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The widespread adoption of geopolymer concretes in the industry has been slow, mainly due to concerns over their long-term performance and durability. One of the main causes of concrete structures' deterioration is chloride-induced corrosion of the reinforcement. The reinforcement corrosion process in concrete is composed of two main stages: the initiation phase, which is the amount of time required for chloride ions to reach the reinforcement, and the propagation phase, which is the active phase of corrosion. The inherent complexities associated with the properties of precursors and type of activators, and with the multi-physics processes, in which different transfer mechanisms (moisture, chloride, oxygen, and charge transfer) are involved and interact with each other, have been a major obstacle to predicting the durability of reinforced alkali-activated concretes in chloride environments. Alternatively, the durability of alkali-activated concretes can be assessed through testing. However, the performance-based tests that are currently available, such as the rapid chloride permeability test, the migration test or the bulk diffusion test, are only focusing on the initiation phase of the corrosion process. As a result, existing testing protocols do not capture every aspect of the material performance, which could potentially lead to misleading conclusions, particularly when involving an electrical potential to reduce the testing time. In this paper, a new performance-based test is proposed for assessing the performance of alkali-activated concretes in chloride environments, accounting for both the initiation and propagation phases of the corrosion process. The test is designed to be simple and to be completed within a reasonable time without involving any electrical potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) is well known to be capable of improving the performance of cement-based materials, but few studies focus on the impact of its large dosage on concrete containing basalt powder. In this study, the compressive strength and chloride permeability of cement-based materials with compound mineral admixtures (CMAs) containing high-volume GGBFS, basalt powder and desulfurisation gypsum were investigated. The results showed that the mortar strengths at 3, 7 and 28 days decreased with increasing GGBFS content, but that at 56 and 84 days increased with the addition of 45 wt% GGBFS. This is because the activity of GGBFS at an early stage has not been stimulated and the pozzolanic effect is exerted at a later stage. Moreover, cement replacement with up to 55 wt% GGBFS caused a significant decrease in the chloride diffusion coefficient of the mortar and concrete. Furthermore, the incorporation of GGBFS led to a remarkable refinement in pore structure of the hardened paste due to pozzolanic and filler effects. Therefore, the partial replacement of cement with high CMA contents (≥70 wt%) in concrete is desirable for ocean projects requiring low chloride permeability, and significantly reduces carbon dioxide emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chloride is the most abundant extracellular anion; however, abnormalities of serum chloride (dyschloremia) are often overlooked. This study aimed to study the association of dyschloremia with AKI and major adverse kidney events at Day 30 (MAKE30) in critically ill patients with sepsis. Materials and Methods: This prospective single‐center cohort study included adult patients with sepsis admitted in a tertiary care hospital in India. Patients with advanced chronic kidney disease, requiring dialysis at admission, or with hospital stay of less than 72 h were excluded. Hyperchloremia and hypochloremia were defined as chloride levels of > 110 mEq/L and < 95 mEq/L, respectively. The primary outcome measure was MAKE30—a composite of death, need for dialysis, or sustained loss of kidney function at Day 30. Results: In a cohort of 400 patients with a mean age of 60 (±15) years, AKI was seen in 301 (75.2%) and MAKE30 in 171 (42.8%). Hyperchloremia and hypochloremia were seen in 19.3% (n = 77) and 32.3% (n = 129), respectively, in the first 72 h of ICU stay. Hypochloremia, but not hyperchloremia, was independently associated with both MAKE30 (OR: 2.56, 95% CI: 1.13–5.79; p = 0.024) and new‐onset or worsening AKI (OR: 2.52, 95% CI: 1.17–5.41; p = 0.019). There was no association between hyperchloremia and either MAKE30 (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.43–2.69; p = 0.882) or new‐onset/worsening AKI (OR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.38–2.09; p = 0.781). Conclusion: Hypochloremia, but not hyperchloremia, was associated with MAKE30 in this cohort of critically ill patients with sepsis. Trial Registration: Clinical Trial Registry identifier: CTRI//2022/02/040519 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) are regarded as a substitute for Portland cement. They have high chloride resistance and a low carbon dioxide footprint. The aim of this review is to provide a multi-scale perspective to understand material–product–microstructure–property relationships in terms of the chloride binding behaviour of AAMs. The physical and chemical chloride stability of different reaction products is summarised from nanostructure, to microstructure to macro properties. An analysis of studies in the literature gives an overview of recent progress in chloride transport in AAMs influenced by different reaction products. Results show that a higher calcium/silicon, aluminium/silicon molar ratios and alkali content increase the formation of amorphous phases, leading to a denser microstructure and lower chloride penetration in AAMs. Higher magnesium oxide and aluminium oxide contents result in increased formation of hydrotalcite. The enhanced physical and chemical absorption of chloride by hydrotalcite leads to higher resistance of chloride penetration in AAMs. Investigation of increasing chloride resistance could potentially focus on increasing gel and hydrotalcite formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper is an active electrocatalyst for various energy conversion reactions, but its performance depends on the structure of the active surface sites. In this work, we propose a simple strategy to tailor both the roughness and the active site's geometry of copper. To modify the surface of copper, we oxidize and reduce a copper polycrystalline electrode in 0.1 M solutions containing both sodium fluoride and sodium chloride with different chloride/fluoride molar ratios: (0.1‐x) M NaF+x M NaCl. To address the anion effect on the changes in surface geometry, we recorded the voltammetric fingerprints of the modified electrodes using lead underpotential deposition (UPD). The voltammetric analysis suggested that while chloride induces (n10) sites, fluoride promotes an increase in the active surface area and the growth of low‐coordinated sites with (110) or (111) geometry. Solutions containing both fluoride and chloride anions induced (n10) motifs covered by nanometric clusters, as observed by scanning electron microscopy, forming a highly defect‐rich surface. Our work provides a direct link between electrochemical response and ex‐situ structural characterization, and compares, in detail, the effect of chloride and fluoride on the surface nanostructuring of copper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe degradation of cement-stabilized soil foundations in coastal environments is primarily caused by the corrosive effects of chloride and sulfate ions. While Nano-SiO2 enhances the mechanical properties of cemented soil, it may also increase brittleness, affecting safety and cost-effectiveness. Polypropylene fibers improve ductility by inhibiting crack propagation but contribute minimally to strength enhancement. To optimize performance, this study employed 3.6% Nano-SiO2 and 0.8% polypropylene fibers. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests indicate that with increasing curing time, erosion from Cl− and SO42− significantly increases the brittleness of Nano-modified cemented soil, with compressive strength initially rising and then declining. The incorporation of polypropylene fibers further enhances both compressive strength and deformation modulus. At 60 days of curing, the composite cemented soil exhibits strength improvements greater than the sum of the individual gains in various environments, with compressive strength increases of 248.9, 159.9, and 102.9% in freshwater, chloride, and sulfate conditions, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses indicate that excessive expansion products from Cl− and SO42− reduce Nano-SiO2’s effectiveness. The C-S-H gel fills the indentations on the fiber surface and tightly envelops it, while Nano-SiO2 further enhances the mechanical interlocking between the fibers and the matrix, thereby improving durability in marine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Electrolyte disturbances are common in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly affecting sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium levels. This study aims to provide insights into these disturbances within the first 24 h post-injury. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 50 TBI patients, excluding those with conditions affecting electrolyte balance. Electrolyte levels were measured, and correlations with demographic data, trauma mechanisms, imaging findings, and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores were analyzed. Results: The results indicated that chloride levels inversely correlated with GCS scores (ρ = −0.515; p = 0.002), suggesting that elevated chloride may indicate severe neurological impairment. Potassium levels were significantly associated with subdural hematoma (p = 0.032) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (p = 0.043), highlighting their potential as markers for severe brain injuries. No significant associations were found between sodium or calcium levels and the studied variables. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of early monitoring of chloride and potassium levels in TBI patients to improve management and outcomes. Future research should focus on larger, multi-center studies to validate these findings and develop comprehensive guidelines for managing electrolyte imbalances in TBI patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slimming cure for severely damaged supports in underground parking in Bonn Beneath the Bundesstraße 56 in Bonn, there is an underground parking garage that spans three sub‐levels and offers 425 parking spaces. Access is available via Annagraben street and a ramp under the Sterntorhaus. A tram line runs above the underground garage. Constructed in the 1960s, the garage supports loads from heavy traffic and the tram through massive columns into the ground. Due to significant contamination of the concrete with chlorides, especially in the columns, extensive refurbishment of the parking garage is required. Moreover, the concrete coverage, particularly on the columns, is significantly insufficient. The parking space widths of 2.20 m are very user‐unfriendly, refurbishment by increasing the concrete coverage is not feasible. For this reason, it has been decided to completely remove the affected columns, total 154 pieces. and reconstruct with smaller dimensions. The recalculation of the top reinforced concrete ceiling was verified according to the "Guideline for the Recalculation of Existing Road Bridges." Traffic load and earth overfill were precisely measured. The deck's sufficient load‐bearing capacity was proven. New columns will be connected bluntly and not monolithically with the existing decks, which requires a recalculation of the concrete structure. A precast solution was discarded due to insertion problems. Due to fire protection requirements, a reinforced concrete solution was preferred. The investigation shows that the proposed solution is viable and complies with fire safety standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life cycle assessment of repair variants according to TR‐IH depending on the degree of damage The aim of this publication is the life cycle assessment of repair measures acc. to TR‐IH (Technical guideline Maintenance of concrete structures) on the basis of a case study. Here, a fictitious two‐storey underground car park is considered, the floor slab of which is uncoated and whose false ceiling has numerous separation cracks. On the basis of common chloride diffusion models, the temporal chloride penetration into the floor slab and thus the temporal development of the degree of damage can be estimated. Depending on the degree of damage, permissible repair methods are selected acc. to TR‐IH and their necessary individual measures are defined, which in turn are linked to Global Warming Potential (GWP). Thus, depending on the age of the component at the time of repair, the GWP for various repair procedures can be determined. In a further step, practical assumptions for operation and maintenance are made so that the GWP of the repair procedures can be determined over the remaining service life depending on the time of repair. The calculation results show that early repairs lead to a low GWP. In addition, careful repair procedures without major interventions in the structure (methods 7.7, 7.8 or 8.3) lead particularly to low GWP. If one compares Cathodic Protection (CP) with method 7.2, CP is linked to a significantly lower GWP for crack repair, or if electricity from renewable energies is used during service life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A main constraint of hydroponics is the need for high-quality water. This study evaluated the viability of reverse osmosis concentrate backflush, or reject water, as a water source for hydroponic lettuce production. We compared the growth of ‘Casey’ butterhead lettuce produced using nutrient film technique hydroponics with municipal (tap) water (TW), reverse osmosis (RO) water, and reject water from an RO system [wastewater (WW)]. Characterization of water sources showed the following: RO had trace minerals; TW had the greatest potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg); and WW had greatest sulfur (S), sodium (Na), and chloride (Cl). No water source had detectable heavy metals. Mineral and heavy metal tissue contents were determined at mid-harvest and end-harvest, and nutrient budgets for nitrogen (N), S, Ca, Mg, Na, and Cl were calculated. Water sources did not impact lettuce growth during the 4-week hydroponic production cycle based on leaf greenness, diameter, fresh weight, or dry weight. In the nutrient reservoirs, Ca and Mg increased over time and were greatest in TW. The Cl and Na levels in WW were 106 and 203 mg·L-1, respectively, and the electrical conductivity (EC) of this treatment increased to 3.5 dS·m-1 after 4 weeks; however, plant water uptake, water use efficiency, and percent moisture loss were unaffected. In shoot tissue, lettuce grown with WW had less Ca at mid-harvest and less Mg at mid-harvest and end-harvest compared with other treatments, suggesting antagonization of uptake by high salt. Tissue S was not different across treatments; however, there were differences in reservoirs of the water sources as S accumulated more from WW. Tissue Na and Cl levels were different among the treatments, and higher amounts in nutrient reservoirs translated to higher uptake by lettuce. Although the heavy metal content in all water sources was <0.01 ppm, arsenic, lead, and chromium were measured in lettuce tissue at levels that exceed recommended limits in most instances. Our results indicated that a water source of RO reject water from municipal feed water is a viable irrigation option for shortterm hydroponic production of butterhead lettuce; however, EC reduction in the nutrient solution would be necessary when continuing sequential cropping [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a critical review of the reasons behind the initiation of this project to find a more sustainable, cost efficient, and safer form of chloride extraction that would result in stabilisation of archaeological copper and its alloys with tin and zinc. The imperative has become increasingly strident with cutbacks in funding for museum conservation facilities and with the reduction in staff, leaving less time for routine analyses of traditional immersive washing treatments that could take several years to effect. Owing to the faster oxidation and reduction kinetics of copper, compared with tin and zinc ions, the problems of uncontrolled corrosion of copper alloys in a chloride-rich environment have led to unacceptable levels of decay in heritage collection items. This study looked at the chloride extraction rates under subcritical conditions for both primary and secondary chloride-rich mineral species nantokite, clinoatacamite, and atacamite and determined the impact of changing the solution pH from 8 to 10, while also addressing the impact of temperature. The range of temperatures between 130 and 230°C was assessed at 50°C intervals at both levels of acidity of the leaching liquors. For the nantokite treatment, the formation of a cuprite patina which replaced the waxy-grey initial corrosion products was regarded as a bonus. The nature of the patina and changes in surface textures resulting from the treatment are critically reviewed and a series of recommendations for future work are included in the conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gramicidin-perforated patch-clamp technique is indispensable for recording neuronal activities without changing the intracellular Cl− concentration. Conventionally, gramicidin contained in the pipette fluid is delivered to the cell membrane by passive diffusion. Gramicidin deposited on the pipette orifice sometimes hampers giga-seal formation, and perforation progresses only slowly. These problems may be circumvented by delivering a high concentration of gramicidin from an intra-pipette capillary after a giga-seal is formed. We herein describe the detailed protocol of this improved method. This protocol would greatly facilitate the investigation of Cl− gradient-dependent neuronal activities. [Display omitted] • Analyses of Cl--dependent activities require gramicidin perforated-patch recordings. • Gramicidin in the pipette fluid hampers giga-seal formation. • Gramicidin in the pipette fluid slowly diffuses to the examined cell's membrane. • Gramicidin delivery via an intra-pipette capillary circumvents these problems. • This method enables perforated-patch recordings without difficulty and cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the surface of steel was coated with a Mg-Al-pAB-LDH coating in order to enhance its corrosion resistance in the marine environment. The crystal structure, micro-morphology, and chemical composition of the Mg-Al-pAB-LDH coating were characterised using physicochemical techniques. The corrosion protection performance in a simulated marine environment was evaluated through electrochemical methods. The results indicate that the Mg-Al-pAB-LDH coating effectively adsorbs chloride ions from the environment, thereby increasing the corrosion potential of the steel in chloride environments and reducing its corrosion current density. In addition, the Mg-Al-pAB-LDH coating applied to the surface of steel not only enhances the corrosion resistance in the marine environment but also possesses self-healing capabilities in areas of local damage to the steel surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various sources of pollution have been assigned as contributing to the Freshwater Salinization Syndrome (FSS), by which water bodies are undergoing concurrent salinization and alkalinization. In many urban areas that receive substantial snowfall, road salt application has been ascribed as the main source of chloride driving the FSS. In rural areas, however, inorganic (e.g. chemical) and organic (e.g. manure) fertilizer applications have been found to be the most important sources of chloride. Herein, we compared daily mean concentrations of chloride over the past decade of time between Coldwater Creek and Chickasaw Creek, two tributaries of Grand Lake St. Marys, the largest reservoir in Ohio. We also used Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season (WRTDS) analyses to visualize trends in chloride data and compared chloride vs. nitrate levels to delineate likely sources of chloride for the two streams. We found that road salt application increased over time in both subwatersheds and that 37% and 25% of the chloride could be apportioned to road salt as a source in Coldwater Creek and Chickasaw Creek, respectively. Additionally, in Coldwater Creek, 37% of the chloride was apportioned to animal or septic sources, while 25% was apportioned to inorganic fertilizers, in comparison with 30% and 42% for Chickasaw Creek. Monitoring and assessing salinized streams for both chemical and biological water quality is important, particularly since the FSS has become increasingly linked to declines in water quality (e.g. harmful algal blooms, including recent upticks in Prymnesium parvum blooms) and is expected to be exacerbated with global climate change (e.g. increased precipitation causing increased runoff of chloride from the land). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of hydration status on the change in sweat sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl−), and potassium (K+) concentrations during exercise‐heat stress. Fifteen subjects (Six female, nine male; 29 ± 9 y; 71 ± 14 kg) completed 90 min of cycling (81% HRmax) in the heat (~33°C, 42% rh) with fluid replacement to maintain euhydration (EUH) or without fluid to dehydrate to 2.4 ± 0.4% body mass loss (DEH). Sweat was collected from the forehead (FH), right scapula (SCAP), and left (LVFA) and right (RVFA) ventral forearms using the absorbent pad technique at the beginning (0–30 min) and end of exercise (60–90 min). Sweat was analyzed for Na+, Cl−, and K+ concentrations using ion chromatography. Data are reported as mean ± SD or median ± IQR. There were no differences (Paired t‐tests or Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests) between EUH and DEH in the change in sweat Na+ (FH: 24.3 ± 21.5 vs. 30.8 ± 22.4 mmol/L; SCAP: 9.7 ± 6.2 vs. 9.6 ± 8.2 mmol/L; LVFA: 7.5 ± 6.0 vs. 5.6 ± 5.9 mmol/L; RVFA: 8.2 ± 8.6 vs. 7.8 ± 5.2 mmol/L), sweat Cl−, or sweat K+ at any site (p = 0.07–0.99). The change in sweat electrolyte concentrations during 90 min of exercise in the heat was not significantly influenced by mild dehydration in recreational to moderately‐trained male and female athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanostructures that can undergo redox reactions have significant potential for electrochemical analysis. They can act as signal amplifiers to determine concentrations of targets in biological samples. In this work, a rational combination of electroactive copper‐based metal‐organic frameworks (Cu‐MOFs) and ferrocene carboxylic acid (Fc) was designed for ratiometric electrochemical detection of creatinine. The synthesized Fc@Cu‐MOFs exhibited two redox signals from the Cu2+/Cu+ and Fe3+/Fe2+ systems in the skeleton of Cu‐MOFs and Fc, respectively. In the presence of chloride (Cl−), the oxidation current of Cu+ increased due to formation of solid‐state cuprous chloride (CuCl). Adding strong Cu+ chelators, e. g. creatinine, coordinated with Cu+ and caused the current output of solid‐state CuCl to decrease significantly. The anodic current of Fc did not appreciably change, serving as an internal reference signal. The ratiometric responses (ICu(I)/IFc) changed with increasing concentrations of creatinine from 0.017–130 μM with a detection limit (S/N=3) of 0.005 μM. The main advantages of Fc@Cu‐MOFs are the low LOD, high selectivity, and reliability, making it a suitable platform for determining creatinine in human serum and urine samples. The as‐fabricated sensor is a reliable approach for determining (bio) molecules that can form stable complexes with Cu+ ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt intake reduction is a global concern. In particular, Japanese consume higher amounts of salt than those of other ethnicities. The sodium content is mentioned on the label of industrially prepared dishes with an intention of reducing salt intake. This study aimed to evaluate the difference between the actual sodium content and labeled salt value of industrially prepared Japanese single dishes. Samples labeled "estimated" were collected and classified as Japanese, Western, and Chinese cuisines. The sodium content ranged from 180 to 1011 mg/100 g. The sodium content was higher than their reported values in other countries. Specifically, Chinese dishes contained high amounts of sodium, although the chloride content was similar across cuisine styles. Further, the molar ratio (i.e., sodium/chloride) had no significant effect on the difference between the actual content and labeled value. The measured salt contents were 20% higher than the labeled values. The results of decision tree analysis indicated that if the labeled salt value of stir‐fried foods is determined by calculation, the actual sodium content is much higher than the labeled salt value. These findings are crucial for customers, dietitian, and researchers as they refer to the labeled salt value to determine the sodium content of industrially prepared foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retinoids are known to improve the condition of the skin. Transepithelial transport of sodium and chloride ions is important for proper skin function. So far, the effect of applying vitamin A preparations to the skin on ion transport has not been evaluated. In the study, electrophysiological parameters, including transepithelial electric potential (PD) and transepithelial resistance (R), of rabbit skin specimens after 24 h exposure to retinol ointment (800 mass units/g) were measured in a modified Ussing chamber. The R of the fragments incubated with retinol was significantly different than that of the control skin samples incubated in iso-osmotic Ringer solution. For the controls, the PD values were negative, whereas the retinol-treated specimens revealed positive PD values. Mechanical–chemical stimulation with the use of inhibitors of the transport of sodium (amiloride) or chloride (bumetanide) ions revealed specific changes in the maximal and minimal PD values measured for the retinol-treated samples. Retinol was shown to slightly modify the transport pathways of sodium and chloride ions. In particular, an intensification of the chloride ion secretion from keratinocytes was observed. The proposed action may contribute to deep hydration and increase skin tightness, limiting the action of other substances on its surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity tolerance requires coordinated responses encompassing salt exclusion in roots and tissue/cellular compartmentation of salt in leaves. We investigated the possible control points for salt ions transport in roots and tissue tolerance to Na+ and Cl– in leaves of two contrasting mungbean genotypes, salt‐tolerant Jade AU and salt‐sensitive BARI Mung‐6, grown in nonsaline and saline (75 mM NaCl) soil. Cryo‐SEM X‐ray microanalysis was used to determine concentrations of Na, Cl, K, Ca, Mg, P, and S in various cell types in roots related to the development of apoplastic barriers, and in leaves related to photosynthetic performance. Jade AU exhibited superior salt exclusion by accumulating higher [Na] in the inner cortex, endodermis, and pericycle with reduced [Na] in xylem vessels and accumulating [Cl] in cortical cell vacuoles compared to BARI Mung‐6. Jade AU maintained higher [K] in root cells than BARI Mung‐6. In leaves, Jade AU maintained lower [Na] and [Cl] in chloroplasts and preferentially accumulated [K] in mesophyll cells than BARI Mung‐6, resulting in higher photosynthetic efficiency. Salinity tolerance in Jade AU was associated with shoot Na and Cl exclusion, effective regulation of Na and Cl accumulation in chloroplasts, and maintenance of high K in root and leaf mesophyll cells. Summary statement: Salinity tolerance in mungbean is related to its ability to intercept Na and Cl in roots, thereby reducing Na and Cl transport to shoot, effectively regulate Na and Cl accumulation in chloroplasts, and maintain high K in root and leaf mesophyll cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All terrestrial vertebrate life must transition from aquatic gas exchange in the embryonic environment to aerial or pulmonary respiration at birth. In addition to being able to breathe air, neonates must possess functional sensory feedback systems for maintaining acid–base balance. Respiratory neurons in the brainstem act as pH sensors that can adjust breathing to regulate systemic pH. The central pH sensitivity of breathing‐related motor output develops over the embryonic period in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Due to the key role of chloride ions in electrochemical stability and developmental plasticity, we tested chloride's role in the development of central pH sensitivity. We blocked gamma‐aminobutyric acid‐A receptors and cation‐chloride cotransport that subtly modulated the low‐pH effects on early breathing biorhythms. Further, chloride‐free artificial cerebrospinal fluid altered the pattern and timing of breathing biorhythms and blocked the stimulating effect of acidosis in E12–14 brainstems. Early and middle stage embryos exhibited rebound plasticity in brainstem motor outputs during low‐pH treatment, which was eliminated by chloride‐free solution. Results show that chloride modulates low‐pH sensitivity and rebound plasticity in the zebra finch embryonic brainstem, but work is needed to determine the cellular and circuit mechanisms that control functional chloride balance during acid–base disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrosion of pre-passivated Cr10Mo1 steels in simulated concrete pore solution of saturated Ca(OH)2 induced by different corrosive ions were investigated, namely Cl−, SO2- 4, and combination of Cl− and SO2- 4. Electrochemical methods, Pourbaix analysis of Fe–Cr–H2O system and DFT calculation were adopted to characterize corrosion behavior and reveal underlying mechanism. Results showed that while sulfate may induce corrosion at higher threshold value, the scenario of chloride alone leads to lowest corrosion potential, linear polarization resistance and highest corrosion rate, and the presence of SO2- 4 ions mitigate corrosion risk under the coexistence condition of chloride and sulfate. A two-step reaction model of competitive adsorption-catalytic corrosion was proposed based on theoretical analysis and DFT calculation results.

Background Urine electrolyte assessment is vital for diagnosing and managing neonatal conditions. However, the challenge of urine collection in neonates has resulted in a lack of standardized urine electrolyte reference values. Aim This study seeks to explore the reference levels and potential trends in serum and urine electrolytes to better understand how the kidneys handle these substances. Methods Healthy neonates were prospectively enrolled following normal births. Using biochemical methods, blood and urine samples were collected and analyzed on the 1st and 5th postnatal days. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. Results This prospective study enrolled 55 healthy neonates. Significant changes in serum electrolyte concentrations were observed between the 1st and 5th days after birth. Notably, sodium, creatinine, urea nitrogen, and uric acid levels decreased, whereas potassium, calcium, and phosphate levels increased. Urine analysis revealed significant increases in the tubular maximum phosphate reabsorption per glomerular filtration rate and decreases in the fractional excretion of potassium and uric acid by Day 5. Conclusion This study challenges prevailing assumptions about the stability of neonatal urine electrolytes and highlights dynamic changes in the first postnatal week. These insights lay the groundwork for further research into electrolyte disorders in newborns and have potential implications for improving neonatal care practices.

Abstract Groundwater is a vital source of water for human and agricultural use in many parts of the world. The purpose of this research was to establish the quality of groundwater in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, as well as the human health concerns associated with it. We collected and examined groundwater samples for pH, EC, TDS, CaCO3, fluoride (F−), chloride (Cl−), sulfate (SO4 2−), and nitrate (NO3 −). The ion chromatography conductometric detection method was constructed to determine fluoride, chloride, sulfate, and nitrate in groundwater. The suggested method worked well for the anions that were being studied; it had a high coefficient of determination (r2 > 0.998) and average recoveries for all analytes that were between 97.5% and 99.0%, with a range of error of 0.77 to 2.37%. Fluoride concentrations were detected between 0.001 and 0.14 mg/L, which are within the acceptable limit by several organizations. Chloride was measured in the range of 17.1 to 966.5 mg/L, with some samples above the limits. The influence on sulfate ranged from 2.0 to 1136.0 mg/L, with several samples exceeding the limits. In contrast, with nitrate levels ranging from 1.4 to 5.0 mg/L, the majority of the samples fall within the acceptable range. The overall intake of fluoride, chloride, sulfate, and nitrate is 0.00605, 138.911, 65.515, and 1.19, respectively, which is lower than the recommended daily consumption except for chloride. The groundwater sample contains fluoride and nitrate with HQ values less than one: 0.000064–0.0641 and 0.033654–0.120192. Humans in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, do not pose a health risk when digesting or absorbing groundwater fluoride or nitrate.

Chloride penetration is one of the main causes of failure of reinforced concrete structures, especially in undersea tunnels, which is also accompanied by stress and seepage-induced calcium leaching. The chloride penetration resistance of concrete under the single and dual effects of stress and calcium leaching were investigated in this work. The microscopic mechanisms were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The results showed that the chloride diffusion depth and chloride content increased linearly with the stress level in the tensile zone and decreased linearly in the compressive zone; the change was more obvious in the tensile zone. At stress levels of 15%, 30% and 45%, the diffusion depth in the tensile zone increased by 11.4%, 36.6% and 43.5%, respectively, while the change ratios of chloride content were 1.2%, 11.2% and 19.4%. No significant synergistic effect between stress and calcium leaching on the chloride diffusion depth was found, but the effect on chloride content was obvious, especially when the tensile stress level was below 15% and the compressive stress level was above 30%, for which the differences caused by considering the synergistic effect or not were approximately 6% and 15%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloride transport is one of the most serious problems facing reinforced concrete structures, and coatings can effectively block the intrusion of chloride ions. In order to evaluate the resistance of coatings to chloride ion erosion more quickly and accurately, based on the transport mechanism of chloride and water in coated concrete, a two-dimensional mesoscale model of concrete containing coating, aggregate, and matrix was established in this paper. In response to the transport mechanism of chloride ions in coated concrete, a coupled convection–diffusion numerical model considering the binding effect of chloride, temperature effect, and hydration effect is established. The idealized service life conditions of the coating are introduced, and the influence of coating type, coating thickness, and coating service life on the distribution of erosive agents inside the coated concrete is analyzed. After analysis and research, it is recommended that coating concrete exposed to 3.5% NaCl erosion use a film-forming coating with an expected life of more than 10 years and a coating thickness of at least 1.5 mm, preferably chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) and chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper, an essential metal for the energy transition, is primarily obtained from chalcopyrite through hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical methods. The risks and harmful impacts of these processes pose significant concerns for environmental and human safety, highlighting the need for more efficient and eco-friendly hydrometallurgical methods. This review article emphasizes current processes such as oxidative leaching, bioleaching, and pressure leaching that have demonstrated efficiency in overcoming the complicated chalcopyrite network. Oxidative leaching operates under benign conditions within the leaching media; nevertheless, the introduction of oxidizing agents provides benefits and advantages. Bioleaching, a non-aggressive method, has shown a gradual increase in copper extraction efficiency and has been explored using both primary and secondary sources. Pressure leaching, known for its effectiveness and selectivity in copper extraction, is becoming commercially more viable with increased research investments. This research also provides important data for advancing future research in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Electrolyte disturbances are common in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly affecting sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium levels. This study aims to provide insights into these disturbances within the first 24 h post-injury. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 50 TBI patients, excluding those with conditions affecting electrolyte balance. Electrolyte levels were measured, and correlations with demographic data, trauma mechanisms, imaging findings, and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores were analyzed. Results: The results indicated that chloride levels inversely correlated with GCS scores (ρ = −0.515; p = 0.002), suggesting that elevated chloride may indicate severe neurological impairment. Potassium levels were significantly associated with subdural hematoma (p = 0.032) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (p = 0.043), highlighting their potential as markers for severe brain injuries. No significant associations were found between sodium or calcium levels and the studied variables. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of early monitoring of chloride and potassium levels in TBI patients to improve management and outcomes. Future research should focus on larger, multi-center studies to validate these findings and develop comprehensive guidelines for managing electrolyte imbalances in TBI patients.

The durability of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) in the marine environment is mainly influenced by chloride attack. In this paper, the chloride transport law in RAC with different recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) contents was investigated by dry-wet cycling tests considering RCA volume fractions. A five-phase randomly convex polygonal aggregate model was built through a self-compiled program and then a mesoscopic numerical method was established by finite element software development. The proposed numerical model was validated by experimental results and data from other scholars. The impact of interfacial transition zone (ITZ), RCA, new mortar and old mortar were studied. The results showed that: 1) As the thickness of ITZ grows, the chloride diffusion coefficient increases in RAC. When the thickness of the ITZ rises from 25 µm to 100 µm, the chloride diffusion coefficient rises by 37%; 2) The diffusion coefficient of ITZ and mortar have a positive impact on the diffusion of chloride ion in RAC; 3) The chloride diffusion coefficient of RAC is positively correlated with the volume fraction of RCA (VRCA). The chloride diffusion coefficient increases by 102.0% as the VRCA increases from 0% to 50%. The proposed mesoscopic model not only effectively simulates the chloride attack process but also can be used to simulate other ionic attack behaviors and mechanical properties of RAC.

Nature performs critical physiological functions using a series of structurally and functionally diverse membrane proteins embedded in cell membranes, in which native ion protein channels modify the electrical potential inside and outside the cell membrane through charged ion movements. Consequently, the cell responds to external stimuli, playing an essential role in various life activities, such as nerve excitation conduction, neurotransmitter release, muscle movement, and control of cell differentiation. Supramolecular artificial channels, which mimic native protein channels in structure and function, adopt unimolecular or self‐assembled structures, such as crown ethers, cyclodextrins, cucurbiturils, column arenes, cyclic peptide nanotubes, and metal‐organic artificial channels, in channel construction strategies. Owing to the various driving forces involved, artificial synthetic ion channels can be divided into artificial cation and anion channels in terms of ion selectivity. Cation selectivity usually originates from ion coordination, whereas anion selectivity is related to hydrogen bonding, ion pairing, and anion‐dipole interactions. Several studies have been conducted on artificial cation channels, and several reviews have summarized them in detail; however, the research on anions is still in the initial stages, and related reviews have rarely been reported. Hence, this article primarily focuses on the recent research on anion channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chloride transfers during continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) have not been adequately described and may differ based on CRRT technique. We aimed to measure chloride mass transfer (JS,Cl) during CRRT and identify associated determinants. Methods: We performed a two-centre, prospective, observational study in France and Australia in ICU patients with CRRT initiated for <24 h. Patients received continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) or continuous veno-venous haemodialysis (CVVHD, with citrate-CaCl2 regional anticoagulation). Over a 24 h period, plasma and effluent chloride concentrations were measured every 4 h to compute chloride mass transfer (JS,Cl, in mmol.min-1) using a modality-specific model, with negative value indicating chloride transfer towards the patient. Secondary outcomes were the identification of CRRT settings associated with JS,Cl (using multivariate mixed effects regression). Results are presented with median (interquartile range). Results: Between February 2021 and August 2022, we enrolled 37 patients (64 [56–71] years, 67% male), for a total of 20 CVVHD and 20 CVVH sessions. Over 24 h, plasma chloride concentrations were significantly higher, and JS,Cl significantly lower during CVVHD, compared to CVVH (−0.10 [−0.33 to 0.15] vs. 0.01 [−0.10 to 0.13] mmol.min-1, p < 0.05). With both modalities, net ultrafiltration (QUFNET) and plasma chloride concentrations were the principal determinants of JS,Cl, with higher QUFNET being associated with an increase in JS,Cl during CVVHD. Also, CVVHD sessions demonstrated a concentration gradient between the plasma and the effluent chamber of −6 [−9 to −4] mmol.L-1. Finally, CaCl2 reinjection during CVVHD accounted for 35% [32–60%] of total JS,Cl in sessions with a negative JS,Cl. Conclusion: Compared to CVVH, CVVHD with regional citrate anticoagulation was associated with greater chloride mass transfer to the patient and higher plasma chloride concentrations. This was due to high dialysate chloride concentrations and CaCl2 reinjection. This effect could only be controlled by high net ultrafiltration flow rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our interest in the design of heavy pnictogen‐based Lewis acids for anion trafficking across biological membrane mimics has led us to investigate trivalent bismuthenium cations as chloride anion transporters. Here, we describe two chlorodiarylbismuthines, elaborated on a peri‐substituted naphthalene backbone and stabilized by an adjacent thio‐ or seleno‐ether functionality that engages the bismuth center in a Ch→Bi interaction (Ch=chalcogen). These new derivatives are stable in aqueous environment and readiliy transport chloride anions across the membrane of phospholipid‐based vesicles loaded with KCl. In addition to establishing the use of such motifs in anion transport, this investigation shows that the Lewis acidity, lipophilicity, and thus chloride transport properties depend on the nature of the chalcogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Degradation efficiency of 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol (BCP) containing both chlorine and bromine substituents in Co/PMS process was investigated in the light of a wide range of substrate, oxidant, catalyst concentrations and pH value. The effects of chloride ion (Cl−) on degradation kinetics, total organic carbon (TOC) removal and intermediates formation during BCP depletion in Co/PMS system were studied. The kinetics results demonstrated that the dual effect of Cl− on BCP depletion in Co/PMS system due to different mechanisms involved. High concentrations of Cl− (>5 mM) can significantly promote the degradation of BCP, but did inhibit BCP mineralisation to a certain extent which was closely related to Cl− content. High degradation rates but lower mineralisation rates were found in the laboratory experiments, owing to the fact that BCP was mainly transformed to new halogenated intermediates instead of complete mineralisation. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) data verified that a series of chlorinated by-products were formed during BCP decomposition process involving of the participation of Cl−. The proposed degradation pathways of BCP and its derivatives in presence of Cl− were discussed on the basis of intermediate products including the undesirable halogenated by-products recognised by GC-MS. These results might offer some new perspectives on the transformation fates of BCP by utilising Co/PMS regent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The durability of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) in the marine environment is mainly influenced by chloride attack. In this paper, the chloride transport law in RAC with different recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) contents was investigated by dry-wet cycling tests considering RCA volume fractions. A five-phase randomly convex polygonal aggregate model was built through a self-compiled program and then a mesoscopic numerical method was established by finite element software development. The proposed numerical model was validated by experimental results and data from other scholars. The impact of interfacial transition zone (ITZ), RCA, new mortar and old mortar were studied. The results showed that: 1) As the thickness of ITZ grows, the chloride diffusion coefficient increases in RAC. When the thickness of the ITZ rises from 25 µm to 100 µm, the chloride diffusion coefficient rises by 37%; 2) The diffusion coefficient of ITZ and mortar have a positive impact on the diffusion of chloride ion in RAC; 3) The chloride diffusion coefficient of RAC is positively correlated with the volume fraction of RCA (V RCA). The chloride diffusion coefficient increases by 102.0% as the V RCA increases from 0% to 50%. The proposed mesoscopic model not only effectively simulates the chloride attack process but also can be used to simulate other ionic attack behaviors and mechanical properties of RAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a novel approach for chloride recognition utilizing multifunctional naphthalene‐based receptors. By strategically modifying the substitution patterns on tetrafluoropyridines, a series of new receptors with customized cavities and enhanced binding capabilities were developed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental studies combining NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry confirmed the efficacy of these receptors in capturing chloride ions. The relative chloride affinity order determined experimentally is in agreement with DFT predictions. The synergistic effect of anion‐π and C‐H…Cl interactions, mediated by the TFP groups, played a crucial role in achieving high binding affinity. This work provides valuable insights for designing future anion receptors with improved performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[FeFe] hydrogenases demonstrate remarkable catalytic efficiency in hydrogen evolution and oxidation processes. However, susceptibility of these enzymes to oxygen‐induced degradation impedes their practical deployment in hydrogen‐production devices and fuel cells. Recent investigations into the oxygen‐stable (Hinact) state of the H‐cluster revealed its inherent capacity to resist oxygen degradation. Herein, we present findings on Cl‐ and SH‐bound [2Fe‐2S] complexes, bearing relevance to the oxygen‐stable state within a biological context. A characteristic attribute of these complexes is the terminal Cl−/SH− ligation to the iron center bearing the CO bridge. Structural analysis of the t‐Cl demonstrates a striking resemblance to the Hinact state of DdHydAB and CbA5H. The t‐Cl/t‐SH exhibit reversible oxidation, with both redox species, electronically, being the first biomimetic analogs to the Htrans and Hinact states. These complexes exhibit notable resistance against oxygen‐induced decomposition, supporting the potential oxygen‐resistant nature of the Htrans and Hinact states. The swift reductive release of the Cl‐/SH‐group demonstrates its labile and kinetically controlled binding. The findings garnered from these investigations offer valuable insights into properties of the enzymatic O2‐stable state, and key factors governing deactivation and reactivation conversion. This work contributes to the advancement of bio‐inspired molecular catalysts and the integration of enzymes and artificial catalysts into H2‐evolution devices and fuel‐cell applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of nitrogen (N) fertilization is of fundamental importance in hydroponics. To reduce the supply of nitrate (NO3-) in fertigation recipes for Batavia lettuce crops grown in closed hydroponics, partial replacement of nitrate by chloride (NO3-/Cl-) at different ratios but with the same equivalent sum was experimentally tested. The experiment included four nutritional treatments in the replenishment nutrient solution, particularly T1; 0.7mMCl-/19mMNO3-, T2;2mM Cl-/17.7 mM NO3-, T3; 4 mM Cl-/15.7 mM NO3- and T4; 6 mM Cl-/13.7 mM NO3-. The results showed that reducing nitrate supply combinedwith equivalent increase in chloride application gradually reduced the gap between nitrate input and nitrogen uptake concentrations, with the smallest differences occurring in T4 treatment, which reduced the nitrate concentration in the drainage by 50%. The tested treatments led to very small variations in plant water uptake, production of fresh biomass and nutritional quality, which is justified by the proper functioning of key physiological mechanisms, such as stomatal conductance, which was followed by an increased efficiency of nitrogen use up to 25% (kg fresh biomass kg-1 N supply). The steady level of C/N ratio in the plant tissue irrespective of NO3-/Cl- supply ratio points to sufficiency in photosynthetic products and adequacy in the supply of nitrogen, although leaf Cl- content increased up to 19.6 mg g-1 dry weight in the lowest NO3-/Cl- treatment. Nutrient uptake concentrations were determined as follows: 13.4 (N), 1.72 (P), 10.2 (K), 3.13 (Ca), 0.86 (Mg,mmol L-1), 27.8 (Fe), 5.63 (Mn), 5.45 (Zn) and 0.72 (Cu, mmol L-1). This study suggests that replacing 30% of NO3- supply with Cl- in fertigation recipes for hydroponic lettuce crops reduces leaf nitrate content without affecting physiological processes, growth, and quality, verifying in parallel the role of chloride as a beneficial macronutrient. Finally, a relationship between Cl- uptake and its concentration in the root zone solution was established enabling the simulation of chloride towater consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversion mechanism of chlorine at different calcination temperatures was investigated by using a high-temperature horizontal tube furnace to simulate the collaborative disposal process of cement kilns. The samples were characterized and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy, ion chromatography, etc. The results indicate that the calcination temperature has a significant impact on the distribution of chlorine during the collaborative disposal process of cement kilns. At high temperatures, chlorides can react with the main compounds in cement clinker, including calcium, silicon, aluminum, and iron, forming chloride solid solutions, thereby reducing the solubility of chlorine. And the higher the calcination temperature, the greater the proportion of chlorine entering the flue gas and fly ash. At the same time, the migration pathway of chlorine and its impact on the structure of cement clinker were revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large uncertainties of electrochemical input parameters, along with their variation with chemical environment and time, can significantly affect the accuracy of simulations and oversimplify the nonuniform corrosion distribution over time. To bridge the gap, this study investigated the effects of chloride ion concentration, humidity, and concrete mix on the electrochemical parameters through a long-term experiment of natural corrosion. The results revealed that the logarithmic anodic and cathodic exchange current density are almost constant values of −4.80 and −5.49 , respectively. The cathodic equilibrium potential slightly fluctuates around 253 mV versus the saturated calomel electrode. The increase in chloride ion concentration above 0% generally leads to a reduction in the anodic Tafel slope, while the absolute cathodic Tafel slope remains almost constant when chloride ion concentration exceeds 1.214%. Due to the distinct controlling mechanisms of corrosion, the effects of chloride and water-to-cement ratio on the electrochemical parameters are susceptible to the humidity level of concrete. Interestingly, at 90% humidity, the corrosion potential may shift negatively for a lower water-to-cement ratio, resulting in a decrease in the anodic Tafel slope. Nevertheless, a lower corrosion rate can still be anticipated. Employing the Butler–Volmer equation and Nernst equation, semiempirical models were constructed by representing the effects of humidity with piecewise functions. The accuracy has been validated through experimental data from both this work and previous studies. The results and empirical models of this study provide reasonable electrochemical input parameters for simulation of nonuniform corrosion and the evolution over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durable and sustainable corrosion protection of reinforcing steel in waterway structures Corrosion damage due to hitherto widely unknown damage mechanisms, the critical review of previous design principles, but also new developments in building materials are leading to a reorientation in the design of measures to ensure the durability of hydraulic engineering structures with regard to reinforcing steel corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technetium-99 (99Tc) is found in aqueous environmental systems (due to nuclear testing, reprocessing, and accidents), where it can coexist with halides. While Tc(VII) is the primary oxidation state under oxic conditions, Tc(IV) can also be present in the environment. Accurate knowledge of the complexation of Tc(IV) species with Cl– improves understanding of Tc behavior in the environment. Results of batch solvent extraction experiments indicate that a single chloride complex is formed in solution from an exothermic reaction with a negative entropy. Computational results support classifying an outer-sphere complex between the Tc(IV) species and chloride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under salt stress, plants are forced to take up and accumulate large amounts of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−). Although most studies have focused on the toxic effects of Na+ on plants, Cl− stress is also very important. This study aimed to clarify physiological mechanisms underpinning growth contrasts in canola varieties with different salt tolerance. In hydroponic experiments, 150 mM Na+, Cl− and NaCl were applied to salt-tolerant and sensitive canola varieties. Both NaCl and Na+ treatments inhibited seedling growth. NaCl caused the strongest damage to both canola varieties, and stress damage was more severe at high concentrations of Na+ than Cl−. High Cl− promoted the uptake of ions (potassium K+, calcium Ca2+) and induced antioxidant defence. Salt-tolerant varieties were able to mitigate ion toxicity by maintaining lower Na+ content in the root system for a short period of time, and elevating magnesium Mg2+ content, Mg2+/Na+ ratio, and antioxidant enzyme activity to improve photosynthetic capacity. They subsequently re-established new K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ balances to improve their salt tolerance. High concentrations of Cl salts caused less damage to seedlings than NaCl and Na salts, and Cl− also had a positive role in inducing oxidative stress and responsive antioxidant defence in the short term. Both sodium chloride and sodium salt treatments inhibited the growth of canola seedlings. Sodium chloride imposed the most damage, and chloride salts the least. Under treatment with sodium chloride and sodium salt, the canola variety Huayouza 62 grew best, by maintaining lower sodium content in the root system, higher magnesium content, and a greater ratio of magnesium to sodium to improve photosynthetic capacity. Chloride salts had a positive role in inducing oxidative stress and responsive antioxidant defence in canola seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the temperature dependence of IN718 corrosion behavior in 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution, comparing conventionally rolled (Roll) and SLM-manufactured (SLM) samples. While both exhibited degradation with increasing temperature, the Roll sample presented a significantly higher susceptibility to corrosion by increasing the temperature from 25 to 70 °C. Rapid corrosion current density (icorr) of the Roll sample, which increased from 0.25 to 1.3 μA cm2, suggested the preferential γ-matrix dissolution and microgalvanic attack triggered by Laves phases and carbides acting as preferential dissolution sites. Conversely, the SLM sample showcased less segregation and fewer carbide phases due to its high cooling rate, resulting in a milder icorr rise (0.45–0.6 μA cm2). The findings hold promise for a more comprehensive understanding of IN718 performance and can guide the selection of optimal fabrication methods for components exposed to corrosive and high-temperature environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At low pH, red blood cells (RBCs) are unable to maintain their disc shape and become stomatocytes. At the same time, at pH 5.0 of a sulphate medium, under conditions of mechanical mixing of the cell suspension, RBCs are partially retransformed into discoid forms, whereas in a chloride medium (pH 5.0) this transformation is observed to a high degree. This indicates that the chloride-binding sites of RBC membranes may be an additional link in the regulation of the shape of RBC under conditions of mechanical action on the cell suspension. The work investigated the change in the RBC shape at a normal pH value (7,4) due to the replacement of Na2SO 4 in the medium with NaCl and recording an increase in the intensity of fluctuations in optical density (OD), as an indicator of an increase in the level of discoid cells (normocytes) in a stirred cell suspension. It has been 3 established that in a medium containing Na2SO4 (110 mmol/l), RBCs are transformed into small stomatocytes within ~20 s. With an increase in NaCl concentration in the range of 15-105 mmol/l, an increase in the level of discoid cells is noted. Increasing the NaCl concentration from 105 to 150 mmol/l, on the contrary, causes a decrease in the level of discoid cells. With the exception of mechanical mixing in a medium with NaCl concentrations of 30-90 mmol/l, RBCs are morphologically stomatocytes. Whereas in a medium containing 150 mmol/l NaCl, RBC are represented by disc-echinocytes and echinocytes. The results obtained show that mechanical mixing of the cell suspension promotes the retransformation of stomatocytic RBCs into discoid forms. The weakening of the retransforming efficiency of mixing with an increase in the NaCl concentration in the medium from 105 to 150 mmol/l and the development of echinocytosis at 150 mmol/l NaCl indicates the existence of 2 types of sites for chloride. Сhloride binding to type 1, at a NaCl concentration in the medium of 15-105 mmol/l, leads to the establishment of discoid forms of RBC. Chloride binding to type 2 sites, at a NaCl concentration in the medium of 105-150 mmol/l, leads to the development of echinocytosis. The retransforming property of mechanical stirring may be associated with a change in the degree of chloride binding to these types of sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the corrosion behavior and microstructural changes in seventeenth-century cast iron cannons exhibited at the Archaeological Museum in Goa. Chipped samples from four cannons underwent analysis for surface morphology, microstructure, and elemental composition using optical microscopy, SEM-EDX, and X-ray diffraction. FTIR spectroscopy was employed to identify the molecular structure of organic compounds, metal oxides, and oxyhydroxides on the surface. The findings reveal that the pearlite matrix of the cast iron contains graphite flakes, leading to a distinctive form of graphitic corrosion on the cannon surface. Highly localized graphitic corrosion areas on the surface have resulted in pits or series of pits, posing a potential risk to the structural integrity of the cannons over time. The study identifies the presence of chloride as a contributing factor to the corrosion process, working in tandem with graphitic corrosion of the cast iron. Understanding these corrosion mechanisms is crucial for developing strategies to ensure the long-term preservation of these historical artefacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2017, there has been a considerable increase in the recorded sea salt aerosol (SSA) levels across the United States, particularly the economically critical Baltimore–Washington Corridor (BWC). This unexpected escalation, as reported in the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) annual air quality report, has generated worries about the potential effects on air quality, public health, and regional climate dynamics. However, this technical note demonstrates that the apparent rise in SSA levels is mostly due to a change in the EPA's Chemical Speciation Network's (CSN) approach to measuring these aerosols. In 2017, the CSN switched from utilizing chlorine to chloride as a tracer for SSAs. Speciation data for this region show that chloride concentrations are often an order of magnitude greater than chlorine concentrations, explaining the significant increase in SSA levels following the methodological modification. The absence of a similar spike in SSA levels at the nearby IMPROVE site, which has been consistent with its methodology, provides more evidence to corroborate this conclusion. These findings demonstrate the importance of methodological consistency and openness in environmental monitoring networks. Clear documentation of such changes is critical to avoiding data misunderstanding, which might lead to the development of incorrect public health and environmental policies. We advocate for continued collaboration among researchers to establish standardized measuring procedures and data analysis tools to accommodate and clarify methodological changes, resulting in accurate environmental evaluations and informed decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New DGZfP guideline B14: Quantification of chloride in concrete using LIBS In the maintenance of reinforced concrete structures, the chloride content in the concrete is an important parameter in determining suitable repair measures. Established methods to date are based on wet chemical analysis of concrete samples; drill flour or ground segments of drill cores. These methods provide one chloride content per depth segment, which is associated with a strong homogenisation of the sample, resulting in a loss of details of the chloride differences in the range of a few millimetres. An alternative method is the laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), which not only enables the quantitative, spatially resolved determination of the chloride content in relation to the cement mass, but also provides detailed information on the distribution of many other chemical elements simultaneously. Usually the spatial resolution is in the range of a few millimetres but can be increased to 0.1 mm or smaller if needed. The new guideline B14 "Quantification of chloride in concrete using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)" of the German Society for Non‐Destructive Testing (DGZfP) regulates and standardises for the first time the procedure to ensure a reliable and reproducible determination of chloride contents using LIBS. This article introduces the guideline and illustrates the potential of LIBS for issues in concrete maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the prevalence of blood chloride (Cl) abnormalities in diarrheic neonatal calves with metabolic acidosis and attempted to identify the most relevant electrolyte abnormality to these abnormalities. A retrospective analysis was conducted on the medical records of 157 diarrheic neonatal calves aged 10.3 ± 4.2 days old with metabolic acidosis. Hypochloremia, normochloremia, and hyperchloremia were observed in 8.9% (14/157), 43.3% (68/157), and 47.8% (68/157), respectively, of diarrheic calves with metabolic acidosis. This distribution remained similar regardless of age (under 8 days or 8 days and older). Furthermore, a multiple logistic regression analysis showed that variations in values for blood sodium [Na (regression coefficients 0.877; 95% confidence interval (CI) 13.977-134.195; P<0.01)], pH (regression coefficients -10.719; 95% CI -19.076--2.362; P<0.05), and bicarbonate [HCO3 - (regression coefficients -0.555; 95% CI -0.820--0.290; P<0.01)] were associated with blood Cl abnormalities. The present results revealed that blood Na concentrations were more strongly associated with blood Cl concentrations than blood pH and HCO3 - values. In the present study, diarrheic calves with hyperchloremia were characterized by normonatremia and extremely severe metabolic acidosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic waste salt is a high salt hazardous waste produced by the industrial processes. Presently, there is no viable method to reclaiming and treating this issue. Using the commercial pyrocatechol monois-propyl waste salt from the manufactured pyrocatechol monois-propyl ether, a process was developed for the synergistic extraction and purification of NaCl from pyrocatechol monoisopropyl ether (OP) salt leftovers by low-temperature roasting and wet techniques (acidic ambient chloride complexation and hydrogen peroxide oxidation). After treating OP waste salt with low-temperature pyrolysis (320 °C), acidic ferric chloride complexation (pH 2–3, 0.28% FeCl3), and neutral hydrogen peroxide oxidation (5% H2O2), the NaCl in the OP salt residue was purified and recovered with a purity of 98.80%. In addition, the aromatic hydrocarbons in the pyrolysis residue generated iron chloride complexes containing –OH or –COOH in the acidic system, which hastened the dissociation of the NaCl from the organic matter on the surface of the wasted salt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copper leaching presents an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional sulfide ore processing methods. This study investigates an efficient leaching process for copper concentrate, utilizing a solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and potassium iodide (KI) in a chloride medium (NaCl), enhanced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at room temperature. A significant aspect of this research was optimizing the KI concentration to minimize iodide sublimation into iodine gas (I2). Through the experimental design, the optimal dosages of reagents were determined, leading to maximized copper extraction of approximately 27% in 45 min of testing at room temperature. The results showed that it is possible to obtain a suitable pregnant leach solution (PLS) (i.e., in the range of 3 to 8 g/L of Cu) for treatment in available copper solvent extraction (SX) plants with a cost of less than 4.5 USD/t Cu, according to the economic analysis carried out. The results of this study determine the most effective operational conditions for leaching and ensure a suitable PLS for SX plants in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner. This approach could significantly contribute to more sustainable practices in the mining and processing of copper ores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]