especially in profile views. Extraction of premolars and orthognathic surgery were found to result in higher FAR change. For global facial phenotypes, the most noticeable changes in the frontal and profile views associated with FAR occurred in the lip area, characterized by inward retraction of the lips and slight chin protrusion in the profile view, as well as a decrease in lip height in the frontal view. The changes observed in the profile view were statistically more significant than those in the frontal view. These facial changes were consistent with the changes from orthodontic treatment. For clinical features, two profile features, namely pg.sm.hori and pg.n.ls, were found to be associated with FAR following orthodontic treatment. The highest FAR scores were achieved when pg.sm.hori was at 80° and pg.n.ls was at 8°. On the other hand, frontal clinical features had a subtle effect on FAR during orthodontic treatment. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that orthodontic treatment improves facial aesthetics, particularly at lip aera in the profile view. Profile clinical features, such as pg.sm.hori and pg.n.ls, are essential in orthodontic treatment which could increase facial aesthetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Playing the violin often requires a rotated and lateral flexed neck, leading to potential neck and shoulder problems. An ergonomic chinrest (EC) with or without a shoulder rest (SR or WSR) may enhance neutral neck positioning, but the feasibility of the EC needs to be studied. OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to evaluate the usability of the EC for a two-week familiarisation period, including aspects such as playing performance, comfort level, and emotional response (e.g., feelings about using the product) among a group of violinists. METHODS: A one-arm feasibility study was conducted to assess the feasibility of violinists playing with EC every day for two weeks. Six violinists who usually played with SR were included and asked to divide their daily playing time equally between SR and WSR. Feasibility outcomes were measured as adherence (days), compliance (playing hours per day) and usability (5-point Likert scale and open-ended questions). Compliance was achieved with a minimum of 25% playing time. RESULTS: Daily violin playing with EC showed high adherence of 89.3%. Compliance with the 25% play time criterion was met for SR, but not for WSR. Low playing performance (median 45.8 points difference), long confidence time (two violinists failed to reach a confidence level) and mainly negative feedback (26 out of 33 comments) were found in WSR compared to SR. CONCLUSIONS: The feasibility of playing WSR was low and negatively impacted playing performance. As a result, a larger-scale study will only evaluate the EC with SR due to greater feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay takes issue with the subordination of aesthetics to ethics in Ethical Literary Criticism. Ethics and aesthetics must coexist for either to realize its full value through literature. For any ethical lesson to take hold, it must be presented in a pleasing form so that the reader can learn without undue resistance. Part of the role of the critic is to discern beneath the seductive aesthetic form its ethical kernel, which more often than not remains elusive. The works by Russell C. Leong and Marilyn Chin, which provide literary entertainment and ethical illumination simultaneously, demonstrate the inextricability and interdependence of ethics and aesthetics. The “lessons” therein are exceptionally delectable on account of the two writers’ multiple consciousness as Chinese Americans and ethnic Americans concerned with other marginalized groups, their visceral empathy with racial and sexual minorities, and their scintillating poetics, especially their novel deployment of Chinese expressions and classical allusions. Their ethics and aesthetics are mutually constitutive and enabling.

We present a 20-year-old patient with subglottic and tracheal stenosis was taken for a tracheal resection and end-to-end anastomosis. The patient's neck was positioned in hyperflexion using chin stitches to minimize tension at the anastomosis. On post-operative period, the patient developed paresthesias in upper and lower extremities associated with motor weakness. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed showing lesions compromising ventral spinal cord at the level of C4–C5 and C6–C7. Chin stitches were removed and neck flexion was reduced. The patient remained in the intensive care unit with vasopressors, physical therapy and intravenous fluid-therapy to maintain mean arterial pressure above 90 mmHg. After 3 weeks, the patient was discharged with no neurologic deficit. There are few cases reported of acute ischemic spinal injury following tracheal reconstruction. If this complication arises, neck posture should be corrected, maintenance of MAP above 90 mmHg and implementation of early physical therapy is key to improve neurologic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metastatic lesions of the jaws are a diagnostic challenge because of their scarcity and uncharacteristic clinical-radiographic features. Carcinoma of unknown primary origin (CUP) is characterized by the existence of metastatic disease with no recognized primary neoplasm after a comprehensive work-up. CUP shows a poor prognosis with limited treatment choices. This paper presents a 64-year-old male with a chief complaint of paresthesia of the chin and lower lip. Panoramic radiography showed an ill-defined radiolucency in the left mandibular molar area and the residue of the first molar root. Microscopic examination demonstrated features of mucin-producing adenocarcinoma and was not similar to common neoplasms of the jaw. The whole-body scan revealed multiple osseous uptakes. CDX2 was diffusely positive. However, in the end, the origin of the primary tumor was not determined. Considering the aforementioned data, the diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma with unknown primary origin was made. CUP of the oral cavity is an extremely rare event. The possibility of metastasis should be raised in a patient who complains of paresthesia. Awareness of the clinical and histopathologic features of these malignancies is crucial for clinicians and pathologists to have a proper diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preoperative evaluations of difficult airways are imperative, especially in newborns. The hyomental distance is a reliable index for predicting difficult airways in adults. However, few studies have evaluated the value of the hyomental distance for predicting difficult airways in newborns. It is unclear whether the hyomental distance forecasts a restricted or difficult view when using direct laryngoscopy. We intended to develop an effective system for predicting difficult tracheal intubation in newborns. A prospective observational clinical study. Newborns aged 0 to 28 days undergoing oral endotracheal intubation with direct laryngoscopy for elective surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled. The hyomental distance and hyoid level tissue thickness were assessed by ultrasound. Other parameters, such as the mandibular length and sternomental distance, were also evaluated before anesthesia. The glottic structure view under laryngoscopy was graded according to the Cormack-Lehane classification. The patients with Grade 1 and 2 laryngeal views were assigned to Group E. Those with Grade 3 and 4 views were assigned to Group D. A total of 123 newborns were recruited for our study. The incidence of poor visualization of the larynx during laryngoscopy in our study was 10.6%. The multifactor logistic regression results showed that the hyomental distance was a powerful predictor of difficult laryngoscopy (OR = 0.16, 95% CI 0.03-0.74, P =.019). The curve with the highest sensitivity and specificity and the maximum area under the curve (AUC) was the hyomental distance. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the hyomental distance suggested that the best cut-off value was less than equal to 2.74 cm, with an AUC of 0.80 (95% CI 0.64-0.95). It is noninvasive and feasible to accurately measure the hyomental distance with ultrasound in newborns, and the results are reliable. We believe that the hyomental distance measured with ultrasound could be used as a marker for predicting difficult laryngoscopy in newborns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mentoplasty or genioplasty is a simple procedure to enhance facial aesthetics. While usually considered simple, it might present certain difficulties during execution, especially when a minimally invasive approach is preferred. Drilling and cutting guides are a valuable tool to overcome such challenges but usually require larger incision and dissection to allow adequate positioning and bone rigid fixation. In this article, we describe a novel guide design that permits adequate bone repositioning while preserving minimally invasive protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]