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Environmental pollution and public health risks increase due to elevated metal levels in cigarettes throughout the globe especially in the developing countries. Herein, study is carried out to investigate the heavy metals and rare earth element contents in the popular cigarette brands (local and imported) in Pakistan. Twenty-six elements are measured in cigarette, tobacco, wrapping paper and filter (n = 168) sold in the Pakistan market in 14 brands of cigarettes using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The mean concentrations of Cr, V, Mo, Ni, Sn, As, Sb, Fe, Al, Mg, Ti and B (8.30, 0.22, 0.45, 1.85, 4.63, 1.32, 0.89, 378.01, 180.18, 2134.21, 6.53 & 22.20 μg/g), respectively, are slightly higher in local cigarette brands and the mean concentration of Co, Cd, Pb, Se, Sr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ca, K, Na, Y, Zr and Ba (0.49, 0.69, 1.58, 1.47, 71.03, 68.23, 32.69, 32.33, 2906.82, 7601.73, 962.31, 0.10, 1.04 & 35.19 μg/g), respectively, are slightly higher in imported cigarette brands. The concentrations of Pb, Ni, Cd, Co, Fe and Zn in local tobacco cigarettes are approximately comparable to concentration levels of metals in imported tobacco cigarettes sold in other countries. While a strong positive correlation was observed in Cr, Sn, Mn, Ba, Ni, Co, As and Sr, while K, Mo, Ti, Ca and Mo were negatively associated with other elements. In addition, this study also provides an important information on the elemental levels such as alkali metals (Na & K), alkaline rare earth metals (Mg, Ca, Sr & Ba), transition metals (Ti, V, Mo, Y & Zr), post-transition metals (Sn), metalloids (B & As) and reactive non-metal (Se) for the very first time in Pakistan in different components of cigarettes. We believe that this study will be beneficial to the prevention of public health hazards and the reduction of human health risks through tobacco consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the effects of e-cigarette tax policies on the sales quantities, prices, and sales revenues of e-cigarettes, cigarettes, and smoking cessation products (SCP). The data we use is weekly purchases from Nielsen Retail Scanner Data between 2011 and 2017. With a generalized synthetic control (GSC) identification strategy, we measure the average tax effects of multiple treated regions in various treated periods against the untreated control regions and the untreated periods. We reach an estimate of −3.567 for the own-price elasticity of e-cigarette demand and an estimate of 0.433 for the pass-through rate of e-cigarette taxes to price in all treated regions. Our results indicate that cigarettes and SCP are substitutes for e-cigarettes. We also discover that e-cigarette taxes show heterogeneous effects under different policy motivations, with the ad valorem taxes having a larger impact on e-cigarette demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Methods Results Discussion and Conclusions It is well established that a gradient exists among cigarette smokers, such that smoking is more prevalent among individuals who are of lower socio‐economic status (SES). In this study, we examined whether a similar SES gradient exists among electronic cigarette (e‐cigarette) using youth and adults in three Canadian jurisdictions.A secondary analysis of data from Ontario, Quebec and Yukon respondents (n = 58,592) to the 2017–2018 Canadian Community Health Survey was conducted. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models explored SES measures: total and relative household income, and education level, separately on use of e‐cigarettes or cigarettes in the past 30 days. Models adjusted for additional socio‐demographic and psychosocial covariates.A significant inverse SES gradient existed for cigarette smoking based on education and income variables, with higher education and income associated with decreasing consumption in a stepwise manner. No SES gradient was observed for e‐cigarettes.While a robust SES gradient was observed among cigarette smokers, no gradient for e‐cigarette use was observed. Explanations for these findings may be linked to perceptions that e‐cigarettes are healthier, have convenient designs and appealing flavours, and less stigmatised. As more becomes known about potential harms from e‐cigarettes, effective interventions may be needed to prevent the emergence of a gradient that disproportionately affects those at lowest income and education levels. Continued monitoring of e‐cigarette use patterns across SES groups is necessary for public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Korea has one of the highest suicide rates in the world. Many factors associated with suicidal thoughts or behaviors are known. This study examines the association between 1) smoking status or intensity (pack-years) and 2) risk of suicide mortality in South Korea. We analyzed data from 3,966,305 individuals aged ≥20 who underwent health examinations conducted by the South Korean National Health Insurance Service in 2009 and were followed until December 2021. Participants were categorized based on their baseline smoking status and intensity. We performed a Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis with subgroup analysis by age, sex, body mass index, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, and depression. During an 11.1-year follow-up period, 12,326 individuals died by suicide. Compared with never-smokers, increased hazard ratios of suicide mortality were observed in current smokers (1.64, 95 % CI = 1.56–1.72), but not in ex-smokers. The suicide mortality risk of current smokers increased for all types of smoking intensity without a dose–response relationship. The association between smoking and suicide mortality risk was stronger among women, non-drinkers, adults aged <40 years, non-obese patients, and individuals without depression. Given that the study used retrospective data, the causal relationship remains unclear. Current smoking is associated with a significant increased risk of suicide mortality. Smoking cessation is crucial to prevent suicide, especially among young adults, non-obese individuals, non-drinkers, women, and those without depression. Government policies in South Korea should focus on raising awareness about smoking hazards and providing cessation education to reduce the suicide mortality. • Smoking is an independently critical risk factor for increased suicide mortality. • Even current smokers with low pack-years are at a high risk of suicide mortality. • The association between smoking and suicide mortality risk was stronger among women and young adults. • Smoking cessation is crucial for reducing suicide mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to achieve a comprehensive evaluation of ash characterization of burning cigarette and make the evaluate results concrete, the gray scale, crack rate, shrinkage rate, width of char line, and uniformity of char line measurement results of 49 cigarettes were used as the primitive variables. Firstly, K-means clustering and fuzzy discriminant analysis were used to convert the primitive variables into concrete score data, then the weight of each indicator was assigned by critical weighting method, and a comprehensive evaluation method was established. The results indicated that converting the primitive variables into scores ranging from 60 to 100 with an average value of around 80 could make the evaluate results concrete and consistent with cognitive habits. The weight of the five indicators, from high to low, was as follows: crack rate (0.27) > shrinkage rate (0.25) > gray scale (0.18) > uniformity of char line (0.16) > width of char line (0.14). The comprehensive ash characterization of burning cigarette could be divided into three levels: excellent, good, and poor, the score range of each level was (85, 100], [75, 85], and [60, 75), respectively, the comparison of bar charts of representative cigarettes of different levels proved that the comprehensive score could objectively reflect the advantages and disadvantages of the ash characterization of burning cigarette. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies have explored the connections between tobacco use, sleep and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks in adults, but no study has examined the link between tobacco use and sleep among adults with CVDs. This study explores the association between tobacco use (cigarette only, e-cigarette only, and dual use) and poor sleep duration among adults with CVDs. Methods: A sample of 47,180 US adults with CVDs (myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, or stroke) was drawn from the 2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) cross-sectional survey. Poor/inadequate sleep (< 7 h/24-hour) was defined based on National Sleep Foundation recommendations. Logistic regression models assessed tobacco use status across seven categories (i.e., non-use [reference], current [past-month use] cigarette only, current e-cigarettes only, current dual use, former cigarette only, former e-cigarette only, and former dual use) with inadequate sleep, adjusting for demographics and health conditions. Results: Overall, 40% of US adults with a history of CVD reported inadequate sleep. Current cigarette, e-cigarette, and dual use were associated with a relatively higher proportion of inadequate sleep duration. Unweighted findings revealed a significant association between current cigarette use (OR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.26–1.44), e-cigarette use (1.40 [1.19–1.63]) and dual use (1.50 [1.27–1.77]) and increased odds of reporting inadequate sleep among adults with CVDs. Weighted analysis showed only a significant link between current cigarette use and inadequate sleep (1.34 [1.17–1.54]). Conclusions: Current cigarette use is associated with poor sleep in adults with CVDs. Unweighted findings suggested a similar association for e-cigarettes. Interventions targeting smoking cessation may offer promising avenues for improving sleep health and reducing the burden on adults with CVDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of khat, alcohol, and cigarettes during pregnancy is a serious public health problem associated with harmful outcomes for the fetus and the mother's health. Studies that investigated khat, alcohol, and cigarettes usage during pregnancy yielded varied and contradictory results. This study used a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence and associated factors of khat, alcohol, and cigarettes use among pregnant women in Africa. Methods: A review of eligible studies was conducted using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. This review has been registered in PROSPERO with protocol ID CRD42021289074. Literature published in English from January 1, 2002 to November 30, 2021 was retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane, HINARI, African Journal Online, and Science Direct databases. The quality of included articles was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute's (JBI) critical appraisal checklist. The I2 statistic and Cochran's Q test were used to assess the presence of heterogeneity between studies. To assess publication bias, a funnel plot and Egger's regression test were utilized. The random effect model was used to estimate the summary prevalence and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) of risk factors for khat, alcohol, and cigarettes use. Results: Out of the 1509 studies identified, 71 met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of khat chewing, alcohol drinking, active smoking, and secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy was 18.93%, 22.20%, 11.85%, and 43.45%, respectively. The subgroup analysis by UN sub-region showed the highest pooled prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy in Middle Africa (25.69%) and the lowest in Northern Africa (1.10%). Several factors were identified as risk factors for alcohol use, including low educational level, younger age women, pre-pregnancy alcohol use, unplanned pregnancy, history of abortion, poor social support, mental distress, poor knowledge on alcohol risks, and partner alcohol use. Conclusion: This review indicated that the pooled magnitude of khat, alcohol and cigarette use during pregnancy was higher in Africa. Substance use screening and brief interventions (SBI) should be routinely delivered in antenatal care settings to reduce pregnant women's substance use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal is the property of World Health Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the causes and risk factors of colorectal cancer (CRC) in a Turkish population, focusing on various modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors. Methods: A hospital-based case-control design was employed to compare individuals with CRC (cases) to individuals without CRC (controls). Male and female participants were recruited from the surgery, internal medicine, and outpatient departments. The study encompassed socio-demographic data, clinical information, radiological diagnoses, and biochemical measurements. Univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were used to determine associated risk factors of CRC. Results: The study included 704 individuals with CRC and 704 controls. Significant socio-demographic disparities were observed between the groups, with over 30% of the cases having lower levels of education and income compared to the controls. Lifestyle factors such as obesity, higher rates of smoking (cigarettes and hookah) and alcohol consumption were more prevalent among cases than controls. Further significant associations were identified with intestinal inflammation, obesity, processed food consumption, and symptoms such as abdominal pain, cramps, diarrhea, constipation, blood in stool, bloating, irritable bowel syndrome, nausea/vomiting, anemia, stress, fatigue, weakness, and weight loss. Diet analysis revealed that individuals with CRC consumed more red meat, processed and fast foods along with less pulses and vegetables. Genetic predispositions and exposure to chemicals also correlated strongly with increased CRC risk. Multivariable regression analysis identified, nausea/vomiting, constipation, intestinal disease, genetics factor, hookah-nargileh use, history of any cancer, family history of bowel cancer, constipation, cigarette smoking, stress, milk-yogurt consumption, obesity and red meat consumption as significant determinants for CRC. Conclusion: CRC risk is influenced by dietary, lifestyle, and genetic factors. Awareness of hereditary risk and participation in screening are crucial. Lifestyle changes, such as avoiding smoking, hookah, and alcohol use, and adopting a healthy diet, are essential for prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBackgroundObjectivesMethodsResults Individuals who use both cigarettes and e-cigarettes may have multiple nicotine product use self-identities, each of which may be associated with patterns of use, including cessation.This study examined changes in “smoker” and “vaper” identities and product use behaviors over one year among adults who used both cigarettes and e-cigarettes. We hypothesized that stronger baseline vaping identities would be associated with higher odds of smoking cessation, and stronger baseline smoking identities would be associated with continued cigarette use.Participants (N = 364), who were recruited for an observational study of cigarette and e-cigarette use, completed measures of “smoker” and “vaper” identity, nicotine dependence, and product use at baseline and 12 months. We examined associations between smoking and vaping identities and tobacco product use. Logistic regression evaluated the effects of age, gender, and baseline smoking and vaping identities on continued smoking or abstinence at 12 months.Smoking and vaping identities were independent at baseline (p = .51) but associated at 12 months (p = .0001). At 12 months, “ex-smokers” had higher e-cigarette use than “smokers” and “social/occasional smokers” (p <.0001). Those who identified as “vapers” at baseline had lower odds of smoking at 12 months (OR = 2.27, “non-/ex-vaper” vs “vaper”; OR = 2.05, “social/occasional vaper” vs “vaper”).Smoking and vaping identities are associated with changes in tobacco product use over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tobacco kills half of its users and globally every year around 8 million deaths are attributable to tobacco use. All forms of tobacco are harmful and there is no safe level of exposure to tobacco but cigarette smoking is the most common and notorious since it kills not only its users but also the innocent passive bystanders. Objectives: The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of cigarette use, minimum length of cigarette (nicotine portion) to quench the craving, level of nicotine dependence along with their stage of change (in behaviour to quit tobacco use) and also to find out its determinants among males above 15 years residing in the urban field practicing area of a Public Health Institute. Materials and methods: A community based observational, crosssectional study was conducted in a slum of West Bengal. Data was collected as per a pre-designed and pre-tested schedule adapted from GATS India Questionnaire. Males above 15 years of age residing in the study area were interviewed during house-to-house visit. Results: A total of 352 study participants were interviewed. 38.4% of study participants consumes cigarettes on a regular basis. Study participants with a positive family history of tobacco use are 2.1 times (95% CI: 1.3, 3.4) more probable to use cigarettes. Half of the population are in stage of precontemplation and 43.7% of them are having high level of nicotine dependency. 66.7% of them do not need to consume the full length of a cigarette to quench their craving. Those with younger age of initiation (OR 5.35 95%CI:2.5,11.2) and consume full length of cigarette (OR 2.72, 95% CI: 1.3,5.7) are having more probability of high nicotine dependency than their counterparts. Odds of willingness to quit is significantly more among those who don't require full length of a cigarette even when adjusted with various covariates found significant in univariate regression. Conclusion: Length of the cigarettes (nicotine portion) may be reduced to at least half the size of present standard length to not only decrease the nicotine dependence but also to encourage quitting behaviour among the users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Third-hand smoke (THS) is residual smoke after extinguishing a cigarette and adhering to surfaces. Re-emission into the air also makes THS a health concern for those who suffer from respiratory diseases. The present study aimed to elucidate the mechanistic pathways involved in THS-induced respiratory toxicity and the accelerative potential of THS in an H2O2-induced oxidative stress model of human airway epithelia in vitro. Materials and Methods: THS extracted from terrycloth exposed to 3R4F cigarettes was assessed via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay to identify cytotoxicity. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was determined via 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) fluorescence intensity in a flow cytometer, and glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and catalase (CAT) activity were assessed spectrophotometrically. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) level was measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: THS 50% (v/v) with significant cytotoxicity in A549 cells upregulated intracellular ROS levels via a right-shifted fluorescence intensity of DCFDA compared with the control (p < 0.05), which was also amplified with H2O2 co-treatment. MDA levels remarkably increased with THS (p < 0.05). Both THS and THS + H2O2 led to notable GSH depletion, increased CAT activity, and increased IL-6 levels, which were attenuated by the negative control (N-acetylcysteine, 1mM) (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The induction of oxidative stress may be an important event in THS-induced airway toxicity that may contribute to the progression of respiratory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine use and frequency patterns across e-cigarettes, cigarettes, and little cigars, cigars, and cigarillos (LCCs) over time and determine whether patterns differ by race and ethnicity. Methods: Data was obtained from the Truth Longitudinal Cohort of youth and young adults between September 2020 and June 2022. Latent class and transition analyses were used to classify participants (N = 4448) into subgroups, based on frequency of tobacco product use in the past 30 days, and to estimate the probability of use pattern transitions by race and ethnicity, adjusted for the effects of gender, financial situation, parental education, household tobacco use, and sensation seeking. Results: Four latent classes were identified: former/noncurrent users, predominantly frequent to daily (FTD) e-cigarette users, predominantly FTD e-cigarette and LCC users, and predominantly FTD cigarette with polytobacco users. Use trajectories differed by race and ethnicity. A lower proportion of those who identified as non-Hispanic Black (60.0%) remained e-cigarette and LCC users, relative to those who identified as non-Hispanic White (86.0%), Hispanic or Latino (86.0%), and another race and ethnicity (79.0%). A lower proportion of those who identified as Hispanic or Latino (54.0%) and another race and ethnicity (59.9%) remained cigarette with polytobacco users, relative to those who identified as non-Hispanic White (76.0%) and non-Hispanic Black (72.0%). A greater proportion of non-Hispanic Black respondents transitioned from e-cigarette and LCC user to former/noncurrent user (40.0%) and polytobacco user to e-cigarette and LCC user (11.0%), relative to other racial/ethnic groups. Conclusion: More research is needed to determine why tobacco use trajectories differ by race and ethnicity. Such research will be important in informing comprehensive approaches that promote evidence-based prevention policies and programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tobacco Science & Technology is the property of Tobacco Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tobacco Science & Technology is the property of Tobacco Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

INTRODUCTION Quality of patient–provider communication regarding tobacco use may encourage cessation that could lead to improved health outcomes for mothers and children. However, currently there are no validated measures of frequency and quality of patient–provider communication about cigarettes and e-cigarettes. The objective of this study was to adapt and validate measures of frequency and quality of patient–provider communication about smoking and e-cigarette use among a sample of pregnant mothers who currently smoked. METHODS An online sample of US pregnant women who reported past 30-day smoking were recruited to complete a cross-sectional, online survey (n=267). An exploratory factor analysis examined the factor structure of four measures of frequency and quality of patient–provider communication about cigarettes and e-cigarettes among those who reported prior communication with their provider about cigarettes and e-cigarettes (n=170). Relationships between measures were explored, and a logistic regression explored each measure’s association with intention to switch from cigarettes to e-cigarettes. RESULTS Items measuring the frequency of communication loaded onto one factor for both cigarettes and e-cigarettes (α=0.88). Quality of communication loaded onto two factors for both cigarettes and e-cigarettes, termed active communication and internalized perception. Internalized perceptions of communication quality about cigarettes (β= -0.32, p<0.002), active communication (β=0.46, p<0.02), and internalized perceptions of communication about e-cigarettes (β= -0.36, p<0.001) were related to intention to switch, in separated models. CONCLUSIONS Quality conversations between healthcare providers and pregnant patients is likely more important for behavioral decision-making than the frequency of communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study examined the association between cigarette and heated tobacco product (HTP) use before and during pregnancy and after six months postpartum and premature breastfeeding cessation (within 6 months postpartum). An internet-based cross-sectional survey was conducted from July to August 2021 in Japan, and the data of 4,005 women who gave birth between January 2019 and February 2021 were analyzed. The Poisson regression model with robust error variance showed that pre-pregnancy cigarette-only (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR], 1.34; 95% confidence interval, [CI] 1.06 – 1.70) and combination users (i.e., cigarettes and HTPs) (aPR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.02 – 1.77) and quitters during pregnancy (aPR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.15 – 1.64) were more likely to cease breastfeeding prematurely than non-users. HTP-only users before (aPR, 1.32; 95% CI, 0.99 – 1.76) and during pregnancy (aPR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.61 – 1.92) had no association with premature breastfeeding cessation. The multinomial logistic regression model showed that premature breastfeeding cessation was associated with cigarette-only (adjusted relative risk ratios [aRRR], 2.17; 95% CI, 1.22 – 3.85) and combination-use (aRRR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.17 – 5.87) after 6 months postpartum. Women with cigarette or combination-use histories, despite quitting during pregnancy, tended to terminate breastfeeding prematurely, but this was not the case for HTP-only users.

Abstract Background The use of khat, alcohol, and cigarettes during pregnancy is a serious public health problem associated with harmful outcomes for the fetus and the mother’s health. Studies that investigated khat, alcohol, and cigarettes usage during pregnancy yielded varied and contradictory results. This study used a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence and associated factors of khat, alcohol, and cigarettes use among pregnant women in Africa. Methods A review of eligible studies was conducted using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. This review has been registered in PROSPERO with protocol ID CRD42021289074. Literature published in English from January 1, 2002 to November 30, 2021 was retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane, HINARI, African Journal Online, and Science Direct databases. The quality of included articles was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute’s (JBI) critical appraisal checklist. The I2 statistic and Cochran’s Q test were used to assess the presence of heterogeneity between studies. To assess publication bias, a funnel plot and Egger’s regression test were utilized. The random effect model was used to estimate the summary prevalence and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) of risk factors for khat, alcohol, and cigarettes use. Results Out of the 1509 studies identified, 71 met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of khat chewing, alcohol drinking, active smoking, and secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy was 18.93%, 22.20%, 11.85%, and 43.45%, respectively. The subgroup analysis by UN sub-region showed the highest pooled prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy in Middle Africa (25.69%) and the lowest in Northern Africa (1.10%). Several factors were identified as risk factors for alcohol use, including low educational level, younger age women, pre-pregnancy alcohol use, unplanned pregnancy, history of abortion, poor social support, mental distress, poor knowledge on alcohol risks, and partner alcohol use. Conclusion This review indicated that the pooled magnitude of khat, alcohol and cigarette use during pregnancy was higher in Africa. Substance use screening and brief interventions (SBI) should be routinely delivered in antenatal care settings to reduce pregnant women’s substance use.

Hookah smoking has grown to become a global tobacco epidemic. While cigarette smoking is a well-established cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor, the CVD risks of hookah smoking are unknown, particularly among regular U.S. adult hookah users who are predominantly non-daily users. Herein, we examined the association between hookah smoking and biomarkers of CVD risk among regular exclusive hookah smokers (n = 75), compared to regular exclusive cigarette smokers (n = 1773), dual hookah and cigarette smokers (n = 43) and never tobacco users (n = 757), using data from a nationally representative sample of adults from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (2013-2014). Whereas 84% of cigarette smokers reported daily use, only 8% of hookah smokers reported daily use, with more than a third reporting monthly use. Adjusting for age and sex and as compared to exclusive cigarette smokers, exclusive hookah smokers had significantly lower geometric mean concentrations in serum sICAM-1 and urinary F2-isoprostane (p

PurposeTemporal patterns of daily tobacco product use among ever users from the Truth Longitudinal Cohort (TLC) between 2018 and 2019 were explored.MethodsThe sample (N = 5274) includes individuals (15-36 years), residing in the United States, who had ever used any tobacco product at Wave 7 (February - May 2018) and provided tobacco use information at Wave 9 (September - December 2019).ResultsThere was a nonsignificant 1.1 percentage point increase in daily tobacco use (on at least 25 of the past 30 days), from 14.6% (95% CI: 12.8, 16.6) to 15.7% (95% CI: 13.8, 17.7). Tobacco product use remained stable over time, as 65.3% (95% CI: 56.4, 73.3) of daily cigarette smokers, 57.0% (95% CI: 43.6, 69.4) of daily e-cigarette vapers, and 8.5% (95% CI: 2.0, 29.3) of daily dual users stayed with their primary tobacco product. There was also some evidence of switching, as 7.5% (95% CI: 3.7, 14.8) of daily cigarette smokers became daily e-cigarette vapers and 2.3% (95% CI: 0.7, 6.8) of daily e-cigarette vapers became daily cigarette smokers.DiscussionAlthough most daily tobacco users were likely to continue using their primary product, some daily users transitioned to daily use of other products - suggesting that policies and public education focused on reducing overall nicotine use are essential for addressing the nicotine epidemic among young people.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are traumatic events that occur early in life and can have lasting effects on health and well-being. Previous research has linked ACEs to substance use in adulthood, but there is limited research on the underlying mechanisms or pathways of this relationship. This study explores whether depression mediates the relationship between ACEs and current substance use among U.S. adults. Data were obtained from the 2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (n = 30,978). Generalized Structural Equation Modeling was used to examine the links between ACEs, cigarette, e-cigarette, and marijuana use while adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Approximately 71 % of respondents reported experiencing at least one ACE. The findings show that depressive disorders mediate the relationship between ACEs and current substance use among U.S. adults. There was a significant indirect effect of ACEs on current cigarette use (OR = 1.13, 95 % CI [1.10, 1.16]), e-cigarette use (OR = 1.17, 95 % CI [1.12–1.22]), and marijuana use (OR = 1.22, 95 % CI [1.13, 1.33]) through the mediator of depressive disorders. Additionally, the most pronounced effects were found among those aged 18–24 years for cigarette use (OR = 1.32, 95 % CI [1.11, 1.56]), e-cigarette use (OR = 1.22 [1.09, 1.36]), and especially marijuana use (OR = 1.52 [1.18, 1.96]). These findings suggest that depression may be a key pathway from negative experiences during childhood to certain types of substance use in adulthood, particularly among young adults. • The study examines the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and substance use via depression. • Depression mediates ACEs' link to cigarette, e-cigarette, and marijuana use. • Significant results are most pronounced in young adults (18–24 years). • Depression appears to be a key pathway from ACEs to adult substance use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article evaluates the development of the tax burden on cigarettes in the Czech Republic from 1993 to the end of 2023. Tax burden is represented by effective tax rate. The research results show that the tax burden on these products is still increasing. Not only does the tax burden increase, but so does the price of these products. The regression analysis results show that quantities such as the price of cigarettes, the effective tax rate or the amount of cigarettes consumed are factories that positively influence tax revenue. Since the tax rate or the price of these products constantly increases, the tax revenue is also increasing. It increased almost six- fold over the entire analyzed period. At the same time, it was found that other factors, such as the average wage, also affect the tax revenue. It is necessary to consider that the cigarette consumption has been showing a downward trend in recent years. However, the reason is not only the increasing tax burden and the price of these products but also the transition of consumers to so-called e-cigarettes. A reduction in cigarette consumption may be reflected in the future by reducing healthcare costs, which will create potential reductions in public health insurance payments.

Abstract Tobacco smoking, a significant public health concern globally, is associated with a rise in noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and preventable deaths, with pronounced impacts in conflict zones like Gaza. A cross-sectional study, conducted in 2020, in Gaza focused on individuals over 40 years of age, aiming to identify predictors of tobacco use and its links to diseases like coronary artery disease (CAD), chronic lung disease (CLD), and stroke using regression analysis. The research, based on the Gaza NCD study data with 4576 participants and a 96.6% response rate, found an overall tobacco smoking prevalence of 19.4%, with higher rates among men. After adjusting for various factors, the study identified significant associations between cigarette smoking in men and adverse health outcomes, such as CAD and CLD, with adjusted odds ratios (OR) of 1.67, 95% CI (1.22–2.29) and 1.68, 95% CI (1.21–2.33) respectively. However, after adjusting for independent variables, shisha smoking in men showed no association with these health outcomes. The findings of this study could assist other researchers in designing interventions aimed at reducing smoking prevalence by utilizing the associated factors identified in our analysis, such as age, education level, physical activity, and body mass index among men in Gaza.

Background:Wrong lifestyles such as smoking and drinking alcohol all lead to negative effects. Moreover, smoking is one of the most dangerous effects on people’s health, and it is considered one of the motives for slow suicide in humans, due to its consist deadly compounds and drinking alcohol has a dangerous effects too on people’s health. Objective:Is to estimate the variables at kidney function tests (uric acid, creatinine, and urea) and electrolytes like Na+, K+, and Cl−) in Iraqi male smokers. The major goal research is to check the variation on kidney function tests (uric acid, creatinine, and urea) and electrolytes like Na+, K+, and Cl−) in Iraqi alcoholic smokers males. Materials and Methods:This research carried out on 115 specimens of alcoholic smoker person’s sera bloods and nonalcoholic smoker persons from Iraqi males. Some kidney functions and electrolytes were determined included: uric acid, creatinine, and urea of kidney functions beside to sodium, potassium, and chloride of the electrolytes. Results:In this study, the results showed that affect smoking and alcohol consumption on kidney role was shown by the sera contents of urea, creatinine, uric acid, and urea values as it was observed that the sera contents of uric acid, creatinine, and urea were higher within alcoholic smokers persons compared with the blood specimens of the control group. The contents ranged of uric acid (5.99–9.25), creatinine (0.78–1.2), and urea contents were ranged between 26.3 and 30.03 of alcoholic smoker specimens. While the same markers in nonalcoholic smoker specimens (control group) were as following: uric acid (5.11), creatinine (0.69), and urea values (27.9) sequentially. Conclusion:There are a significant difference in serum Na+, K+, and Cl− in alcoholic smokers when compared to controls, also there are a significant difference in uric acid, urea, and creatinine levels.

Introduction This cohort study aimed to compare the effect of ultrasonic scaling on the expression of IL-1β in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) among ENDS users and non-smokers (NS) with gingivitis. Methods Self-reported current electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) users and NS with generalized gingivitis were included in this study. All the patients underwent scaling at the baseline visit (T0). Clinical measures, periodontal parameters [probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP)], and GCF IL-1β were measured at T0, after 1 week (T1) and after 3 weeks (T2). Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to assess the changes in the periodontal measurements and IL-1β levels at different time points and Mann–Whitney U Test was used to compare the two groups. Results A total of 38 individuals (18 NS and 20 ENDS users) participated in the study. The PD was significantly higher in ENDS users than in NS at baseline. However, the PI and BOP were similar in all groups at baseline. At T1, the PI was significantly lower for NS than for ENDS users (p=0.045). At T2, there were no significant differences in any of the parameters assessed between the two groups. For ENDS users, BOP was significantly lower at T1 than at baseline. For NS, the BOP at T1 and T2 and the PI at T1 were significantly lower than at baseline. There was no difference in the GCF IL-1β levels in NS and ENDS users at baseline, T1, and T2. At T2, there was a significant reduction in IL-1β (p

Abstract Background Indonesia is the country with the highest prevalence of smokers above 15 years old according to WHO, with a percentage of 76.2%. Smoking‐induced lung damage is characterized by inflammation, leading to the destruction of lung parenchyma and airway obstruction, ultimately worsening lung function parameters. This study aims to find correlation between cumulative dose of smoking based on Brinkman index (BI) with Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR). Methods This is a cross‐sectional correlative study conducted on January–March 2020. Data were collected through history taking and PEFR measured with a peak flowmeter by taking the average of three peak flowmeter measurements, each separated by a 2‐min interval. Inclusion criteria include male active smokers, aged 30 to 40 years, who have had a smoking history for at least 1 year. Exclusion criteria are as follows: uses e‐cigarretes for smoking, has a history of chronic lung diseases such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, post‐COVID‐19 syndrome, asthma, and has not smoked in the last 28 days. Results A total of 48 male smokers are included in this study. The mean age of participants was 35.91 years, with a history of smoking of 18.12 years, and 12.5 cigarettes smoked daily. Patients included in this study had BI classified as mild (47.91%), moderate (47.91%), and severe (4.16%). PEFR in patients was classified into green (10.41%), yellow (83.33%), and red (6.25%). Analysis showed significant negative correlation between BI and PEFR (r = −0.721; p

Introduction: E-cigarettes and heated tobacco products (HTPs) are gaining worldwide significance. The tobacco industry is promoting these products as healthier alternatives to conventional cigarettes. Methods: In this four-arm crossover study, we examined the acute effects of cigarette smoking, vaping IQOS, or vaping e-cigarettes (with or without nicotine) on hemodynamics, arterial stiffness, and small airways. Twenty subjects (10 male, 10 female), all occasional smokers, completed each study arm. There was at least a 48 h washout period before each test day. Arterial stiffness and peripheral and central hemodynamics were assessed using Mobil-O-Graph™ (I.E.M., Germany), whereas tremoFlo® c-100 (Thoracic Medical Systems Inc) was used to evaluate the effects on the small airways and resistance. Results: Cigarettes, IQOS, e-cigarettes containing nicotine, and nicotine-free e-cigarettes had similar effects on peripheral and central hemodynamics as well as on arterial stiffness. We observed a significant increase in all parameters. However, only nicotine-containing products lead to increased bronchial obstruction, higher reactance, and a higher tidal volume. Conclusion: Therefore, we concluded that cigarettes, IQOS, and e-cigarettes have similar effects on hemodynamics. No differences were observed between the nicotine-containing and nicotine-free e-cigarettes. All nicotine-containing products also influence small airways. These findings suggest that e-cigarettes and HTPs are not healthier alternatives than conventional cigarettes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appearance defects significantly impact cigarette quality. However, in the current high-speed production lines, manual inspection and traditional methods are unable to satisfy the actual demands of inspection. Therefore, a real-time and high-precision defect detection model for cigarette appearance, SCS-YOLO, is presented. The model integrates space-to-depth convolution (SPD-Conv), a convolutional block attention module (CBAM), and a self-calibrated convolutional module (SCConv). SPD-Conv replaces the pooling structure to enhance the granularity of feature information. CBAM improves the ability to pay attention to defect locations. Improved self-calibrated convolution broadens the network's receptive field and feature fusion capability. Additionally, Complete IoU loss (CIoU) is replaced with Efficient IoU Loss (EIoU) to enhance model localization and mitigate sample imbalance. The experimental results show that the accuracy of SCS-YOLO is 95.5% and the mAP (mean average precision) value is 95.2%. Compared with the original model, the accuracy and mAP value of the SCS-YOLO model are improved by 4.0%. Furthermore, the model achieves a detection speed of 216 FPS, meeting cigarette production lines' accuracy and speed demands. Our research will positively impact the real-time detection of appearance defects in cigarette production lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article evaluates the development of the tax burden on cigarettes in the Czech Republic from 1993 to the end of 2023. Tax burden is represented by effective tax rate. The research results show that the tax burden on these products is still increasing. Not only does the tax burden increase, but so does the price of these products. The regression analysis results show that quantities such as the price of cigarettes, the effective tax rate or the amount of cigarettes consumed are factories that positively influence tax revenue. Since the tax rate or the price of these products constantly increases, the tax revenue is also increasing. It increased almost six-fold over the entire analyzed period. At the same time, it was found that other factors, such as the average wage, also affect the tax revenue. It is necessary to consider that the cigarette consumption has been showing a downward trend in recent years. However, the reason is not only the increasing tax burden and the price of these products but also the transition of consumers to so-called e-cigarettes. A reduction in cigarette consumption may be reflected in the future by reducing healthcare costs, which will create potential reductions in public health insurance payments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Izmir Katip Celebi University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal / İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Health Sciene Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tobacco smoking, a significant public health concern globally, is associated with a rise in noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and preventable deaths, with pronounced impacts in conflict zones like Gaza. A cross-sectional study, conducted in 2020, in Gaza focused on individuals over 40 years of age, aiming to identify predictors of tobacco use and its links to diseases like coronary artery disease (CAD), chronic lung disease (CLD), and stroke using regression analysis. The research, based on the Gaza NCD study data with 4576 participants and a 96.6% response rate, found an overall tobacco smoking prevalence of 19.4%, with higher rates among men. After adjusting for various factors, the study identified significant associations between cigarette smoking in men and adverse health outcomes, such as CAD and CLD, with adjusted odds ratios (OR) of 1.67, 95% CI (1.22–2.29) and 1.68, 95% CI (1.21–2.33) respectively. However, after adjusting for independent variables, shisha smoking in men showed no association with these health outcomes. The findings of this study could assist other researchers in designing interventions aimed at reducing smoking prevalence by utilizing the associated factors identified in our analysis, such as age, education level, physical activity, and body mass index among men in Gaza. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors affecting the use of electronic cigarettes among university students. This cross-sectional study included 987 participants. The prevalence of electronic cigarette use among students was 5.4%, and the prevalence of trying electronic cigarettes at least once was 26.3%. Nicotine dependence levels of students who smoked electronic cigarettes were significantly high. Everyday electronic cigarette smokers commonly perceive traditional cigarettes to be more harmful. The rates of electronic cigarette use were significantly higher in males, those with high household income, those with a family history of traditional or electronic cigarette smoking, those who had smoked traditional cigarettes at least once in their lives, and those who were everyday cigarette smokers. Male sex and family history of electronic cigarette use were direct and effective predictors of everyday electronic cigarette use. The risk of everyday electronic cigarette use increased 7.91 times in the presence of electronic or traditional cigarette smokers in the family and 4.66 times in the presence of e-cigarette users in the family. The rates of electronic cigarette use and attempted electronic cigarette use were found to be high among university students. Awareness training and increased inspections and sanctions on the places where electronic cigarettes were purchased might prevent the growth of this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tobacco is one of the major causes of preventable deaths worldwide. Around the world, tobacco is one of the leading causes of tobacco-related cancer. Objectives: To estimate the proportion of tobacco use among tribal adolescents in Terai-Doars region, and to determine the related risk factors. Methodology: A school based cross-sectional study was conducted among 680 tribal adolescent students of government schools in Teria-Dooars region of West Bengal, from April 2022 to October 2022. After obtaining consent, data on socio-demographics and tobacco consumption were collected. Significance was tested using multivariable logistic regression. Results: The proportion of tobacco consumption among tribal adolescent students was found to be 45.7%. Male (58.1%) and female (28.2%) adolescents were found to be regular consumers. Male adolescents primarily prefer smokeless tobacco, with 58% starting their habit between 12-15 years age. Male adolescents preferred smokeless tobacco, with a significant proportion starting their habit between 12-15 years (58%). High consumption of Khaini (52.6%), Guthka (46.6%), and Cigarette (42.4%) is observed. Age (<0.001), sex (<0.001), religion (0.029), socio-economic level (0.004), and family history (0.003) significantly associated with tobacco consumption. Conclusions: Overall proportion of tobacco use was high among the tribal adolescents, with most starting smoking at an early age. The major risk factor that contributed was the family members' tobacco use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted in the Najaf Governorate, Iraq, to analyze biological samples from smokers and non-smokers. Blood serum, urine, hair, and nails as a biological sample at five age groups were chosen to determine alpha emitters (222Rn, 226Ra, 218Po, and 214Po) using a CR-39 detector. The results show that the average values of radon concentrations (Bq m−3) in blood serum, urine, hair, and nails for smokers were 54 ± 19, 63 ± 20, 33 ± 9, and 40 ± 12 respectively. While, the average values of radon concentrations (Bq m−3) in blood serum, urine, hair, and nails for non-smokers were 23 ± 6, 30 ± 6, 18 ± 5, and 20 ± 6 respectively. Age and smoking affect all alpha emitters, according to the study's conclusions and comparisons. Significantly higher alpha emitters were seen in smokers compared to non-smokers (p < 0.01). Alpha emitter levels were significantly variable among age groups (p < 0.01). In smokers, greater levels were significantly linked to exposure time (p < 0.01). Smokers had greater mean values of 222Rn, 226Ra, 218Po, and 214Po in biological samples than non-smokers. Thus, it may be said that cigarette smoking is used as a biomarker of the presence of alpha emitters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cigarette smoking is one of the most important life-modifiable risk factors for CVD events. The effect on CKD progression caused by smoking remained uncertain, while the effect on CVD had been established. Method: The study population included participants from the specific health check and specific health guidance, an annual health check-up for all inhabitants of Japan who were aged between 40 and 74 years. 149,260 subjects (male, 37.1%; female, 62.9%) were included in this analysis. Results: The relationship between smoking status along with new-onset proteinuria and eGFR deterioration more than 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 was examined. Median observation periods were 1427 days [738, 1813] in males and 1437 days [729, 1816] in females. In male participants, the strongest factor upon kidney dysfunction was new-onset proteinuria (1.41 [1.31 1.51], P < 0.001). The second strongest factor on kidney deterioration was smoking (1.24 [1.16 1.31], P < 0.001). In female participants, strongest factor upon kidney dysfunction was smoking (1.27 [1.16–1.39], P < 0.001). The second strongest factor on kidney deterioration was new-onset proteinuria (1.26 [1.17 1.36], P < 0.001). To reveal the relationship of effects from new-onset proteinuria and smoking on the kidney function, the participants were divided into four groups with and without new-onset proteinuria and smoking. The group with both proteinuria and smoking had significantly worst renal prognosis (P for trend < 0.001). Conclusion: Large longitudinal observation study revealed smoking has an evil effect on the progression of CKD. This evil effect could be observed in CKD patients with proteinuria as well as in general population without new-onset proteinuria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the coupling between cigarette paper and cut tobacco filler for a lit cigarette and its influences on the apparent combustion property of cigarette, a synchronous testing method for the instantaneous combustion rates of cigarette paper and cut filler was established based on thermal imaging method and the characteristic temperature method. The quantitative evaluation indexes of combustion coupling between cigarette paper and cut filler were proposed and measured, and the influencing mechanism of combustion coupling compatibility on the apparent combustion properties of cigarettes with different circumferences was analyzed according to the temperature variations of combustion cones. The results showed that: 1)There was no significant difference in the instantaneous combustion rates of cigarette paper and cut filler of three different circumference cigarettes during smoldering, while there was a significant difference during puffing. 2)The combustion of the cigarette was driven by the cut filler in the smoldering stage, while it was driven by the cigarette paper in the puffing stage. The smaller the circumference was, the higher the peak value of the puffing coupling degree and the worse the compatibility would be. However, since the total combustion coupling degree was close to 1.0, indicating that the serious imbalance of cigarette paper and cut filler combustion caused by puffing gradually recovered during a longer smoldering period. 3) The greater imbalance in the combustion of demi- and super-slim cigarettes was one of the main reasons for their higher cone-falling propensities. The accelerated heat transfer during cigarette combustion shortened the burn line formation and disappearance cycle, which made the burn lines narrower and more uniform. However, the accelerated heat transfer during cigarette combustion had a smaller effect on the ashing completeness of the combustion cone, so the ash color difference between cigarettes with different circumferences was relatively small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the differences in aroma structure of different types of cigarettes, the contents of 8 groups of aroma components in the total particulate matter (TPM) of 15 types of cigarettes were analyzed by GC-MS. The aroma activity values of each aroma component and the SOAV of each component group were calculated. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to analyze the different aroma groups of the cigarettes and to classify the cigarette samples. The results showed that: 1) The amount of aroma components released in the same group showed a strong common pattern. 2) The contribution weight of burnt-sweet aroma component group was the highest in the 8 groups of Chinese-style cigarettes. The contribution weight of the burnt-sweet aroma component groups decreased in the US blended cigarettes, and that of the British flue-cured type of cigarettes was between the Chinese-style cigarettes and the US blended cigarettes. 3) Chinese-style cigarettes could be effectively distinguished from the foreign cigarettes by PCA. HCA divided the cigarette samples into two categories, Chinese style cigarettes and foreign brands. Furthermore, HCA could separate No. 1 cigarette sample with special aroma structure and No. 11 and No. 12 cigarette samples from the other Chinese style cigarette samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cigarette smoking is one of the most important behavioral risk factors for chronic diseases. This study aimed to investigate socioeconomic inequalities in cigarette smoking (CS) among Iranian households. Concentration index (C) was calculated to measure socioeconomic inequality in smoking and number of smoked cigarettes per month among households using data from the income-expenditure survey of the statistical center of Iran (SCI) in 2017. To identify the contribution of socioeconomic and demographic variables to the measured socioeconomic inequality, the C index was decomposed using Wagstaff method. The results indicated that 19.89% (N = 7547) of the households were smoking cigarettes with an average number of 87.91 (SD = 235.22) per month. The C index was −0.009 for smoking households (95% CI = −0.023, 0.006) and 0.004 (95% CI = −0.011, 0.019) for the number of cigarettes smoked per month and were not statistically significant. Most of provinces had pro-rich inequality in prevalence and intensity of CS. The province of residence had the highest contribution to inequality in smoking (66.82%) followed by SES and age of the household head. The study concluded that the prevalence and intensity of cigarette smoking were more concentrated among low-SES groups. The strategies to control CS should be modified based on the province of residence, and socioeconomic inequalities in CS among households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capacitation involves tyrosine phosphorylation (TP) as a key marker. Lifestyle-related factors, such as obesity and smoking, are recognized for their adverse effects on semen quality and male fertility, yet the underlying mechanisms, including their potential impact on TP, remain unclear. Moreover, the effect of sperm cryopreservation on TP at the human sperm population level is unexplored. Flow cytometry analysis of global TP was performed on pre-capacitated, post-capacitated and 1- and 3-hours' incubated fresh and frozen–thawed samples from sperm donors (n = 40). Neither being overweight nor smoking (or both) significantly affected the percentage of sperm showing TP. However, elevated BMI and smoking intensity correlated with heightened basal TP levels (r = 0.226, p = 0.003) and heightened increase in TP after 3 h of incubation (r = 0.185, p = 0.017), respectively. Cryopreservation resulted in increased global TP levels after capacitation but not immediately after thawing. Nonetheless, most donors' thawed samples showed increased TP levels before and after capacitation as well as after incubation. Additionally, phosphorylation patterns in fresh and frozen–thawed samples were similar, indicating consistent sample response to capacitation stimuli despite differences in TP levels. Overall, this study sheds light on the potential impacts of lifestyle factors and cryopreservation on the dynamics of global TP levels during capacitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress (OS) results from an imbalance between the formation and detoxification of reactive species. Although reactive species at low or moderate levels play numerous physiological roles, high concentrations can lead to disturbances in signaling and metabolic pathways and cause different metabolic, chronic, and age-related disorders. Several endogenous and exogenous processes may lead to the formation of reactive species. The severity of OS can be reduced with the help of antioxidants. Tobacco is one of the most important environmental factors contributing to reactive species production. After cigarette smoking, waterpipe tobacco (WPT) smoking is ranked as the second most popular tobacco product. Its popularity is proliferating due to flavored products, social acceptability, etc. However, studies have shown that WPT smoking is associated with an increased risk of arterial stiffness, ischemic heart disease, and several cancer types. In this study, we aimed to review the most recent evidence on WPT smoking constituents and their association with OS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This cohort study aimed to compare the effect of ultrasonic scaling on the expression of IL-1β in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) among ENDS users and non-smokers (NS) with gingivitis. Methods: Self-reported current electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) users and NS with generalized gingivitis were included in this study. All the patients underwent scaling at the baseline visit (T0). Clinical measures, periodontal parameters [probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP)], and GCF IL-1β were measured at T0, after 1 week (T1) and after 3 weeks (T2). Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to assess the changes in the periodontal measurements and IL-1β levels at different time points and Mann–Whitney U Test was used to compare the two groups. Results: A total of 38 individuals (18 NS and 20 ENDS users) participated in the study. The PD was significantly higher in ENDS users than in NS at baseline. However, the PI and BOP were similar in all groups at baseline. At T1, the PI was significantly lower for NS than for ENDS users (p=0.045). At T2, there were no significant differences in any of the parameters assessed between the two groups. For ENDS users, BOP was significantly lower at T1 than at baseline. For NS, the BOP at T1 and T2 and the PI at T1 were significantly lower than at baseline. There was no difference in the GCF IL-1β levels in NS and ENDS users at baseline, T1, and T2. At T2, there was a significant reduction in IL-1β (p<0.05) than at baseline in both groups. Conclusions: Both ENDS users and NS with gingivitis responded similarly to scaling. GCF IL-1β levels were significantly higher at baseline (p<0.05) compared with their levels at T1 and T2 for both the groups. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered on the official website of ClinicalTrials.gov IDENTIFIER: ID NCT05745324 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Health-promoting environments are a key focus of the Ottawa Strategic Charter, which aims to enhance health in the workplace and reduce unhealthy behaviors among employees. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of health-promoting interventions on the habits of university staff in Southeastern Iran. Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted from 2020 to 2021 in Zahedan, Southeastern Iran. A total of 254 administrative staff from the University of Medical Sciences and Sistan & Balochistan University were selected using available randomized methods and divided into control and intervention groups. The study instrument was a researcher-designed questionnaire, which demonstrated a content validity ratio (CVR) of 0.8, a Content Validity Index (CVI) ranging from 0.83 to 0.97, and an internal consistency with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.85. The questionnaire was distributed online via the Porsline platform. For the intervention, training sessions were conducted online, and the session files and training booklet were made available to intervention group staff through the university's education system. A post-test was administered one month after the pretest. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21 software, with pretest results adjusted using chi-square and ANCOVA statistical tests. Results: The study found that the mean age of participants was 40.5 ± 7.4 years. Scores for employee knowledge, attitude, and behavior were 80.0 ± 16.4, 86.6 ± 22.8, and 80.8 ± 17.6, respectively. The most significant factors influencing attitudes were education (P < 0.001) and health status (P = 0.001). Type of employment (P = 0.025), work experience (P = 0.017), and health status (P = 0.037) were also significantly associated with behavior. After adjusting for pretest results, there were significant differences between the intervention and control groups in terms of scores for knowledge, attitude, and behavior (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The study concluded that employees with correct attitudes and healthy behaviors reported better health outcomes. Additionally, educational interventions effectively improved staff knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. To enhance health status, reduce employee disability, decrease absenteeism, and increase organizational productivity, it is recommended to plan and implement workplace health promotion programs focused on employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tobacco Science & Technology is the property of Tobacco Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Indonesia is the country with the highest prevalence of smokers above 15 years old according to WHO, with a percentage of 76.2%. Smoking‐induced lung damage is characterized by inflammation, leading to the destruction of lung parenchyma and airway obstruction, ultimately worsening lung function parameters. This study aims to find correlation between cumulative dose of smoking based on Brinkman index (BI) with Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR). Methods: This is a cross‐sectional correlative study conducted on January–March 2020. Data were collected through history taking and PEFR measured with a peak flowmeter by taking the average of three peak flowmeter measurements, each separated by a 2‐min interval. Inclusion criteria include male active smokers, aged 30 to 40 years, who have had a smoking history for at least 1 year. Exclusion criteria are as follows: uses e‐cigarretes for smoking, has a history of chronic lung diseases such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, post‐COVID‐19 syndrome, asthma, and has not smoked in the last 28 days. Results: A total of 48 male smokers are included in this study. The mean age of participants was 35.91 years, with a history of smoking of 18.12 years, and 12.5 cigarettes smoked daily. Patients included in this study had BI classified as mild (47.91%), moderate (47.91%), and severe (4.16%). PEFR in patients was classified into green (10.41%), yellow (83.33%), and red (6.25%). Analysis showed significant negative correlation between BI and PEFR (r = −0.721; p < 0.001) suggesting that increasing Brinkman Index may lead to a decrease in PEFR. Conclusion: Higher BI correlates with a decrease in PEFR. PEFR may prove to be useful in early detection of reduced pulmonary function. Further trials conducted on larger sample sizes and evaluating other lung function parameters are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Air Pollution & Health is the property of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

AimThis study aimed to investigate the causes and risk factors of colorectal cancer (CRC) in a Turkish population, focusing on various modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors.MethodsA hospital-based case-control design was employed to compare individuals with CRC (cases) to individuals without CRC (controls). Male and female participants were recruited from the surgery, internal medicine, and out-patient departments. The study encompassed socio-demographic data, clinical information, radiological diagnoses, and biochemical measurements. Univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were used to determine associated risk factors of CRC.ResultsThe study included 704 individuals with CRC and 704 controls. Significant socio-demographic disparities were observed between the groups, with over 30% of the cases having lower levels of education and income compared to the controls. Lifestyle factors such as obesity, higher rates of smoking (cigarettes and hookah) and alcohol consumption were more prevalent among cases than controls. Further significant associations were identified with intestinal inflammation, obesity, processed food consumption, and symptoms such as abdominal pain, cramps, diarrhea, constipation, blood in stool, bloating, irritable bowel syndrome, nausea/vomiting, anemia, stress, fatigue, weakness, and weight loss. Diet analysis revealed that individuals with CRC consumed more red meat, processed and fast foods along with less pulses and vegetables. Genetic predispositions and exposure to chemicals also correlated strongly with increased CRC risk. Multivariable regression analysis identified, nausea/vomiting, constipation, intestinal disease, genetics factor, hookah-nargileh use, history of any cancer, family history of bowel cancer, constipation, cigarette smoking, stress, milk-yogurt consumption, obesity and red meat consumption as significant determinants for CRC.ConclusionCRC risk is influenced by dietary, lifestyle, and genetic factors. Awareness of hereditary risk and participation in screening are crucial. Lifestyle changes, such as avoiding smoking, hookah, and alcohol use, and adopting a healthy diet, are essential for prevention.

The Dominican Republic (DR) has minimal national tobacco control strategies for youth tobacco use. This study seeks to understand how different patterns of tobacco use might occur in groups of Dominican youth. Methods: Using Latent Class Analyses, we analyzed the DR’s 2016 Global Youth Tobacco Survey dataset (N= 1,532), a nationally representative school-based survey. We examined two indicators (ever use, past 30-day use) of cigarettes, shishas, smokeless tobacco, and e-cigarettes. Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyze predictors of class membership. Results: Five subclasses of tobacco users were identified: non-users (58.44%), shisha experimenters (18.55%), poly-tobacco experimenters (10.66%), poly-tobacco users (8.57%), and smokeless tobacco with experimentation (3.79%). Compared to non-users, Shisha experimenters had higher odds of being male, having more spending money, and having observed someone smoking tobacco in their house. Poly-tobacco experimenters and Poly-tobacco users class had higher odds of having observed someone smoking tobacco in their house. Smokeless tobacco, with experimentation of other forms of tobacco, had higher odds of having observed someone smoking tobacco in their house and outside. Discussion: Our findings indicate that most tobacco users belong to the shisha experimenters or were multiple product experimenters/user classes. This suggests that tobacco control strategies should focus on multiple products and aim prevention efforts toward younger male students.