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Rationale: Understanding the health risks associated with extreme weather events is needed to inform policies to protect vulnerable populations. Objectives: To estimate heat and cold wave-related mortality risks in a cohort of veteran patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and explore disparities among strata of comorbidities, tobacco exposure, and urbanicity. Methods: We designed a time-stratified case-crossover study among deceased patients with COPD between 2016 and 2021 in the Veterans Health Administration system. Distributed lag models with conditional logistic regression estimated incidence rate ratios of heat and cold wave–associated mortality risk from lag days 0 to 3 for heatwaves and lag days 0 to 7 for cold waves. Attributable risks (ARs) per 100,000 patients were also calculated. Results: Of the 377,545 deceased patients with COPD, the largest heatwave-related mortality risk was in patients with COPD and asthma (AR, 14,016; 95% confidence interval [CI], −326, 30,706) across lag days 0 to 3. The largest cold wave–related mortality burden was in patients with COPD with no other reported comorbidities (AR, 1,704; 95% CI, 759, 2,686) across lag days 0 to 7. Patients residing in urban settings had the greatest heatwave-related (AR, 1,062; 95% CI, 576, 1,559) and cold wave–related (AR, 1,261; 95% CI, 440, 2,105) mortality risk (across lag days 0 to 1 and 0 to 7, respectively). There were no differences in mortality risk by tobacco exposure. Conclusions: Our findings show that individuals with COPD are susceptible to heat and cold waves. This information can inform clinical practice and public health policy about the mortality risk vulnerable populations experience with respect to extreme weather conditions. Furthermore, our results may be used in the development and refinement of future extreme weather warning systems designed for public health purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric jets are pivotal components of atmospheric circulation, profoundly influencing surface weather patterns and the development of extreme weather events such as storms and cold waves. Accurate detection of the jet stream axis is indispensable for enhancing weather forecasting, monitoring climate change, and mitigating disasters. However, traditional methods for delineating atmospheric jets are plagued by inefficiency, substantial errors, and pronounced subjectivity, limiting their applicability in complex atmospheric scenarios. Current research on semi-supervised methods for extracting atmospheric jets remains scarce, with most approaches dependent on traditional techniques that struggle with stability and generalization. To address these limitations, this study proposes a semi-supervised jet stream axis extraction method leveraging an enhanced U-Net++ model. The approach incorporates improved residual blocks and enhanced attention gate mechanisms, seamlessly integrating these enhanced attention gates into the dense skip connections of U-Net++. Furthermore, it optimizes the consistency learning phase within semi-supervised frameworks, effectively addressing data scarcity challenges while significantly enhancing the precision of jet stream axis detection. Experimental results reveal the following: (1) With only 30% of labeled data, the proposed method achieves a precision exceeding 80% on the test set, surpassing state-of-the-art (SOTA) baselines. Compared to fully supervised U-Net and U-Net++ methods, the precision improves by 17.02% and 9.91%. (2) With labeled data proportions of 10%, 20%, and 30%, the proposed method outperforms the MT semi-supervised method, achieving precision gains of 9.44%, 15.58%, and 19.50%, while surpassing the DCT semi-supervised method with improvements of 10.24%, 16.64%, and 14.15%, respectively. Ablation studies further validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in accurately identifying the jet stream axis. The proposed method exhibits remarkable consistency, stability, and generalization capabilities, producing jet stream axis extractions closely aligned with wind field data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coral disease outbreaks have increased in frequency and extent worldwide since the 1970s, coinciding with the rapid increase in ocean warming. Summer and winter temperature-based metrics have proven effective in predicting coral disease outbreaks in seasonal coral reef regions. However, their utility is unknown in non-seasonal coral reef areas. Here, a new methodology, independent of seasonal patterns, is developed for application in both seasonal and non-seasonal coral reef regions. Percentile-based metric thresholds were defined from seasonal equivalents in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and tested in seasonal and non-seasonal coral reef regions of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Between new and existing methodologies, median differences of 0.00 °C (thresholds) and 0.00 °C-weeks (metrics) for Hot Snap and Cold Snap; and 0.01 °C (threshold) and −0.17 °C-weeks (metric) for Winter Condition were observed among reef pixels of the GBR. The new methodology shows strong consistency with the existing tools used for seasonal regions (e.g., R2 = 0.811–0.903; GBR case studies). Comparisons of the new metrics with disease observations were constrained by the limited availability of disease data; however, the comparisons undertaken suggest predictive capability in non-seasonal regions. To establish robust correlations, further direct comparisons of the new metrics with disease data across various non-seasonal regions and timeframes are essential. With ocean warming projected to persist in the coming decades, improving the predictive tools used to assess ecological impacts is necessary to support effective coral reef management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims As winter and spring temperatures continue to increase, the timing of flowering and leaf-out is advancing in many seasonally cold regions. This advancement could put plants that flower early in the spring at risk of decreased reproduction in years when there are late freeze events. Unfortunately, relatively little is known about floral freezing tolerance in forest communities. In this study, we examined the impact of freezing temperatures on the flowers of woody plants in a region where there is rapid winter warming in North America. Methods We subjected the flowers of 25 woody species to a hard (−5 °C) and a light freeze (0 °C). We assessed tissue damage using electrolyte leakage. In a subset of species, we also examined the impact of a hard freeze on pollen tube growth. To determine if the vulnerability of flowers to freezing damage relates to flowering time and to examine the responsiveness of flowering time to spring temperature, we recorded the date of first flower for our study species for 3 years. Key Results and Conclusions Across species, we found that floral freezing tolerance was strongly tied to flowering time, with the highest freezing tolerance occurring in plants that bloomed earlier in the year. We hypothesize that these early blooming species are unlikely to be impacted by a false spring. Instead, the most vulnerable species to a false spring should be those that bloom later in the season. The flowering time in these species is also more sensitive to temperature, putting them at a great risk of experiencing a false spring. Ultimately, floral damage in one year will not have a large impact on species fitness, but if false springs become more frequent, there could be long-term impacts on reproduction of vulnerable species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequent global climatic disasters are posing a growing threat, especially in populous Africa. Understanding the intrinsic interactions between climatic disaster and the resulting affected population in Africa can provide a representative sample of developing countries for global governance of climate change. This study explored the spatiotemporal dynamics in climatic disasters and disaster-related displacements in Africa from a geographical perspective. The results showed that climatic disasters in Africa occurred with seasonality consistent with African climate characterized by distinct dry and rainy seasons, manifested as flood, storm, and heat wave events occurring in the rainy season, wildfire and cold wave events taking place in the dry season, and prolonged droughts spanning both dry and rainy seasons. Meanwhile, the spatial pattern and variation trend of climatic disasters and displacements varied greatly by the five African sub-regions. East Africa experienced the highest number of disasters and displacements, while Southern Africa bore the least. Flood and drought triggered a third of total displacements in the most populated West Africa. The least frequent disasters dominated by flood only affected less than 10.9% of the total in Central Africa. 6.8% of the total displacements were primarily induced by coastal flood in North Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the backdrop of global warming, Northern East Asia experienced a record‐breaking extreme cold event during December 13 to 19 in 2023. The mechanisms behind this extreme cold event remain unclear. This study uses the circulation projection method to detect and quantify the contributions of various factors to this extreme cold event. The findings indicate that large‐scale atmospheric circulation anomalies are the predominant factors triggering this cold wave. The Polar‐Eurasian (POL)‐like teleconnection pattern is identified as a key driver for the cold anomalies, contributing approximately 85% of total cold anomalies in Northern East Asia in this event. Although the POL‐like teleconnection is largely internally generated, the preceding low sea ice levels in the Barents and Kara Seas can strengthen and maintain POL teleconnection. Additionally, preceding November increased snow cover in Northern East Asia can further amplify this cold event by enhancing local surface albedo and reducing incoming solar shortwave radiation. Plain Language Summary: Between December 13 and 19, 2023, a powerful cold wave hit Northern East Asia, breaking temperature records. The exact causes of this extreme cold event are still being studied. This research looked at different climate factors to understand what drove this event. The study found that unusual patterns in large‐scale atmospheric circulation were the main reason behind the cold wave, accounting for about 88% of the drop in daily minimum temperatures. Specifically, a Polar‐Eurasian (POL) teleconnection pattern was the key driver, responsible for roughly 85% of the temperature anomalies in Northern East Asia. Low sea ice levels in the Barents and Kara Seas in November helped set up the conditions for this POL pattern, making the region colder. Additionally, increased snow cover in Northern East Asia during November amplified the cold by reflecting more sunlight and reducing warming from the sun. Key Points: Large‐scale atmospheric circulation anomalies trigger this extreme cold event over Northern East Asia in December 2023Extreme phase of POL‐like teleconnection is crucial in causing this cold eventPreceding low sea‐ice cover in BKS and increased snow cover in Northern East Asia further amplify this cold event [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has led to increased volatility in extreme temperatures, which poses a significant threat to human health. One way in which extreme temperatures impact health is through changes in dietary patterns, particularly food consumption and nutrient intake. This study uses a restricted-access version of 24 h dietary recall data from the 2018–2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and meteorological data to examine the effect of heat and cold waves on food consumption and nutrient intake. The results suggest that cold waves increase individuals' intake of key nutrients such as calories, protein, fat, saturated fat, and sodium. In contrast, heat waves have little to no significant effect on nutrient intake. Aside from the significant increase in the consumption of beer and chicken, the effects of heat or cold waves on overall food consumption are minimal. Depending on age and income level, cold and heat waves have different effects on food consumption and nutrient intake. This study suggests that temperature, particularly extreme heat and cold, plays a significant role in shaping individuals' dietary patterns. Therefore, special attention is needed to maintain a balanced and healthy diet during extreme temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With climate change increasing not just mean temperatures but the frequency of cold snaps and heat waves, animals occupying thermally variable areas may be faced with thermal conditions for which they are not prepared. Studies of physiological adaptations of temperate resident birds to such thermal variability are largely lacking in the literature. To address this gap, we acclimated winter-phenotype house sparrows (Passer domesticus) to stable warm, stable cold, and fluctuating cold temperatures. We then measured several metrics of the oxidative stress (OS) system, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and lipid oxidative damage, in brain (post-mitotic), kidney (mitotic), liver (mitotic) and pectoralis muscle (post-mitotic). We predicted that high metabolic flexibility could be linked to increases in reactive oxygen damage. Alternatively, if variation in ROS production is not associated with metabolic flexibility, then we predict no antioxidant compensation with thermal variation. Our data suggest that ROS production is not associated with metabolic flexibility, as we found no differences across thermal treatment groups. However, we did find differences across tissues. Brain catalase activity demonstrated the lowest values compared with kidney, liver and muscle. In contrast, brain glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were higher than those in kidney and liver. Muscle GPx activities were intermediate to brain and kidney/liver. Lipid peroxidation damage was lowest in the kidney and highest in muscle tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This systematic review aimed to investigate the epidemiological data about meteorological factors and climate change (CC) impact on asthma. Data sources: A search was performed using three databases (Web of Science, Science Direct, and MEDLINE) for all relevant studies published from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2022. Study selections: This systematic review complied with the PRISMA document's requirements, including studies related to meteorological factors and CC impact on asthma. The search included studies published in English or French language, and was based on title, abstract, and complete text. Documents not meeting inclusion requirements were excluded. Results: We identified 18 studies published in the last five years that were eligible for inclusion in this review. We found that these studies concerned European, Asian, American, and Oceanic cities. Extreme variations in temperature, humidity, wind speed, exceptional incidents like hurricanes, cold and heat waves, and seasonal shifts were strongly correlated with the worsening of asthmatic symptoms, particularly in childhood. In addition, excessive concentrations of air pollutants and aeroallergens were linked to pediatric asthma emergency hospital admissions. Conclusions: A significant association between the consequences of CC and asthma in adults particularly in children has been demonstrated. Future research should quantify the impact of global change in climate regarding the aeroallergens' distribution in terms of geography and time. It is also necessary to research the impact of air pollution on asthmatic health, like sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and particles having an aerodynamic diameter lower than 2.5 µm (PM2.5). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the winter activity of reptile species in Montenegro, highlighting the impact of hibernation on their survival and development. It mentions the observation of six reptile species, including lizards and turtles, during the winter period of 2023/2024 in various towns. The study suggests that global warming and climate change are influencing reptiles' winter activity, with higher temperatures potentially leading to increased winter activity. The findings contribute to understanding the biology of these species and emphasize the need for further research on the effects of climate change on reptiles. [Extracted from the article]

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Atmospheric blocking is a key dynamical phenomenon in the mid‐ and high latitudes, able to drive day‐to‐day weather changes and meteorological extremes such as heatwaves, droughts and cold waves. Current global circulation models struggle to fully capture observed blocking frequencies, likely because of their coarse horizontal resolution. Here we use convection permitting, nested idealized model simulations for quantifying changes in blocking frequency and Rossby wave breaking compared to a coarser resolution reference. We find an increase in blocking frequency poleward and downstream of the area with increased resolution, while the exact regions depend on the blocking index. These changes are probably due to a more accurate representation of small‐scale processes such as diabatic heating, which affect Rossby wave breaking and blocking formation downstream. Our results thus suggest an improved representation of blocking in the next generation of high‐resolution global climate models. Plain Language Summary: Atmospheric blocking is a persistent weather pattern associated with high‐pressure anomalies that is able to drive meteorological extremes such as heatwaves and drought in summer, and cold waves in winter. Having blocking well represented in state‐of‐the‐art climate models is of paramount importance, however these models fail in simulating the frequency of blocking events, likely because their grid resolution is not high enough for resolving small scale physical processes important for the development of blocking episodes. Here we use very‐high resolution model simulations for quantifying blocking frequencies and the mechanisms driving these episodes. Our simulations are idealized, in the sense that they do not fully represent the Earth's system but allow us to focus on key physical mechanisms driving the blocking events. Our results show that using a very‐high resolution enhances blocking frequencies when compared to a lower resolution grid. The findings point toward the importance that unresolved physical processes play in generating blocking events that can only be simulated at very‐high resolution and can be of importance for the next generation of climate models. Key Points: Blocking frequency increases downstream and poleward of sea‐surface temperature front with convection permitting atmospheric resolutionThe specific region of increased blocking depends on the blocking indexChanges in diabatic heating and Rossby wave breaking play a fundamental role for the blocking enhancement [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the year 2023, climate warming continued to remain in the plateau phase. After the warm summer (C) with long and intense tropical heat waves, followed a very warm autumn (FC), which was the warmest in the history of the climate in Oltenia and, as a whole, normal in pluviometric terms (N). The winter of 2023-2024 was very warm (FC) with an overall seasonal average of 3.88°C and a deviation from normal of 4.83°C, being the warmest winter in the entire history of climate records for Oltenia. February was warm on all days with mean daily highs ≥ 10.0°C on 26 days out of 29 (89.7% of days of the month) and ≥ 15.0°C on 14 days (48.3% of days). Throughout the winter, six winter heat waves were recorded in the intervals: 1-3.XII (3 days), 11-31.XII (21 days), 1-7.I (7 days), 16-19. I (4 days), 25-31.I (7 days) and 1-29.II (29 days) totalling 71 days, i.e. 78.0% of winter days and a single cold wave in the interval 9-15.I with a duration of 7 days. No monthly temperature and rainfall records were recorded. The seasonal thermal average was 3.88°C and the deviation from normal (calculated for the last century) was 4.83°C, thus being the warmest winter in the history of the climate in Oltenia and surpassing the winter of 2006-2007 which occupied the first place until this year (2024). Most very warm winters (FC) have been recorded since 2000 (8 winters out of 25, i.e. 32.0%). So, in general, we are currently in a period of climate warming, a process related to the cycles of climate warming and cooling studied by the Serbian physicist Milankovitch, whose causes are of a cosmic nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term trends of the three-dimensional Plumb wave activity flux are studied using data from the JRA-55 global atmospheric reanalysis. The vertical component of the Plumb flux characterizes the propagation of atmospheric planetary waves generated in the troposphere to the upper atmosphere and is used for the analysis of the stratosphere–troposphere dynamic interaction. The study of the wave activity flux covers three latitudinal sectors of the Northern Hemisphere from December to March for a 64-year period since 1958. It is shown that in January and March over the Russian Far East there is a statistically significant trend for an increase in the wave activity flux from the troposphere to the stratosphere, which can contribute to an increase in the frequency of cold wave formation in the mid-latitude troposphere. The study of the stratosphere–troposphere dynamic interaction in general and wave activity fluxes in particular is necessary for solving problems related to both global and regional climatic changes and mixing of long-lived atmospheric components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study conducts a comparative analysis of India's eight Tier-1 cities, Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, and Pune, for their climate vulnerability assessment. The secondary data was collected from the India Meteorological Department and published climate vulnerability atlas to draw the relative importance index (RII) score for each exposure indicator of climate vulnerability for each city on the ten climate parameters, including earthquake, rainfall, wind, thunderstorm, cyclone, drought, floods, heatwave, cold wave vulnerabilities. The cities based on inland and coastal boundaries were also considered in scoring calculations. The study's findings indicate that Chennai and Mumbai are the most vulnerable cities, primarily due to extreme weather events and sea-level rise, necessitating targeted adaptation strategies. Bengaluru shows lower vulnerability, reflecting its resilient infrastructure and proactive measures. Mid-range vulnerabilities are observed for Delhi, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, and Pune, highlighting diverse challenges from heat waves to flooding. Hyderabad's relatively lower score suggests moderate risk yet underscores the importance of continuous infrastructure improvement. The comparative analysis offers critical insights for urban planners and policymakers to develop tailored climate resilience strategies, emphasising sustainable infrastructure, community preparedness, and proactive urban design to mitigate climate risks and foster sustainable development across these urban conglomerates. The study serves as a foundational step towards enhancing the climate resilience of India's major cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The winter of 1739/40 is known as one of the coldest winters in Europe since early instrumental measurements began. Many contemporary sources discuss the cold waves and compare the winter to that of 1708/09. It is less well known that the year 1740 remained cold until August and was again cold in October and that negative temperature anomalies were also found over Eurasia and North America. The 1739/40 cold season over northern mid-latitude land areas was perhaps the coldest in 300 years, and 1740 was the coldest year in central Europe in 600 years. New monthly global climate reconstructions allow us to address this momentous event in greater detail, while daily observations and weather reconstructions give insight into the synoptic situations. Over Europe, we find that the event was initiated by a strong Scandinavian blocking in early January, allowing the advection of continental cold air. From February until June, high pressure dominated over Ireland, arguably associated with frequent eastern Atlantic blocking. This led to cold-air advection from the cold northern North Atlantic. During the summer, cyclonic weather dominated over central Europe, associated with cold and wet air from the Atlantic. The possible role of oceanic influences (El Niño) and external forcings (eruption of Mount Tarumae in 1739) are discussed. While a possible El Niño event might have contributed to the winter cold spells, the eastern Atlantic blocking is arguably unrelated to either El Niño or the volcanic eruption. All in all, the cold year of 1740 marks one of the strongest, arguably unforced excursions in European temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estuarine phytoplankton communities are acclimated to environmental parameters that change seasonally. With climate change, they are having to respond to extreme weather events that create dramatic alterations to ecosystem function(s) on the scale of days. Herein, we examined the short term (<1 month) shifts in phytoplankton communities associated with four pulse disturbances (Tax Day Flood in 2016, Hurricane Harvey in 2017, Tropical Storm Imelda in 2019, and Winter Storm Uri in 2021) that occurred in Galveston Bay (TX, USA). Water samples collected daily were processed using an Imaging FlowCytobot (IFCB), along with concurrent measurements of temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll-a. Stronger storm events with localized heavy precipitation and flooding had greater impacts on community composition, increasing diversity (Shannon–Weiner and Simpson Indices) while a cold wave event lowered it. Diatoms and dinoflagellates accounted for the largest fraction of the community, cyanobacteria and chlorophytes varied mostly with salinity, while euglenoids, cryptophytes, and raphidophytes, albeit at lower densities, fluctuated greatly. The unconstrained variance of the redundancy analysis models pointed to additional environmental processes than those measured being responsible for the changes observed. These findings provide insights into the impact of pulse disturbances of different magnitudes, durations, and timings on phytoplankton communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article in the European Heart Journal explores the relationship between low ambient temperatures and the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in individuals with and without obstructive coronary disease. The study by Huang et al. found that lower temperatures increased the risk of MI, with a higher vulnerability to MI in individuals with non-obstructive coronary arteries compared to those with significant stenosis. The research highlights the importance of considering exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity to temperature changes in assessing cardiovascular risk factors, emphasizing the need for further investigation into the impact of ambient temperatures on inflammation and cardiovascular events. [Extracted from the article]

A cold wave is a hazardous event experienced in the middle latitudes during the winter that significantly influences civil aviation. This study utilized the fifth‐generation ECMWF reanalysis (ERA5) data and aerodrome routine meteorological reports (METARs) from 36 airports in China to analyze the impacts of a cold‐wave event from November 26 to 30, 2022. We assessed the effects on wind, visibility, thunderstorms, precipitation, ground‐icing conditions, in‐flight aircraft icing conditions, and clear air turbulence. The results indicated that regions affected by the cold wave shifted from northwest to southeast, with notable impacts on wind, precipitation, and icing conditions. Strong winds, particularly crosswinds, affected airports in coastal regions and narrow valleys, enhancing wind speeds and creating hazardous conditions. Ground‐icing conditions were prevalent, with 23 out of 36 airports experiencing significant icing, notably in Northeast, Central, southern, and eastern China. In‐flight icing conditions were identified in the lower and middle troposphere, primarily affecting Northwest, Northeast, and Central China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. At cruising levels, the cold wave introduced light clear air turbulence. This study provides valuable insights for improving civil aviation operations during cold‐wave events, emphasizing the need for preventive measures and early warning systems to mitigate potential risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cold snaps during winter pose a significant challenge for Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) in Taiwan. Such temperature stress can reduce antioxidant enzyme activity, burdening these enzymes and requiring additional support from non-enzymatic antioxidants. Grape extract (GE), rich in polyphenols, may enhance the antioxidant system in these fish. In a 60-day feeding experiment, various levels of GE (20, 30, and 40 g per kilogram of feed) were tested against a control group to assess their impact on growth, antioxidant-related gene expression, and cold tolerance. The findings demonstrated that the group receiving 20 g of GE per kilogram of feed (GE20) experienced higher improvements in weight gain, antioxidant gene expression, and cold tolerance, suggesting that GE at this concentration could serve as an effective dietary supplement to help Asian seabass withstand the stresses of cold temperatures during cold snaps. Cold snaps during the winter present a critical challenge for Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) in Taiwan, as sudden temperature drops significantly affect their growth and survival. This study explores the effects of dietary grape extract (GE) from Vitis vinifera on the growth performance, oxidative stress regulation, and thermal tolerance of this commercially valuable fish. Over a 60-day feeding trial, four dietary groups were tested: a control diet without GE and three diets supplemented with GE at 2% (GE20), 3% (GE30), and 4% (GE40) with commercial feed. The results demonstrated that GE supplementation positively influenced growth, with the GE20 group achieving the best weight gain and feed conversion ratio among all groups. The upregulation of the growth-related gene igf-1 in the liver of the GE20 group further supported its superior growth performance. Additionally, GE-fed groups showed increased expression of antioxidant-related genes sod1 and sod2 in the liver, while gpx1 exhibited a significant increase only in the GE20 group, indicating enhanced antioxidant defenses. Cat gene expression remained unchanged, and higher GE doses reduced the expression of gpx1, cat, and igf-1. Furthermore, GE supplementation improved cold tolerance in all treated groups compared to the control. These findings suggest that dietary GE at 20 g/kg is particularly effective in enhancing growth performance and cold tolerance in Asian seabass, offering a promising strategy for boosting fish health and adaptability in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coupled ocean and prescribed sea surface temperature (SST) experiments are performed to investigate the drivers of Northern Hemisphere (NH) midlatitude winter circulation and blocking changes in warmer climates. In coupled experiments, a historical simulation is compared to a simulation following an end of the twenty-first-century shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP5-8.5) emission scenario. The SSP5-8.5 simulation yields poleward-shifted jets and an enhanced stationary wave pattern compared to the historical simulation. In terms of blocking, a reduction is found across North America and over the Pacific Ocean with the suggestion of more blocking over parts of Eurasia. Separately, prescribed SST experiments are performed decomposing the SSP5-8.5 SST response into a uniform warming component plus a spatially dependent change in SST pattern. SSP5-8.5 changes in circulation are primarily driven by a uniform warming of SST. Uniform warming is also found to account for most of the SSP5-8.5 blocking reduction over North America and the Pacific Ocean, but not over Eurasia. El Niño–like changes to the SST pattern also yield less blocking over the Pacific and North America. However, adding the responses of uniform and pattern experiments yields a nonlinear overreduction of blocking compared to the SSP5-8.5 experiment. Regional analyses of block energetics suggest that much of the reductions in blocking in warming simulations are driven by decreased baroclinic conversion in some regions and enhanced dissipation from diabatic sources in others. Significance Statement: Atmospheric blocks are persistent anticyclones that can cause severe weather such as heat waves and cold spells. Climate models generally project that on a warmer Earth, blocking frequency is poised to decrease in the Northern Hemisphere by the end of the twenty-first century. The cause, however, remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the response of mean atmospheric circulation and atmospheric blocking when separately considering the warming of sea surface temperatures (SST) and changing the SST pattern. We find that most of the reduction in blocking can be explained by a uniform warming of SST. Energetics analyses suggest that this reduction is driven by blocks' inhibited extraction of mean flow potential energy in some regions and by enhanced diabatic dissipation in others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric fronts embedded in extratropical cyclones are high‐impact weather phenomena, contributing significantly to mid‐latitude winter precipitation. The three vital characteristics of the atmospheric fronts, high wind speeds, abrupt change in wind direction, and rapid translation, force the induced surface waves to be misaligned with winds exclusively behind the cold fronts. The effects of the misaligned waves under atmospheric cold fronts on air‐sea fluxes remain undocumented. Using the multi‐year in situ near‐surface observations and direct covariance flux measurements from the Pioneer Array off the coast of New England, we find that the majority of the passing cold fronts generate misaligned waves behind the cold front. Once generated, the waves remain misaligned, on average, for about 8 hr. The parameterized effect of misaligned waves in a fully coupled model significantly increases the roughness length (185%), drag coefficient (19%), and air‐sea momentum flux (11%). The increased surface drag reduces the wind speeds in the surface layer. The upward turbulent heat flux is weakly decreased by the misaligned waves because of the decrease in temperature and humidity scaling parameters being greater than the increase in friction velocity. The misaligned wave effect is not accurately represented in a commonly used wave‐based bulk flux algorithm. Yet, considering this effect in the current formulation improves the overall accuracy of parameterized momentum flux estimates. The results imply that better representing a directional wind‐wave coupling in the bulk formula of the numerical models may help improve the air‐sea interaction simulations under the passing atmospheric fronts in the mid‐latitudes. Plain Language Summary: Atmospheric fronts are recurrent weather phenomena in mid‐latitudes, significantly contributing to winter precipitation. They are characterized by high wind speeds, abrupt changes in wind direction, and rapid translation. The passage of the fronts over the ocean can generate strongly misaligned waves with the local wind, particularly behind the cold fronts. The effects of these misaligned waves under atmospheric cold fronts on air‐sea fluxes remain undocumented. Using the long‐term surface observations from the Pioneer Array off the coast of New England, we find that the majority of the passing atmospheric fronts generate misaligned waves behind the cold front, which can remain misaligned, on average, for about 8 hr. By increasing the ocean roughness length in case of misaligned waves in coupled numerical experiments, a significant increase in momentum flux is found, which reduces the surface wind speeds. The misaligned wave effect is not accurately represented in a commonly used wave‐based air‐sea flux algorithm. Yet, by considering this effect in the current formulation, the overall accuracy of parameterized momentum flux estimates is improved. A better representation of the air‐sea interaction in numerical models is crucial for a better understanding of regional and global climate. Key Points: Passing atmospheric cold fronts generate a large area of growing wind‐waves that are misaligned with local windParameterized effect of misaligned waves increases the roughness length, drag and enthalpy coefficients, and wind stressRepresentation of the misaligned wave effect in the bulk formula improves the momentum flux estimates [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In February 2023, a severe cold snap took place in Atlantic Canada and was followed by the mass loss of mussels at mid-to-high intertidal elevations on the southeastern Nova Scotia coast. This loss was concerning because mussels sustain upper trophic levels in coastal food webs and because mussel stands enhance local biodiversity by sheltering many small invertebrate species. Using photographs taken in the second summer after that cold snap (July 2024), this article provides visual evidence of active ongoing recolonization of intertidal mussels on this coast, including the incipient formation of new stands. These are encouraging signs of ecological resilience. Reaching historical values of abundance will likely depend on the future occurrence of weather extremes, which are becoming more frequent with the ongoing climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations classified Iraq as one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change. Temperatures continue to rise leading to more heat waves, droughts, sandstorms, and desertification. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of heat waves over Iraq from 1982 to 2050 using CMIP6 model at RCP4.5 scenarios. The results clearly showed that the effects of climatic changes were evident in the maximum and minimum temperatures inside Iraq. Average temperature increased of 1.9°C between 1982 and 2020. During 1999, there was a sharp increase in summer days for all stations. The annual number of summer days for the stations (Basra, Nasiriyah, Baghdad, Rutba, Sulaymaniyah, and Mosul) was (195, 193, 177, 108, 106, and 142), while in 2039 the number of summer days was found to be (212, 206, 194, 143, 144, and 149), respectively. The increase in the number of discrete heat wave events began in 2020 and will continue until 2050 for almost the entire territory of Iraq. The warmest day in Basra was in July 2016 with 53.2°C, while the projection of the warmest day was found in July 2046 with 55.7°C. The coldest daily temperature reached -5.03 °C for Baghdad in 1997 and -10.1°C for Sulaymaniyah in 1985, while the projection of the coldest day was -16.2°C over Sulaymaniyah in 2039. The trend of the number of days contributing to cold wave events was decreasing for all stations whereas the coldest year for all stations was 1992 for the entire period (1982 to 2020). Heat waves accelerated from the beginning of the study period in 1982 and continued to increase until the end of the study in 2050 in Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Winter cold wave adaptation strategies in hot climates due to climate change didn't receive the deserved attention from previous studies. Therefore, this study comprehensively investigates the impact of various windbreak parameters on mitigating winter cold stress in hot steppe-arid climate. A microclimate model for a residential campus was built and validated through on-site measurement on a typical winter day to assess thirty-two scenarios for tree characteristics and spatial configuration windbreak parameters based on PET, wind speed, and Air Temperature (AT). Moreover, four configurations, that had best results on mitigating cold stress in winter, were tested during typical summer conditions to couple the assessment of cold and hot seasons. Additionally, environmental analysis for all scenarios was conducted. The results revealed that the most effective parameters for mitigating cold stress are tree distribution, Leaf Area Density (LAD), row number, spacing, and shape. Double rows of high LAD and medium height trees with small spacing yielded the best cold stress mitigation effect. Furthermore, the windbreak reduced the cold stress in the morning and night by 19.31% and 18.06%, respectively. It reduced AT and wind speed at night by 0.79 °C and 2.56 m/s, respectively. During summer, very hot PET area was reduced by 21.79% and 19.5% at 12:00 and 15:00, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article delves into the cultural and meteorological significance of Groundhog Day, tracing its roots back to the Christian holiday of Candlemas and its connection to the pagan holiday Imbolc. It explores the folklore surrounding Groundhog Day and its supposed ability to predict the arrival of spring, emphasizing that these predictions are not scientifically accurate but can stimulate discussions about weather and climate. The article also discusses the historical and cultural origins of the Groundhog Day tradition and its diffusion from Europe to America. It raises questions about what constitutes a "fair" Candlemas and the paradox of global warming in relation to the Groundhog Day predictions, highlighting the role of atmospheric circulation and climate patterns in understanding the folklore. [Extracted from the article]

The article delves into the formation of hoar frost at OR Tambo International Airport and its impact on infrastructure and agriculture in South Africa. It emphasizes the importance of accurate weather forecasts for safe aviation operations, particularly in preventing incidents and accidents caused by icing on aircraft. The research aims to enhance hoar frost forecasting techniques by analyzing weather conditions conducive to ground aircraft icing events, offering valuable insights for aviation professionals and researchers worldwide. [Extracted from the article]

Previous studies have suggested possible connections between the decreasing Arctic sea‐ice and long‐duration (>5 days, LD) cold weather events in Eurasia and North America. Here we document the occurrences of weather regimes in winter by their durations, based on the empirical orthogonal function analyses of the daily geopotential height fields at 500 hPa (z500) for the months of November–March 1979–2019. Significant changes in the occurrence frequency and persistence of Ural ridge (UR) and weak stratospheric polar vortex (PV) were found between winters following high and low autumn sea‐ice covers (SIC) in the Barents and Kara seas. It is shown that a strengthening of the UR is accompanied with a weakening of the PV, and a weak PV favors Greenland ridge (GR). Cold spells in East Asia persist for 5 more days after an LDUR. Cold spells from Canada to the U.S. occur 2–5 days after an LD Ural trough (UT) and are associated with a z500 anomaly dipole centered over Alaska (+) and Hudson Bay (−). Cold spells in the eastern U.S. occur 1–4 days after an LDGR due to circulations resembling the Pacific‐North America pattern. Increased occurrences of UR in winter are associated with a decreased eastward propagation of synoptic waves from the North Atlantic to Japan and the North Pacific. Plain Language Summary: Analyses of observations show more frequent occurrences of long‐duration events of Ural ridge (UR), Greenland ridge (GR) and weak polar vortex (PV) in winter tend to follow low autumn sea ice cover (SIC) in the Barents and Kara Seas, and less frequent for Ural trough (UT) and strong PV. Long‐duration UR (GR or UT) events are followed by cold snaps in East Asia (the eastern US or Canada). Long‐term natural or anthropogenic warming in the Arctic and decreasing autumn SIC may cause more frequent cold air outbreaks in East Asia and the eastern US in winter, but less in Canada. Key Points: The Ural ridge regime and weak polar vortex are more frequent and persistent following low autumn sea ice in the Nordic seasThe long‐duration Ural and Greenland ridge regimes are followed by cold snaps in East Asia and the eastern USCold anomalies occur more frequently in Canada with increasing occurrences of the long‐duration Ural trough regimes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apart from low-temperature cracking, asphalt pavement may also suffer from thermal fatigue cracking. To clarify the impact of cold waves on the thermal fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures, the typical atmospheric temperature characteristics of different regions in China from 2012 to 2019 were analyzed, and the frequency of cold waves in these regions was determined. The viscoelastic parameters of an asphalt mixture are determined through an indirect tensile relaxation test. The thermal stress of the asphalt mixture is simulated and analyzed by using the finite element method. The effect of cold waves on the thermal fatigue life of the asphalt mixture was evaluated. The results show that the frequency of cold waves is different from region to region in China, and the cold waves mainly occurred from October of one year to February of the next year. Northeast China has the most frequency and the largest temperature drop amplitude, followed by North China. The maximum thermal stress increases with the decrease in temperature drop and initial temperature and is unrelated to the duration of cold waves. The thermal stress calculated based on the atmospheric thermal boundary is higher than the value using the road surface temperature. The thermal fatigue lives of asphalt mixtures in North China and Northeast China are very short, while the thermal fatigue life of the mixture in Central China is the longest. To meet the requirement of thermal fatigue damage caused by cold waves during the designed service stage, the recommended threshold for thermal stress is 0.39–0.77 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the incidence of heat wave and cold wave condition during 2000 – 2022 in the Bathinda district of South-Western region of Punjab. Notable spikes in heat wave (HW) activity were observed in 2002 and 2022 with 29 and 27 days respectively. Similarly, for severe heat waves (SHW), 2010 and 2022 witnessed the highest frequencies recording 16 and 18 days respectively. Conversely, cold wave (CW) events peaked in 2005 and 2008 with 10 and 11 days respectively. Notably, 2008 also observed the highest frequency of severe cold wave (SCW) days with 15 days. However, results revealed decline in cold wave days towards the latter years, while severe cold wave days also exhibited decreasing frequencies like 2015 and 2016 recorded zero CW and SCW days. One key finding highlights a substantial correlation between land surface temperature (LST) and maximum air temperature during heat wave periods (R² = 0.83), indicating LST’s efficacy as an indicator for monitoring temperature trends during heat wave events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the conventional observation data and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the circulation situation, influencing systems and causes of the heavy rain during September 20 -21, 2010 in Ulanqab City were analyzed from the evolution process of weather circulation situation and the changes of various physical quantity fields. The results show that there was an obvious frontal zone between 45 -52° N, which brought strong cold air. The transp01t of warm and humid air outside the subtropical high and typhoon was the main water vapor source of the strong precipitation, and the southwest jet at 700 hPa transported abundant water vapor. There was a broad inverted trough to the south of 45° N, with a central value of 1 000. 0 hPa. Ulanqab City was on the top of the inverted trough, stable and less moved, which was conducive to the occurrence of systematic heavy precipitation. The rainstorm was a strong precipitation process caused by the intersection of cold air brought by the southward movement of the upper frontal zone and warm and humid air outside the subtropical high. After the precipitation, the invasion of strong cold air brought frost and cold wave weather to Ulanqab City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is one kind of erratic behaviour and hazards of environmental consequences such as floods, flash floods, drought, heat & cold waves, cyclones, high and low tides, river bank erosion, salinity intrusion, etc. The household survey and qualitative study approaches were performed to explore the changes in vulnerable peoples' ecological migration perspective in disaster-affected southern part of Bangladesh. People usually move to the nearest town and peri-urban areas to seek jobs due to concurrent cyclones, storm surges, and floods in the coastal areas. Again, heavy rainfall and flash-flood conditions usually create intra-district temporary migration to maintain their daily livelihood smoothly. In the char lands, this migration takes place due to riverbank erosion where family members were forced to relocate to a new residence. It occurs when the income-generating activities of people are disrupted by ecological events. Families leave their homes during the disaster period and return, once the conditions are back to normal. Movement for rural people needs constant land management systems including governance, ownership rights and access and technical support for financing land use and making productive use of land to cope with frequent natural calamities. The government of Bangladesh therefore must consider these challenges and gradually improve its capacity to prepare its technology to renovate the vulnerable local people into a climate resilient one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the rising frequency of thermal extremes (heatwaves and cold snaps) due to climate change, comprehending how a plant's origin affects its thermal tolerance breadth (TTB) becomes vital. We studied juvenile plants from three biomes: temperate coastal rainforest, desert and alpine. In controlled settings, plants underwent hot days and cold nights in a factorial design to examine thermal tolerance acclimation. We assessed thermal thresholds (T crit-hot and T crit-cold) and TTB. We hypothesized that (i) desert species would show the highest heat tolerance, alpine species the greatest cold tolerance and temperate species intermediate tolerance; (ii) all species would increase heat tolerance after hot days and cold tolerance after cold nights; (iii) combined exposure would broaden TTB more than individual conditions, especially in desert and alpine species. We found that biome responses were minor compared to the responses to the extreme temperature treatments. All plants increased thermal tolerance in response to hot 40°C days (T crit-hot increased by ~3.5°C), but there was minimal change in T crit-cold in response to the cold −2°C nights. In contrast, when exposed to both hot days and cold nights, on average, plants exhibited an antagonistic response in TTB, where cold tolerance decreased and heat tolerance was reduced, and so we did not see the bi-directional expansion we hypothesized. There was, however, considerable variation among species in these responses. As climate change intensifies, plant communities, especially in transitional seasons, will regularly face such temperature swings. Our results shed light on potential plant responses under these extremes, emphasizing the need for deeper species-specific thermal acclimation insights, ultimately guiding conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is likely to intensify the variability of weather patterns, leading to a rise in extreme seasonal aberrations. The extreme weather events like heat waves, cold waves and frost have great influence on agriculture productivity. These events have negatively impact on crop production and farmers' livelihood. The prediction of magnitude, frequency, timing and duration of extreme weather events in the changing scenario of climate can be supportive towards adaptation of suitable strategies to mitigate its adverse effects on agriculture and socio-economic aspects. The study of occurrence of significant climatic events and their trend analysis were done by utilizing daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature for Morena district which lies in Gird Agroclimatic zone of Madhya Pradesh for the period of 30 years (1984-2013) with the IMD criteria. The study revealed that heat waves varied with annual time scale. The maximum number of heat waves was observed in the year 2010 (57). The 12.4 average annual heat waves were observed during the period 1984-2013. About 4 heat waves could be expected in the month of June. An increasing trend of heat waves was noticed and pointed towards rising of maximum temperature over the region. The cold waves were also exhibited variability. The maximum number of cold waves was observed in the year 2007-08 (20). On an average 5.8 cold waves were observed per year during the period 1984- 85 to 2012-13. The trend analysis revealed that cold waves were becoming less frequent. On an average, 9 frost events per year could be expected. The decreasing trend of frost events was noticed at annual time scale. There is a need for combining disaster reduction, natural resource management and climate change adaptation to reduce vulnerability and enhancement of resilience. Changes in technology and agricultural practices will help to create a society better able to survive the impacts of climatic extremes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into the correlation between apparent temperature and hypertension hospital admissions in rural areas of western China, focusing on Zhangye and Longnan in Gansu Province. It uncovers a non-linear link between apparent temperature and hypertension, with cold effects being more harmful in Zhangye and heat effects more detrimental in Longnan. The study suggests that both low and high apparent temperatures pose risks for hypertension morbidity, potentially guiding the development of preventive strategies for hypertension in these regions. Additionally, the text examines the impact of ambient temperature on cardiovascular health across various Chinese regions, exploring the relationship between outdoor temperature and blood pressure, as well as the effects of extreme temperatures on cardiovascular mortality and hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases. [Extracted from the article]

The stable carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) traces many biogeochemical processes in large river estuaries and adjacent coastal seas. To better understand the dynamics of DIC and its isotope composition (δ13C DIC) responding to floods and cold waves in the outer Yellow River Estuary and adjacent Laizhou Bay and central Bohai Sea, seven field surveys were conducted in summer and autumn of 2021 and 2022. Interannual variations in carbonate chemistry and δ13C DIC were investigated. In the outer Yellow River Estuary, distributions of DIC and δ13C DIC had little difference before and after an artificial flood, although water mixing dominates spatial variations of carbonate chemistry and stable isotopic composition in summer. The excess carbonate relative to a simplified two-endmember water-mixing was likely caused by the release of bicarbonate ions from the sediment and/or coastal wetlands over the Yellow River Estuary. In contrast, metabolic processes significantly affected the changes in DIC and δ13C DIC in the adjacent central Bohai Sea. In 2022, δ13C DIC in Laizhou Bay was lighter than that in 2021, while δ13C DIC in the central Bohai Sea was heavier than that in 2021. This can be attributed to the wintertime super cold waves at the beginning of 2021 that affects the Bohai Sea and an unusual autumnal flood in 2021 that affects the Laizhou Bay. Both events make δ13C DIC lighter (over half a year later) at given salinity with negligible changes in DIC concentrations. Our results also revealed that the lower reach of the Yellow River Estuary was a source of atmospheric CO 2 in summer. Although the quick transport of terrestrial nutrients caused by the artificial water-sediment regulation did not promote net community production soon, likely owing to high turbidity and relatively short residence time before our July cruises, the unusual autumnal flood likely transported much more nutrients into the Estuary and triggered algal blooms and turned it into a sink area of the atmospheric CO 2 in autumn. These findings provide fundamental information and new insights that support better understanding the complexity of the carbonate chemistry and isotope geochemistry dynamics in this ocean margin. [Display omitted] • Multiple processes dominate coastal carbonate and isotope dynamics. • Both cold wave and flood affect the interannual variation in coastal δ13C DIC. • Both the Lower Yellow River and its outer estuary are carbon sources in summer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased coastal erosion and extreme oceanographic forcing driven by El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) along the Pacific coast are increasingly receiving concerns. Despite considerable attention, the specific impact of these phenomena on Chinese shorelines, particularly along the South China beaches, remains inadequately understood. To address this gap, this study conducted high-frequency surveys on the Qing'an Bay beach in South China and employ a profile fitting model to refined waterline extraction from monthly satellite images. The goal was to investigate the relationship between high-frequency shoreline changes and interannual climate variability (such as ENSO). The findings indicate that the coastal evolution is intricately linked to a combination of strong wave events, summer storms, winter cold waves, and the amplifying effects of ENSO. During La Niña phase, the sea level in the western Pacific experiences a rise, with associated storms proving particularly destructive to the beach environment, leading to violent oscillations in the coastline. Specifically, in the strong La Niña phases, significant wave heights markedly surpass neutral conditions, precipitating intensified sediment movement. However, it is imperative to recognize that shoreline changes alone do not fully characterize coastal erosion. Assessment must also encompass alterations in beach volume. By calculating beach volume per unit width that accounts for the influence of ENSO variability on the beach, the seasonal characteristics of the beach showed sediment losses in summer and autumn, and gains in winter and spring, which was more obvious during strong La Niña. Additionally, conceptual model analysis reveals that during the La Niña phase, the bay is fully exposed, whereas during the El Niño phase, significant headland sheltering is observed. • A profile fitting model based on field data was developed for accurate shoreline Analysis. • La Niña conditions coupled with Western Pacific storms are more destructive to the study area coasts than El Niño events. • Seasonal beach volume changes dramatically during strong La Niña. • Beach volume losses in exposed zones are higher than headland shadowed zones during La Nina phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold wave (CW) and Severe Cold wave (SCW) prevail over India as a seasonal episode during winter season. The present study analyzes the changing spatio-temporal characteristics and trends of cold waves over India's meteorological subdivisions from 1951 to 2021 (Dec–Feb). It uses minimum temperature data obtained from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) at a spatial resolution of 0.5° × 0.5°. A declining trend in both CW and SCW days is found with a decrease of − 0.29 days/decade in CW days and 0.02 days/decade in SCW days. The study also explored the trend of spells of three, five and seven days of CW and SCW and found a significantly decreasing trend of − 0.02 days/decade and − 0.05 days/decade in 3 and 5-day SCW spell respectively. A consistent significant increase of 0.027 °C/decade in minimum temperature post 1980s is also reported in the study with a simultaneous decrease in cold wave. While the northwestern and northern meteorological subdivision record highest CW and SCW spells, a declining trend is reported in these regions, highest being in West Rajasthan (− 1.3 days/decade) and Punjab (− 1.3 days/decade). A significant increasing trend has been observed in CW, SCW days/spells in the eastern, eastern coastal and southern subdivisions such as Bihar (0.16 days/decade), Jharkhand (0.05 days/decade) and Odisha (0.2 days/decade). Overall, the study reports a decline in cold waves and identifies new cold wave-prone regions in the country. The study also highlights the emerging severe impact on agriculture sector in the scenario of declining cold extremes over major wheat producing belts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a book review of "C.V. Raman's Student L.A. Ramdas: From Agricultural Meteorology to Discovery of Ramdas Layer" by Rajinder Singh. The book explores the achievements of L.A. Ramdas, a student of C.V. Raman and a pioneer in agricultural meteorology in India. It highlights Ramdas' research on light scattering, surface tension, and the impact of oil contamination on evaporation and rainfall. The review commends Singh for shedding light on the life and work of this lesser-known physicist and recognizes Ramdas as an innovative scientist in the field of agricultural meteorology. The article also discusses the significance of cis-regulatory elements in gene expression and development, using various techniques to study their role in transcriptional regulation. The study suggests that cis-regulatory regions are resilient to mutations and can maintain their functionality despite genetic and epigenetic variations. [Extracted from the article]