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Pest attack is an important biotic threat to sorghum productivity, and one of the main insect pests of grain sorghum is sugarcane borer (SCB) Diatraea saccharalis. Despite the importance of this insect species, little is known about the relationship between SCB infestation and reduction in sorghum grain yield, as well as on the gain threshold and economic injury level for decision making of pest control. This study evaluated the influence of SCB infestation on plant performance and grain production in three commercial grain sorghum hybrids. Hybrids AG1090, BRS 373, and DKB 590 were planted in three crop seasons in Sete Lagoas, Brazil, and six treatments were assessed in the experiments, consisting of three grain sorghum hybrids with and without the insecticide chlorantraniliprole at 52.5 g a.i. ha−1 under SCB natural infestation. The parameters evaluated on sorghum plants were the length of tunnels, plant height, length and weight of panicles, stem borer injury, and grain yield. The infestation of SCB was higher when sorghum plants were not treated with insecticide, resulting in lower productivity. The use of insecticide increased plant height, reduced tunnel length, and increased panicle length and weight. Hybrids only affected panicle weight. The hybrid that presented the highest panicle weight when using the insecticide was AG 1090. Hybrids AG 1090 and DKB 590 showed reduced grain production with increasing gallery length, whereas BRS 373 did not show a significant correlation, which may suggest a certain level of tolerance to SCB attack. This is the first study that determines the gain threshold and economic injury level and that effectively shows how much grain yield is lost by SCB attack in grain sorghum hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides used to control pests challenge silk production because they contaminate mulberry leaves. We determined the toxicity of chlorfenapyr and chlorantraniliprole on the 5 th larval instar of the silkworm Bombyx mori L by feeding it on sprayed mulberry leaves (Morus alba var. indicia), as well as approaches to protect silkworms from their effects using ascorbic acid. The LC50 values were 10.32 and 13.17 ppm for chlorfenapyr, and chlorantraniliprole, respectively, after 72 h. The larval weight, cocoon weights, cocooning percentages, and silk productivity parameters of individuals fed on leaves treated with 1% ascorbic acid solution were 2.21 g, 1.18 g, 93.05%, and 2.42 cg/d, respectively. While feeding on leaves treated with chlorfenapyr, they were 1.87 g, 1.01 g, 90.0%, and 1.24 cg/d, respectively, and when feeding on leaves treated with chlorantraniliprole, they were 1.91 g, 1.01 g, 90.14%, and 1.36 cg/d, respectively. Furthermore, in this work, we proved the potential of ascorbic acid to protect silkworms from the adverse effects of the examined pesticides. Feeding larvae on mulberry leaves treated with 1% ascorbic acid in the first day before pesticide application resulted in enhanced cocoon weights, cocooning percentages, and silk productivity (1.06 g, 91.95%, and 1.53 cg/d, in the chlorfenapyr with 1% ascorbic acid), and (1.08 g, 91.25 %, and 1.66 cg/d, in the chlorantraniliprole with 1% ascorbic acid). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Management strategies targeting invasive pests of agricultural crops have relied heavily on the application of synthetic insecticides. However, sustainable pest management approaches and tools are being effectively implemented. The use of microbials, botanicals, and other natural-based substances alone or in combination with natural enemies is a promising approach. In this context, in the laboratory, we studied the potential synergistic or antagonistic effects in pest control of various biopesticides with Ganaspis kimorum and Necremnus tutae, two major parasitoids of the spotted wing Drosophila and the South American tomato pinworm, respectively. Drosophila suzukii and Tuta absoluta are successful biological invaders of agroecosystems. Their integrated pest management (IPM) programs involve the release and/or conservation of natural enemies. Among these, Ganaspis kimorum is a major Asian parasitoid of D. suzukii and has been introduced as a classical biological control agent of this pest in Europe and North America, while Necremnus tutae is a key fortuitous parasitoid of T. absoluta in the Mediterranean region. Bioinsecticides represent key alternatives to chemicals for controlling both pests. This study investigated the potential compatibility of both parasitoids with Beauveria bassiana, Bacillus thuringiensis, garlic essential oil (EO), and spinosad, in comparison to two synthetic insecticides, cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole. The results showed that combining each of the tested insecticides with G. kimorum slightly increased pest mortality compared to the insecticide alone. Necremnus tutae had a significant additive effect on host mortality when combined with insecticides. Beauveria bassiana and B. thuringiensis were most compatible with both parasitoid species. Both garlic EO and chlorantraniliprole impaired the survival of immature N. tutae and showed sublethal toxicity on the reproductive and non-reproductive behaviors of N. tutae. Spinosad exhibited high acute toxicity on both juvenile and adult parasitoids of both species. Overall, these findings provide useful insights into insecticide selectivity toward two key parasitoids and offer new knowledge on the potential of combining natural enemies and bioinsecticides for optimized IPM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato fruits are considerably affected by array of insect pests infesting at different stages of crop growth. Among the factors responsible for low yield of tomato, insect pests are major one. The present experiments entitled was carried out at Students' Instructional Farm, Acharya Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (UP) during rabi season 2020-21 to test the efficacy of certain combination insecticides against major insect pests. Among the efficacy of certain combination insecticides, the treatment Betacyfluthrin 8.49% + Imidacloprid 19.81% OD 400ml/ha was observed most effective against whitefly, Jassid and serpentine leaf miner, whereas Chlorpyriphos 50%+ Cypermethrin 5% EC 1000 ml/ha was least effective against whitefly, Profenofos 40%+Cypermethrin 4% EC 1250 ml/ha was found least effective against Jassid and Triazophos 35%+ Deltamethrin 1% EC 1000ml/ha was least effective against serpentine leaf miner. Chlorantraniliprole 10%+Lambda cyhalothrin 5% ZC 250 ml/ha was most effective and found Triazophos 35%+ Deltamehtrin 1% EC 100ml/ha least effective against larval population of H. armigera followed by Imidacloprid 40%+Fipronil 40% WG 500 g/ha, Imidacloprid 40%+Ethiprole 40% WG 500 g/ha. The maximum yield (203.41 q/ha) was recorded in Betacyfluthrin 8.49% +Imidacloprid 19.81% OD 400ml/ha and minimum yield was recorded in Triazophos 35%+ Deltramethrin 1% EC 1000ml/ha (163.17 q/ha). The benefit cost-ratio 1:19.31 was recorded highest in Betacyfluthrin 8.49%+Imidacloprid 19.81% OD 400 ml/ha and lowest 1:3.12 in Imidacloprid 40%+Ethiprole 40% WG 500 g/ha. In comparison to traditional pesticides, these combination insecticides are a newer more efficient against the major pest of tomato at lower doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the insecticide tolerance and dissipation potential of five Trichoderma isolates, namely T. asperellum (4 isolates) and T. harzianum (single isolate), to thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole in treated liquid medium and tomato fruit. The isolates were identified using ITS gene amplification and sequencing regions. In vitro tolerance was assessed using a poisoned medium technique, with mycelial placed onto Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA.) media supplemented with commercial insecticides at recommended doses. Dissipation potential was determined using the isolates after independently inoculating them into PDB liquid media with Actara and Voliam Flexi. The results showed that the inhibitory effect of thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole was almost zero, and the five isolates were competent to reach 9 cm growth like the control after 96 h of incubation at 25°C ± 2°C. Mycelial fresh weights of T. harzianum EGY-T4 and T. asperellum EGY-T5 were significantly equal to their respective control without insecticide. T. asperellum EGY-T1 had the highest dissipation rate of 36% and 30% for thiamethoxam in Actara and Voliam Flexi when applied at the higher dose of 100 mg L-1. The dissipation rate of thiamethoxam was recorded at 92.2% when applied in combination with T. asperellum EGY-T1, reducing the PHI from 7 to 4 days. Chlorantraniliprole was dissipated to the extent of 51.3 and 99.5% when applied in combination with T. asperellum EGY-T1 and T. harzianum EGY-T4, respectively, with residues reaching up to 0.12 and 0.21 mg kg-1 after one day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was carried out at Central Research Farm (CRF), Department of Entomology, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences. Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India during Kharif season of 2023-24. The experiment was laid in Randomized Block Design with eight treatments replicated thrice along with untreated control plot. Results revealed that all the treatments were found significantly superior over control. The lowest mean larval population after first and second sprays respectively was recorded in Spinetoram 11.7% SC @ 0.9 ml/l i.e., 3.64 and 1.64, while Neem seed kernel extract @ 5% with mean larval population of 4.84 and 2.79 was least effective among all the treatments. The next best effective treatments were emamectin benzoate 5% SG @ 0.4 g/l, chlorantraniliprole 17.8% SC @ 0.4 ml/l, and flubendiamide 39.35% SC @ 0.24 ml/l. The highest yield was recorded by spinetoram 11.7% SC @ 0.9 ml/l (51.50 q/ha) followed by emamectin benzoate 5% SG @ 0.4 g/l (49.00 q/ha) and were on par with each other. The next best treatments with higher yield were chlorantraniliprole 17.8% SC @ 0.4 ml/l (44.40 q/ha) followed by flubendiamide 39.35% SC @ 0.24 ml/l (43.46 q/ha) which were on par with each other. The best and most economical treatment with higher benefit cost ratio was spinetoram 11.7% SC @ 0.9 ml/l (1:2.58), followed by emamectin benzoate 5% SG @ 0.4 g/l (1:2.56), chlorantraniliprole 17.8% SC @ 0.4 ml/l (1:2.20) and flubendiamide 39.35% SC @ 0.24 ml/l (1:2.25). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted at the Students' Instructional Farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India during the Kharif 2021. The investigation was aimed to evaluate specific combination insecticides against the Brown Plant Hopper and Rice Gundhi bug. Notably, the treatment Imidacloprid 40% + Fipronil 40% WG @ 500 g/ha followed by Imidacloprid 40% + Ethiprole 40% WG @ 500 g/ha demonstrated the highest effectiveness. Conversely, the least effective treatment was Chlorantraniliprole 10% + Lambda Cyhalothrin 5% ZC @ 250 ml/ha followed by Profenofos 40% + Cypermethrin 4% EC @ 1250 ml/ha when compared to the control treatment. All treatments resulted in significantly higher yields compared to the control treatment (18.17 q/ha). The maximum yield was achieved in Chlorantraniliprole 10% + Lambda Cyhalothrin 5% ZC @ 250 ml/ha producing 40.25 q/ha, while the lowest yield occurred in Triazophos 35% EC + Deltamethrin 1% EC @ 1000 ml/ha with 23.50 q/ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensive global use of pesticides presents an escalating threat to human health, ecosystems, and water quality. To develop national and local environmental management strategies for mitigating pollution caused by pesticides, it is essential to understand the quantities, timing, and location of their application. This study aims to estimate the spatial distribution of pesticide use in an agricultural region of La Plata River basin in Uruguay. Estimates of pesticide use were made by surveying doses applied to each crop. This information was spatialized through identifying agricultural rotations using remote sensing techniques. The study identified the 60 major agricultural rotations in the region and mapped the use and application amount of the nine most significant active ingredients (glyphosate, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, flumioxazin, S-metolachlor, clethodim, flumetsulam, triflumuron, chlorantraniliprole, and fipronil). The results reveal that glyphosate is the most extensively used pesticide (53.5% of the area) and highest amount of use (> 1.44 kg/ha). Moreover, in 19% of the area, at least seven active ingredients are applied in crop rotations. This study marks the initial step in identifying rotations and estimating pesticide applications with high spatial resolution at a regional scale in agricultural regions of La Plata River basin. The results improve the understanding of pesticide spatial distribution based on data obtained from agronomists, technicians, and producers and provide a replicable methodological approach for other geographic and productive contexts. Generating baseline information is key to environmental management and decision making, towards the design of more robust monitoring systems and human exposure assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study investigates the sublethal effects of chlorantraniliprole, an insecticide known for its low toxicity to mammals and selectivity towards non-target organisms, on two significant stored-product pests, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Through contact toxicity assays, differences in susceptibility between the two species are observed, with S. zeamais showing higher sensitivity. Subsequent analysis reveals altered mobility behavior in chlorantraniliprole-exposed groups compared with controls, particularly in S. oryzae, which displays reduced number of food approaches and altered locomotion patterns. In contrast, S. zeamais exhibits increased walking time and decreased immobility periods under sublethal concentrations. These findings underscore the importance of considering sublethal effects in understanding the overall impact of chlorantraniliprole on stored-product pest populations. Further exploration into the long-term consequences of sublethal exposure is recommended to enhance pest management strategies. Chlorantraniliprole, an anthranilic diamide insecticide, has emerged as a promising solution for controlling agricultural pests because of its low mammalian toxicity and selectivity towards non-target organisms. This study investigated the sublethal effects of chlorantraniliprole on the mobility behavior of two significant stored-product pests, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Contact toxicity assays revealed varying susceptibility levels between the two species, with S. zeamais showing higher sensitivity. Subsequent analysis of mobility behavior, both in the presence and absence of food, indicated significant differences between chlorantraniliprole-exposed and control groups. While S. oryzae exhibited altered locomotion patterns and a decreased number of food approaches at sublethal concentrations, S. zeamais displayed increased walking time and reduced immobility periods. These findings highlight the importance of considering sublethal effects in understanding the overall impact of chlorantraniliprole on stored-product pests. Further research into the long-term consequences of sublethal exposure is warranted to inform more effective pest management strategies in storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rice stem borer (RSB), Chilo suppressalis, a notorious rice pest in China, has evolved a high resistance level to commonly used insecticides. Tetraniliprole, a new anthranilic diamide insecticide, effectively controls multiple pests, including RSB. However, the potential resistance risk of RSB to tetraniliprole is still unknown. In this study, the tetraniliprole‐selection (Tet‐R) strain was obtained through 10 continuous generations of selection with tetraniliprole 30% lethal concentration (LC30). The realized heritability (h2) of the Tet‐R strain was 0.387, indicating that resistance of RSB to tetraniliprole developed rapidly under the continuous selection of tetraniliprole. The Tet‐R strain had a high fitness cost (relative fitness = 0.53). We established the susceptibility baseline of RSB to tetraniliprole (lethal concentration at LC50 = 0.727 mg/L) and investigated the resistance level of 6 field populations to tetraniliprole. All tested strains that had resistance to chlorantraniliprole exhibited moderate‐ to high‐level resistance to tetraniliprole (resistance ratio = 27.7−806.8). Detection of ryanodine receptor (RyR) mutations showed that the Y4667C, Y4667D, I4758M, and Y4891F mutations were present in tested RSB field populations. RyR mutations were responsible for the cross‐resistance between tetraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole. Further, the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) / CRISPR‐associated protein 9‐mediated genome‐modified flies were used to study the contribution of RyR mutations to tetraniliprole resistance. The order of contribution of a single RyR mutation to tetraniliprole resistance was Y4667D > G4915E > Y4667C ≈ I4758M > Y4891F. In addition, the I4758M and Y4667C double mutations conferred higher tetraniliprole resistance than single Y4667C mutations. These results can guide resistance management practices for diamides in RSB and other arthropods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to study the bioefficacy of six different insecticides (thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.01%, thiacloprid 21.7 SC @ 0.0032%, buprofezin 25EC @ 0.05%, spinosad 48 SC @ 0.017%, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.007% and fenpropathrin 30 EC @ 0.01%) with a control (water spray) against sucking pests, viz., shoot and fruit borers, jassids, whiteflies and aphids, and harvest time residues in brinjal (Surti Ravaiya) at the College Farm, North Asian University, and Navsari during summer-2020. Among the different insecticides evaluated, chlorantraniliprole and spinosad were the most effective, fenpropathrin and buprofezin were the least effective insecticides against shoot and fruit borers, respectively. Thiamethoxam and thiacloprid were the most effective agents. Fenpropathrin and buprofezin were the least effective against whiteflies, jassids and aphids. After two hours of spray, the initial deposition order of the experimental insecticides was buprofezin (10.382 mg/kg) > fenpropathrin (5.602 mg/kg) > chlorantraniliprole (5.097 mg/kg) > thiamethoxam (4.886 mg/kg) > spinosad (3.984 mg/kg) > thiacloprid (3.332 mg/kg), while after 4 days of spray, the residue status of the brinjal fruit was in the order of fenpropathrin (0.539 mg/kg) > chlorantraniliprole (0.154 mg/kg) > thiacloprid (0.127 mg/kg) > thiamethoxam (0.099 mg/kg) > buprofezin (0.076 mg/kg) > spinosad (BDL). Overall, the highest percentage degradation of insecticide residues in brinjal fruits was registered with spinosad (100%), followed by buprofezin (99.26%), thiamethoxam (97.97%), chlorantraniliprole (96.97%), thiacloprid (96.18%) and fenpropathrin (90.37%) after 4 days of II spray. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, a pesticide-fertilizer combination (PFC) was fabricated using chlorantraniliprole and biochar. The PFC had a spherical shape, smooth surface, uniform particles, relatively dense structure and good compression resistance. The adsorption propertie of biochar to chlorantraniliprole was investigated. During the preparation of pelleted granules, the types and concentrations of core fillers and adhesives were screened and optimized. Besides, the safety to maize and effectiveness against fall armyworms of PFC had been investigated. Meanwhile, The PFC could promoted growth of maize significantly and control fall armyworm effectively. This work provides a promising approach to slow the release of chlorantraniliprole, which has a potential application to enhance the pesticides efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, invaded India in 2018. Since then, this pest was considered as one of the serious threats to maize growers. A handful of management strategies have been developed to manage this pest. One such strategy is the application of sand mixed insecticides to leaf whorls. The present study evaluates the effect of different concentrations of sand mixed chlorantraniliprole applied to the maize whorl on the FAW reproductive biology. The sand mixed chlorantraniliprole at 0.4 ml/kg was significantly effective in inducing higher mortality, lower foliar consumption, lower pupal weight, fecundity and hatchability compared to the recommended foliar spray at 0.4 ml/L. Up to 14 days post-treatment, chlorantraniliprole mixed with sand (0.4 ml/kg) and foliar spray (0.4 ml/L) were equally effective in altering FAW fitness, whereas chlorantraniliprole mixed with sand (0.4 ml/kg) was continue to perform significantly better with a prolonged effect up to 30 days. Therefore, the whorl application of sand-mixed chlorantraniliprole at a dosage of 0.4 ml/kg can be used as an alternative delivery method of insecticide directly to the whorl instead of recommended and commonly practiced foliar spray. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Ensuring the global safety and effectiveness of agrochemicals has become imperative. An in‐depth understanding of impurity profiles of products is crucial, especially for high‐demand agrochemicals, where impurities may be more toxic and persistent than original agrochemicals. This study focuses on the detection and identification of impurities in a commercial chlorantraniliprole (CAP), an anthranilic diamide class broad‐spectrum insecticide. Methods: Commercial CAP was collected from an agrochemical supplier in India and was analyzed using a high‐performance liquid chromatography‐photodiode array (HPLC‐PDA) (Agilent 1260; wavelength, 220 nm) with a Zorbax RP SB‐C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) (Agilent 6545 quadrupole time of flight (Q‐TOF)) techniques to identify the impurities. The impurities were isolated by preparative HPLC using a Zorbax‐DB C18 (250 × 9.4 mm, 5 μm) column. liquid chromatography– tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) experiments (Q‐TOF) were performed on CAP and its impurities to obtain their structural data. Results: HPLC‐PDA analysis of CAP showed four major impurities (IM‐1 to IM‐4) ranging from 0.76% to 4.1%. The positive ion electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra of CAP and its impurities showed dominant [M + H]+ ions in addition to [M + Na]+, [M + K]+, and [2M + Na]+ ions. High‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) data provided the elemental composition of the compounds, and isotopic distribution patterns revealed the number of Cl and/or Br atoms present in them. The structures of impurities were proposed based on the LC–MS/MS) data and further confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data on isolated impurities/synthesis. Conclusion: The quality and impurities of CAP, a popular insecticide, must be assessed and described for its efficacy and safety. In this study, four impurities of CAP were detected using HPLC and successfully characterized using LC‐HRMS, LC–MS/MS, and NMR data. The method is useful for verifying the purity of CAP as well as helping in the identification of its possible impurities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Colorado potato beetle (CPB; Leptinotarsa decemlineata) is an important potato pest with known resistance to pyrethroids and organophosphates in Czechia. Decreased efficacy of neonicotinoids has been observed in last decade. After the restriction of using chlorpyrifos, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam by EU regulation, growers seek for information about the resistance of CPB to used insecticides and recommended antiresistant strategies. The development of CPB resistance to selected insecticides was evaluated in bioassays in 69 local populations from Czechia in 2017–2022 and in 2007–2022 in small plot experiments in Zabcice in South Moravia. The mortality in each subpopulation in the bioassays was evaluated at the field-recommended rates of insecticides to estimate the 50% and 90% lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90, respectively). High levels of CPB resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorpyrifos were demonstrated throughout Czechia, without significant changes between years and regions. The average mortality after application of the field-recommended rate of lambda-cyhalothrin was influenced by temperature before larvae were sampled for bioassays and decreased with increasing temperature in June. Downwards trends in the LC90 values of chlorpyrifos and the average mortality after application of the field-recommended rate of acetamiprid in the bioassay were recorded over a 6-year period. The baseline LC50 value (with 95% confidence limit) of 0.04 mg/L of chlorantraniliprole was established for Czech populations of CPBs for the purpose of resistance monitoring in the next years. Widespread resistance to pyrethroids, organophosphates and neonicotinoids was demonstrated, and changes in anti-resistant strategies to control CPBs were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide treatment of rice seeds has been used for decades to control pests. The efficacy of chlorantraniliprole seed treatment to control pests is now well established and can last for > 90 days, even though the residue content of chlorantraniliprole in rice plants is sharply reduced by this time. We found that 60 days after chlorantraniliprole seed treatment, the dose of chlorantraniliprole in rice plants was much lower than the LC50 of chlorantraniliprole for the arthropod pests Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Chilo suppressalis and Sesamia inferens; however, the treatment still provided control, raising the issue of how chlorantraniliprole seed treatment exerts long-term control. Untargeted metabolomics analyses showed that jasmonic acid (JA) and its metabolic derivatives were induced after seed treatment. In rice shoots and roots, the expression levels of three key genes in the JA biosynthesis pathway, AOS2, AOC and OPR7, were up-regulated. After mechanical damage, there were significant differences in gene expression patterns between the seed treated plants and the controls. Using a bioassay with two JA-deficient lines (AOC and MYC2 knockouts) and a wildtype line (XS11), we showed that the mortality rate of C. suppressalis fed on XS11 plants from treated seeds was higher than the mortality rate on JA-deficient plants from treated seeds. Thus, JA seems to play an important role in pest mortality after chlorantraniliprole seed treatment, providing a possible basis for long-term pest control from the seed treatment. These results point to better ways of using seed treatment to reduce pesticide applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of eight pesticides on the transmission of Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius to tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum (Miller), was studied in the field using a randomized block design. Differences in performance were anticipated because these eight insecticides comprise distinct mechanism of action including both contact and systemic. Increased insecticide efficacy is necessary, particularly in regions with conducive weather conditions that support a healthy whitefly population, to effectively manage the population. There is a need to vary the insecticides used in order to reduce the emergence of resistance in the whitefly population due to the extensive usage of a single mechanism of action for whitefly control. The foliar spray of insecticides was done when first incidence of whitefly was noticed in the field with 15 days of interval. The studies on effect of different insecticides in the management of ToLCV disease through the controlling whitefly population, we evaluated that Chlorantraniliprole 8.8% + Thiomethaxam 17.5% SC was effective in sustaining the yield by reducing the incidence of disease and whitefly population during both the years followed by Spirotetramat 11.01% + Imidacloprid 11.01% SC, Thiamethoxam 12.6% + Lambda cyhalothrin 9.5% ZC and Cyantraniliprole 10.26% OD, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are significant phase II detoxification enzymes in insects. In this study, we have utilized CRISPR/Cas9 to generate SfUGT50A15 knockout strains to explore its possible function in governing sensitivity to chemical insecticides or benzoxazinoids. The bioassay results indicated that the SfUGT50A15 knockout strains were significantly more sensitive to chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, and benzoxazinoids than the wild-type strains. This finding highlights the involvement of SfUGT50A15 in the resistance of Spodoptera frugiperda to chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, and benzoxazinoids. This study not only presents new molecular targets for controlling S. frugiperda but also establishes a foundation for the control of lepidopteran pests. UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are a diverse superfamily of enzymes. Insects utilize uridine diphosphate-glucose (UDP-glucose) as a glycosyl donor for glycosylation in vivo, involved in the glycosylation of lipophilic endosymbionts and xenobiotics, including phytotoxins. UGTs act as second-stage detoxification metabolizing enzymes, which are essential for the detoxification metabolism of insecticides and benzoxazine compounds. However, the UGT genes responsible for specific glycosylation functions in S. frugiperda are unclear at present. In this study, we utilized CRISPR/Cas9 to produce a SfUGT50A15-KO strain to explore its possible function in governing sensitivity to chemical insecticides or benzoxazinoids. The bioassay results suggested that the SfUGT50A15-KO strain was significantly more sensitive to chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, and benzoxazinoids than the wild-type strains. This finding suggests that the overexpression of the SfUGT50A15 gene may be linked to S. frugiperda resistance to pesticides (chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate) as well as benzoxazinoids (BXDs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The St. Lawrence River is an important North American waterway that is subject to anthropogenic pressures including intensive urbanization, and agricultural development. Pesticides are widely used for agricultural activities in fields surrounding the yellow perch (Perca flavescens) habitat in Lake St. Pierre (Quebec, Canada), a fluvial lake of the river where the perch population has collapsed. Clothianidin and chlorantraniliprole were two of the most detected insecticides in surface waters near perch spawning areas. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the transcriptional and biochemical effects of these two pesticides on juvenile yellow perch exposed for 28d to environmental doses of each compound alone and in a mixture under laboratory/aquaria conditions. Hepatic mRNA-sequencing revealed an effect of chlorantraniliprole alone (37 genes) and combined with clothianidin (251 genes), but no effects of clothianidin alone were observed in perch. Dysregulated genes were mostly related to circadian rhythms and to Ca2+ signaling, the latter effect has been previously associated with chlorantraniliprole mode of action in insects. Moreover, chronic exposure to clothianidin increased the activity of acetylcholinesterase in the brain of exposed fish, suggesting a potential non-target effect of this insecticide. Further analyses of three clock genes by qRT-PCR suggested that part of the observed effects of chlorantraniliprole on the circadian gene regulation of juvenile perch could be the result of time-of-day of sacrifice. These results provide insight into biological effects of insecticides in juvenile perch and highlight the importance of considering the circadian rhythm in experimental design and results analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fall Army Worm (FAW), scientifically referred to as Spodoptera frugiperda, originally emerged in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. Its migration to Africa in 2016 and subsequent spread to Asia, reaching India in May 2018, raised signifi- cant concerns about the adaptable pest's expansion. Karnataka was the first state in India to report FAW, and by 2018 and early 2019, it had spread throughout peninsular India and the North and North East regions. This highly resilient insect has the ability to infest over 100 different plant species, making it a formidable pest. FAW has two dominant strains: The corn strain 'C,' affecting maize, sorghum, and cotton, and the rice strain 'R,' affecting rice and other grasses. The damage caused by FAW varies, posing a substantial threat to agriculture. The use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies has been shown to be effective in controlling FAW. Bio-rational pesticides, including Metarrhizium rileyi and Nomuraea rileyi, along with parasitoids like Telenomus sp., Trichogramma sp., Glyptapanteles creatonoti, and Campoletis chloridae, play a crucial role in managing the pest. Semiochemicals such as (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and habitat management methods like Push-Pull technology also contribute to successful control. Chemical insecticides like chlorantraniliprole, spinetoram, thiamethoxam, and lambda cyhalothrin can be utilized to combat FAW. However, it is essential to note that early larval chemical control is more effective than late-stage intervention. The goal of this report is to emphasize the prevalence of FAW and to demonstrate the effective management techniques that have been used to minimize its effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Absorption and translocation of chemical insecticides in plants are complex processes and influenced by different factors. This study investigated the translocation of chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole in soybean plants in greenhouse, using Helicoverpa armigera as a bioindicator and chemical quantification in LC–MS/MS. Two experiments were conducted in the greenhouse and laboratory. Significant acropetal and basipetal movement in leaves was confirmed for both anthranilic diamides. Application via seed treatment (ST) and foliar spray of chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole resulted in significant uptake and translocation via xylem to the flowers emitted after the application of treatments. The mortality of H. armigera with foliar application of chlorantraniliprole (10 g a.i./ha−1) and cyantraniliprole (50 g a.i./ha−1) was 60% and 45% higher than the control treatment, respectively. The use of both insecticides via ST resulted in a residual effect of approximately 60 days after application. The anthranilic diamides studied have shown to have physicochemical characteristics that allow their translocation to structures not yet present at the time of application. Thus, chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole may be an alternative for the management of lepidopteran pests that cause damage during soybean flowering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For effective pest control, nano-insecticides have recently been proposed as a promising alternative to traditional ones. Thus, this study aimed to compare the efficacy of the traditional and nano-forms of thiocyclam (a natural toxin-based insecticide) and chlorantraniliprole (a diamide insecticide) against two major insect pests, the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.), and the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel). The residue levels of the two insecticides in tomato fruits were also assessed. The results showed that chlorantraniliprole was more effective against both insects than thiocyclam, and the nano-forms were more effective than the traditional ones. This higher insecticidal activity of chlorantraniliprole could be attributed to its novel action by binding tightly to ryanodine receptors in insects. The study also optimized and validated an analytical method for residue determination of thiocyclam and chlorantraniliprole in tomato fruits using QuEChERS method and LC-MS/MS. Percentage recovery ranged from 70 to 104%, with good precision and expanded uncertainty of up to ± 23%. The half-life times of thiocyclam and its nano-form in tomatoes were 0.38 and 0.57 days, respectively, compared to 0.7 and 0.38 days for chlorantraniliprole and its nano-form. On the other hand, the calculated pre-harvest intervals for thiocyclam and its nano-form, using the EU maximum residue limit, were 7 and 3 days, respectively, compared to 1 day for both forms of chlorantraniliprole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorfenapyr is a broad‐spectrum halogenated pyrrole insecticide with a unique mode of action. Due to the misuse and overuse of this chemical, resistance has been reported in several arthropods, including Plutella xylostella, which is one of the most destructive insect pests afflicting crucifers worldwide. A better understanding of the cross‐resistance and genetics of field‐evolved chlorfenapyr resistance could effectively guide resistance management practices. Here, the chlorfenapyr resistance of a field‐derived population of P. xylostella was introgressed into the susceptible IPP‐S strain using a selection‐assisted multigenerational backcrossing approach. The constructed near‐isogenic strain, TH‐BC5F2, shared 98.4% genetic background with the recurrent parent IPP‐S strain. The TH‐BC5F2 strain showed 275‐fold resistance to chlorfenapyr, but no significant cross‐resistance to spinosad, abamectin, chlorpyrifos, β‐cypermethrin, indoxacarb, chlorantraniliprole, or broflanilide (no more than 4.2‐fold). Genetic analysis revealed that resistance was autosomal, incompletely dominant, and conferred by 1 major gene or a few tightly linked loci. The synergism of metabolic inhibitors (PBO, DEM, and DEF) to chlorfenapyr was very weak (<1.7‐fold), and the metabolic enzyme activities in the TH‐BC5F2 strain were not significantly elevated compared with the IPP‐S strain. The results enhances our understanding of the genetic traits of chlorfenapyr resistance, and provides essential information for improving resistance management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining biological and chemical control is essential for implementing Integrated Pest Management programs. In soybean crop, one way to integrate these control tactics for managing Lepidoptera pests, such as Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is by releasing parasitoids to control moth's eggs, and spray chemical pesticides to control caterpillars. However, it is necessary to know if these tactics can be combined, with no harm to their individual performances. Therefore, this study evaluated lethal and sublethal effects on Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) following exposure to nine insecticides commonly used in soybean. First, adults were exposed to insecticide residues on leaf disks immediately after spraying and acute toxicity was assayed 24 h after exposure. Surviving insects, as well as their progeny, were evaluated for sublethal effects, such as reduction in parasitism, longevity and flight capacity. In a second bioassay, leaf disks were cut from greenhouse-grown plants 3, 7, 10, 17, 24 and 31 days after insecticide application. Adults were again exposed to leaf disks for 24 h, and then allowed to parasitize host eggs for 24 h, and progeny survival to emergence was recorded. Chlorantraniliprole and indoxacarb were the safest pesticides, with low acute toxicity and no sublethal effects, and therefore can be considered compatible with releases of T. pretiosum. Methoxyfenozide, teflubenzuron and flubendiamide also lacked any acute toxicity, but reduced either female longevity, or the longevity of their offspring. Acephate and chlorpyriphos both caused >85% wasp mortality, whereas lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam and chlorfenapyr had the greatest residual activity, causing high mortality and many sublethal effects. Therefore, these products cannot be used associated with releases of the parasitoid in IPM programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the evolution of resistant weeds to glyphosate, the new technologies Xtend® and Enlist® cropping systems are expected to boost the use of auxin herbicides dicamba and 2,4-D. This study examined the effects of two formulations of 2,4-D and dicamba in tank-mixtures with other pesticides on selected physico-chemical properties of the spray solution, such as stability and pH, as well as other characteristics, such as size in dropcard and surface tension. The research included two factors, factor A comprised the herbicides dicamba and 2,4-D amine and choline salts and a auxin herbicide-free treatment, while factor B comprised 12 pesticides commonly sprayed in Brazil (i.e., five formulations of glyphosate, clethodim, haloxyfop-p-methyl, trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole, azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr, mancozeb, chlorantraniliprole, and thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin). Stability and pH, surface tension, and droplet parameters of the tank-mixtures were analyzed. No incompatibility was observed in the tank mixtures tested. Mixing dicamba with clethodim and haloxyfop-p-methyl resulted in pH values below 4.5. Auxin herbicides did not show pH buffering capacity and did not prevent pH changes when the others pesticides were added to the tank-mixtures. All mixtures affected surface tension of herbicides relative to the single solutions. The results support the use of auxin herbicides with other pesticides, given that the use of auxin herbicides will probably increase, following the adoption of new dicamba and 2,4-D technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allium mongolicum Regel leaf beetle, Galeruca daurica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is rampantly harmful in Inner Mongolia grassland. However, the current management strategies for this pest still heavily rely on chemical control using traditional insecticides or those with novel action. In the study, we conducted an indoor bioassay to evaluate the sublethal effects of chlorantraniliprole on the biological characteristics. Additionally, we assessed the activity of detoxification enzymes, specifically the primary enzymes carboxylesterase (CarE) and cytochrome P450, and insect's secondary metabolic enzymes, namely glutathione S‐transferase (GST) and uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase (UGT), as well as its gene expression profile. The developmental period of the 3rd instar larvae of G. daurica was significantly prolonged after treatment with chlorantraniliprole, which negatively affected the hatching, pupation and diapause rates as well as their body weight. The larvae showed different dynamics of the enzyme activities within 24 h of chlorantraniliprole treatment. Different sublethal concentrations of chlorantraniliprole showed an inducing effect on the activities, while no significant difference in activity was observed for P450. Expression profiling of detoxifying enzyme genes screened by transcriptome data has revealed that 6 CarE, 2 GST, 7 UGT and 31 P450 genes were up‐regulated. In conclusion, chlorantraniliprole's sublethal effect on 3rd instar G. daurica larvae resulted in a deceleration of their growth and developmental processes and significantly increased the activity levels of CarE, GST and UGT. The detoxifying proteins encoded by up‐regulation genes may involve in the detoxification metabolism of chlorantraniliprole. Our results provide a basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms of chlorantraniliprole action and detoxification in this key grassland insect pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chilo suppressalis is a highly destructive insect pest of rice crops. Chemical insecticides have been used as an effective method for controlling this pest. In this study, we evaluated the susceptibility of seven field populations of C. suppressalis from three regions in Hubei Province, China, to four different insecticides over a period of 4 years (2019–2022). Our results showed that the populations of C. suppressalis in these areas have evolved low to high levels of resistance to abamectin (Resistant Ratio, RR = 8.5–413.4). Furthermore, the field populations were susceptible to high levels of resistance to chlorantraniliprole (RR = 2.0–401.6) and showed moderate levels of resistance to triazophos (RR = 56.9–78.7) and chlorpyrifos (RR = 10.6–54.5). Correlation analysis indicated significant positive correlations between the susceptibility of abamectin and chlorantraniliprole and chlorpyrifos, as well as chlorpyrifos and chlorantraniliprole, and triazophos. This study provides valuable information on the current resistance status of field populations of C. suppressalis, which can aid in the judicious use of these insecticides and serve as an important reference for effective resistance management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spodoptera litura is a notoriously destructive pest, which infests horticultural plants and economically important crops worldwide. Several generations of diamide insecticides have been used to combat S. litura throughout the world, causing various levels of resistance to this class of insecticides among wild S. litura populations. In this work, we monitored resistance to five diamide insecticides among 10 S. litura populations sampled from eastern China in 2022. In comparison with Lab‐S the susceptible strain, five of the tested populations displayed high susceptibility to three of the five diamide insecticides (cyantraniliprole, broflanilide and tetraniliprole). In contrast, there was significant resistance to the other two tested diamide insecticides, flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole, in seven of the field‐collected populations. The Shanghai (SH) population showed high resistance to chlorantraniliprole (77.0‐fold), flubendiamide (25.5‐fold) and cyantraniliprole (27.8‐fold), respectively, than the strain of Lab‐S. Results of synergism tests in the SH population revealed that diethyl maleate (DEM) and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) greatly inhibited chlorantraniliprole resistance. The progeny of reciprocal crosses between the Lab‐S and SH populations presented dominance degrees of F1 progenies, suggesting that the chlorantraniliprole resistance was autosomal and incompletely recessive in SH. Above results of the current work offer useful knowledge for future formulation of field pest management strategies, allowing farmers to delay the development of resistance to diamide insecticides and thus promote sustainable management of S. litura. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field trials were conducted over two seasons in 2019-20 and 2020-21 at experimental fields near Shri Venkateshwara University, Amroha, U.P. The present study on the efficacy of a new group of insecticides against insect pests of potato crop was designed in a randomised block design with nine treatments replicated thrice. The treatments included (T1): Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 150 g/ha (Actra), (T2): Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 150 ml/ha (Confidor), (T3): Flonicamid 50% WG @ 150 ml/ha (Ulala), (T4): Abamectin 1.9% EC @ 125 ml/ha (Abacin), (T5): Indoxacarb 14.5% SC @ 250 ml/ha (Avaunt), (T6): Flubendiamide 39.35% SC @ 125 ml/ha (Fame), (T7): Spinosad 45% SC @ 150 ml/ha (Tracer), (T8): Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 150 ml/ha (Coragen) and (T9): Control (Water spray). Totally, three sprays were taken up. The first spray was given on the 25th day after emergence and the second and third sprays were made at 40 and 55 days after emergence, respectively. The treatments with three sprays of Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 150 g/ha, Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 150 ml/ha and Flonicamid 50% WG @ 150 ml/ha were effective in reducing the population of aphids, whiteflies and leafhoppers in potato. The next best treatments in this respect were Abamectin 1.9% EC @ 125 ml/ha and Flubendiamide 39.35% SC @ 125 ml/ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The stingless bee, Trigona spinipes, is an important pollinator of numerous native and cultivated plants. Trigona spinipes populations can be negatively impacted by insecticides commonly used for pest control in crops. However, this species has been neglected in toxicological studies. Here we observed the effects of seven insecticides on the survival of bees that had fed directly on insecticide‐contaminated food sources or received insecticides via trophallactic exchanges between nestmates. The effects of insecticides on flight behavior were also determined for the compounds considered to be of low toxicity. RESULTS: Imidacloprid, spinosad and malathion were categorized as highly toxic to T. spinipes, whereas lambda‐cyhalothrin, methomyl and chlorfenapyr were of medium to low toxicity and interfered with two aspects of flight behavior evaluated here. Chlorantraniliprole was the only insecticide tested here that had no significant effect on T. spinipes survival, although it did interfere with one aspect of flight capacity. A single bee that had ingested malathion, spinosad or imidacloprid, could contaminate three, four and nineteen other bees, respectively via trophallaxis, resulting in the death of the recipients. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to evaluate the ecotoxicology of a range of insecticides that not only negatively affected T. spinipes survival, but also interfered with flight capacity, a very important aspect of pollination behavior. The toxicity of the insecticides was observed following direct ingestion and also via trophallactic exchanges between nestmates, highlighting the possibility of lethal effects of these insecticides spreading throughout the colony, reducing the survival of non‐foraging individuals. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an invasive and destructive pest worldwide that feeds on solanaceous plants. T. absoluta has become resistant to most insecticides in current use. Broflanilide is a novel meta-diamide insecticide, which can bind to a new site on the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor and efficiently control insect pests of the order Lepidoptera. In this study, the acute lethal effects of flubendiamide, tetraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, chlorantraniliprole and broflanilide and the sublethal effects of broflanilide on the 2nd instar larvae of T. absoluta were assessed by leaf dip method. Among the five insecticides tested, broflanilide was the most toxic to T. absoluta with a LC50 of 0.232 mg/L. The sublethal effects of broflanilide on T. absoluta were observed at LC10 (0.053 mg/L) and LC25 (0.107 mg/L) concentrations. After exposure to low lethal concentrations of broflanilide, the larval duration was significantly prolonged, whereas the pupation rate, emergence rate and fecundity of females were all significantly decreased in F0 generation. In F1 generation, broflanilide treatments resulted in a significant decrease in female fecundity. Moreover, life-table parameters of F1 generation including the mean fecundity (F), the net reproductive rate (R0), and the intrinsic rate of population increase (r) were significantly reduced, and the mean generation time (T) was increased when compared to the control. The lethal and sublethal effects of broflanilide on T. absoluta suggested that broflanilide has good potential for management of T. absoluta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is one of the main pests of tomato crops worldwide. The release of predatory mirids in protected crops has been proven to be effective in several countries. Macrolophus basicornis (Stal) (Hemiptera: Miridae) stands out as a promising biocontrol agent of T. absoluta. However, the release of this predator can be compromised by hazardous chemical insecticides. The present study aimed to evaluate the possible transgenerational effects of the insecticides chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide on M. basicornis. The predator couples were treated with chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide at the maximum doses recommended for the control of T. absoluta in Brazil. Thereafter, they were placed on tomato plants for oviposition. The life history parameters, including survival rate, nymph duration, adult and total pre-oviposition periods, longevity of male and female, oviposition period and female fecundity of the progeny from the couples treated with the insecticides were evaluated based on the age-stage, two-sex, life table. The longevity of females and males and the total life cycle duration were not reduced by the compounds. Neither chlorantraniliprole nor flubendiamide reduced the r and R0 parameters in the F1 generation, however, the mean generation time (T) was high in the chlorantraniliprole treatment (51.57 days) followed by the untreated control (48.85 days) and flubendiamide treatment (47.27 days). Nevertheless, careful consideration is warranted, as flubendiamide might adversely affect the fecundity of this predator. Applying both insecticides studied could be a promising option for managing T. absoluta in tomato crops where M. basicornis is present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensive agriculture drives an ongoing deterioration of stream biodiversity and ecosystem functioning across the planet. Key agricultural stressors include increased deposited fine sediment and insecticides flushed from adjacent land into streams. The individual and combined effects on aquatic biota are increasingly studied, but the functional consequences of biodiversity loss associated with agricultural stressors remain poorly understood. We addressed this knowledge gap by examining the effects of fine sediment and different concentrations of the insecticide chlorantraniliprole on organic‐matter decomposition.We conducted an outdoor stream mesocosm experiment. Mesocosms contained a standardised organic‐matter assay (the cotton‐strip assay), which was used to assess organic‐matter decomposition rates (as tensile‐strength loss of the fabric) and microbial respiration of the cotton strips.The decomposition rate of strips buried under fine sediment was inhibited, a result we attribute to the limited accessibility for invertebrate feeding and microbial activities, as well as the limited nutrient and dissolved oxygen exchange. The insecticide also inhibited decay rates, a finding we relate to reduced invertebrate grazing and associated excessive algal growth. In contrast to decomposition rates, we did not observe stressor effects on microbial respiration. An interaction between fine sediment and chlorantraniliprole was not identified.Our results suggest that stressors induced by agriculture affect functions of stream ecosystems through a variety of pathways and operate by modifying habitats and biotic interactions.By examining a combination of stressors and responses that have not been addressed before, this study gives important insights into the effects of agricultural practices on streams. Understanding the effects of chlorantraniliprole is especially important since it is likely to become more widely used in future agricultural practice due to the increasing ban on neonicotinoid insecticides. Furthermore, most experimental studies address multiple stressor effects on biota. For a comprehensive understanding of complex stressor effects on ecosystems, ecosystem functions also need to be studied, such as the organic‐matter decomposition within streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The invasion of maize (Zea mays L.) in 2018 by fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), threatened food security of India. In the early stage of crop growth, spray is difficult to apply because of the small size of the plant, waste of insecticide, and harm to non-target organisms. Seed treatment alone and combined with foliar spray were evaluated to manage fall armyworm in the field in June and September 2019. The experiment was a randomized block design with eight treatments. The maize seed treatments viz., chlorantraniliprole 250 g a.i./100 kg seeds alone, cyantraniliprole + thiamethoxam 238 g a.i./100 kg seeds, and cyantraniliprole + thiamethoxam 317 g a.i./100 kg seeds managed fall armyworm larvae and reduced plant damage 1 week after emergence of the crop compared with the check. A sequence of two foliar sprays resulted in the highest yield, followed by seed treatment plus a foliar spray (cyantraniliprole 19.8 + thiamethoxam 19.8 FS 8 ml/kg of seeds + emamectin benzoate 5 SG 0.4 g/liter), and seed treatments (chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole+thiamethoxam). Most net returns were from cyantraniliprole 19.8 + thiamethoxam 19.8 FS 317 g a.i./100 kg of seeds and foliar application of emamectin benzoate 5 SG 12.5 g a.i./ha (US $581); the nontreated check had only US $123/ha net return. La invasión al maíz (Zea mays L.) en 2018 por el gusano cogollero Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), amenazó la seguridad alimentaria de India. La aspersión de insecticidas es difícil de realizar en la etapa inicial de crecimiento del cultivo debido al tamaño pequeño de la planta, el desperdicio de insecticida y el daño a organismos no-objetivo. Se evaluó el tratamiento de semillas por sí solo y en combinación con aspersión foliar en junio y septiembre de 2019 para controlar el gusano cogollero en el campo. El experimento fue un diseño de bloques al azar con ocho tratamientos. Los tratamientos de semilla del maíz incluyendo clorantraniliprol 250 g i.a./100 kg de semillas solas, ciantraniliprol + tiametoxam 238 g i.a./100 kg de semillas y ciantraniliprol + tiametoxam 317 g i.a./100 kg de semillas redujeron las larvas del gusano cogollero y el daño a las plantas 1 semana después de la emergencia del cultivo en comparación con el control sin tratamiento. Una secuencia de dos aspersiones foliares dio como resultado el mayor rendimiento, seguido de un tratamiento de semillas más una aspersión foliar con (ciantraniliprol 19.8 + tiametoxam19.8 FS 8 ml/Kg de semillas – benzoato de emamectina 5 SG 0.4 g/litro) y tratamientosde semilla con (clorantraniliprol, ciantraniliprol + tiametoxam). La mayor parte de los rendimientos netos se observaron con ciantraniliprol 19,8 + tiametoxam 19,8 FS 317 gi.a./100 kg de semillas y aplicación foliar de benzoato de emamectina 5 SG 12,5 gi.a./ha (US $581); con el control sin tratamiento se obtuvieron solamente US $123/ha de rendimiento neto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii) is an important biocontrol agent that is widely used around the world to control numerous lepidopteran pests. The overuse of pesticides in agricultural systems causes lethal and sublethal effects on biocontrol agents. In ectothermic organisms, temperature influences the toxicity of insecticides. In the context of global warming, it is crucial to assess the effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods under temperature stresses. The toxicity of bifenthrin, carbosulfan, chlorantraniliprole, dimethoate, fipronil, flubendiamide, imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin and lufenuron was studied on T. chilonis at 18, 25 and 32 °C constant temperatures. The temperature coefficient was calculated as the ratio of higher LC50 values to lower LC50 values of an insecticide at different temperatures. The temperature coefficient of imidacloprid, bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin was negative at 25 °C when compared to 18 °C and became positive at 32 °C, while dimethoate and lufenuron had an opposite trend. For carbosulfan and fipronil, the temperature coefficient was positive and for chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide the coefficient was negative at all tested temperatures. Insecticides having a negative temperature coefficient become less toxic at higher temperatures; this might help reduce non-target insecticide risk to T. chilonis. The risk quotient (RQ) estimated as the ratio of field doses to the LC50 of beneficial organisms indicated that chlorantraniliprole at 25 °C and 32 °C and flubendiamide at 32 °C are harmless to T. chilonis and can be used a component of the integrated pest management (IPM) programs while the other tested insecticides should be avoided. This research can help develop successful pest management systems by reducing the adverse effects of insecticides on non-target species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2021, experiments were carried out in the Nilgiris district's Ooty and Kotagiri locations to evaluate and validate an integrated pest management (IPM) module for the potato leaf miner, L. huidobrensis, in comparison to farmer methods. The assessment study involved evaluating the effectiveness of various botanicals, insecticides, and attractants against leaf miners in two places mentioned above in the Nilgiris district. Effective botanicals and attractants were combined with insecticides based on the evaluation trial's outcomes, and two IPM modules were developed and compared to farmer practices. Module I comprised of implementation of yellow sticky trap, spraying of botanical, R. graveolens @ 5% and insecticide, cyantraniliprole 10.26 OD @ 75 ml ha−1, whereas, in module II, the components were the implementation of yellow sticky trap, spraying of botanical, R. graveolens @ 5% and insecticide, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 30 ml. ha−1. Module III was farmer's practice and module IV was a control (untreated plot). The basal components of the modules were selected from a preliminary evaluation study which showed the components, viz. yellow sticky trap (attractant), Ruta graveolens @ 5% (botanical), cyantraniliprole 10.26 OD @ 75 g a.i. ha−1 and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 S @ 30 g a.i. ha−1 (insecticide) to be effective among various treatments tested. The IPM modules were compared by assessing percent leaf damage caused by the leaf miner, and yield and cost economics were also calculated. Module I was found to be the promising one with 9.89% mean percent damage followed by module II (9.90%), and both were found to be on par with each other. From the result, it was concluded that module II was the most efficient module with the highest benefit–cost ratio of 2.47 followed by module I with a benefit–cost ratio of 2.37. Thus, by implementing these IPM modules, the management of leaf miner L. huidobrensis in potato can be efficiently carried out with less cost of protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of twelve different groups of insecticides on diversity of major predators (insects and spiders) during active tillering and bootleaf stage of rice crop was evaluated in West Bengal. The results showed that spinosad, emamectin benzoate, sulfoxaflor and pymetrozine were highly safe while buprofezin, imidacloprid, indoxacarb and chlorantraniliprole were moderately so. The insecticides like lambdacyhalothrin, fipronil and chlorpyriphos were found to be toxic. During active tillering stages the predator diversity was maximum in emamectin benzoate treatment and least in case of lambdacyhalothrin. Similar trend was observed for evenness index in the emamectin benzoate and lambdacyhalothrin. During boot leaf stage, Shannon index was maximum in sulfoxaflor and minimum in lambdacyhalothrin. Overall, insecticidal treatments resulted in decrease in diversity of predators during both stages of rice crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An on-farm trial on the assessment of IPM practices against rice yellow stem borer Scirphophaga incertulas (Walker) in rice was carried out at five locations at randomly selected farmers' fields of KVK adopted villages of Scirphophaga incertulas (Walker) Nalgonda District, Telangana during rabi 2015-16, 2016-17 and 2017-18. The IPM practice consisted of seed treatment, nursery management, clipping off leaf tips before transplanting, application of recommended dosages of fertilizers, application of chlorantraniliprole granules @ 10 kg/ ha, the release of biocontrol agent Trichogramma japanicum @ 1,25,000/ ha at five releases from 20 DAT at an interval of 20 days, installation of pheromone traps @ 10/ ha, spraying of cartap hydrochloride 50SP @ 2.0 g/ l at the vegetative stage and chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC @ 0.3 ml/ l at the panicle initiation stage. The results on pest incidence like mean deadhearts were significantly lower in IPM demonstration plots (9.9%) than in farmers' practice (17.7%) and the white earheads incidence was Scirphophaga incertulas (Walker) (9.0%) Scirphophaga incertulas (Walker) in IPM demonstration plots compared to 19.3% in farmers' practice. The grain yield was higher in demonstration plots 6588.3 kg/ ha, with a increase of 12.0% over the farmers' practice of 5913.3 kg/ ha. The gross returns, net returns, and benefit-cost were obtained more in IPM demonstrations as compared to farmers' practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A laboratory experiment was conducted at Post Graduate Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Latur, Maharashtra, India during 2017-18. Resistance to five test insecticides viz., chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, indoxacarb and spinosad was investigated against H. armigera infesting chickpea from different locations of Western Maharashtra (Ahmednagar, Kolhapur, Nashik, Pune, Sangali, Satara and Solapur). Results revealed that, H. armigera infesting chickpea of Solapur recorded 7.00-fold resistance to indoxacarb 15.8% EC which was higher than other field populations H. armigera. The resistance ratios varied greatly among the populations and high resistance factor of indoxacarb 15.8% EC against all field populations of H. armigera infesting chickpea from all 7 locations revealed that development of decreased susceptibility to low level resistance against this insecticide whereas chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, cyantraniliprole 10.26% OD, emamectin benzoate 5% SG and spinosad 45% SC found to be toxic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted at the Department of Cotton, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore to evaluate the field efficacy of an egg parasitoid, Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja through inundative releases against Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) in cotton for two successive field trials during Kharif 2021 and 22. The parasitisation efficacy of T. bactrae was tested in the cotton ecosystem and the results revealed that the parasitism on the eggs was found be on par with that observed with NSKE 5% concentration (24.63%), neem formulation 1500 ppm 1% concentration (24.10%), Pongamia extract 5% concentration (23.13%), Jatropha extract 5% concentration (23.93%) and were found the safest to T. bactrae. The emamectin benzoate 5 SG at 190g/ ha (19.49%) and clorantraniliprole 18.5 SC at 150 mL/ha (15.26%) were on par with each other. Results suggested that among the insecitcides tested emamectin benzoate 5 SG and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC were safer to T. bactrae and inundative release of T. bactrae can achieve sizeable control of P. gossypiella, hence it can be integrated with other components for IPM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Chlorantraniliprole (CAP) is a diamide insecticide with high efficacy against many pest insects, including the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon. Agrotis ipsilon is a serious pest causing significant yield losses in crops. Glutathione‐S‐transferases (GSTs) belong to a family of metabolic enzymes that can detoxify a wide range of pesticides. However, little is known about the functions of GSTs in CAP tolerance in A. ipsilon. RESULTS: A cDNA sequence (designated AiGSTu1) encoding an unclassified GST was identified from A. ipsilon. AiGSTu1 is highly expressed during the 3rd‐instar larval and the pupal stages. Most of the mRNA transcripts were found in larval Malpighian tubules. Exposure to CAP strongly enhanced AiGSTu1 expression, GST activity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde levels in larvae. H2O2 treatment upregulated the transcription level of AiGSTu1, suggesting that CAP‐induced oxidative stress may activate AiGSTu1 expression. The activity of recombinant AiGSTu1 was inhibited by CAP in a dose‐dependent manner. Metabolism assay results demonstrated that AiGSTu1 is capable of depleting CAP. Overexpression of AiGSTu1 enhanced the tolerance of Escherichia coli cells to H2O2 and the oxidative stress inducer, cumene hydroperoxide. Silencing of AiGSTu1 by RNA interference increased the susceptibility of A. ipsilon larvae to CAP. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the potential role of AiGSTu1 in CAP detoxification and will improve our understanding of CAP tolerance in A. ipsilon. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides with novel modes of action including neonicotinoids and anthranilic diamides are increasingly detected in global surface waters. Little is known about how these pesticides of concern interact in mixtures at environmentally relevant concentrations, a common exposure scenario in waterways impacted by pesticide pollution. We examined effects of chlorantraniliprole (CHL) and imidacloprid (IMI) on the sensitive invertebrate, Daphnia magna. Exposures were first performed using surface waters known to be contaminated by agricultural runoff. To evaluate the seasonal variation in chemical concentration and composition of surface waters, we tested surface water samples taken at two time points: during an extended dry period and after a first flush storm event. In surface waters, the concentrations of CHL, IMI, and other pesticides of concern increased after first flush, resulting in hypoactivity and dose-dependent photomotor responses. We then examined mortality and behavior following single and binary chemical mixtures of CHL and IMI. We detected inverse photomotor responses and some evidence of synergistic effects in binary mixture exposures. Taken together, this research demonstrates that CHL, IMI, and contaminated surface waters all cause abnormal swimming behavior in D. magna. Invertebrate swimming behavior is a sensitive endpoint for measuring the biological effects of environmental pesticides of concern.

Transplant treatment with chlorantraniliprole (CAP) is a proactive approach to protect transplanted plants from pests during early establishment and has been comprehensively applied in tobacco fields in Guangdong Province, China. However, it is not known whether the high dose of CAP in transplant treatments has lethal or sublethal effects on the generalist predator Rhynocoris fuscipes Fabricius (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). To address this concern, the mortalities of R. fuscipes were assessed when 2nd instar larvae of R. fuscipes were in direct contact with or consuming CAP and when their eggs were exposed to CAP. Furthermore, 2nd instar nymphs R. fuscipes were long-term exposed to CAP until they reached adulthood, and their life table parameters were determined. After exposure to CAP, the activity of detoxification enzymes (P450, CaeE and GST) and the functional respond of R. fuscipes to their preys Agrotis ipsilon larvae were determined. In this study, CAP at all concentrations did not significantly increase the mortality of 2nd instar of R. fuscipes nymphs in comparison with the control. The detoxification enzyme (P450, CarE and GST) activities and the number of A. ipsilon larvae consumed by R. fuscipes in the transplant treatment were not affected by CAP after 3-d or long-term exposure. These results indicated that CAP was harmless to R. fuscipes according to IOBC protocols. However, during the treatment of 2nd instar nymphs with a label rate of 15 g AI/ha and a 5× label rate of 75 g AI/ha, CAP significantly prolonged the pre-adult and pre-oviposition periods, and treated adults had lower oviposition. Attention should be given to the time interval between transplant treatment and the release of this biocontrol agent into the field to minimize the impact of CAP on the predator R. fuscipes.