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This study highlights the value of grey literature in climate change research in the Philippines, emphasizing its essential role in understanding the issue within the country's unique socioeconomic and natural environment. A bibliometric analysis of publications in local journals reveals that various types and formats of grey literature are not merely supplementary but essential for communicating climate change, its effects, and adaptation strategies. Despite the prevalence of major publishers, a substantial amount of research in the country continues to be disseminated through local journals. However, these journals face significant challenges, including limited coverage in major databases and concerns about quality, which hinder their global recognition and impact. The findings recommend that the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) enhance the capacity of higher education institutions (HEIs) to improve the quality and credibility of local journals. This improvement would increase their visibility and reach, ensuring that the comprehensive body of Filipino research is preserved, recognized, and utilized in the global discourse on climate change. Consequently, this will foster a more inclusive and informed approach to understanding and addressing this global challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper underscores the role that structural barriers play in climate change research in Edinburgh, Scotland. By employing an intersectional gender analysis we stress how unequal power relations underly our understanding of climate change, influence the quality and nature of climate research and responses developed. Using semi-structured and unstructured interviews with women and men working in climate change, we identify the shared experiences of individuals who face gendered barriers in climate science and policy, examine their perception of privilege, and their consequent perceived success in climate change research. Our findings stress the relationship between the concept of meritocracy, the underrepresentation of women and marginalized groups in science, and the reproduction of systematic barriers to contribute to the climate debate.We stress the importance of relationships and networks in supporting and encouraging marginalized voices to succeed in participating in climate change research and science more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing parallels from design theory and climate change research, this Article explores the complexities of how law "sees" structural racism. Emphasizing the "wicked" nature ofthis social problem, the Article critically examines the roles ofresearchers and lawyers as they interact with disadvantaged and overburdened communities, underscoring how much existing power dynamics and systemic inequalities hamper their work. The Article proposes that these actors embrace a new paradigm of collaborative, nonextractive research practices to restructure the power dynamics of knowledge production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the field of climate change adaptation and mitigation studies, as in many other areas of Western science, there has often been a tendency to overlook and exclude marginalized populations in the course of scientific research (Forman and Pellow 2019). This can lead to incomplete knowledge and flawed solutions to complex problems such as climate change, which requires an understanding of the interconnectedness of ecology and society (Lubchenco et al. 2016). Close partnership with communities and resource user groups can expose those inaccuracies and enable better adaptation and mitigation strategies (Miller 2018; Mitchell 2020). A diversity of perspectives leads to a diversity of solutions (Redmond 2014), a critical tool in adapting to climate change. The purpose of this capstone project is to encourage researchers to develop a holistic perspective of the problem of climate change and give them the tools to incorporate community knowledge into their research and proposed solutions in an equitable manner. The end result, a training for researchers on engaging in equitable, collaborative work with communities, can be found here: https://humanecology.ucsd.edu/cooperative-research-for-climate-resilience/. There is no similar training at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and will be implemented by the faculty working group “Connecting Scripps to Communities.

Climate finance is the study of local and global financing of public and private investment that seeks to support mitigation of and adaptation to climate change. In 2017, the Review of Financial Studies launched a competition among scholars to develop research proposals on the topic with the goal of publishing this special volume. We describe the competition, how the nine projects featured in this volume came to be published, and frame their findings within what we view as a broader climate finance research program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is one of the biggest threats that the world is currently facing, and Kosovo is no exception. While climate action and related research have been rapidly growing worldwide, they are still at an infantile level in Kosovo. This study is a scientometric analysis of climate change related research in Kosovo, aiming to explore the evolution of the scientific output publication trend, current research focus, and promising ideas for future related research from a meta-perspective. Since specific climate change research in Kosovo is scarce, this study extends the scope of research output by encompassing related studies on sustainable development, environment, agriculture, forestry, spatial planning, transportation, buildings, energy, waste, air pollution, etc. Findings show that climate change related research in Kosovo has been growing, especially since 2014, with the main research output being published within the fields of environmental science, engineering, social science, and energy. Current climate change research is mainly focused on energy efficiency and emissions and pollution reduction (hence climate change mitigation), tackling issues in urban areas more than in rural ones. Following the business-as-usual scenario, Kosovo is expected to experience more frequent and intense extreme weather events, such as heat waves, floods, and droughts; therefore, related research and policymaking should have a greater focus on climate change adaptation as well. Since climate change research is transdisciplinary and bound to many uncertainties, this research emphasizes the importance of integrated approaches and science-based decision-making in better preparing for the future, building resilience, and shifting to green and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay thinks through citations as a technology of “epistepraxis” through three episodes of reflection: citational politics, citational practice in climate change research and selected works by South African poet Koleka Putuma. Throughout, I refer to my own experiences navigating citational practices in climate change research as part of my PhD research project, “The Politics and Poetics of Climate Change in South Africa and Nigeria”.

IntroductionWe developed a new approach for site index curve models that combines longitudinal height development patterns derived from state-space data with the broad environmental conditions covered by space-for-time data.MethodsFor this, we gathered dendrometry from both inventories and research plots. Concerning environmental variables, we included soil mapping data as well as atmospheric data, i.e., precipitation, temperature, and nitrogen deposition. The atmospheric data was included as a weighted mean over the stand life of the sums for the dynamically determined vegetation period or as yearly sums in the case of nitrogen deposition, respectively. As a weight, the values of a height increment function were used. Then, we derived the basic shape of a height development curve from research plot data and transferred said shape to a site index curve model.ResultsThe model represents a substantial advancement of a previous version and was fitted as a generalized additive model (GAM). All effects were of relevant size and showed biologically feasible patterns.DiscussionThough the model is biased for young ages, we could predict site index curves that, under constant environmental conditions, closely follow yield table curves and thus accurately depict stand height development. Moreover, the model does not require initial dendrometry, which broadens its applicability. Thus, the model represents a useful tool for forest management and planning under climate change.

Climate change is forcing governments and businesses to explore mitigation strategies to avoid future catastrophe. There is an urgent need to manage climate change risks in global supply chains. Following a systematic literature review and text mining approach, 90 interdisciplinary articles between the years 2005 and 2018 were studied. Thematic and descriptive analysis identifies sources, consequences and control mechanisms for the climate change risks. It is found that climate change driven by extreme weather conditions significantly impacts food production, natural resources and transportation worldwide. This direct impact on food, mining and logistics sectors cascades into other interlinked global supply chain network. Climate change and supply chains are found to be mutually influencing each other through natural disasters and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions respectively. A systems theory driven, novel supply chain risk management framework for managing climate change risks is proposed. The study contributes to supply chain risk management literature by capturing the nexus between climate change and supply chain management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The burgeoning interest in addressing climate change has catalyzed a significant increase in related research, necessitating a comprehensive review to understand the evolution of the field, emergent research areas, and geographical contributions. By employing a bibliometric methodology to analyze a wide array of scientific publications, this study aims to map out the dynamics of global research on climate change, focusing on publication growth, international collaborations, thematic trends, and citation impact. Our findings reveal not only a substantial rise in the volume of research and international collaborations, reflecting the global consensus on climate change challenges, but also a diversification of topics, indicating a shift towards more integrative and interdisciplinary approaches. The citation analysis further highlights the growing influence and importance of climate change research in scientific discourse and policy-making. Overall, this work underscores the dynamic evolution of climate change research, offering valuable insights into its progress, changing priorities, and the future challenges and opportunities, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of the scientific landscape and informing future studies and policy development.

This paper reviews the diverse applications of drone technologies in the built environment and their role in climate change research. Drones, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), have emerged as valuable tools for environmental scientists, offering new possibilities for data collection, monitoring, and analysis in the urban environment. The paper begins by providing an overview of the different types of drones used in the built environment, including quadcopters, fixed-wing drones, and hybrid models. It explores their capabilities and features, such as high-resolution cameras, LiDAR sensors, and thermal imaging, which enable detailed data acquisition for studying climate change impacts in urban areas. The paper then examines the specific applications of drones in the built environment and their contribution to climate change research. These applications include mapping urban heat islands, assessing the energy efficiency of buildings, monitoring air quality, and identifying sources of greenhouse gas emissions. UAVs enable researchers to collect spatially and temporally rich data, allowing for a detailed analysis and identifying trends and patterns. Furthermore, the paper discusses integrating UAVs with artificial intelligence (AI) to derive insights and develop predictive models for climate change mitigation and adaptation in urban environments. Finally, the paper addresses drone technologies’ challenges and the future directions in the built environment. These challenges encompass regulatory frameworks, privacy concerns, data management, and the need for an interdisciplinary collaboration. By harnessing the potential of drones, environmental scientists can enhance their understanding of climate change impacts in urban areas and contribute to developing sustainable strategies for resilient cities.

The author discusses the role of incorporating indigenous knowledge into research on climate change. He mentions the impact of colonialism on indigenous peoples, the traditional perspective on the environment and climate, and the human-caused changes in the environment which involve extinction and the disappearance of ecosystems.

The most important climate report in the world, conducted by the IPCC, has been diluted by lobbies and governments during its drafting process. The summary for politicians and managers does not reflect the seriousness of the climate crisis or the necessary solutions. Proposals such as drastic emission reductions and the closure of gas and coal plants within a decade have been eliminated. Additionally, other aspects of the report have been softened. Countries like Saudi Arabia have pressured to remove recommendations and tone down the report, eliminating references to the responsibility of the top 10% richest in pollution and mentions of direct emissions from aviation, the automotive industry, and meat consumption. The complete report highlights the need for a revolution in our energy and socio-economic systems, and mentions the concept of "degrowth" as a possible solution. It also warns about the obstacle posed by the Energy Charter Treaty for climate change mitigation policies. [Extracted from the article]

The objective of this article is to expose bioethical elements in the practice of understanding global climate change that threatens life on the planet from the dichotomous paradigms of skepticism and epistemological understanding. Given the repeated climate summits in the last twenty years with signed commitments, the results have shown little progress, running the risk of generating an unprecedented climate crisis, therefore it is necessary that the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), change the focus of climate change assessment reports and introduce bioethical elements, focused on epistemological comprehension, covered in simple language, capable of being consumed and at the same time, be consistent with political and bioethical decisions emanating from world leaders, especially those who view reality with skepticism. The method used is the documentary hermeneutic, where the study does not intend to approach the succinct reality, rather it tries to provide contributions to the visible failure of compliance with environmental commitments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the ruling of the Oregon Supreme Court in the case Chernaik v. Brown which illustrates the limits of the public trust doctrine as a legal means to address the climate crisis. Topics include the findings of a climate research submitted by the young plaintiffs who sued Oregon to compel it to increase efforts to fight the climate crisis, an overview of the public trust doctrine, and the reasons for the incompatibility of the doctrine with government action on climate change.

In an era when climate records are continually being broken, climate change adaptation is becoming relevant for communities around the globe, particularly the most vulnerable and poor communities. Governments around the world collectively agreed in Paris in 2015 to combat the threats and challenges posed by climate change, yet the matter of how to finance adaptation for those in need remains unsettled. There are two major issues related to the future of adaptation funding: where the funds will flow from, and how to ensure the appropriate distribution and allocation of the available funds. This paper discusses political economy factors at the global, national, and local levels that affect the distribution and allocation of available funds. It argues that appropriate consideration of political economy factors is needed in designing future finance programs, to ensure that funds reach those who need them most. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In all of the coverage of climate change in the popular press, relatively little attention has been paid to one aspect: mental health. Rising seawaters, increasingly strong storms, and more ferocious droughts caused by climate change are not only devastating to physical infrastructure but also affect human beings in other ways as well: people lose their homes, their jobs, their family members, and their communities. Researchers have found that climate change can cause not only posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from the trauma of displacement from extreme weather events such as Hurricane Katrina but also “pre-traumatic” stress disorder, or, moderate to extreme anxiety about a looming crisis. This paper describes some of these effects, who is most vulnerable to them, some of the social factors involved, and offers some suggestions for possible solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constant production of quality food should be a norm in any community, but climate change, increasing population, and unavailability of land for farming affect food production. As a result, food scarcity is affecting some communities, especially in the developing world. Finding a stable solution to this problem is a major cause of concern for researchers. Synergistic application of molecular marker techniques with next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies can unlock the potentials hidden in most crop genomes for improving yield and food availability. Most crops such as Bambara groundnut (BGN), Winged bean, and African yam bean are underutilized. These underutilized crops can compete with the major crops such as cowpea, soybean, maize, and rice, in areas of nutrition, ability to withstand drought stress, economic importance, and food production. One of these underutilized crops, BGN [Vigna subterranea (L.), Verdc.], is an indigenous African legume and can survive in tropical climates and marginal soils. In this review, we focus on the roles of BGN and the opportunities it possesses in tackling food insecurity and its benefits to local farmers. We will discuss BGN’s potential impact on global food production and how the advances in NGS technologies can enhance its production.

Constant production of quality food should be a norm in any community, but climate change, increasing population, and unavailability of land for farming affect food production. As a result, food scarcity is affecting some communities, especially in the developing world. Finding a stable solution to this problem is a major cause of concern for researchers. Synergistic application of molecular marker techniques with next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies can unlock the potentials hidden in most crop genomes for improving yield and food availability. Most crops such as Bambara groundnut (BGN), Winged bean, and African yam bean are underutilized. These underutilized crops can compete with the major crops such as cowpea, soybean, maize, and rice, in areas of nutrition, ability to withstand drought stress, economic importance, and food production. One of these underutilized crops, BGN [ Vigna subterranea (L.), Verdc.], is an indigenous African legume and can survive in tropical climates and marginal soils. In this review, we focus on the roles of BGN and the opportunities it possesses in tackling food insecurity and its benefits to local farmers. We will discuss BGN's potential impact on global food production and how the advances in NGS technologies can enhance its production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate research has been presented as a largely Anglophone and European affair, while other regional contributions and concerns have been left largely unexamined. An investigation of the Japan Meteorological Agency's 'Abnormal Weather Reports' and related literature instead reveals the concerns of an island nation anxious about immediate weather abnormalities, causes of climate variability, and predicting the consequences of global warming within a geographically vulnerable Japan. Researchers initially focused on the topic of global cooling in the 1970s, sparking fears about Japan's self-sustainability in the event of a long-term decline in temperatures. By the 1980s, though cooling fears persisted, focus also turned to how El Nino cycles provoked climatic variability, even as initial concern with global warming resulting from human activities, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and ozone depletion grew. Following the Kyoto Protocol's recognition of anthropogenic climate change and creation of a global cooperative framework, research has begun to focus on the consequences of global warming in exacerbating Japan's meteorological risks and on mitigating further anthropogenic temperature increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncertainty surrounds the public understanding of climate change and provides fertile ground for conspiracy theories. Typically, such conspiracy theories assert that climate scientists and politicians are distorting or hijacking the science to suit their own purposes. Climate change conspiracy theories resemble other conspiracy theories in some respects, but in others they appear to be quite different. For example, climate change conspiracy theories appear to be motivated by the desire to deny or minimize an unwelcome and threatening conclusion. They also appear to be more contentious than other types of conspiracy theories. Perhaps to an unparalleled extent, people on both sides of the issue champion climate change conspiracy theories. Finally, more than other conspiracy theories, those concerning climate change appear to be more politically loaded, dividing opinion across the left-right continuum. Some empirical evidence suggests that climate change conspiracy theories may be harmful, steering people away from environmentally friendly initiatives. They therefore present a significant challenge for governments and environmental organizations that are attempting to convince people to take action against global warming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many nuclear power plants were situated next to the ocean to have ready access to huge volumes of water, and sometimes they were built on land that was not very high above mean sea level. These characteristics may cause problems if ocean levels rise the one or two meters that most climatologists project as a result of climate change. The core of the problem resides in nuclear power’s dependence on two things: water and off-site power. Operating and safely shutting down a nuclear power plant require large supplies of cooling water, as well as the power to operate the control panels and the pumps that circulate the water. The Fukushima Daiichi accident happened after the facility lost its connection to the electrical grid and floodwaters caused the backup diesel generators to fail. While an earthquake caused the tsunami that led to the situation, a severe storm coupled with rising sea levels could have the same end result, especially in low-lying areas suffering from increased erosion caused by climate change. Off-site power losses, or “station blackouts,” have long been a commonly recognized risk at nuclear power plants. Backup systems have worked in the past, but dramatically rising sea levels, more frequent and intense storms, and the associated erosion that goes with them could make backup electrical systems problematic. To complicate the situation, the same storm and flood that affects a given power plant also interferes with the plant’s communication and transportation networks, hampering the ability of personnel to respond to any crisis at the facility. At a minimum, climate change and the resulting rise in sea level will lead to concerns about the safety and cost of nuclear power plant operation and construction. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Will rising sea levels cause mass migrations of people from low-lying, impoverished equatorial areas into regions of higher ground—and if so, what will their reception be by their hosts? What can world leaders do to prepare for the population shifts likely to come from sea level rise already under way from the current high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? Building upon existing international law, such as the 1954 Refugee Convention, the work of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, and Articles 3.1 and 4.8 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the authors look into the social effects of sea level rise caused by global warming on human populations and underscore the need to have a protocol that provides rights to climate exiles. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

[Display omitted] • The COVID-19 has impacted climate change researchers, creating additional work. • The use of communication technologies has helped to alleviate the problems. • A positive impact is that researchers were able to develop new research ideas. • The pandemic is likely to alter the course of climate change research. • Most of the surveyed respondents report that they can adequately cope with the problems. Since January 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has dominated the media and exercises pressure on governments worldwide. Apart from its effects on economies, education systems and societies, the pandemic has also influenced climate change research. This paper examines the extent to which COVID-19 has influenced climate change research worldwide during the first wave at the beginning of 2020 and how it is perceived to exploit it in the future. This study utilised an international survey involving those dedicated to climate change science and management research from Academia, Government, NGOs, and international agencies in 83 countries. The analysis of responses encompasses four independent variables: Institutions, Regions, Scientific Areas, and the level of economic development represented by the Human Development Index (HDI). Results show that: (1) COVID-19 modified the way the surveyed researchers work, (2) there are indicators that COVID-19 has already influenced the direction of climate change and adaptation policy implementation, and (3) respondents perceived (explicitly concerning the COVID-19 lockdowns of March-April 2020), that the pandemic has drawn attention away from climate policy. COVID- 19 has influenced the agenda of climate change research for more than half of the respondents and is likely to continue in the future, suggesting that the impacts on their research will still be felt for many years. The paper concludes by outlining critical implications for policy-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing political pressure to find solutions to climate change is leading to increasing calls for multiple disciplines, in particular those that are not traditionally part of climate change research, to contribute new knowledge systems that can offer deeper and broader insights to address the problem. Recognition of the complexity of climate change compels researchers to draw on interdisciplinary knowledge that marries natural sciences with social sciences and humanities. Yet most interdisciplinary approaches fail to adequately merge the framings of the disparate disciplines, resulting in reductionist messages that are largely devoid of context, and hence provide incomplete and misleading analysis for decision-making. For different knowledge systems to work better together toward climate solutions, we need to reframe the way questions are asked and research pursued, in order to inform action without slipping into reductionism. We suggest that interdisciplinarity needs to be rethought. This will require accepting a plurality of narratives, embracing multiple disciplinary perspectives, and shifting expectations of public messaging, and above all looking to integrate the appropriate disciplines that can help understand human systems in order to better mediate action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world copes with two parallel catastrophic events--climate change and COVID-19, this article examines how visual art students in South Africa used the pandemic period to imagine a better world, a green economic recovery, and a closer connection with nature and biodiversity. The visual conversation that this new generation of artists created provides a lens for engaging with a world in change. They generate inspirational and resourceful ideas, calling on us to be participatory and inclusive as a fundamental aspect of being human, evoking imagination to create alternative visions in collaboration with others. New understandings through visual research can provide a foundation for developing collective strategies toward economic and social security, and flourishing individually and as community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many aspects of the Californian approach to controlling the greenhouse gases that cause climate change now have a sufficient track record to provide potential models or lessons for national and even international action. In comparison, the state’s efforts on climate change adaptation, although multifaceted, are less well developed and thus far have focused largely on information sharing, impact assessments, and planning. Still, adaptation could advance more quickly in California than in many other regions, given relatively high public awareness and concern, extensive scientific information, a strong tradition of local and regional planning, and some enabling policies and institutions. Much more political support and sufficient financing will have to be mustered at state and local levels to enable new projects and initiatives to cope with sea level rise, water management, and ecosystem adaptation, not to mention public health and other key areas of concern. Even so, California’s initial efforts to adapt to unavoidable changes in climate may offer insights for other governments that will, inevitably, need to fashion their own adaptation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Religion will play an important role in public perceptions of geoengineering—the intentional manipulation of the planet’s environment to counteract anthropogenic climate change. Religious leaders and scholars can therefore be valuable contributors to the geoengineering debate that has already begun among scientists, engineers, and policy makers. The authors offer four reasons why religion should be part of this debate: Religion is fundamental to how most human beings and societies understand themselves and their place in the world; religion can both challenge and justify scientific authority; religious narratives and symbols can provide frames for understanding geoengineering; and religion offers vocabulary for moral debate. Scholars of theology, ethics, and religious studies can act as mediators between the scientific and faith communities, providing a critical voice in understanding how religion affects the climate conversation, and in engaging a wider public. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

All over Japan, damage has occurred from flood from inland waters. Because the measures against urban inundation should be promoted swiftly and economically, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism has implemented policies to push forward efficient and effective mitigation measures. Such comprehensive policies combine tangible and intangible measures and select prioritized areas for implementation. In June 2020, forecasting methods for probable maximum rainfall were announced, taking heavy rain and climate change into consideration. Furthermore, because a sewer system itself can be damaged from heavy rain, measures have been adopted to make a water-resistant sewerage system. In this manner, various policies in Japan address measures against urban inundation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last 30 y, there has been increasing emphasis on scientific research about climate change which has become one of the world's most challenging issues. Energy sources availability and reliability, especially renewable energy such as hydropower, solar energy and biomass-based energy, are very dependent on climate conditions. Although many studies have focused on conservation and utilization of energy, less emphasis has been given to future threats of drought on energy systems especially in ASEAN countries. The impact of drought on the region was conservative because such events were under-reported and under-monitored. The aim of this paper is to review the drought phenomenon in ASEAN region and analyse its impact as one of the climate change aspects, on the energy resources, supply, consumption and energy systems used in the ASEAN region. The review encompasses scholarly papers and news articles related to impact of drought on energy systems and analyse historical energy data for ASEAN. The study is focused on drought year in 2014 to 2016 because of extreme El Niño phenomenon. From this study, it is found that the scarcity of energy will occur if long-term drought happened. Drought will impact the biomass and hydropower as both are very vulnerable to high temperature but less impact on natural gas, coal and oil. El-Nino phenomenon in 2015 contributes about 5 % reduction of energy supply from oil, hydropower and biomass energy sources compared to previous year. In 2015, CO2 emission in ASEAN recorded almost double increment (4.1 %) compared to 2016 (2.6 %) due to dependency of carbon-emitting sources like natural gas and coal to meet the energy needs during drought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy consumption in machining manufacturing systems is increasingly of interest due to concern for global climate change and manufacturing sustainability. To utilise energy more effectively, it is paramount to understand and characterise the energy consumption of machining manufacturing systems. To this end, a framework to analyse energy consumption characteristics in machining manufacturing systems from a holistic point of view is proposed in this paper. Taking into account the complexity of energy consumption in machining manufacturing systems, energy flow is described in terms of three layers of machining manufacturing systems including machine tool layer, task layer and auxiliary production layer. Furthermore, the energy consumption of machining manufacturing systems is modelled in the spatial and temporal dimensions, respectively, in order to quantitatively characterise the energy flow. The application of the proposed modelling framework is demonstrated by employing a comprehensive analysis of energy consumption for a real-world machining workshop. The characteristics of energy consumption for machine tool layer, task layer and auxiliary production layer are, respectively, obtained using quantitative models in the spatial and temporal dimensions, which provides a valuable insight into energy consumption to support the exploration of energy-saving potentials for the machining manufacturing systems. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the role of anthropology in Bhutan's climate change research and policy. Topics discussed include Bhutan as the only carbon-negative country in the world, cultural practices and languages, geopolitical location of Bhutan, carbon-emitting Indigenous cultural practices associated with livestock rearing and pastoralism, marginalization of anthropology and the emergence of anthropological research on climate change.

An essay is presented about the participation of anthropologists in collaborative, climate-related research projects, with emphasis on an ethnographic research in the northeastern regions of Brazil. Topics discussed include Yanomami shaman Davi Kopenawa's book "The Falling Sky," interaction between climatologists and water engineers, techno-scientific realms in meteorology and operational meteorology.

Monitoring climatic changes in the thermosphere and ionosphere and understanding their causes is important for practical purposes. To support this effort and facilitate comparisons between observations and model results, a long transient simulation with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model eXtension (WACCM‐X) from 1950 to 2015 was conducted. This simulation used realistic variations in solar and geomagnetic activity, main magnetic field changes, and trace gas emissions, including CO2, thereby including all known drivers of upper atmosphere climate change. Analysis of the full 1950–2015 interval with a standard multilinear regression approach demonstrated difficulties in removing solar cycle effects sufficiently to obtain reliable trends. Results improved when an (F10.7a)2 was included in the regression model, in addition to terms for F10.7a, KP, and the trend itself. Comparisons with previous studies and analysis of spatial variations in trend estimates confirmed that the increase in CO2 concentration is the main driver of trends in thermosphere temperature and density, but at high (magnetic) latitudes effects of main magnetic field changes play a role as well, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. Spatial patterns of trends in hmF2, NmF2, and total electron content indicate a superposition of CO2 and geomagnetic field effects, with the latter dominating trends in the region of ∼50–20°N, ∼60°W to 20°E. Additional model experiments to investigate the indirect dynamical effects of climate change in the lower atmosphere (<50 km) on the upper atmosphere (>100 km) suggested that these effects are small and insignificant. However, current model limitations could mean that these effects are underestimated. Plain Language Summary: A simulation with a state‐of‐the‐art global model of the atmosphere from the surface up to about 500‐km altitude was done for the period 1950–2015 to study climate change in the upper atmosphere (above 100‐km altitude). The simulation included realistic variations in solar and geomagnetic activity, the Earth's magnetic field, and trace gas emissions, including CO2. Solar and geomagnetic activity variations occur naturally as part of the ∼11‐year solar cycle and have a large effect on the upper atmosphere. Still, by removing these effects as much as possible, we showed that the increase in CO2 concentration is the main cause of cooling in the upper atmosphere, while effects of magnetic field changes also play a role near the poles, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. Long‐term trends in the charged portion of the upper atmosphere, the ionosphere, are caused by both CO2 and magnetic field effects, with the latter being most important in the region of ∼50°S to 20°N, ∼60°W to 20°E. Additional model experiments to investigate effects of climate change in the lower atmosphere (<50 km) on the upper atmosphere suggested that these are small. However, they might be underestimated by the model. Key Points: A multilinear regression model including an (F 10.7a)2 term gives the most reliable upper atmosphere trends based on 66 years of model dataRising CO2 levels are the main cause of thermosphere density and temperature trends, but magnetic field changes play a role at high latitudeIonospheric trends are caused by both CO2 and magnetic field effects, with the latter dominating in the region of ∼50°S to 20°N, ∼60°W to 20°E [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]