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Background: Tropical oils such as palm and coconut oils are renowned for their high saturated fat content and culinary versatility. However, their consumption has sparked debate regarding their health benefits and production concerns. The purpose of this review was to map existing evidence on the health benefits and challenges associated with the consumption of tropical oils. Method: The recommendations for conducting a scoping review by Arksey and O'Malley were followed. PubMed, Dimensions AI, Central, JSTOR Google, Google Scholar, and ProQuest databases were searched for relevant papers. The predetermined keywords used were Consumption" AND "Tropical oil," as well as "Health benefits" OR "Health challenges" AND "Tropical Countries." Peer-reviewed and grey literature published in English were eligible for this review. Result: Tropical oils, such as palm and coconut oils, provide health benefits including essential vitamins (A and E) that enhance ocular health, boost immunity, and support growth. They are also recognised for their role in managing high blood sugar, obesity, and cholesterol levels, while offering antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These oils have wound-healing abilities and are commonly used in infant nutrition and traditional cooking. Nevertheless, prolonged and repeated use of tropical oils to high temperature can degrade vitamin E, whereas excessive intake may result in overdose. Health concerns include oxidative risks, diabetes, cancer, coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, and acrylamide formation due to production challenges excessive consumption. Additional issues include obesity, suboptimal oil production, misconceptions, regulatory obstacles, and preferences for alternative fats. Conclusion: This review suggest that tropical oils provide essential health benefits, including vitamins and antioxidant properties, but pose significant health risks and production challenges, particularly when exposed to high temperatures and through excessive intake. Guidelines on the consumption of tropical oils in the tropical regions are necessary to regulate their consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable fats and oils are prone to contamination by mineral oil hydrocarbons due to the lipophilic and ubiquitous character of the latter. As the aromatic fraction of these hydrocarbons, MOAH, is associated with carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and detrimental effects on foetal development, finding strategies to limit or reduce their contamination is highly relevant. Deodorisation (i.e. a refining step) has shown the ability to remove MOAH < C25 in vegetable fats and oils, but there is little information about the structures removed. Therefore, the present study investigated the impact of deodorisation conditions on the removal of different structures of MOAH in spiked coconut oil. An inscribed central composite design was built with time and temperature as variables (0.5-4h, 150-240 °C), while pressure (3 mbar) and steam flow (1 g water/g oil per hour) were kept constant. The analysis of MOAH in the oil was performed using a fully automated liquid chromatography coupled with two parallel comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography systems with flame ionisation and time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection. Response surfaces plotting the MOAH loss according to time and temperature were built for different MOAH fractions. The latter were defined based on the number of aromatic rings (>3 or ≤3) and the number of carbon atoms present (C16-C20, C20-C24, C24-C35, C35-C40). It was found that at 200 °C, compounds < C24, including weakly alkylated triaromatics, could be reduced to below the limit of quantification, while at 230 °C, it was possible to remove >60% of the C24-C35 fraction, including pentaromatics of low alkylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural waste and trash are a universal issue which requires extensive working to reduce the impact. Improper management of agricultural waste can lead to serious environmental problems such as soil contamination, water pollution and air pollution. Lipases (protein-based catalyst) were produced with industrial and agriculture by products through solid-state fermentation. Among indigenously isolated strains, procured from Mycology and biotechnology research laboratory, Aspergillus niger (MBL-14) exhibited the highest lipase production, i.e., 7.5 ± 0.63a U/ mL. Various cultural conditions were optimized for maximum production of extracellular lipases. Among various basal substrates, rice bran supported the highest yield of 8.67 ± 0.29a U/mL, ammonium nitrate 6.1 ± 0.95a U/ mL, with the use of sodium chloride 6.1 ± 0.95a U/mL, sucrose 8.0 ± 0.87aU/ mL, the beef extract 9.1 ± 0.84a U/ mL. Maximum extracellular lipases production (9.3 ± 0.55a U/ mL) was achieved through fermentation optimization over a 48-h period, and an increased lipases output (9.6 ± 0.34aU/mL) was obtained at a moistening agent's pH level of 8. Incorporation of oil additives revealed that coconut oil yielded the maximum production (11.0 ± 0.91aU/ mL). Finally, the enzyme was subjected to characterization, at pH 9 after a 1-h incubation period, the enzyme activity was highest, and enzyme was stable. After 40 °C (10.6 ± 0.88aU/mL), the enzyme activity starts decreasing and reaches its lowest at 70 °C. When exposed to the cadmium chloride, the crude enzyme exhibited the highest lipase production (10.1 ± 0.76a U/mL and 10.72 ± 0.85a U/mL) before and after a 1 h of incubation, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To satisfy the ever-increasing share of consumers who are lactose intolerant, vegan or require foods with less simple sugars, chocolate companies are constantly looking for new formulations. In the present research, the nutritional and sensory profile of two novel chocolates was evaluated. In the first, milk powder was replaced by coconut copra, almond and isolated soy protein, and in the second dark chocolate-based, sucrose was replaced by coconut sugars, stevia and erythritol, resulting in a reduction in calorific value of about 8%. The substitution of milk powder with vegetal ingredients affected the chocolate mineral profile, with high iron and copper concentrations and less potassium, calcium and phosphorus. The vegan samples showed the presence of medium-chain fatty acids from coconut oil, mainly lauric acid. Esters, the group responsible for the fruity aroma, represented mainly by benzaldehyde, furfural and vanillin, were prevalent in the vegan sample. The novel chocolate without added sucrose provides approximately 2182.6 kJ/hg registering a reduction in caloric value of more than 8% compared to the standard sample. In addition, the presence of coconut sugar, with its low glycaemic index (35), made the novel chocolate healthier than plain sucrose-containing dark chocolate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tool surface texturing is a new sustainable method for machining hard-to-machine materials. The present study focuses on the new honeycomb texture (mimic of bee's honeycombs) containing hexagons forming between thin vertical walls. The important novelty in this work is the cutting performance of honeycomb texture on Inconel 713C was examined under cutting parameters and different cooling conditions: dry untextured (T1), dry textured (T2) tool, impregnated solid lubricant (hexagonal boron nitride (hBN)) textured tool (T3), MQL (coconut oil) with textured tool (T4), and NMQL (0.20 wt.% hBN + coconut oil) with textured tool (T5). Compared to plain tools, NMQL to honeycomb texture reduced flank wear by 53.2%, roughness by 43.2%, turning force by 27%, and cutting temperature by 47.7%. Honeycomb texture with MQL (T4) and NMQL (T5) reduces flank surface Ni element diffusion during turning. Nanofluid-textured inserts (T5) demonstrated higher shear angles, lower chip curl diameter, and shorter tool-chip contact length than other conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Medium‐ and long‐chain triacylglycerols rich in α‐linolenic acid (ALA‐MLCT) are a kind of functional structural lipids that provide ω‐3 fatty acid and faster energy supply to human body. To improve the functional and nutritional properties of vegetable oils, we proposed an effective strategy for the synthesis of ALA‐MLCT by enzymatic interesterification of coconut oil and flaxseed oil. Lipase UM1 exhibited the highest interesterification activity compared with commercial Lipozyme RM IM, Lipozyme TL IM and Novozym 435. MLCT (76.59%) and ALA‐MLCT (45.03%) were obtained under the optimum reaction conditions: substrate molar ratio (coconut oil/flaxseed oil) 1:1, temperature 40 °C, Lipase UM1 loading 25 U g‑1. Furthermore, we identified 14 characteristic triacylglycerols molecules between enzymatic interesterification and physical blend by orthogonal partial least squares‐discrimination analysis (OPLS‐DA) model. The content of triunsaturated type triacylglycerols in enzymatic interesterification product (11.29%) was lower than that of physical blend (36.25%). Enzymatic interesterification product had lower solid fat content and 2.44 times oxidative stability than physical blend. These findings provide an effective strategy for the synthesis of functional ALA‐MLCT and advance the understanding of the relationship between triacylglycerols composition and physicochemical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractA novel thermo-active and alkaliphilic strain of Gp-1, isolated from hot water springs of Ganeshpuri, Maharashtra, India, identified as Brevibacillus borstelensis based on 16SrDNA characterization, with accession no. MT292327, at NCBI database. Statistical optimization of lipase production was done using Plackett-Burman algorithm and response surface methodology. Fermentative production of Gp-1 lipase was followed by partial purification, with 24.10 fold purification. Gp-1 lipase has molecular mass of 31 kDa, as determined by SDS-PAGE. Gp-1 lipase exhibited maximal specific activity at pH 10 and 55 °C, with stability up to 70 °C. Kinetic parameters analysis revealed Gp-1 lipase has Km and Vmax values of 1.544 mM and 31.25 μM/mg. min, and specificity constant of 281.13 sec-1, with pNP caprylate as the base suited substrate. Gp-1 lipase was found to be retain more than 90% activity in presence of various organic solvents, and various commercial detergent formulations. The Gp-1 lipase was also tested for transesterification reactions, which revealed successful transesterification of coconut oil, olive oil and waste cooking oil, and conversion in esters. Hence, Gp-1 lipase stands out as a prospective candidate in biodiesel synthesis, a green energy alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the dry processing of coconut oil on the amino acid composition, molecular weight, secondary structure, solubility, surface hydrophobicity, microstructure, total sulfhydryl and free sulfhydryl content, free amino acid content, thermal properties, and water-holding, oil-holding, foaming, and emulsifying properties of coconut isolate protein were investigated. The results showed that the dry processing altered the amino acid composition of coconut isolate proteins as well as resulted in fewer irregular structural regions and more homogeneous particle sizes, leading to an improvement in the thermal stability of the proteins. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that globular proteins located at ~34 kDa in coconut isolate proteins underwent slight degradation during the dry processing of coconut oil. The dry processing reduced the surface hydrophobicity, total and free sulfhydryl groups, solubility, and free amino acid content of coconut isolate proteins. In addition, the water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, and foam stability of coconut isolate proteins were improved to different degrees after the dry processing. Therefore, the development and utilization of copra meal protein is of great significance to increase its added value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the types of fatty acids in the liver tissue of mice were evaluated under different diets. As a result, mice fed with a high-fat diet-including basic pellets mixed with eight percent (w/w) peanut oil, two percent (w/w) cholesterol, and 0.1% (w/w) calcium carbonate-showed the highest cholesterol content (1.5 ± 0.08 mg/100 g) compared to normal mice (0.23 ± 0.04 mg/100 g). Whereas the cholesterol content in the liver tissue of mice fed with basic pellets and orally treated with a free fatty acid fraction (FFA1) from virgin coconut oil, which was made up of the C8:0-C12:0 fraction (97.3%) was prepared did not differ from the control group (using only standard pellets). This demonstrated that MCFA (C8:0-C12:0) was directly consumed and converted to energy without accumulating cholesterol. The gas chromatography analysis result showed that the fat droplets in the liver tissues of treated mice were mostly saturated long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), in which C16:0 and C18:0 carbon chain length fatty acids were predominant in the liver tissue. The results confirmed the hypothesis that MCFA is preferentially absorbed and converted to energy while saturated LCFA has a tendency to induce fat accumulation in the metabolic pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the effect of adding coconut oil to the diet of heavy pigs on the concentration of fatty acids in leg meat, back fat, and liver. Lauric acid has several positive effects on the consumer. However, the concentration of this fatty acid in pig meat is very low or absent. Coconut oil, which contains a high concentration of lauric acid, was added to the pigs' diet (30 g per head per day) for 18 days before slaughtering. This dietary intervention increased the concentration of lauric acid in leg meat and back fat but had no effect on the lauric acid concentration in pig liver. Concentrations of margaric and arachidic acids in leg meat, oleic, arachidic, and sum of monounsaturated fatty acids in back fat, palmitoleic and sum of saturated fatty acids in pig liver were affected by the addition of coconut oil to the diet of pigs. The monounsaturation index C18:1/C18:0 in leg meat was higher in the coconut oil group. The intake of small amounts of coconut oil affected the concentration of some fatty acids and increased the concentration of lauric acid in the leg meat and back fat of pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of oil type, emulsifier type, and emulsion particle size on the texture, gel strength, and rheological properties of SPI emulsion‐filled gel (SPI‐FG) and TFSP emulsion‐filled gel (TFSP‐FG) were investigated. Using soybean protein isolate or sodium caseinate as emulsifiers, emulsions with cocoa butter replacer (CBR), palm oil (PO), virgin coconut oil (VCO), and canola oil (CO) as oil phases were prepared. These emulsions were filled into SPI and TFSP gel substrates to prepare emulsion‐filled gels. Results that the hardness and gel strength of both gels increased with increasing emulsion content when CBR was used as the emulsion oil phase. However, when the other three liquid oils were used as the oil phase, the hardness and gel strength of TFSP‐FG decreased with the increasing of emulsion content, but those of SPI‐FG increased when SPI was used as emulsifier. Additionally, the hardness and gel strength of both TFSP‐FG and SPI‐FG increased with the decreasing of mean particle size of emulsions. Rheological measurements were consistent with textural measurements and found that compared with SC, TFSP‐FG, and SPI‐FG showed higher G′ values when SPI was used as emulsifier. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) observation showed that the distribution and stability of emulsion droplets in TFSP‐FG and SPI‐FG were influenced by the oil type, emulsifier type and emulsion particle size. SPI‐stabilized emulsion behaved as active fillers in SPI‐FG reinforcing the gel matrix; however, the gel matrix of TFSP‐FG still had many void pores when SPI‐stabilized emulsion was involved. In conclusion, compared to SPI‐FG, the emulsion filler effect that could reinforce gel networks became weaker in TFSP‐FG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low cost and excellent catalytic properties of lipase for industrial processes are highly desirable. A promising new approach involves the support modification of lipase and spacer arm, which enables the enhancement of lipase properties. This study investigates the immobilization of crude lipase from Mucor miehei onto a Polyurethane Foam (PUF) surface using various coating techniques. The PUF matrix was obtained through isocyanate and polyol reactions. Subsequently, the PUF was coated by adsorbing lipase and adding edible support material. The immobilized lipase was then utilized in the hydrolysis of coconut oil to produce fatty acids. Furthermore, the immobilized enzyme was employed in the esterification of fatty acids to produce bio-flavors. The results demonstrate that the attachment reaction using support material, namely lecithin, gelatin, MgCl2, and Polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG), all of which are simple and edible, was able to enhance the stability and reusability of lipase. This immobilization technique increased triglyceride hydrolysis into FFA by 422%. The successful edible support modification of immobilized lipase from M. miehei on PUF, coupled with significantly enhanced enzyme stability and catalytic activity, offers a promising, environmentally friendly solution for diverse applications in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) is a treasured tree of the tropics, with every part put to use. The edible portions are loaded with diverse nutrients and nutraceutical ingredients. While the unique mineral profile of the liquid endosperm, the low‐glycemic inflorescence sap (neera) and the medium‐chain triglyceride fraction of coconut oil are better recognized, other fractions such as the haustorium remain underexplored. Overall, it is evident that, globally, the present status of coconut value addition is conventional, limited to a handful of products, and novel products hold a promising scope. A massive fraction of global coconut production goes for culinary and religious purposes. In the article, value‐added products from coconut are classified into conventional and non‐conventional products, with the latter in focus. Based on the part from which it is collected, all products have been categorized as haustorium‐based, inflorescence‐based, kernel‐based and water‐based products. For each non‐conventional product introduced, its production approach and unique application range are highlighted. Given its health‐promoting capabilities, characteristic sensorial attributes, wide application range and technological advancements, coconuts are increasingly being recognized around the world, even in regions that do not cultivate them; this applies to non‐food products as well. In the context of value‐added products from coconuts, this decade has witnessed a surge in research and commercial interest considering the inclusion of coconut as an ingredient in several food and nutraceutical products. The future will certainly consider regulatory protocols and standards, better documentation of the health impact of coconut‐based diets, and the sustainability of coconut production, processing and consumption. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A protein mixture was prepared using a blend of soybean protein isolate, soybean protein concentrate, and wheat protein through high-moisture extrusion. This study investigated the effects of soybean oil/coconut oil additions (2%, 5%, and 8%) on the physiochemical properties of a soy protein–wheat protein mixture subjected to high-moisture extrusion. The protein extrudates underwent assessment for textural properties, fiber degree, sensory evaluation, microstructure, protein solubility, and protein secondary structure. The findings indicated that plant oils significantly reduced the hardness, springiness, and chewiness of the extrudates, and 5% plant oil significantly increased the fiber degree of the extrudates. In addition, the highest fiber degree and sensory evaluation score were achieved with 5% coconut oil. Observation of the macro- and microstructure indicated that the presence of unsaturated fatty acids in soybean oil did not benefit the improvement of the fibrous structure of protein extrudates during high-moisture extrusion processing. SDS-PAGE and FTIR results revealed that coconut oil, rich in saturated fatty acids, caused the clustering of medium- and low-molecular-weight subunits in texturized protein. Additionally, coconut oil elevated the ratio of 11S protein subunits containing sulfur-based amino acids and facilitated a shift from β-turn to β-sheet. The inclusion of plant oils increased the development of hydrogen and disulfide bonds, resulting in a denser, fibrous structure. DSC demonstrated that plant oils reduced the thermal stability of the texturized proteins but enhanced the order of protein structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic required great efforts to develop efficient vaccines in a short period of time. However, innovative vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 virus are needed to achieve broad immune protection against variants of concern. Polymeric-based particles can lead to innovative vaccines, serving as stable, safe and immunostimulatory antigen delivery systems. In this work, polymeric-based particles called thiolated PAA/Schizo were developed. Poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) was thiolated with cysteine ethyl ester and crosslinked with a Schizochytrium sp. cell wall fraction under an inverse emulsion approach. Particles showed a hydrodynamic diameter of 313 ± 38 nm and negative Zeta potential. FT-IR spectra indicated the presence of coconut oil in thiolated PAA/Schizo particles, which, along with the microalgae, could contribute to their biocompatibility and bioactive properties. TGA analysis suggested strong interactions between the thiolated PAA/Schizo components. In vitro assessment revealed that thiolated particles have a higher mucoadhesiveness when compared with non-thiolated particles. Cell-based assays revealed that thiolated particles are not cytotoxic and, importantly, increase TNF-α secretion in murine dendritic cells. Moreover, immunization assays revealed that thiolated PAA/Schizo particles induced a humoral response with a more balanced IgG2a/IgG1 ratio. Therefore, thiolated PAA/Schizo particles are deemed a promising delivery system whose evaluation in vaccine prototypes is guaranteed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concentrations and profiles of 15 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) of six different edible oils consumed in Iran markets (oils of olive, sesame, coconut, sunflower, frying and blend oil) were studied. The evaluated edible oils in the present study have not previously been analyzed concerning their contents of PAH compounds. PAHs of 207 edible oil samples were determined and quantified by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Spectrofluorometric Detector (HPLC/FLD). The results revealed that the highest content of total PAHs was in coconut oil group (46.8 µg kg-1), followed by blend oil (22.48 µg kg-1), frying oil (20.67 µg kg-1), sesame oil (19.92 µg kg-1), olive oil (18.4 µg kg-1) and sunflower oil (17.6 µg kg-1). The light PAHs (Naphthalene, Acenaphtene, Phenantherern, Antrathene, and Fluorene) had the highest portion of PAHs concentration. Benzo[a]pyrene and PAH4 contents (Benz[a]anthracene+Chrysene+Benzo[b]fluoranthene+Benzo[a]pyrene) were ND-1.32 µg kg-1 and 0.14-9.2 µg kg-1, respectively; coconut oil had the highest content. In general, the highest values of Benzo[a]pyrene and PAH4 were not higher than the maximum allowable values of 2 and 10 in any sample, respectively. However, due to the significant content of total PAHs in some vegetable oils, such as coconut oil, it is necessary to determine the limits and evaluate it in the national standard and regulations of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The inherent properties of coconut oil (CO), including its elevated saturated fatty acid content and low melting point, make it suitable for application in plastic fat processing. The present study explores the physicochemical characteristics, micromorphology and oxidative stability of oleogels produced from CO using various gelators [ethylcellulose (EC), β‐sitosterol/γ‐oryzanol (PS) and glyceryl monostearate (MG)] to elucidate the formation mechanisms of coconut oleogels (EC‐COO, PS‐COO and MG‐COO). RESULTS: Three oleogel systems exhibited a solid‐like behavior, with the formation of crystalline forms dominated by β and β′. Among them, PS‐COO exhibited enhanced capability with respect to immobilizing liquid oils, resulting in solidification with high oil‐binding capacity, moderate hardness and good elasticity. By contrast, MG‐COO demonstrated inferior stability compared to PS‐COO and EC‐COO. Furthermore, MG‐COO and PS‐COO demonstrated antioxidant properties against CO oxidation, whereas EC‐COO exhibited the opposite effect. PS‐COO and EC‐COO exhibited superior thermodynamic behavior compared to MG‐COO. CONCLUSION: Three oleogels based on CO were successfully prepared. The mechanical strength, storage modulus and thermodynamic stability of the CO oleogel exhibited concentration dependence with increasing gelling agent addition. PS‐COO demonstrated relatively robust oil‐binding capacity and oxidative stability, particularly with a 15% PS addition. This information contributes to a deeper understanding of CO‐based oleogels and offers theoretical insights for their application in food products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to incorporate virgin coconut oil (VCO) into polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) fiber matrix using the rotary force spinning (RFS) method and evaluated their physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, and release behavior. The PVP/VCO fibers were produced by varying the weight ratios of PVP:VCO of 10:2, 10:3, 10:4, and 10:5. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed smooth, defect-free, and bead-free PVP/VCO fibers with diameters ranging from (1.28 ± 0.06) to (2.17 ± 0.41) µm. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the successful loading of VCO into the PVP fiber matrix. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated the amorphous nature of the PVP/VCO fibers. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis demonstrated that PVP/VCO fibers exhibited higher thermal stability compared to pure PVP and VCO. The antioxidant activity of VCO, with IC50 value of (1.56 ± 0.30) mg mL−1, was not significantly altered by the incorporation of VCO into the PVP fibers. The PVP/VCO fibers exhibited IC50 values ranging from (1.58 ± 0.06) to (2.25 ± 0.09) mg mL−1. The release profile of VCO from the PVP/VCO fibers was influenced by the fiber diameter, with the samples containing weight ratios of 10:4 and 10:5 demonstrating optimal characteristics such as smaller diameter, higher thermal stability, higher antioxidant activity, and prolonged release behavior. This study holds promise for the development of novel oral delivery systems for VCO and contributes to the expanding research on the utilization of fiber structures in food supplement and drug delivery applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cincalok is a fermented shrimp from West Kalimantan, Indonesia, which has many beneficial compounds such as omega-3 and astaxanthin. The LD50 of the cincalok oil was more than 5000 mg/ Kg BW (practically non-toxic), so there is an opportunity that cincalok can develop into a supplement. However, single and repeated doses may have different toxic potential. This study aimed to observe the sub-chronic toxicity of cincalok oil in Wistar strain rats (Rattus norvegicus L.) after 28 days of repeat doses in oral administration based on OECD 407 test guidelines. Thirty of the male and female Wistar strain rats were divided into six groups respectively that consisted of one control group of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) administration, three dosing groups of cincalok oil administration with dose variation of 100, 400, and 1000 mg/Kg BW, and two satellite groups of 1000 mg/Kg BW dose of cincalok oil administration and VCO control administration. The biochemistry and histopathological investigation was performed. The results showed the biochemical profiles of cincalok oil has no effect on LDL, urea, creatinine, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase blood profiles. While on total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL profiles, it has reversible effect. Histopathological investigation showed minimal fat degeneration with little congestion and necrosis in the liver, hypertrophy, and hypercholesterolemia in the heart, hydropic degeneration in the kidney, and no disturbance was found in the lung and spleen. Based on biochemical and histopathological result showed that cincalok had no toxic effect and potential to be developed as drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION The transesterification of butteroil has been shown to alter its lipid chemistry and thus alter the crystallization of the fat. The reaction kinetics and resulting crystallization of the butteroil differ depending on the nature of the catalyst used. Modeling the reaction with vegetable oils is a simpler method for the analysis of resulting products to understand the chemical and physiochemical changes that occur based on catalyst selection. The objective of this work is to perform a chemical transesterification of coconut and corn oil using monovalent and divalent catalysts to investigate the chemical and crystal changes that occur.Coconut and corn oil were subjected to chemical transesterification using both Ca(OH)2 and KOH as catalysts. In both the coconut and corn oil samples, transesterification caused monoglycerides (MAGs) and diacylglycerides (DAGs) to form from the most abundant fatty acid found in each sample. Coconut oil's melting temperature, solid fat content (SFC), and storage modulus decreased as a result of the transesterification, and crystals began to form in the corn oil causing melting thermograms to be evident, higher SFC, and a more viscous oil as a result. Using Ca(OH)2 as a catalyst resulted in more MAG formation, and a higher SFC and melting temperature than when KOH was used as a catalyst.The results demonstrate that the chemical changes that result from transesterification of plant‐based oils change the crystallization behavior of the oils and can therefore be used for different applications in the food industry. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional Indian literature have evidenced the usage of Oak gall and Triphala for common ailments to oral malignancies and other lifestyle disorders. The objective of the study is to examine the antioxidant activity of oak gall oil (OGO) & Triphala oil (TPO). Oak gall oil (OGO)) and Triphala oil (TPO) were produced with purified oil from coconut in a proportion of 1:5, with one portion of gall of Oak / Triphala added to five parts of the oil of coconut. Oak gall & Triphala oil were evaluated for antioxidant capabilities using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, the Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and the Nitric oxide radical scavenge action. In the DPPH experiment, ascorbic acid served as the comparison standard, while gallic acid was utilized to measure nitric oxide activity in reducing radicals and the hydroxyl radical scavenge activity. The percentage inhibition of Oak gall oil (OGO) & Triphala oil (TPO) was 75.2%, and 67.4% for DPPH assay,48.4% and 63.3% for Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, 51.2% and 52.7% for Nitric oxide radical scavenging assay respectively with ascorbic acid (89.1%) and Gallic acid standard (62.9% and 70.4%) used as comparative respectively. The study results show that Oak gall oil (OGO)and Triphala oil (TPO) possess antioxidant properties comparable to reference standards. Products derived from native plants, such as oak gall & Triphala, if proven to be effective in-vivo, can serve as a simple, safe, cost-effective and culturally acceptable adjuvant in anticancer management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a processed form of coconut meat that is pure and free of free fatty acids. VCO is widely recognized as a cooking oil, cosmetic, antioxidant and beneficial for health, due to its high content of lauric acid. The method used in this research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The stages carried out in this research start from literature study, field research, laboratory analysis, data processing, and reporting. The purpose of this research is to produce VCO by utilizing CaO from oysters and Eco-enzyme to de-emulsify proteins to separate oil from water and measure the decrease in free fatty acid number and the decrease in peroxide number as quality parameters of the VCO produced. The application of CaO and Eco-enzyme fermentation is simple by mixing 0.2 g, 0.4 g, 0.6 g CaO and 0.2 mL, 0.4 mL, 0.6 mL Eco-enzyme respectively with 100 mL coconut milk. After treatments, it can be concluded that: separation of water from oil in the manufacture of VCO from coconut milk can occur using CaO and using Eco-enzyme It means that de-emulsification of protein in coconut milk is working well. To determine the quality of production VCO from CaO de-emulsification found 50.00 % the decreasing of Free Fatty Acid number and the decreasing of peroxide number is 28.57 %. From eco-enzyme de-emulsification the results are 55.55 %, the decrease of the acid number (DAN) and 57.14% the decrease of the peroxide number (DPN). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlling or reducing the adsorption of surfactants on reservoir rock surfaces has been a challenging task in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods, as it directly affects the cost-effectiveness of the projects. The adsorption of surfactants on rock surfaces can modify their hydrophobicity, surface charge, and other important parameters that govern EOR processes, such as reducing the interfacial tension between water and oil and increasing permeability. Therefore, understanding the adsorption mechanism on rocks is essential for developing alternatives that improve the effectiveness of these processes. In this work, the adsorption of surfactants on carbonate materials was evaluated considering variations in temperature, contact time, and surfactant concentration. The surfactants used were derived from vegetable oils, aiming for a sustainable approach: saponified coconut oil (SCO), saponified babassu coconut oil (SBCO), and saponified castor oil (SMO). The finite bath method was used, resulting in adsorption efficiencies of 85.74%, 82.52%, and 45.30% for SCO, SBCO, and SMO, respectively. The Sips isotherm and the pseudo-second-order model were found to be suitable for characterizing these systems. The simulation of SCO adsorption isotherms on limestone by the Langmuir model was more accurate than that using the Freundlich model. The limestone showed a negative surface charge of approximately −35.0 mV at pH 6.5; this negative charge varied over a wide pH range. These zeta potential data for the samples confirmed that hydrophobic interactions played an important role in the adsorption of the surfactants. Thermodynamic evaluation indicated spontaneous and endothermic adsorption of SCO on limestone. The systems were also characterized by FTIR, TG/DTG, XRD, XRF, SEM, and zeta potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Tamer M Shehata,1,2 Bandar Aldhubiab,1 Heba S Elsewedy3 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Alhofuf, Al-Ahsa, 36362, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; 3Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, 11597, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Heba S Elsewedy; Tamer M Shehata, Email hsewedy@um.edu.sa; tshehata@kfu.edu.saBackground: Monitoring noncommunicable diseases is regarded as a critical concern that has to be managed in order to avoid a wide variety of complications such as increasing blood lipid levels known as dyslipidemia. Statin drugs, mostly, Rosuvastatin (RSV) was investigated for its effectiveness in treating dyslipidemia. However, reaching the most efficient treatment is essential and improving the effect of RSV is crucial. Therefore, a combination therapy was a good approach for achieving significant benefit. Although RSV is hydrophobic, which would affect its absorption and bioavailability following oral administration, overcoming this obstacle was important.Purpose: To that end, the purpose of the present investigation was to incorporate RSV into certain lipid-based nanocarriers, namely, nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) prepared with virgin coconut oil (CCO).Methods: The optimized RSV-NLC formula was selected, characterized and examined for its in vitro, kinetic, and stability profiles. Eventually, the formula was investigated for its in vivo hypolipidemic action.Results: The optimized NLC formulation showed a suitable particle size (279.3± 5.03 nm) with PDI 0.237 and displayed good entrapment efficiency (75.6± 1.9%). Regarding in vitro release, it was efficiently prolonged for 24 h providing 93.7± 1.47%. The optimized formula was established to be stable after 3 months storage at two different conditions; 4°C and 25°C. Importantly, including CCO in the development of RSV-NLC could impressively enhance lowering total cholesterol level in obese rat models, which endorse the potential synergistic action between RSV and CCO.Conclusion: The study could elucidate the impact of developing NLC using CCO for improving RSV anti-hyperlipidemic activity.Keywords: Rosuvastatin, natural compounds, coconut oil, nanostructured lipid carrier, optimization, hypolipidemic activity

Biodiesel, a renewable fuel for diesel vehicle engines, has been commonly produced from transesterification process involving triglycerides from vegetable oil with alcohol. One of the most promising candidates for vegetable oil due to its abundance in Indonesia is coconut oil. However, the short carbon chain present in coconut oil necessitates the use of longer-chain alcohol types to adjust to the biodiesel carbon chain, such as isopropanol. Therefore, this research focused on producing biodiesel (isopropyl ester) from coconut oil using isopropanol and NaOH catalyst through a transesterification process. To enhance this process, microwave technology was utilized for its ability to lower the biodiesel production reaction time from the conventional one-hour timeframe to less than ten minutes, increase energy efficiency, and improve biodiesel quality. The primary objective was to investigate the impact of reaction time, catalyst concentration, and microwave power on the isopropyl ester yield. Further optimization was conducted using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken Design (BBD) to illustrate the model's effectiveness and applicability. Based on BBD optimization simulation, the optimal condition for producing isopropyl ester from coconut oil using microwave technology is a 1-minute reaction time, 0.2 wt.% NaOH catalyst concentration, and 443.9 W microwave power, maximizing the yield to 99.89%. This research highlights the potential of microwave assisted transesterification and the reliability of this innovative approach, contributing to the development of isopropyl ester production with enhanced quality that meets the specifications of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI).

Heterogeneous combination flooding systems are composed of surfactant and viscoelastic preformed gel particles (PGP) that can migrate in the pores. The interactions between PGP and surfactants have an important impact on the system. In our research described here heterogeneous aqueous suspensions of PGP and an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, SDBS) or a nonionic surfactant coconut oil alkanolamide, (CDEA) were prepared. The effects of SDBS and CDEA on the swelling and rheological properties of the PGP was investigated. In addition, the influence of SDBS and CDEA on the thermal effects of PGP was studied. The results showed that the swelling ratio, apparent viscosity and storage modulus of the PGP decreased with the increase of SDBS concentration. On the contrary, the CDEA increased the swelling ratio and the rheological properties of PGP. The specific heat capacity ( C p ) of PGP increased with the SDBS concentration and decreased with the CDEA concentration. Similar to the rheological behavior, the influence of interactions on the PGP molecular thermal motion was related to the concentration of the surfactants. Therefore, studying the variation of C p with concentration can provide reference for the reasonable dosage of surfactants in heterogeneous oil displacement systems and a new perspective for investigating the interaction between surfactant and PGP or other polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of coconut oil extract (COE) in broilers experimentally infected with velogenic Newcastle disease virus (vNDV). Methods: A total of 150 broiler birds (day-old) were equally divided into five study groups i.e., negative control, positive control, COE-1, COE-2, and COE-3. On day 10, broilers of groups COE-1, COE-2, and COE-3 were supplemented with 1, 2, and 3 mL of COE respectively per liter of drinking water for 15 days. On day 13, 0.1 mL/bird (10–5.25 ELD50) of vNDV was inoculated in broilers of positive control, COE-1, COE-2, and COE-3 groups intramuscularly. During this study, growth performance, morbidity, and mortality rates of each study group were recorded. The antibody titer against NDV was determined on days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. The levels of immunoglobulins (IgY and IgM) were also determined on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days post-sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) inoculation. On day 33, avian tuberculin was injected between the 1st and 2nd toes of the left side (intradermally) to measure lymphoproliferative responses. On day 35, the phagocytic activity in the blood was assessed through a carbon clearance assay by injecting carbon black ink into the right-wing vein. The visceral organs having gross lesions were also collected for histopathology. Results: The COE significantly improved the growth performance, and lowered the morbidity and mortality rates of broilers. There was a significant rise in antibody titers against NDV and levels of IgY and IgM antibodies against SRBC in COE-supplemented broilers. The lymphoproliferative response and phagocytic activity were also enhanced. Among COEsupplemented groups, the broilers of the COE-3 group showed a significant increase in growth performance and boosted immune defense. Conclusion: Coconut oil extract has the potential to boost the growth performance and immune status of broilers. It can be used effectively as a feed additive and alternative to antibiotics to prevent the spread of infectious poultry pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

为解决传统植脂奶油所用部分氢化植物油中饱和脂肪酸与反式脂肪酸带来的健康问题，以椰子油-葵花籽油混合油（质量比1∶ 1）为基料油，β-环糊精和大豆卵磷脂为复合乳化剂，采用物理复配法制备植脂奶油，采用单因素试验研究了水分含量、β-环糊精和大豆卵磷脂添加量对植脂奶油持油性、持水性和稳定性的影响，并通过响应面法优化了制备工艺条件。结果表明：植脂奶油最优制备工艺条件为β-环糊精添加量6.0%、大豆卵磷脂添加量1.1%、水分含量38.0%，在此条件下植脂奶油的持油性和持水性分别达到98.9%和93.8%；对植脂奶油的稳定性分析也进一步说明了持油性、持水性与稳定性之间的正向关系。综上，以β-环糊精和大豆卵磷脂为复合乳化剂，采用物理复配法制备的椰子油-葵花籽油基植脂奶油是一种潜在的营养健康植脂奶油。Aiming to resolve the health issues caused by saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids in part hydrogenated vegetable oils used in traditional vegetable cream, using coconut oil-sunflower seed oil mixture(mass ratio 1∶ 1 ) as the base oil, β-cyclodextrin and soybean lecithin as compound emulsifiers,vegetable cream was prepared by physical compound method.The effects of water content, addition amounts of β-cyclodextrin and soybean lecithin on the oil holding capacity, water holding capacity, and stability of the vegetable cream were investigated by single factor experiment, then response surface methodology was used to optimize the preparation conditions of vegetable cream. The results showed that the optimal conditions were as follows: β-cyclodextrin addition amount 6.0%, soybean lecithin addition amount 11% and water content 38.0%. Under the optimal conditions, the oil holding capacity and water holding capacity of the vegetable cream reached 98.9% and 93.8%, respectively. Additionally, the analysis of stability of the vegetable cream showed that there was a positive relationship between oil holding capacity, water holding capacity and stability. Coconut oil-sunflower seed oil based vegetable cream prepared by physical compound method with β-cyclodextrin and soybean lecithin as compound emulsifiers is a potential nutritious and healthy vegetable cream.

Summary Baicalein is a functional flavonoid that has been intensively studied for its health benefits. Loading baicalein in oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions could provide advantages for its application in foods. This work investigated the characteristics of O/W emulsions loaded with baicalein formulated by combination of vegetable oils and homogenisation pressures. Rice bran oil (RBO) and coconut oil (CCO), classified as long‐chain triglycerides and medium‐chain triglyceride, were used in the homogenisation process at 600–1200 bar. The rice bran oil‐in‐water emulsion loaded with baicalein (RBOb/W) produced at 1200 bar provided the emulsion with the smallest particle size of the surface‐weighted mean diameter (d3,2) of 220 nm. The result showed that loading baicalein into RBO could reduce the particle size of O/W emulsion while it increased the particle size of coconut oil‐in‐water emulsion loaded with baicalein (CCOb/W). The RBOb/W and CCOb/W emulsions were physically stable in terms of droplet size during storage at 4 °C for 28 days. The change in viscosity of freshly prepared emulsion loaded with baicalein was dominant compared with the emulsion unloaded baicalein, however, the viscosity profiles of emulsions loaded with baicalein are like emulsions unloaded with baicalein after storage. The influence of baicalein on the viscoelastic properties of emulsion was observed in the storage modulus (G′) at low frequencies. These results suggest that baicalein could potentially interfere with the stabilising effect of Tween 20, contribute to droplet interactions, and migrate from the surface of RBO but not CCO. High baicalein retention of 91–98% was observed in the RBOb/W emulsions. This study recommends that RBO is preferable over CCO to produce O/W emulsion loaded with baicalein in terms of droplet size, stability and retention. It would be useful information to produce functional ingredients for the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petroleum fuels are commonly used for automobiles. However, the continuous depletion and exhaust gas emission causes serious problems. So, there is a need for an alternative eco-friendly fuel. Biodiesel is a type of fuel manufactured through a process called transesterification, which involves converting vegetable oils into a usable form. The process parameters of the transesterification process were optimized using the Taguchi method to achieve maximum biodiesel yield. However, the main problem of biodiesel is its high cost which could be reduced by using low-cost feedstock. To address this challenge, biodiesel (BCFAD) is derived from coconut fatty acid distillate (CFAD), a by-product obtained from refining coconut oil. This work uses BCFAD and BCFAD with Alumina nanoparticles as fuels. Alumina nanoparticles in the mass fraction of 25 ppm, 50 ppm, and 100 ppm are dispersed in BCFAD. The investigation results reveal an increase of 6.5% in brake thermal efficiency for BCFAD with 100 ppm nanoparticles when compared to BCFAD. There is a reduction of 29.29% of hydrocarbon and 34% of Carbon monoxide emissions with BCFAD100 in comparison with diesel. However, there is a marginal increase in NOx emission with the increase in nanoparticles. The heat release rate and cylinder pressure of BCFAD100 are comparable to diesel fuel. It was concluded that the utilization of BCFAD with a nanoparticle dispersion of 100 ppm is suitable for direct use as fuel in diesel engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coconut oil, a natural component abundant in terpenoids, possesses various physiological functions. The global concern over the spread of viral infections and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and fungi has highlighted the need for novel treatments. Coconut oil, with its known antimicrobial properties, presents an attractive candidate for combating these pathogens. This study aims to investigate the potential of coconut oil-loaded silica nanoemulsion (ON@SiO2) as a novel therapeutic agent against viral, antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, and fungal pathogens. Results: The study synthesized coconut oil-loaded silica nanoemulsion (ON@SiO2) using an eco-friendly, cost-effective method with native coconut oil (CO). Characterization confirmed successful synthesis on the nanoscale with good distribution. Three nanoemulsion samples (ON-1@SiO2, ON-2@SiO2, and ON-3@SiO2) were prepared, with average particle sizes of 193 nm, 200 nm, and 325 nm, respectively. Evaluation of cytotoxicity on Vero-E6 cell lines indicated safety of ON-0@SiO2 and ON-3@SiO2, with CC50 values of 97.5 mg/ml and 89.1 mg/ml, respectively. ON-3@SiO2 demonstrated anti-Herpes I and II (HSV1 and HSV2) activity, with IC50 values of 1.9 mg/ml and 2.1 mg/ml, respectively. Additionally, ON-3@SiO2 exhibited promising antibacterial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and B. subtilis, with MIC values of 25 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, and 3.12 mg/ml, respectively. Conclusions: ON-3@SiO2 showed potential antifungal activity against C. albicans, a unicellular fungus, with an MIC of 12.5 mg/ml. Overall, ON@SiO2 possesses antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug absorption via chylomicrons holds significant implications for both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. However, a mechanistic understanding of predicting in vivo intestinal lymphatic uptake remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to delve into the intestinal lymphatic uptake of drugs, investigating both enhancement and inhibition using various excipients through our previously established in vitro model. It also examined the applicability of the model by assessing the lymphatic uptake enhancement of a lymphotropic formulation with linoleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides using the same model. The model successfully differentiated among olive, sesame, and peanut oils in terms of lymphatic uptake. However, it did not distinguish between oils containing long-chain fatty acids and coconut oil. Coconut oil, known for its abundance of medium-chain fatty acids, outperformed other oils. This heightened uptake was attributed to the superior emulsification of this oil in artificial chylomicron media due to its high content of medium-chain fatty acids. Additionally, the enhanced uptake of the tested formulation with linoleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides underscored the practical applicability of this model in formulation optimization. Moreover, data suggested that increasing the zeta potential of Intralipid® using sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and decreasing it using (+/−) chloroquine led to enhanced and reduced uptake in the in vitro model, respectively. These findings indicate the potential influence of the zeta potential on intestinal lymphatic uptake in this model, though further research is needed to explore the possible translation of this mechanism in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: There has been a growing focus on the utilization of copra meal, the byproduct of coconut oil production, as an alternative feed ingredient to supplement the growing demands of the ruminant livestock, poultry, and aquaculture industries. It provides a locally available and inexpensive source of protein, which is essential in tropical and subtropical regions, where coconut production is robust while conventional feed ingredients are scarce and prices are often unstable. This paper presents up-to-date information on the advancements in using copra meal as an animal feed ingredient and the various methods employed to enhance its nutritional and feeding value. It also offers a comprehensive overview of the physical and chemical properties of copra meal, emphasizing the need for further research to fully exploit its potential due to the limited understanding of its physical properties and the variability in quality resulting from different processing operations. This review paper also focuses on other potential applications for copra meal, which is crucial given the substantial global production volume with limited value addition. This could play a significant role in boosting the profitability of the coconut sector, reducing agricultural waste, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. Copra meal, the byproduct of coconut oil production, has been widely available at low cost but has been underutilized, with huge portions still becoming waste. Extensive research on different species have been performed to improve its use as an alternative feed ingredient, aiming to reduce the impact of fluctuating feed prices in some parts of the world where coconut is a major commodity. As for any biological product, the physical and chemical properties of copra meal play a crucial role in its use and limitations. In the case of copra meal, studies have found that additional treatments are needed to improve its nutritional composition and make it readily and efficiently available for ruminant and monogastric animals, poultry, and aquaculture applications. This paper presents a summary of up-to-date information on the physical and chemical characteristics of the product, as well as discussions on the various methods employed to improve and optimize its biological value as animal feed. There have been limited studies that have explored other effective and economical means of utilizing copra meal outside the livestock and feed industry. Hence, this paper also aims to provide a lens on future prospects and diverse applications involving copra meal, as well as to present the gaps and challenges that have to be addressed to maximize its product value and biological potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The most prominent feature of coconut oil (CO) is that it contains over 80% saturated fatty acids and about 60% medium chain fatty acids of total fatty acids. With these characteristics, CO shows many health benefits, but concerns about the risk of cardiovascular disease still remain in dispute. So far, there has been limited research on the potential use of CO in aquafeeds, being used as an alternative to fish oil (FO), and inconsistent results were presented. Therefore, we performed an experiment to investigate the effects of CO replacing FO on the growth performance of the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) in an attempt to determine its potential use and pertinent lipid metabolic mechanism in the fish species. Results show that CO could completely replace FO without affecting the growth performance, but high CO feeding will compromise the liver lipid deposit and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids reduction of fish flesh in orange-spotted groupers. In this study, we conducted an 8-week feeding trial to investigate the effects of replacing fish oil (FO) with coconut oil (CO) on the growth performance, blood components, tissue fatty acid (FA) profile, and mRNA levels of genes related to lipid metabolism in the liver of the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Five isolipidic and isoproteic diets were formulated through increasing the CO levels (0, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, respectively). Triplicate groups of twenty-five fish (initial wet weight of about 22.4 g/fish) were fed one of the diets twice daily to apparent satiety. The 25% CO diet had the highest growth rate and feed utilization, and the 100% CO diet exhibited a comparable growth and feed utilization with that of the control diet, indicating a suitable FO substitute. Moreover, the hepatosomatic index, intraperitoneal fat rate, liver lipid content, as well as the serum HDL-C content and ALT activity had positive linear and/or quadratic responses, but the serum TC and LDL-C contents exhibited the opposite trend, with an increasing CO inclusion level. The FA profile in the liver and muscle generally mirrored the FA profile in the feed. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of the fas, acc, g6pd, srebp-1c, and δ6fad genes in the liver had positive linear and/or quadratic responses, but the mRNA levels of elovl 4 and elovl 5 had the opposite trend, with increasing dietary CO inclusion levels. When compared with the control diet, 25% and 50% CO diets up-regulated the mRNA levels of cpt 1, while the 75% and 100% CO diets down-regulated its mRNA levels. The hsl and atgl were down-regulated through the addition of dietary CO. The mRNA level of lpl was not affected by dietary treatments. Results showed that CO could completely replace FO without affecting growth performance, but high CO will lead to the significant liver lipid deposition and lower LC-PUFAs contents of fish flesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palmitic acid is used in cosmetics as well as skin care products, and its extraction from plants remains major source of production. The conventional process of extraction is quite laborious and may lead to loss of plant diversity. Therefore, the current investigation aims at producing palmitic acid from coconut oilcake using probiotics isolated from marine fish. A total of 18 bacterial strains were isolated from Indian oil Sardine fish (Sardinella longiceps) and Obtuse barracuda fish (Sphyraena obtusata). Among various strains isolated, Mm12 strain was able to synthesize 60.57 mg/100mL fatty acids. The production of palmitic acid was optimized using RSM with the most appropriate values of the tested parameters by using Design-Expert 13 to resolve the correlation coefficients binomial equation’s reciprocal matrix as temperature 10°C, pH 5.5, and 40 g oil cake substrate. The highest quantity of palmitic acid that could be produced under ideal circumstances has been estimated to be 19.97 mg/100 mL which was confirmed by GC–MS fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis. Production of palmitic acids from the oil cake was not only a novel method of valorizing industrial waste using probiotic bacteria and but also a promising method of producing palmitate using cheaper substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, surface changes between American walnut (Juglans nigra L.) wood and modified beeswaxes were investigated. A control group was established, and various beeswax mixtures [coconut oil (coconut oil + beeswax mixture), linseed oil (linseed oil and beeswax mixture), and protective oil (olive oil + beeswax mixture)] were individually applied to wooden surfaces using a brush. Subsequently, color parameters (a*, C*, b*, L*, and ho), whiteness index (WI*), and gloss properties were examined. The obtained measurement results were compared with each other. According to the results obtained, modified beeswax types were significantly identified for all tests through variance analysis. When all modified beeswaxes were applied to the wood material surfaces, reductions were noted in the b*, L*, C*, and ho values, whereas increments were observed in the a* values. The ΔE* values were found to be 18.37 for olive oil + beeswax, 18.91 for flaxseed oil + beeswax, and 15.69 for coconut oil + beeswax. Furthermore, a decrease in WI* values was observed in both directions with the application of all modified beeswaxes. The surface properties of the wood material were observed to have been altered by the chemicals used in the applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]